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FR2651568A1 - Improved fin exchanger - Google Patents

Improved fin exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2651568A1
FR2651568A1 FR8911861A FR8911861A FR2651568A1 FR 2651568 A1 FR2651568 A1 FR 2651568A1 FR 8911861 A FR8911861 A FR 8911861A FR 8911861 A FR8911861 A FR 8911861A FR 2651568 A1 FR2651568 A1 FR 2651568A1
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France
Prior art keywords
tube
exchanger
fins
grille
exchanger according
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Withdrawn
Application number
FR8911861A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Galmes Alain
Galmes Jean-Marie
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to FR8911861A priority Critical patent/FR2651568A1/en
Publication of FR2651568A1 publication Critical patent/FR2651568A1/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/03Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
    • F28D1/0308Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/34Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending obliquely

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a device intended for heating dwellings, offices, workshops, etc. Devices of the heat exchanger type consisting of tubes with attached fins have long been in existence. The device according to the invention aims to provide heat exchanger elements with a high exchange efficiency, low weight and easy on-site installation. The exchanger with attached fins essentially consists of vertical elements which can be connected together depending on the power required. These vertical elements consist of a calandria (5) forming a passageway, and in which a heat exchanger with at least one finned tube (1, 4) is arranged. This exchanger is arranged in the calandria such that it forms an inlet chamber for the air to be heated (2) and a hot air expulsion chamber (3). Such an arrangement allows an increased exchange efficiency, and easy on-site installation by virtue of the modular nature of the vertical elements.

Description

La présente invention concerne un dispositif destine au chauffage des habitations. bureaux. ateliers, etc... The present invention relates to a device for heating homes. offices. workshops, etc ...

Il existe depuis fort longtemps des dispositifs du type échangeur de chaleur constitues de tubes à ailettes rapportées 4.There have been devices of the heat exchanger type made up of tubes with attached fins 4 for a very long time.

Le dispositif selon l'invention vise donc à fournir des éléments échangeur de chaleur à haut rendement d'échange. de faible poids et dont l'installation sur site est aisée.The device according to the invention therefore aims to provide heat exchanger elements with high exchange efficiency. low weight and easy to install on site.

L'échangeur à ailettes (rapportées) est essentiellement constitué d'éléments verticaux raccordables entre-eux selon la puissance requise.The finned exchanger (attached) essentially consists of vertical elements which can be connected together according to the required power.

Les éléments verticaux sont constitués d'une calandre formant cheminée dans laquelle est disposé un échangeur de chaleur à au moins un tube à ailettes (rapportées). Cet échangeur est disposé dans la calandre de telle sorte qu'il forme une chambre d'admission d'air à chauffer et une chambre d'expulsion d'air chaud. Une telle disposition permet un rendement d'échange accru, et une installation sur site facilitée du fait du caractère modulaire des éléments verticaux.The vertical elements consist of a grille forming a chimney in which is arranged a heat exchanger with at least one tube with fins (attached). This exchanger is arranged in the shell so that it forms an air intake chamber to be heated and a hot air expulsion chamber. Such an arrangement allows increased exchange efficiency, and easier on-site installation due to the modular nature of the vertical elements.

Les dessins annexés illustrent plusieurs modes de réalisation de l'invention. Les figures 1 à 5 représentent une coupe schématique du dispositif échangeur.The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention. Figures 1 to 5 show a schematic section of the exchanger device.

Les figures 6 (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g) et les figures 7 C7a, 7b, 7c, 7d) représentent les ailettes selon plusieurs modes de réalisation.Figures 6 (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6th, 6f, 6g) and Figures 7 C7a, 7b, 7c, 7d) show the fins according to several embodiments.

Les figures 8 (8a, 8b, 8c) représentent le système de fixation du tube échangeur dans la calandre.Figures 8 (8a, 8b, 8c) show the fastening system of the heat exchanger tube in the grille.

Les figures 9 à il représentent différentes possibilités d'assemblages des éléments chauffants. Les figures 12 (12a, 12b.Figures 9 to 11 show different possibilities for assembling the heating elements. Figures 12 (12a, 12b.

