ES2977285T3 - Composición que comprende una molécula con utilidad plaguicida - Google Patents
Composición que comprende una molécula con utilidad plaguicida Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2977285T3 ES2977285T3 ES21203144T ES21203144T ES2977285T3 ES 2977285 T3 ES2977285 T3 ES 2977285T3 ES 21203144 T ES21203144 T ES 21203144T ES 21203144 T ES21203144 T ES 21203144T ES 2977285 T3 ES2977285 T3 ES 2977285T3
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- Prior art keywords
- molecule
- alkyl
- acid
- active ingredient
- spp
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 126
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 title description 53
- -1 isoxation Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 354
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 102000012440 Acetylcholinesterase Human genes 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010022752 Acetylcholinesterase Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940022698 acetylcholinesterase Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- OEBRKCOSUFCWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorvos Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC=C(Cl)Cl OEBRKCOSUFCWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)OCC JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLNZEKHULJKQBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbufos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)SCSC(C)(C)C XLNZEKHULJKQBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorfon Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)C(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ISRUGXGCCGIOQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Rhoden Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)C ISRUGXGCCGIOQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CJJOSEISRRTUQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N azinphos-methyl Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OC)OC)N=NC2=C1 CJJOSEISRRTUQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbaryl Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OC(=O)NC)=CC=CC2=C1 CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZNOLGFHPUIJIMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenitrothion Chemical compound COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(C)=C1 ZNOLGFHPUIJIMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- VOEYXMAFNDNNED-UHFFFAOYSA-N metolcarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 VOEYXMAFNDNNED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960001952 metrifonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- RLBIQVVOMOPOHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N parathion-methyl Chemical group COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 RLBIQVVOMOPOHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PNVJTZOFSHSLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fenthion Chemical compound COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C(SC)C(C)=C1 PNVJTZOFSHSLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005949 Malathion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005916 Methomyl Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005923 Pirimicarb Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FSAVDKDHPDSCTO-WQLSENKSSA-N [(z)-2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl] diethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)O\C(=C/Cl)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FSAVDKDHPDSCTO-WQLSENKSSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KXRPCFINVWWFHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadusafos Chemical compound CCC(C)SP(=O)(OCC)SC(C)CC KXRPCFINVWWFHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005286 carbaryl Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- DUEPRVBVGDRKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbofuran Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(C)(C)C2 DUEPRVBVGDRKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BXNANOICGRISHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumaphos Chemical compound CC1=C(Cl)C(=O)OC2=CC(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)=CC=C21 BXNANOICGRISHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MCWXGJITAZMZEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoate Chemical compound CNC(=O)CSP(=S)(OC)OC MCWXGJITAZMZEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DOFZAZXDOSGAJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfoton Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)SCCSCC DOFZAZXDOSGAJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UHXUZOCRWCRNSJ-QPJJXVBHSA-N methomyl Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C(/C)SC UHXUZOCRWCRNSJ-QPJJXVBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N naled Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC(Br)C(Cl)(Cl)Br BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KZAUOCCYDRDERY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxamyl Chemical compound CNC(=O)ON=C(SC)C(=O)N(C)C KZAUOCCYDRDERY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LCCNCVORNKJIRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N parathion Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 LCCNCVORNKJIRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YFGYUFNIOHWBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pirimicarb Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)OC1=NC(N(C)C)=NC(C)=C1C YFGYUFNIOHWBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QHOQHJPRIBSPCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pirimiphos-methyl Chemical group CCN(CC)C1=NC(C)=CC(OP(=S)(OC)OC)=N1 QHOQHJPRIBSPCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XIUROWKZWPIAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfotep Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OP(=S)(OCC)OCC XIUROWKZWPIAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UBCKGWBNUIFUST-YHYXMXQVSA-N tetrachlorvinphos Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)O\C(=C/Cl)C1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl UBCKGWBNUIFUST-YHYXMXQVSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BAKXBZPQTXCKRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiodicarb Chemical compound CSC(C)=NOC(=O)NSNC(=O)ON=C(C)SC BAKXBZPQTXCKRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WCJYTPVNMWIZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N xylylcarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 WCJYTPVNMWIZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XJFIKRXIJXAJGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one Chemical group ClC1=CC=C2NC(=O)NC2=N1 XJFIKRXIJXAJGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005945 Chlorpyrifos-methyl Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005947 Dimethoate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AIGRXSNSLVJMEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N EPN Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1P(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 AIGRXSNSLVJMEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005958 Fenamiphos (aka phenamiphos) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005951 Methiocarb Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QSGNQELHULIMSJ-POHAHGRESA-N [(z)-2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethenyl] dimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)O\C(=C/Cl)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QSGNQELHULIMSJ-POHAHGRESA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N acephate Chemical group COP(=O)(SC)NC(C)=O YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QGLZXHRNAYXIBU-WEVVVXLNSA-N aldicarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C\C(C)(C)SC QGLZXHRNAYXIBU-WEVVVXLNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VNKBTWQZTQIWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N azamethiphos Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C=C2OC(=O)N(CSP(=O)(OC)OC)C2=N1 VNKBTWQZTQIWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RQVGAIADHNPSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N azinphos-ethyl Chemical group C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OCC)OCC)N=NC2=C1 RQVGAIADHNPSME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XEGGRYVFLWGFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N bendiocarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(C)(C)O2 XEGGRYVFLWGFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYZBOYWSHKHDMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N benfuracarb Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CCN(C(C)C)SN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(C)(C)C2 FYZBOYWSHKHDMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SFNPDDSJBGRXLW-UITAMQMPSA-N butocarboxim Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C(\C)C(C)SC SFNPDDSJBGRXLW-UITAMQMPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JLQUFIHWVLZVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbosulfan Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)SN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=C1OC(C)(C)C2 JLQUFIHWVLZVTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QGTYWWGEWOBMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlormephos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)SCCl QGTYWWGEWOBMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SCKHCCSZFPSHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanophos Chemical compound COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 SCKHCCSZFPSHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WEBQKRLKWNIYKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N demeton-S-methyl Chemical compound CCSCCSP(=O)(OC)OC WEBQKRLKWNIYKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazinon Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC(C)=NC(C(C)C)=N1 FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950001327 dichlorvos Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- VEENJGZXVHKXNB-VOTSOKGWSA-N dicrotophos Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)O\C(C)=C\C(=O)N(C)C VEENJGZXVHKXNB-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VJYFKVYYMZPMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoprophos Chemical compound CCCSP(=O)(OCC)SCCC VJYFKVYYMZPMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JISACBWYRJHSMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N famphur Chemical compound COP(=S)(OC)OC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)N(C)C)C=C1 JISACBWYRJHSMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZCJPOPBZHLUFHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenamiphos Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(NC(C)C)OC1=CC=C(SC)C(C)=C1 ZCJPOPBZHLUFHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DIRFUJHNVNOBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenobucarb Chemical compound CCC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1OC(=O)NC DIRFUJHNVNOBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QBSJMKIUCUGGNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoprocarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(C)C QBSJMKIUCUGGNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KLGMSAOQDHLCOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N mecarbam Chemical compound CCOC(=O)N(C)C(=O)CSP(=S)(OCC)OCC KLGMSAOQDHLCOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NNKVPIKMPCQWCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methamidophos Chemical compound COP(N)(=O)SC NNKVPIKMPCQWCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YFBPRJGDJKVWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methiocarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC(C)=C(SC)C(C)=C1 YFBPRJGDJKVWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GEPDYQSQVLXLEU-AATRIKPKSA-N methyl (e)-3-dimethoxyphosphoryloxybut-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C(/C)OP(=O)(OC)OC GEPDYQSQVLXLEU-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PZXOQEXFMJCDPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N omethoate Chemical compound CNC(=O)CSP(=O)(OC)OC PZXOQEXFMJCDPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XAMUDJHXFNRLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenthoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAMUDJHXFNRLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BULVZWIRKLYCBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phorate Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)SCSCC BULVZWIRKLYCBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IOUNQDKNJZEDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosalone Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C=C2OC(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OCC)OCC)C2=C1 IOUNQDKNJZEDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LMNZTLDVJIUSHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosmet Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CSP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)C2=C1 LMNZTLDVJIUSHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RGCLLPNLLBQHPF-HJWRWDBZSA-N phosphamidon Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)C(\Cl)=C(/C)OP(=O)(OC)OC RGCLLPNLLBQHPF-HJWRWDBZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QYMMJNLHFKGANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N profenofos Chemical compound CCCSP(=O)(OCC)OC1=CC=C(Br)C=C1Cl QYMMJNLHFKGANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CXJSOEPQXUCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridaphenthion Chemical compound N1=C(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)C=CC(=O)N1C1=CC=CC=C1 CXJSOEPQXUCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AWYOMXWDGWUJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tebupirimfos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OC(C)C)OC1=CN=C(C(C)(C)C)N=C1 AWYOMXWDGWUJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950004921 temefos Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- WWJZWCUNLNYYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N temephos Chemical compound C1=CC(OP(=S)(OC)OC)=CC=C1SC1=CC=C(OP(=S)(OC)OC)C=C1 WWJZWCUNLNYYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CSC1=NC(C(C)(C)C)=NN1C(=O)N(C)C NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AMFGTOFWMRQMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazophos Chemical compound N1=C(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)N=CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 AMFGTOFWMRQMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LESVOLZBIFDZGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N vamidothion Chemical compound CNC(=O)C(C)SCCSP(=O)(OC)OC LESVOLZBIFDZGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RQTVIKMRXYJTDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)N1CCC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C#N)CC1 RQTVIKMRXYJTDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005961 Ethoprophos Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005948 Formetanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005959 Fosthiazate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CVQODEWAPZVVBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N XMC Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 CVQODEWAPZVVBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CTJBHIROCMPUKL-WEVVVXLNSA-N [(e)-3-methylsulfonylbutan-2-ylideneamino] n-methylcarbamate Chemical compound CNC(=O)O\N=C(/C)C(C)S(C)(=O)=O CTJBHIROCMPUKL-WEVVVXLNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XFDJMIHUAHSGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorethoxyfos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC(Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl XFDJMIHUAHSGKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HEZNVIYQEUHLNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethiofencarb Chemical compound CCSCC1=CC=CC=C1OC(=O)NC HEZNVIYQEUHLNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RIZMRRKBZQXFOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethion Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)SCSP(=S)(OCC)OCC RIZMRRKBZQXFOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RMFNNCGOSPBBAD-MDWZMJQESA-N formetanate Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC(\N=C\N(C)C)=C1 RMFNNCGOSPBBAD-MDWZMJQESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DUFVKSUJRWYZQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fosthiazate Chemical compound CCC(C)SP(=O)(OCC)N1CCSC1=O DUFVKSUJRWYZQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isofenphos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(NC(C)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC(C)C HOQADATXFBOEGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229950001664 phoxim Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- FITIWKDOCAUBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N prothiofos Chemical compound CCCSP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FITIWKDOCAUBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyraclofos Chemical compound C1=C(OP(=O)(OCC)SCCC)C=NN1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATROHALUCMTWTB-OWBHPGMISA-N phoxim Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)O\N=C(\C#N)C1=CC=CC=C1 ATROHALUCMTWTB-OWBHPGMISA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
- 241000244206 Nematoda Species 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 241000425347 Phyla <beetle> Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000895 acaricidal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003750 molluscacide Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002013 molluscicidal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005645 nematicide Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 69
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 68
- 125000006273 (C1-C3) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 62
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 51
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 47
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 43
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 43
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 37
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 37
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 37
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 35
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 34
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 33
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 28
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 27
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- PAQZWJGSJMLPMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-trioxatriphosphinane 2,4,6-trioxide Chemical compound CCCP1(=O)OP(=O)(CCC)OP(=O)(CCC)O1 PAQZWJGSJMLPMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 25
- FPIRBHDGWMWJEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CN=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1 FPIRBHDGWMWJEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N Dimethyl sulfoxide Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])S(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 22
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylformamide Substances CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 20
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
Esta divulgación se refiere al campo de moléculas que tienen utilidad pesticida contra plagas en Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca y Nematoda, procesos para producir tales moléculas, intermediarios usados en tales procesos, composiciones pesticidas que contienen tales moléculas y procesos para usar tales composiciones pesticidas contra tales plagas. . Estas composiciones pesticidas se pueden usar, por ejemplo, como acaricidas, insecticidas, acaricidas, molusquicidas y nematicidas. Este documento describe moléculas que tienen la siguiente fórmula ("Fórmula Uno"). (Traducción automática con Google Translate, sin valor legal)
Description
DESCRIPCIÓN
Composición que comprende una molécula con utilidad plaguicida
Referencias cruzadas a solicitudes relacionadas
Esta solicitud reivindica el beneficio y la prioridad de las solicitudes provisionales de EE.UU. números de serie 62/407092 y 62/407118; todas las cuales fueron presentadas el 12 de octubre de 2016.
Campo de esta invención
Esta invención se refiere a una composición que comprende (a) una molécula que tiene utilidad plaguicida contra plagas en los Filos Arthropoda, Mollusca y Nematoda y (b) un ingrediente activo seleccionado de inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa (AChE). Estas composiciones plaguicidas se pueden utilizar, por ejemplo, como acaricidas, insecticidas, miticidas, molusquicidas y nematicidas.
Antecedentes de esta divulgación
"Muchas de las enfermedades humanas más peligrosas son transmitidas por vectores insectos" (Rivero et al.). "Historically, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, plague, filariasis, louseborne typhus, trypanomiasis, leishmaniasis, and other vector borne diseases were responsible for more human disease and death in the 17th through the early 20th centuries than all other causes combined" (Gubler). Enfermedades transmitidas por vectores son las responsables de aproximadamente el 17% de las enfermedades parasitarias e infecciosas mundiales. La malaria por sí sola provoca más de 800.000 muertes al año, el 85 % de las cuales se producen en niños menores de cinco años. Cada año hay entre 50 y 100 millones de casos de fiebre del dengue. Cada año se producen 250.000 a 500.000 casos adicionales de fiebre del dengue hemorrágico (Matthews). El control de los vectores desempeña un papel crítico en la prevención y el control de las enfermedades infecciosas. Sin embargo, la resistencia a los insecticidas, incluida la resistencia a múltiples insecticidas, ha surgido en todas las especies de insectos que son los principales vectores de enfermedades humanas (Rivero et al.). Recientemente, más de 550 especies de artrópodos han desarrollado resistencia a al menos un plaguicida (Whalon et al.). Además, los casos de resistencia a insectos continúan superando con creces el número de casos de resistencia a herbicidas y fungicidas (Sparks et al.).
Cada año, los insectos, los patógenos de las plantas y las malas hierbas destruyen más del 40 % de toda la producción de alimentos. Esta pérdida se produce a pesar de la aplicación de plaguicidas y del uso de una amplia gama de controles no químicos, tales como rotaciones de cultivos y controles biológicos. Si pudiera salvarse una parte de estos alimentos, podría utilizarse para alimentar a más de tres mil millones de personas en el mundo que están desnutridas (Pimental).
Nematodos parásitos de las plantas se encuentran entre las plagas más extendidas y, con frecuencia, son una de las más insidiosas y costosas. Se ha estimado que las pérdidas atribuibles a los nematodos oscilan entre aproximadamente el 9 % en los países desarrollados y aproximadamente el 15 % en los países subdesarrollados. Sin embargo, en los Estados Unidos de América, una encuesta de 35 Estados sobre diversos cultivos indicó pérdidas derivadas de nematodos de hasta un 25 % (Nicol et al.).