12c, 12d, 12e, 12f) représentent un autre système d'échangeur en tôles pliées embouties en 2 pièces serties soudées face à face posées dans la calandre 5 dans les mêmes conditions que les Figures là 4. 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f) represent another exchanger system of folded sheets stamped in 2 crimped pieces welded face to face placed in the grille 5 under the same conditions as the Figures there 4.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide des figures 1 à 5.The invention will be better understood using FIGS. 1 to 5.

L'échangeur à ailettes (rapportées) est constitué Fig 1 d'une calandre (5) disposée verticalement le long d'un mur, cette calandre forme une cheminée à l'intérieur de laquelle est disposé un échangeur de chaleur à au moins un tube (1). (la), (lb) muni d'ailettes (rapportées) (4), la longueur du tube étant sensiblement équivalente à celle de la calandre formant cheminée, par ailleurs le tube (1) s'étend longitudinalement dans la calandre et délimite celle-ci en une cheminee d'entree d'air à chauffer (2) et une cheminee d'expulsion d'air chauffé (3).The finned heat exchanger (attached) consists Fig 1 of a grille (5) arranged vertically along a wall, this grille forms a chimney inside which is arranged a heat exchanger with at least one tube (1). (la), (lb) provided with fins (reported) (4), the length of the tube being substantially equivalent to that of the grille forming a chimney, moreover the tube (1) extends longitudinally in the grille and delimits that -this in a chimney of air inlet to be heated (2) and a chimney of expulsion of heated air (3).

Un des buts de l'invention est de fournir un dispositif chauffant à haut rendement, celui-ci est atteint par la disposition inclinee du tube échangeur (1) dans la calandre (5), cette inclinaison pouvant varier d'un angle CX compris entre 0 et 20 degres par rapport à la verticale et par l'inclinaison des ailettes (rapportées) (4) sur le tube (1), ces ailettes forment un angle & entre l'axe du tube (1) et la surface des ailettes (4), cette angle variant entre 10 et 30 degrés preférentiellement 25 degrés.One of the aims of the invention is to provide a high-efficiency heating device, this is achieved by the inclined arrangement of the exchanger tube (1) in the shell (5), this inclination being able to vary by an angle CX between 0 and 20 degrees relative to the vertical and by the inclination of the fins (attached) (4) on the tube (1), these fins form an angle & between the axis of the tube (1) and the surface of the fins ( 4), this angle varying between 10 and 30 degrees, preferably 25 degrees.

L'inclinaison du tube (1) dans la calandre (5) et celle des ailettes (4) contribuent à accroitre l'échange de chaleur tube-ailettes par conduction, tout en optimisant le transfert thermique par convection libre entre les ailettes et l'air à chauffer.The inclination of the tube (1) in the shell (5) and that of the fins (4) contribute to increasing the heat exchange tube-fins by conduction, while optimizing the heat transfer by free convection between the fins and the air to be heated.

Ces différentes inclinaisons permettent de limiter les pertes de charges de l'air dans la cheminée et permettent également d'augmenter la compacité (défini comme le rapport Surface d'échange/Volume d'encombrement). A titre d'exemple pour une surface d'échange d'ailettes d'environ 0,50 M2 le volume total de l'élément chauffant est de 1,9 dm3.These different inclinations make it possible to limit the pressure losses of the air in the chimney and also make it possible to increase the compactness (defined as the ratio of exchange surface / overall volume). For example, for a fin exchange surface of approximately 0.50 M2, the total volume of the heating element is 1.9 dm3.

Les figures 6 (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g) décrivent la structure des ailettes. Les ailettes (fig, 6f et 6g), (variantes 7a, 7b,7c).Figures 6 (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g) describe the structure of the fins. The fins (fig, 6f and 6g), (variants 7a, 7b, 7c).

sont pourvues d'ondulations (10) destinées à augmenter la surface d'échange de convection et d'assurer la rigidité de l'ailette.are provided with corrugations (10) intended to increase the convection exchange surface and to ensure the rigidity of the fin.

Celles-ci sont pourvues d'un orifice (11) obtenu par une opération d'emboutissage repoussage sous un angle d'environ 25O qui permet la formation de collerettes obliques (12) et (13) en contact maximum avec le tube caloporteur sur le tube (1). Les ailettes décrites figures (7a, 7b, 7c) constituent des variantes de réalisation.These are provided with an orifice (11) obtained by an embossing stamping operation at an angle of approximately 25 ° which allows the formation of oblique flanges (12) and (13) in maximum contact with the heat transfer tube on the tube (1). The fins described in figures (7a, 7b, 7c) constitute alternative embodiments.

L'ailette décrite figure (7c) comporte des parois latérales rabattues formant entretoise (7d) entre deux ailettes consécutives, cette disposition permet la réalisation d'éléments chauffants à puissance préétablie (500W, 750W, etc...) dans une calandre unique.The fin described in figure (7c) has folded side walls forming a spacer (7d) between two consecutive fins, this arrangement allows the production of heating elements with preset power (500W, 750W, etc.) in a single grille.

Les ailettes (6f, 6g,), variantes (7a, 7b, 7c) sont enfilées sur le tube échangeur (1) et serties classiquement, l'opération de sertissage peut etre combinée avec une opération de soudure par étamage lorsque les tubes (1) et les ailettes (6f et 6g), variantes (7a, 7b, 7c) ont été préalablement étames. The fins (6f, 6g,), variants (7a, 7b, 7c) are threaded onto the exchanger tube (1) and conventionally crimped, the crimping operation can be combined with a tinning welding operation when the tubes (1 ) and the fins (6f and 6g), variants (7a, 7b, 7c) have been previously tinned.

La fixation de l'élément chauffant constituée par le tube ailette et les collecteurs d'entree et de sortie d'eau (6) et (7) (Fig.8)(8a.8b,8cj sur la calandre est assure par des clips elastiques (15, l5a, 15b) qui cooperent avec les collecteurs (6) et (7), les clips sont fixes sur un axe (14) qui assure également un alignement rigoureux de l'élément chauffant dans la calandre. La fixation par clips élastiques permet la suppression des bruits et vibration engendres par la dilatation.The fixing of the heating element constituted by the fin tube and the water inlet and outlet manifolds (6) and (7) (Fig. 8) (8a.8b, 8cj on the radiator grille is ensured by clips elastic (15, 15a, 15b) which cooperate with the collectors (6) and (7), the clips are fixed on an axis (14) which also ensures rigorous alignment of the heating element in the radiator grille. elastic allows the suppression of noise and vibration generated by the expansion.

La face avant (19) de chaque calandre peut etre pourvue de moyens de fixations, notamment du type à glissière afin de recevoir des éléments de décoration en tous matériaux.The front face (19) of each grille can be provided with fixing means, in particular of the slide type in order to receive decorative elements of any material.

Un autre objet de l'invention est de fournir un échangeur à ailettes (rapportees) constitué de modules raccordables entre eux de façon à obtenir par rajout de modules la puissance calorifique nécessaire dans le local à chauffer. Les éléments de chauffage (20), (21), (22) Fig.9 sont raccordes par des raccords femelles six pans (18, 18a, 18b) Figure 8, avec un pas à gauche et un pas à droite, munis d'un détrompeur, qui coopèrent avec les extrémités filetées (16) et (17) des éléments de raccordement (6), (7).Another object of the invention is to provide a finned exchanger (attached) consisting of modules which can be connected together so as to obtain, by adding modules, the heat capacity required in the room to be heated. The heating elements (20), (21), (22) Fig. 9 are connected by female hexagonal fittings (18, 18a, 18b) Figure 8, with a step to the left and a step to the right, provided with a key, which cooperate with the threaded ends (16) and (17) of the connecting elements (6), (7).

La figure 3 décrit une variante de réalisation. La caractéristique essentielle de cette variante réside dans l'inclinaison du tube échangeur (1) dont l'angle avoisine zéro degré. Les chambres d'admission (2) et d'expulsion (3) sont limitées respectivement dans la partie inférieure par un déflecteur (8) et dans la partie supérieure par un déflecteur (9). Par ailleurs cette disposition permet un accroissement de la surface des ailettes (7a,7b) ainsi que leur angle d'inclinaison par rapport au tube échangeur (1).Figure 3 describes an alternative embodiment. The essential characteristic of this variant resides in the inclination of the exchanger tube (1) whose angle is close to zero degrees. The intake (2) and expulsion (3) chambers are limited respectively in the lower part by a deflector (8) and in the upper part by a deflector (9). Furthermore, this arrangement allows an increase in the surface of the fins (7a, 7b) as well as their angle of inclination relative to the exchanger tube (1).