Se observa que los gasterópodos (babosas y caracoles) son plagas de menor importancia económica que otros artrópodos o nematodos, pero en determinados lugares pueden reducir sustancialmente los rendimientos, afectando seriamente a la calidad de los productos recolectados, así como, transmitiendo enfermedades a seres humanos, animales y plantas. Si bien solo unas pocas docenas de especies de gasterópodos son plagas regionales graves, un puñado de especies son plagas importantes a escala mundial. En particular, los gasterópodos afectan a una amplia diversidad de cultivos agrícolas y hortícolas, tales como cultivos herbáceos, de pastoreo y de fibras; vegetales; frutos de arbustos y árboles; hierbas; y ornamentales (Speiser).
Las termitas provocan daños a todo tipo de estructuras públicas y privadas, así como a los recursos agrícolas y forestales. En 2005, se estimó que las termitas provocan más de 50 billones de US $ en daños en todo el mundo cada año (Korb).
Por consiguiente, por muchas razones, incluidas las arriba mencionadas, existe una necesidad constante de costosos (estimados en alrededor de 256 millones de US $ por plaguicida en 2010), lentos (en promedio, alrededor de 10 años por plaguicida) y difíciles desarrollos de nuevos plaguicidas (CropLife America).
El documento WO 2016/168059 A1 describe moléculas que comprenden una estructura de fenilciclopropanocarboxamido-(het)arilo (sustituida) que tienen utilidad plaguicida.
Determinadas referencias citadas en esta divulgación
CropLife America, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development & Registration y Research & Development predictions for the Future, 2010.
Drewes, M., Tietjen, K., Sparks, T.C., High-Throughput Screening in Agrochemical Research, Modern Methods in Crop Protection Research, Parte I, Methods for the Design and Optimization of New Active Ingredients, Editado por Jeschke, P., Kramer, W., Schirmer, U. y Matthias W., págs. 1-20, 2012.
Gubler, D., Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 4, N° 3, págs. 442-450, 1998.
Korb, J., Termites, Current Biology, Vol. 17, N° 23, 2007.
Matthews, G., Integrated Vector Management Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases, Cap. 1, pág. 1,2011.
Nicol, J., Turner S., Coyne, L., den Nijs, L., Hocksland, L., Tahna-Maafi, Z., Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture, Genomic and Molecular Genetics of Plant - Nematode Interactions, págs. 21-43, 2011.
Pimental, D., Pest Control in World Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences - Vol. II, 2009.
Rivero, A., Vezilier, J., Weill, M., Read, A., Gandon, S., Insect Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When is Insect Resistance a Problem? Public Library of Science Pathogens, Vol. 6, N° 8, págs. 1-9, 2010.
Sparks T.C., Nauen R., IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (2014) disponible en línea 4 de diciembre de 2014.
Speiser, B., Molluscicides, Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Cap. 219, págs. 506-508, 2002.
Whalon, M., Mota-Sanchez, D., Hollingworth, R., Analysis of Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Cap. 1, págs. 5-33, 2008.
Definiciones utilizadas en esta divulgación
Los ejemplos dados en estas definiciones no son generalmente exhaustivos y no deben interpretarse como limitantes de esta divulgación. Se entiende que un sustituyente debe cumplir con las reglas de unión química y las restricciones de compatibilidad estérica en relación con la molécula particular a la que está fijado. Estas definiciones solo deben utilizarse para los propósitos de esta divulgación.
La expresión"ingrediente activo"significa un material que tiene actividad útil para controlar plagas, y/o que es útil para ayudar a otros materiales a tener una mejor actividad en el control de plagas, ejemplos de este tipo de materiales incluyen, pero no se limitan a acaricidas, algicidas, antialimentarios, avicidas, bactericidas, repelentes de aves, quimioesterilizantes, fungicidas, protectores de herbicidas, herbicidas, atrayentes de insectos, repelentes de insectos, insecticidas, repelentes de mamíferos, alteradores del apareamiento, molusquicidas, nematicidas, activadores de plantas, reguladores del crecimiento de plantas, raticidas, sinérgidas y virucidas (véase alanwood.net). Ejemplos específicos de este tipo de materiales incluyen, pero no se limitan a los materiales enumerados en el grupo alfa de ingredientes activos.
La expresión "grupo de ingredientes activos alfa" (en adelante,AIGA")significa colectivamente los siguientes materiales:
(1) bromuro de (3-etoxipropil)mercurio, 1,2-dibromoetano, 1,2-dicloroetano, 1,2-dicloropropano, 1,3-dicloropropeno, 1-MCP, 1-metilciclopropeno, 1-naftol, 2-(octiltio)etanol, 2,3,3-TPA, ácido 2,3,5-triyodobenzoico, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, 2,4,5-TP, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-DES, 2,4-DP, 2,4-MCPA, 2,4-MCPB, 2iP, cloruro de 2-metoxietilmercurio, 2-fenilfenol, 3,4-dA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, ácido 3,6-dicloropicolínico, 4-aminopiridina, 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, alcohol 4-hidroxifenetílico, sulfato de 8-hidroxiquinolina, 8-fenilmercurioxiquinolina, abamectina, abamectina-aminometilo, ácido abscísico, ACC, acefato, acequinocil, acetamiprid, acetión, acetocloro, acetofenato, acetofos, acetoprol, acibenzolar, acifluorfen, aclonifen, ACN, acrep, acrinatrina, acroleína, acrilonitrilo, acipetacs, afidopiropen, afoxolaner, alacloro, alanap, alanicarb, albendazol, aldicarb, aldicarb sulfona, aldimorf, aldoxicarb, aldrina, aletrina, alicina, alidocloro, alosamidin, aloxidim, alcohol alílico, alixicarb, alorac, affa-cipermetrina, affa-endosulfán, alfametrina, altretamina, fosfuro de aluminio, ametoctradin, ametridiona, ametrin, ametrina, amibuzin, amicarbazona, amicartiazol, amiditión, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminociclopiracloro, aminopiralida, aminotriazol, amiprofos-metilo, amiprofos, amisulbrom, amiton, amitraz, amitrol, sulfamato de amonio, amobam, gel de sílice amorfo, dióxido de silicio amorfo, ampropilfos, AMS, anabasina, ancimidol, anilazina, anilofos, anisuron, antraquinona, antu, afolato, aramita, arprocarb, óxido arsenoso, asomato, aspirina, asulam, atidation, atraton, atrazina, aureofungina, avermectina B1, AVG, aviglicina, azaconazol, azadiractina, azafenidina, azametifos, azidition, azimsulfuron, azinfosetilo, azinfos-etilo, azinfosmetilo, azinfos-metilo, aziprotrin, aziprotrina, azitiram, azobenceno, azociclotin, azotoato, azoxiestrobina, bachmedesh, barban, barbanato, hexafluorosilicato de bario, polisulfuro de bario, silicofluoruro de bario, bartrin, carbonato de cobre básico, cloruro de cobre básico, sulfato de cobre básico, BCPC, beflubutamida, benalaxil, benalaxil-M, benazolin, bencarbazona, benclotiaz, bendaqingbingzhi, bendiocarb, bendióxido, benefin, benfluralina, benfuracarb, benfuresato, benmihuangcaoan, benodanil, benomil, benoxacor, benoxafos, benquinox, bensulfurona, bensulida, bensultap, bentaluron, bentazon, bentazona, bentiavalicarb, bentiazol, bentiocarb, bentranil, benzadox, cloruro de benzalconio, benzamacril, benzamizol, benzamorf, hexacloruro de benceno, benzfendizona, benzimina, benzipram, benzobiciclon, benzoepina, benzofenap, benzofluor, ácido benzohidroxámico, benzomato, benzofosfato, benzotiadiazol, benzovindiflupir, benzoximato, benzoilprop, benztiazurona, benzuocaotong, benzoato de bencilo, benciladenina, berberina, befa-ciflutrina, befa-cipermetrina, betoxazin, BHC, bialafos, biciclopirona, bifenazato, bifenox, bifentrin, bifujunzhi, bilanafos, binapacril, bingqingxiao, bioaletrina, bioetanometrina, biopermetrina, bioresmetrina, bifenilo, bisazir, bismertiazol, bismertiazol-cobre, bisfenilmercurio metilendi(x-naftaleno-y-sulfonato), bispiribac, bistrifluron, bisultap, bitertanol, bitionol, bixafen, blasticidina-S, borax, mezcla de Burdeos, ácido bórico, boscalid, BPPS, brasinolida, brasinolida-etilo, brevicomin, brodifacoum, brofenprox, brofenvalerato, broflanilida, broflutrinato, bromacil, bromadiolona, bromclofos, brometalina, brometrina, bromfenvinfos, bromoacetamida, bromobonil, bromobutida, bromociclen, bromo-DDT, bromofenoxim, bromofos, bromometano, bromofos, bromofos-etilo, bromopropilato, bromotalonil, bromoxinil, brompirazon, bromuconazol, bronopol, BRP, BTH, bucarpolato, bufencarb, buminafos, bupirimato, buprofezin, mezcla de Burgundy, busulfan, butacarb, butacloro, butafenacil, butam, butamifos, butano-fipronil, butatiofos, butenacloro, buteno-fipronil, butetrina, butidazol, butiobato, butiuron, butifos, butocarboxim, butonato, butopironoxil, butoxicarboxim, butralina, butrizol, butroxidim, buturon, butilamina, butilato, butilclorofos, butileno-fipronil, ácido cacodílico, cadusafos, cafenstrol, calciferol, arsenato de calcio, clorato de calcio, cianamida de calcio, cianuro de calcio, polisulfuro de calcio, calvinfos, cambendicloro, canfecloro, alcanfor, captafol, captan, carbam, carbamorf, carbanolato, carbarilo, carbasulam, carbation, carbendazima, carbendazol, carbetamida, carbofenotion, carbofuran, disulfuro de carbono, tetracloruro de carbono, sulfuro de carbonilo, carbofenotion, carbofos, carbosulfan, carboxazol, carbóxido, carboxin, carfentrazona, carpropamid, cartap, carvacrol, carvona, CAVP, CDAA, CDEA, CDEC, celocidin, CEPC, ceralure, cerenox, cevadilla, mezcla de Cheshunt, quinalfos, quinalfos-metilo, quinometionato, quiralaxil, quitosano, clobentiazona, clometoxifen, cloralosa, cloramben, cloramina fósforo, cloranfenicol, cloraniformetano, cloranilo, cloranocrilo, clorantraniliprol, clorazifop, clorazina, clorbensida, clorbenzuron, clorbiciclen, clorbromuron, clorbufam, clordano, clordecona, clordimeform, clorempentrina, cloretazato, cloretefon, cloretoxifos, cloreturon, clorfenac, clorfenapir, clorfenazol, clorfenetol, clorfenidim, clorfenprop, clorfenson, clorfensulfuro, clorfenvinfos, clorfenvinfos-metilo, clorfluazuron, clorflurazol, clorflurecol, clorfluren, clorflurenol, cloridazon, clorimuron, clorinato, cloro-IPC, clormefos, clormequat, clormesulona, clormetoxinilo, clornidina, clornitrofen, ácido cloroacético, clorobencilato, clorodinitronaftalenos, clorofénizon, cloroformo, cloromebuform, clorometiuron, cloroneb, clorofacinona, clorofos, cloropicrina, cloropon, cloropraletrina, cloropropilato, clorotalonil, clorotoluron, cloroxifenidim, cloroxuron, cloroxinil, clorofonio, clorfoxim, clorprazofos, clorprocarb, clorprofam, clorpirifos, clorpirifos-metilo, clorquinox, clorsulfuron, clortal, clortiamida, clortiofos, clortoluron, clozolinato, qultosano, colecalciferol, cloruro de colina, cromafenozida, cicloheximida, cimectacarb, cimetacarb, cinerina I, cinerina II, cinerinas, cinidon-etilo, cinmetilina, cinosulfuron, cintofen, ciobutida, cisanilida, cismetrina, clacifos, clefoxidim, clenpirin, cletodim, climbazol, cliodinato, clodinafop, cloetocarb, clofencet, clofenotana, clofentezina, clofenvinfos, ácido clofíbrico, clofop, clomazona, clomeprop, clonitralid, cloprop, cloproxidim, clopiralid, cloquintocet, cloransulam, closantel, clotianidina, clotrimazol, cloxifonac, cloxilacon, clozilacon, CMA, CMMP, CMP, CMU, codlelure, colecalciferol, colofonato, 8-quinolinolato de cobre, acetato de cobre, acetoarsenita de cobre, arsenato de cobre, carbonato de cobre, básico, hidróxido de cobre, naftenato de cobre, oleato de cobre, oxicloruro de cobre, silicato de cobre, sulfato de cobre, básico, cromato de cobre y zinc, coumaclor, coumafeno, coumafos, coumafuril, coumafos, coumatetralil, coumetoxiestrobina, coumitoato, coumoxiestrobina, CPMC, CPMF, CPPC, credazina, cresol, ácido cresílico, crimidina, crotamiton, crotoxifos, crufomato, criolita, cue-lure, cufraneb, cumileron, cumiluron, cuprobam, óxido cuproso, curcumenol, CVMP, cianamida, cianatrin, cIanazina, cianofenfos, cianógeno, cianofos, ciantoato, ciantraniliprol, ácido cianúrico, ciazofamid, cibutrina, ciclafuramid, ciclanilida, ciclaniliprol, cicletrina, cicloato, cicloheximida, cicloprato, cicloprotrin, ciclopirimorato, ciclosulfamuron, cicloxidim, ciclurón, cienopirafen, ciflufenamida, ciflumetofen, ciflutrina, cihalodiamida, cihalofop, cihalotrina, cihexatina, cimiazol, cimoxanil, ciometrinil, cipendazol, cipermetrina, ciperquat, cifenotrina, ciprazina, ciprazol, ciproconazol, ciprodinil, ciprofuram, cipromid, ciprosulfamida, ciromazina, citioato, citrex, daimuron, dalapon, daminozida, dayoutong, dazomet, DBCP, d-alcanfor, DCB, DCIP, DCPA (Japón), DCPA (EE.UU.), DCPTA, DCU, DDD, DDPP, DDT, DDVP, debacarb, decafentina, decametrina, decarbofuran, deet, ácido dehidroacético, deiquat, delaclor, delnav, deltametrina, demefion, demefion-O, demefion-S, demeton, demeton-metilo, demeton-O, demeton-O-metilo, demeton-S, demeton-S-metilo, demeton-S-metilsulfona, DEP, depaletrina, derris, desmedifam, desmetrina, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, diafentiuron, dialifor, dialifos, dialato, di-alato, diamidafos, dianat, tierra de diatomeas, diatomita, diazinon, dibromo, ftalato de dibutilo, succinato de