La figure 12 (12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f) décrit une variante du tube ailetté (1, 2, 4) celui-ci est constitué de 2 toles (23a et 23b) formant conduit du fluide caloporteur (24) muni d'ailettes (4a) venues directement d'emboutissage et pliage, la tole étant ensuite sertie ou soudée (25) afin d'assurer l'étanchéité du fluide caloporteur.( Les différentes variantes illustrées ne limitent nullement la réalisation de l'invention ). Cet échangeur étant posé dans la calandre (5) dans les mêmes conditions que l'échangeur à ailettes rapportées. La Fig. lic, décrit une variante économique (26). Sa caractéristique essentielle étant la constitution d'une calandre unique de dimension préétablie nécessaire à la puissance adoptée telle que (SOOW, 750W, 1QOOW etc...) ces éléments chauffants de puissances et de dimensions différentes ne sont pas raccordables entre- ux. L'échangeur unique a plusieurs tubes est pose dans la calandre dans les mêmes conditions que les échangeurs å ailettes rapportées raccordables entre-eux. Figure 12 (12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f) describes a variant of the finned tube (1, 2, 4) which consists of 2 sheets (23a and 23b) forming a heat transfer fluid conduit (24) provided with fins (4a) coming directly from stamping and folding, the sheet being then crimped or welded (25) in order to ensure the sealing of the heat-transfer fluid. (The various variants illustrated do not in any way limit the implementation of the invention ). This exchanger being placed in the shell (5) under the same conditions as the exchanger with attached fins. Fig. lic, describes an economic variant (26). Its essential characteristic being the constitution of a single calender of pre-established dimension necessary for the adopted power such as (SOOW, 750W, 1QOOW etc ...) these heating elements of powers and different dimensions are not connectable between-ux. The single exchanger with several tubes is installed in the shell under the same conditions as the exchangers with attached fins connectable to each other.

Claims (8)