dibutilo, dicamba, dicapton, diclobenil, diclobentiazox, diclofention, diclofluanida, diclona, dicloralurea, diclorbenzuron, diclorfenidim, diclorflurecol, diclorflurenol, diclormato, diclormid, diclorometano, diclorofen, diclorprop, diclorprop-P, diclorvos, diclozolin, diclozolina, diclobutrazol, diclocimet, diclofop, diclomezina, dicloran, dicloromezotiaz, diclosulam, dicofol, dicofano, dicoumarol, dicresilo, dicrotofos, dicrilo, dicumarol, diciclanil, diciclonon, dieldrina, dienocloro, dietamquat, dietatil, dietiona, dietofencarb, dietolato, dieton, pirocarbonato de dietilo, dietiltoluamida, difenacoum, difenoconazol, difenopenteno, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, difetialona, diflovidazin, diflubenzuron, diflufenican, diflufenicanil, diflufenzopir, diflumetorim, dikegulac, dilor, dimatif, dimeflutrina, dimefox, dimefuron, dimehipo, dimepiperato, dimetaclona, dimetan, dimetacarb, dimetaclona, dimetacloro, dimetametrina, dimetenamida, dimetenamida-P, dimetipin, dimetirimol, dimetoato, dimetomorf, dimetrina, carbato de dimetilo, disulfuro de dimetilo, ftalato de dimetilo, dimetilvinfos, dimetilan, dimexano, dimidazon, dimoxiestrobina, dimpilato, dimuron, dinex, dingjunezuo, diniconazol, diniconazol-M, dinitramina, dinitrofenoles, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinocton, dinofenato, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinosulfon, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterbon, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxation, difacin, difacinona, difenadiona, difenamid, difenamida, difenil sulfona, difenilamina, sulfuro de difenilo, ácido diprogúlico, dipropalin, dipropetrin, dipterex, dipimetitrona, dipiritiona, diquat, tetraborato disódico, disosultap, disparlure, disugran, disul, disulfiram, disulfoton, ditalimfos, ditianon, diticrofos, ditioéter, ditiometon, ditiopir, diuron, dixantogeno, d-limoneno, DMDS, DMPA, DNOC, dodemorf, dodicin, dodina, dofenapin, doguadina, dominicalure, doramectina, DPC, drazoxolon, DSMA, d-trans-aletrina, d-trans-resmetrina, dufulin, dimron, EBEP, EBP, ebufos, ecdisterona, eclomezol, EDB, EDC, EDDP, edifenfos, eglinazina, emamectina, EMPC, empentrina, enadenina, endosulfan, endotal, endotion, endrina, enestroburina, enilconazol, enoxastrobina, efirsulfonato, EPN, epocoleona, epofenonana, epoxiconazol, eprinomectina, epronaz, épsilon-metoflutrina, épsilonmomfluorotrina, EPTC, erbon, ergocalciferol, erlujixiancaoan, esdepaletrina, esfenvalerato, ESP, esprocarb, etacelasil, etaconazol, etafos, etem, etaboxam, etaclor, etalfluralina, etametsulfurona, etaprocloro, etefon, etidimuron, etiofencarb, etiolato, etion, etiozina, etiprol, etirimol, etoato-metilo, etobenzanid, etofumesato, etohexadiol, etoprop, etoprofos, etoxifeno, etoxiquin, etoxisulfurona, eticlozato, formiato de etilo, pirofosfato de etilo, etilan, etil-DDD, etileno, dibromuro de etileno, dicloruro de etileno, óxido de etileno, etilicina, 2,3-dihidroxipropil mercapturo de etilmercurio, acetate de etilmercurio, bromuro de etilmercurio, cloruro de etilmercurio, fosfato de etilmercurio, etinofen, ETM, etnipromid, etobenzanid, etofenprox, etoxazol, etridiazol, etrimfos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadona, famfur, fenac, fenamidona, fenaminosulf, fenaminestrobina, fenamifos, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenasulam, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbuconazol, óxido de fenbutatin, fenclorazol, fenclorfos, fenclofos, fenclorim, fenetacarb, fenflutrina, fenfuram, fenhexamida, fenidina, fenitropan, fenitrotion, fénizon, fenjuntong, fenobucarb, fenolovo, fenoprop, fenotiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxanil, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxasulfona, fenoxicarb, fenpiclonil, fenpiritrina, fenpropatrina, fenpropidin, fenpropimorf, fenpirazamina, fenpiroximato, fenquinotriona, fenridazon, fenson, fensulfotion, fenteracol, fentiaprop, fention, fention-etilo, fentiaprop, fentin, fentrazamida, fentrifanil, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, fenvalerato, ferbam, ferimzona, fosfato férrico, sulfato ferroso, fipronil, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, flocoumafen, flometoquin, flonicamida, florasulam, florpirauxifen, fluacripirim, fluazaindolizina, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, fluazinam, fluazolato, fluazuron, flubendiamida, flubenzimina, flubrocitrinato, flucarbazona, flucetosulfurona, flucloralina, flucofuron, flucicloxuron, flucitrinato, fludioxonil, fluenetilo, fluensulfona, flufenacet, flufenerim, flufenican, flufenoxuron, flufenoxiestrobina, flufenprox, flufenpir, flufenzina, flufiprol, fluhexafon, flumetrina, flumetover, flumetralina, flumetsulam, flumezina, flumiclorac, flumioxazina, flumipropin, flumorf, fluometuron, fluopicolida, fluopiram, fluorbensida, fluoridamida, fluoroacetamida, ácido fluoroacético, fluorocloridona, fluorodifen, fluoroglicofen, fluoroimida, fluoromidina, fluoronitrofen, fluoroxipir, fluothiuron, fluotrimazol, fluoxaestrobina, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropadina, flupropanato, flupiradifurona, flupirsulfurona, fluquinconazol, fluralaner, flurazol, flurecol, flurenol, fluridona, flurocloridona, fluromidina, fluroxipir, flurprimidol, flursulamida, flurtamona, flusilazol, flusulfamida, flutenzina, flutiacet, flutiamida, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluvalinato, fluxametamida, fluxapiroxad, fluxofenim, folpel, folpet, fomesafen, fonofos, foramsulfurona, forclorfenuron, formaldehído, formetanato, formotion, formparanato, fosamina, fosetilo, fosmetilan, fospirato, fostiazato, fostietan, frontalin, ftalida, fuberidazol, fucaojing, fucaomi, fujunmanzhi, fulumi, fumarina, funaihecaoling, fufentiourea, furalano, furalaxil, furametrina, furametpir, furan tebufenozida, furatiocarb, furcarbanilo, furconazol, furconazol-c/'s, furetrina, furfural, furilazol, furmeciclox, furofanato, furiloxifen,gamma-BHC,gamma-cihalotrina, gamma-HCH, genit, ácido giberélico, giberelina A3, giberelinas, gliftor, glitor, glucocloralosa, glufosinato, glufosinato-P, gliodina, glioxima, glifosato, glifosina, gosiplure, grandlure, griseofulvina, guanoctina, guazatina, halacrinato, halauxifen, halfenprox, halofenozida, halosafen, halosulfurona, haloxidina, haloxifop, haloxifop-P, haloxifop-R, HCA, HCB, HCH, hemel, hempa, HEOD, heptacloro, heptaflutrina, heptenofos, heptopargil, herbimicina, herbimicina A, heterofos, hexacloro, hexacloran, hexacloroacetona, hexachlorobenceno, hexaclorobutadieno, hexaclorofeno, hexaconazol, hexaflumurón, hexafluoramina, hexaflurato, hexalure, hexamida, hexazinona, hexiltiofos, hexiltiazox, HHDN, holosulf, homobrasinolida, huancaiwo, huanchongjing, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hidrametilnona, hidrargafen, cal hidratada, hidrógeno cianamida, hidrógeno cianida, hidropreno, hidroxiisoxazol, himexazol, hiquincarb, IAA, IBA, IBP, icaridina, imazalil, imazametabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapir, imazaquin, imazetapir, imazosulfuron, imibenconazol, imiciafos, imidacloprid, imidaclotiz, iminoctadina, imiprotrina, inabenfida, indanofan, indaziflam, indoxacarb, inezin, tierra de infusorios, yodobonil, yodocarb, yodofenfos, yodometano, yodosulfuron, yofensulfuron, ioxinil, ipazina, IPC, ipconazol, ipfencarbazona, ipfentrifluconazol, iprobenfos, iprodiona, iprovalicarb, iprimidam, ipsdienol, ipsenol, IPSP, IPX, isamidofos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbamida, isocarbofos, isocil, isodrina, isofenfos, isofenfos-metilo, isofetamida, isolan, isometiozina, isonoruron, isopamfos, isopolinato, isoprocarb, isoprocil, isopropalina, isopropazol, isoprotiolano, isoproturon, isopirazam, isopirimol, isotioato, isotianilo, isourona, isovalediona, isoxaben, isoxaclortola, isoxadifen, isoxaflutol, isoxapirifop, isoxationa, isurona, ivermectina, ixoxaben, izopamfos, japonilure, japotrinas, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, ácido jasmónico, jiahuangchongzong, jiajizengxiaolin, jiaxiangjunzhi, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, Jinganmicina A, jodfenfos, hormona juvenil I, hormona juvenil II, hormona juvenil III, kadetrina, kappabifentrina, kappa-teflutrina, karbutilato, karetazan, kasugamicina, kejunlin, kelevan, ketospiradox, kieselguhr, kinetina, kinopreno, kiralaxilo, kresoxim-metilo, kuicaoxi, lactofen, /ambda-cihalotrina, lancotriona, latilure, arsenato de plomo, lenacilo, lepimectina, leptofos, lianbenjingzhi, cal-azufre, lindano, lineatina, linuron, lirimfos, litlure, looplure, lufenuron, lüfuqingchongxianan, lüxiancaolin, lvdingjunzhi, lvfumijvzhi, lvxiancaolin, litidation, M-74, M-81, MAA, fosfuro de magnesio, malation, maldison, hidrazida maleica, malonoben, maltodextrina, MAMA, mancobre, mancozeb, mandestrobina, mandipropamida, maneb, matrina, mazidox, MCC, MCP, MCPA, MCPA-tioetilo, MCPB, MCPP, mebenil, mecarbam, mecarbinzid, mecarfon, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medimeform, medinoterb, medlure, mefenacet, mefenoxam, mefenpir, mefentrifluconazol, mefluidida, ácido megatomoico, alcohol melisílico, melitoxina, MEMC, menazon, MEP, mepanipirim, meperflutrina, mefenato, mefosfolan, mepiquat, mepronilo, meptildinocap, mercaptodimetur, mercaptofos, mercaptofos tiol, mercaptotiona, cloruro mercúrico, óxido mercúrico, cloruro mercuroso, merfos, merfos óxido, mesoprazina, mesosulfurona, mesotriona, mesulfen, mesulfenfos, metacresol, metaflumizona, metalaxil, metalaxil-M, metaldehído, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metafos, metaxon, metazacloro, metazosulfurona, metazoxolon, metconazol, metepa, metflurazon, metabenztiazuron, metacrifos, metalpropalin, metam, metamidofos, metasulfocarb, metazol, metfuroxam, metibenzuron, metidation, metiobencarb, metiocarb, metiopirisulfuron, metiotepa, metiozolina, metiurona, metocrotofos, metolcarb, metometon, metomil, metopreno, metoprotrin, metoquin-butilo, metotrin, metoxicloro, metoxifenozida, metoxifenona, afolato de metilo, bromuro de metilo, metil eugenol, yoduro de metilo, isotiocianato de metilo, metil paration, metilacetofos, metilcloroformo, ácido metilditiocarbámico, metildimron, cloruro de metileno, metil-isofenfos, metilmercaptofos, metilmercaptofos óxido, metilmercaptofos tiol, benzoato de metilmercurio, diciandiamida de metilmercurio, pentaclorofenóxido de metilmercurio, metilneodecanamida, metilnitrofos, metiltriazotion, metiozolin, metiram, metiram-zinc, metobenzurona, metobromurona, metoflutrina, metolacloro, metolcarb, metometuron, metominoestrobina, metosulam, metoxadiazona, metoxuron, metrafenona, metriam, metribuzina, metrifonato, metsulfovax, metsulfuron, mevinfos, mexacarbato, miechuwei, mieshuan, miewenjuzhi, milbemectina, milbemicin oxima, milneb, mimanan, mipafox, MIPC, mirex, MNAF, moguchun, molinato, molosultap, momfluorotrina, monalida, monisuron, monoamitraz, ácido monocloroacético, monocrotofos, monolinurón, monomehipo, monosulfiram, monosulfuron, monosultap, monuron, monuron-TCA, morfamquat, moroxidina, morfotion, morzid, moxidectina, MPMC, MSMA, MTMC, muscalure, miclobutanil, miclozolin, alcohol miricílico, W-(etilmercurio)-p-toluenosulfonanilida, NAA, NAAm, nabam, naftalofos, naled, naftaleno, naftaleno acetamida, anhídrido naftálico, naftalofos, ácidos naftoxiacéticos, ácidos naftilacéticos, naftilindano-1,3-dionas, ácidos naftiloxiacéticos, naproanilida, napropamida, napropamida-M, naptalam, natamicina, NBPOS, neburea, neburon, nendrin, neonicotina, niclorfos, niclofen, niclosamida, nicobifen, nicosulfuron, nicotina, sulfato de nicotina, nifluridida, nikkomicinas, NIP, nipiraclofen, nipiralofen, nitenpiram, nitiazina, nitralin, nitrapirin, nitrilacarb, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, nitroestireno, nitrotalisopropilo, nobormida, nonanol, norbormida, norea, norflurazon, nornicotina, noruron, novaluron, noviflumuron, NPA, nuarimol, nuranona, OCH, octaclorodipropil éter, octilinona, o-diclorobenceno, ofurace, ometoato, o-fenilfenol, orbencarb, orfralure, ortobencarb, orto-diclorobenceno, orhosulfamuron, orictalure, orisaestrobina, orizalina, ostol, ostramona, ovatron, ovex, oxabetrinil, oxadiargil, oxadiazon, oxadixilo, oxamato, oxamil, oxapirazon, oxasulfuron, oxatiapiprolin, oxaziclomefona, oxina-cobre, oxina-Cu, ácido oxolínico, oxpoconazol, oxicarboxin, oxidemeton-metilo, oxideprofos, oxidisulfoton, oxienadenina, oxifluorfen, oximatrina, oxitetraciclina, oxitioquinox, PAC, paclobutrazol, paichongding, paletrina, PAP, paradiclorobenceno, parafluron, paraquat, paration, paration-metilo, parinol, Paris green, PCNB, PCP, PCP-Na, p-diclorobenceno, PDJ, pebulato, pédinex, pefurazoato, ácido pelargónico, penconazol, pencicuron, pendimetalina, penfenato, penflufen, penfluron, penoxalina, penoxsulam, pentaclorofenol, laurato de pentaclorofenilo, pentanocloro, pentiopirad, pentmetrina, pentoxazona, perclordecona, perfluidona, permetrina, petoxamida, PHC, fenamacril, fenamacril-etilo, fénaminosulf, óxido de fenazina, fénétacarbe, fenisofam, fenkapton, fenmedifam, fenmedifam-etilo, fenobenzuron, fenotiol, fenotrina, fenpróxido, fentoato, fenilmercuriurea, acetato de fenilmercurio, cloruro de fenilmercurio, derivado de fenilmercurio de pirocatecol, nitrato de fenilmercurio, salicilato de