REVENDICATIONCLAIM 1) Echangeur à ailettes destiné au chauffage des habitations, bureaux, et tous locaux, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'éléments verticaux individuels (20, 21, 22) raccordables entre eux, chacun des éléments individuels comporte une calandre (5) disposée le long d'un mur et formant une cheminée à l'intérieur de laquelle est disposé un échangeur de chaleur à au moins un tube (1), (la, lb) muni d'ailettes (4), ce tube (1) s'étend longitudinalement et obliquement dans la calandre et délimite la cheminée en une cheminée d'entrée d'air à chauffer (2) et une cheminée d'expulsion d'air chauffé (3) étanches entre-elles.1) Finned heat exchanger for heating dwellings, offices, and all premises, characterized in that it consists of individual vertical elements (20, 21, 22) which can be connected together, each of the individual elements includes a grille (5 ) arranged along a wall and forming a chimney inside which is arranged a heat exchanger with at least one tube (1), (la, lb) provided with fins (4), this tube (1 ) extends longitudinally and obliquely in the grille and delimits the chimney into an air inlet chimney to be heated (2) and a heated air expulsion chimney (3) sealed between them. 2) Echangeur à ailettes selon la revendication (1) caractérisé en ce que le tube échangeur (1) est incliné dans la calandre (5) d'un angle cy compris entre 0 et 20 degrés par rapport à la verticale et en ce que les ailettes (4) sur le tube (1) forment un angle ss variant entre 10 et 30 degrés, préférentiellement 25 degrés.2) Finned exchanger according to claim (1) characterized in that the exchanger tube (1) is inclined in the shell (5) by an angle cy between 0 and 20 degrees relative to the vertical and in that the fins (4) on the tube (1) form an angle ss varying between 10 and 30 degrees, preferably 25 degrees. 3) Echangeur selon les revendications (1) et (2) caractérisé en ce que l'élément chauffant constitué par le tube ailetté (1,4) muni de collecteur d'entrée et de sortie d'eau est fixé sur la calandre (5) au moyen de clips élastiques (15, 15a, 15b) qui coopèrent avec les collecteurs (6) et -(7) et l'axe (14), cet axe (14) et les clips assurent également un alignement rigoureux de l'élément chauffant (1,4) dans la calandre (5).3) Exchanger according to claims (1) and (2) characterized in that the heating element constituted by the finned tube (1,4) provided with water inlet and outlet manifold is fixed on the calender (5 ) by means of elastic clips (15, 15a, 15b) which cooperate with the collectors (6) and - (7) and the axis (14), this axis (14) and the clips also ensure rigorous alignment of the heating element (1,4) in the grille (5). 4) Echangeur selon les revendications (1), (2), (3) caractérisé en ce que les éléments verticaux individuels (20), (21), (22), sont raccordés par des raccords (18, 18a, 18b) taraudées femelles droites et gauches qui coopèrent avec les extrémités filetées males (16) et (17) des éléments collecteurs et de raccordement (6), (7).4) Exchanger according to claims (1), (2), (3) characterized in that the individual vertical elements (20), (21), (22), are connected by threaded connections (18, 18a, 18b) right and left females which cooperate with the male threaded ends (16) and (17) of the collecting and connecting elements (6), (7). 5) Echangeur selon la revendication (1) caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué d'une calandre unique (26) à l'intérieur de laquelle sont disposés au moins deux tubes échangeurs (1,4) s'étendant longitudinalement et obliquement dans la calandre.5) Exchanger according to claim (1) characterized in that it consists of a single shell (26) inside which are arranged at least two exchanger tubes (1,4) extending longitudinally and obliquely in the grille. 6) Echangeur selon les revendication (1) à (5) caractérisé en ce que les ailettes fig. 6f et 6g sont pourvues d'ondulations (10) et d'un orifice (11) obtenu par emboutissage repoussage sous un angle qui permet l'obtention de collerettes obliques en contact maximum avec le tube caloporteur (12), (13) s'ajustant sur le tube (1), les ailettes étant ensuite serties sur le tube et éventuellement soudées par étamage.6) Exchanger according to claims (1) to (5) characterized in that the fins fig. 6f and 6g are provided with corrugations (10) and an orifice (11) obtained by stamping embossing at an angle which makes it possible to obtain oblique flanges in maximum contact with the coolant tube (12), (13) s' adjusting on the tube (1), the fins then being crimped onto the tube and possibly welded by tinning. 7) Echangeur selon les revendication précédentes caractérisés en ce que la face avant (19) de la calandre (5) est muni d'éléments de fixations, notamment de glissières pour la fixation d'éléments de décoration.7) Exchanger according to the preceding claim characterized in that the front face (19) of the grille (5) is provided with fastening elements, in particular slides for fixing decorative elements. 8) Echangeur selon les revendications précédentes caractérisé en ce que celui-ci est constitué de 2 toles (23a) et (23b) formant conduit dans son milieu (24) nécessaire au transport du fluide caloporteur muni d'ailettes (4a) venues directement d'emboutissage et pliage. Les 2 faces en tole étant ensuite serties ou soudées (25) sur son pourtour afin d'assurer l'étanchéité du fluide caloporteur. 8) Exchanger according to the preceding claims characterized in that it consists of 2 sheets (23a) and (23b) forming a conduit in its middle (24) necessary for the transport of the heat transfer fluid provided with fins (4a) coming directly from stamping and folding. The two sheet metal faces are then crimped or welded (25) around its periphery in order to ensure the sealing of the heat transfer fluid.
FR8911861A 1989-09-07 1989-09-07 Improved fin exchanger Withdrawn FR2651568A1 (en)

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FR8911861A FR2651568A1 (en) 1989-09-07 1989-09-07 Improved fin exchanger

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995022147A3 (en) * 1994-02-14 1995-09-21 Finmeccanica Spa A system for passively dissipating heat from the interior of a nuclear reactor containment structure
US20150361654A1 (en) * 2013-01-22 2015-12-17 Basf Se Construction element having a controllable heat-transfer coefficient u
WO2022090772A1 (en) * 2020-10-29 2022-05-05 Nsk Dental Italy S.R.L. Improved steam sterilizer machine
US12449203B2 (en) 2020-09-03 2025-10-21 Transportation Ip Holdings, Llc Heat exchanger

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