fenilmercurio, forato, fosacetim, fosalona, fosametina, fosazetim, fosazetin, fosciclotin, fosdifen, fosetilo, fosfolan, fosfolan-metilo, fosglicina, fosmet, fosnicloro, fosfamida, fosfamidon, fosfina, fosfinotricina, fosfocarb, fósforo, fostin, foxim, foxim-metilo, ftalida, ftalofos, ftaltrina, picarbutrazox, picaridin, picloram, picolinafen, picoxiestrobina, pimaricin, pindona, pinoxaden, piperalina, piperazina, butóxido de piperonilo, piperonil cicloneno, piperofos, piproctanilo, piprotal, pirimetafos, pirimicarb, piriminilo, pirimioxifos, pirimifos-etilo, pirimifos-metilo, pival, pivaldiona, plifenato, PMA, PMP, polibutenos, policarbamato, policlorcanfeno, polietoxiquinolina, polioxina D, polioxinas, polioxorim, politialan, arsenita de potasio, azida de potasio, cianato de potasio, etilxantato de potasio, naftenato de potasio, polisulfuro de potasio, tiocianato de potasio, pp’-DDT, praletrina, precoceno I, precoceno II, precoceno III, pretilacloro, primidofos, primisulfuron, probenazol, procloraz, proclonol, prociazina, procimidona, prodiamina, profenofos, profluazol, profluralin, proflutrina, profoxidim, profurita-aminio, proglinazina, prohexadiona, prohidrojasmon, promacilo, promecarb, prometon, prometrina, promurit, pronamida, propacloro, propafos, propamidina, propamocarb, propanil, propafos, propaquizafop, propargita, propartrina, propazina, propetamfos, profam, propiconazol, propidina, propineb, propisocloro, propoxur, propoxicarbazona, propil isoma, propirisulfuron, propizamida, proquinazid, prosuler, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, protidation, protiocarb, protioconazol, protiofos, protoato, protrifenbute, proxan, primidofos, prinacloro, psoraleno, pidanon, pidiflumetofen, piflubumida, pimetrozina, piracarbolid, piraclofos, piraclonil, piracloestrobina, piraflufen, pirafluprol, piramat, pirametoestrobina, piraoxiestrobina, pirasulfotol, piraziflumid, pirazolato, pirazolinato, pirazon, pirazofos, pirazosulfuron, pirazotion, pirazoxifen, piresmetrina, piretrina I, piretrina II, piretrinas, piribambenz-isopropilo, piribambenz-propilo, piribencarb, piribenzoxim, piributicarb, piriclor, piridaben, piridafol, piridalil, piridafention, piridato, piridinitrilo, pirifenox, pirifluquinazon, piriftalid, pirimetafos, pirimetanil, pirimicarb, pirimidifen, piriminobac, piriminoestrobina, pirimifos-etilo, pirimifos-metilo, pirimisulfan, pirimitato, pirinurón, piriofenona, piriprol, piripropanol, piriproxifen, pirisoxazol, piritiobac, pirolan, piroquilon, piroxasulfona, piroxsulam, piroxicloro, piroxifur, qincaosuan, qingkuling, quassia, quinacetol, quinalfos, quinalfos-metilo, quinazamid, quinclorac, quinconazol, quinmerac, quinoclamina, quinofumelin, quinometionato, quinonamida, quinotion, quinoxifen, quintiofos, quintozeno, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, quwenzhi, quyingding, rabenzazol, rafoxanida, R-diniconazol, rebemida, reglone, renriduron, rescalure, resmetrina, rodetanilo, rodojaponina-NI, ribavirina, rimsulfuron, rizazol, R-metalaxilo, rodetanil, ronnel, rotenona, riania, sabadilla, saflufenacil, saijunmao, saisentong, salicilanilida, salifluofen, sanguinarina, santonina, S-bioaletrina, schradan, scillirosida, sebutilazina, secbumeton, sedaxano, selamectina, semiamitraz, sesamex, sesamolina, sesona, setoxidim, sevin, shuangjiaancaolin, shuangjianancaolin, S-hidropreno, siduron, sifumijvzhi, siglure, silafluofen, silatrano, aerogel de sílice, gel de sílice, siltiofam, siltiofan, silvex, simazina, simeconazol, simeton, simetrina, sintofen, S-kinopreno, cal apagada, SMA, S-metopreno, S-metolacloro, arsenito de sodio, azida de sodio, clorato de sodio, cianuro de sodio, fluoruro de sodio, fluoroacetato de sodio, hexafluorosilicato de sodio, naftenato de sodio, o-fenilfenóxido de sodio, ortofenilfenóxido de sodio, pentaclorofenato de sodio, pentaclorofenóxido de sodio, polisulfuro de sodio, silicofluoruro de sodio, tetratiocarbonato de sodio, tiocianato de sodio, solan, sofamida, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, spiroxamina, stirofos, estreptomicina, estricnina, sulcatol, sulcofuron, sulcotriona, sulfalato, sulfentrazona, sulfiram, sulfluramida, sulfodiazol, sulfometuron, sulfosato, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfotepp, sulfoxaflor, sulfóxido, sulfoxima, azufre, ácido sulfúrico, fluoruro de sulfurilo, sulglicapin, sulfosato, sulprofos, sultropen, swep, tau-fluvalinato, tavron, tazimcarb, TBTO, TBZ, TCA, TCBA, TCMTB, TCNB, TDE, tebuconazol, tebufenozida, tebufenpirad, tebufloquin, tebupirimfos, tebutam, tebutiuron, tecloftalam, tecnazeno, tecoram, tedion, teflubenzuron, teflutrina, tefuriltriona, tembotriona, temefos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxidim, teproloxidim, teraletrina, terbacil, terbucarb, terbucloro, terbufos, terbumeton, terbutilazina, terbutol, terbutrina, terraclor, terramicina, tetciclacis, tetracloroetano, tetraclorvinfos, tetraconazol, tetradifon, tetradisul, tetrafluron, tetrametrina, tetrametilflutrina, tetramina, tetranactina, tetraniliprol, tetrapion, tetrasul, sulfato de talio, sulfato taloso, tenilcloro, hefa-cipermetrina, tiabendazol, tiacloprid, tiadiazina, tiadifluor, tiametoxam, tiameturon, tiapronil, tiazafluron, tiazfluron, tiazona, tiazopir, ticrofos, ticiofen, tiidiazimin, tidiazuron, tiencarbazona, tifensulfuron, tifluzamida, timerosal, timet, tiobencarb, tiocarboxima, tioclorfenfim, tiocianatodinitrobencenos, tiociclam, tiodan, tiodiazol-cobre, tiodicarb, tiofanocarb, tiofanox, tiofluoximato, tiohempa, tiomersal, tiometon, tionazin, tiofanato, tiofanato-etilo, tiofanato-metilo, tiofos, tioquinox, tiosemicarbazida, tiosultap, tiotepa, tioxamilo, tiram, tiuram, thuringiensina, tiabendazol, tiadinil, tiafenacil, tiaojiean, TIBA, tifatol, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, tioxazafen, tioximid, tirpato, TMTD, tolclofosmetilo, tolfenpirad, tolprocarb, tolpiralato, tolifluanid, tolylfluanid, acetato de tolilmercurio, tomarin, topramezona, toxafeno, TPN, tralkoxidim, tralocitrina, tralometrina, tralopiril, transflutrina, transpermetrina, tretamina, triacontanol, triadimefon, triadimenol, triafamona, trialato, tri-alato, triamifos, triapentenol, triarateno, triarimol, triasulfuron, triazamato, triazbutilo, triaziflam, triazofos, triazotion, triazóxido, cloruro de cobre tribásico, sulfato de cobre tribásico, tribenuron, tribufos, óxido de tributil-estaño, tricamba, triclamida, triclopir, triclorfon, triclormetafos-3, tricloronat, tricloronato, triclorotrinitrobencenos, triclorfon, triclopir, triclopiricarb, tricresol, triciclazol, hidróxido de triciclohexil-estaño, tridemorf, tridifano, trietazin, trifenmorF, trifenofos, trifloxiestrobina, trifloxisulfuron, trifludimoxazin, triflumezopirim, triflumizol, triflumuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsima, triforina, trihidroxitriazina, trimedlure, trimetacarb, trimeturon, trinexapac, trifenil-estaño, tripreno, tripropindan, triptolida, tritac, tritialan, triticonazol, tritosulfuron, trunc-call, tuoyelin, uniconazol, uniconazol-P, urbacida, uredepa, valerato, validamicina, validamicina A, valifenalato, valona, vamidotion, vangard, vaniliprol, vernolato, vinclozolin, vitamina D3, warfarina, xiaochongliulin, xinjunan, xiwojunan, xiwojunzhi, XMC, xilacloro, xilenoles, xililcarb, ximiazol, yishijing, zarilamid, zeatina, zengxiaoan, zengxiaolin, zeta-cipermetrina, naftenato de zinc, fosfuro de zinc, zinc tiazol, zinc tiozol, triclorofenato de zinc, triclorofenóxido de zinc, zineb, ziram, zolaprofos, zoocoumarina, zoxamida, zuoanjunzhi, zuocaoan, zuojunzhi, zuomihuanglong, a,-clorohidrina, a,-ecdisona, a,-multisetriatina, ácidos a,-naftalenoacéticos y pecdisona;
(2) las siguientes moléculas
(a) W-(3-cloro-1-(piridin-3-il)-1H-pirazol-4-il)-W-etil-3-((3,3,3-trifluoropropil)tio)propanamida (en lo que sigue "A I-I")
(b) una molécula conocida como Lotilaner que tiene la siguiente estructura
y
las siguientes moléculas en la Tabla A
Tabla A-Estructura de Mn°-ingredientes activos
Tal como se utiliza en esta divulgación, cada uno de los anteriores es un ingrediente activo. Para obtener más información, consúltese el "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names" que se encuentra enAlanwood.nety diversas ediciones, incluida la edición en línea, del "The Pesticide Manual" que se encuentra enbcpcdata.com.
Una selección particularmente preferida de ingredientes activos son 1,3-dicloropropeno, clorpirifos, hexaflumurón, metoxifenozida, noviflumurón, espinetoram, spinosad y sulfoxaflor (en lo que sigue "AIGA-2").
Adicionalmente, otra selección particularmente preferida de ingredientes activos son acequinocilo, acetamiprid, acetoprol, avermectina, azinfos-metilo, bifenazato, bifentrina, carbarilo, carbofurano, clorfenapir, clorfluazurón, cromafenozida, clotianidina, ciflutrin, cipermetrina, deltametrina, diafentiuron, benzoato de emamectina, endosulfan, esfenvalerato, etiprol, etoxazol, fipronil, flonicamid, fluacripirim, gamma-cihalotrina, halofenozida, indoxacarb,lambda-cihalotrina, lufenuron, malation, metomil, novaluron, permetrina, piridalil, pirimidifen, espirodiclofen, tebufenozida, tiacloprid, tiametoxam, tiodicarb, tolfenpirad y zeta-cipermetrina (en lo que sigue "AIGA-3").
El término "alquenilo" significa un sustituyente acíclico, insaturado (al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono), ramificado o no ramificado, que consiste en carbono e hidrógeno, por ejemplo, vinilo, alilo, butenilo, pentenilo y hexenilo.
El término "alqueniloxi" significa un alquenilo que consiste, además, en un enlace sencillo carbono-oxígeno, por ejemplo, aliloxi, buteniloxi, penteniloxi, hexeniloxi.
El término "alcoxi" significa un alquilo que consiste, además, en un enlace sencillo carbono-oxígeno, por ejemplo, metoxi, etoxi, propoxi, isopropoxi, butoxi, isobutoxi y íerc.-butoxi.
El término "alquilo" significa un sustituyente acíclico, saturado, ramificado o no ramificado, que consiste en carbono e hidrógeno, por ejemplo, metilo, etilo, propilo, isopropilo, butilo y terc.-butilo.
El término "alquinilo" significa un sustituyente acíclico, insaturado (al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono), ramificado o no ramificado, que consiste en carbono e hidrógeno, por ejemplo, etinilo, propargilo, butinilo y pentinilo.
El término "alquiniloxi" significa un alquinilo que consiste, además, en un enlace sencillo carbono-oxígeno, por ejemplo, pentiniloxi, hexiniloxi, heptiniloxi y octiniloxi.
El término "arilo" significa un sustituyente aromático cíclico que consiste en hidrógeno y carbono, por ejemplo, fenilo, naftilo y bifenilo.
El término "bioplaguicida" significa un agente microbiano biológico para el control de plagas que, en general, se aplica de manera similar a los plaguicidas químicos. Por lo general son bacterianos, pero también hay ejemplos de agentes de control de hongos, incluidoTrichodermaspp. yAmpelomyces quisqualis.Un ejemplo de bioplaguicida bien conocido es la especieBacillus,una enfermedad bacteriana de lepidópteros, coleópteros y dípteros. Los bioplaguicidas incluyen productos basados en hongos entomopatógenos(p. e j, Metarhizium anisopliae),nematodos entomopatógenos(p. e j, Steinernema feltiae),y virus entomopatógenos (p.ej., granulovirus Cydia pomonella).Otros ejemplos de organismos entomopatógenos incluyen, pero no se limitan a, baculovirus, protozoos y microsporidios. Para evitar dudas, los bioplaguicidas son ingredientes activos.
El término "cicloalquenilo" significa un sustituyente monocíclico o policíclico, insaturado (al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono) que consiste en carbono e hidrógeno, por ejemplo, ciclobutenilo, ciclopentenilo, ciclohexenilo, norbornenilo, biciclo[2.2.2]octenilo, tetrahidronaftilo, hexahidronaftilo y octahidronaftilo.
El término "cicloalqueniloxi" significa un cicloalquenilo que consiste, además, en un enlace sencillo carbono-oxígeno, por ejemplo, ciclobuteniloxi, ciclopenteniloxi, norborneniloxi y biciclo[2.2.2]octeniloxi.
El término "cicloalquilo" significa un sustituyente saturado monocíclico o policíclico que consiste en carbono e hidrógeno, por ejemplo, ciclopropilo, ciclobutilo, ciclopentilo, norbornilo, biciclo[2.2.2]octilo y decahidronaftilo.
El término "cicloalcoxi" significa un cicloalquilo que consiste, además en un enlace sencillo carbono-oxígeno, por ejemplo, ciclopropiloxi, ciclobutiloxi, ciclopentiloxi, norborniloxi y biciclo[2.2.2]octiloxi.
El término "halo" significa flúor, cloro, bromo y yodo.
El término "haloalcoxi" significa un alcoxi que consiste, además, en uno hasta el número máximo posible de halos idénticos o diferentes, por ejemplo, fluorometoxi, trifluorometoxi, 2,2-difluoropropoxi, clorometoxi, triclorometoxi, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroetoxi y pentafluoroetoxi.
El término "haloalquilo" significa un alquilo que consiste,además, en uno hasta el número máximo posible de halos idénticos o diferentes, por ejemplo, fluorometilo, trifluorometilo, 2,2-difluoropropilo, clorometilo, triclorometilo y 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroetilo.
El término "heterociclilo" significa un sustituyente cíclico que puede ser aromático, completamente saturado o parcial o completamente insaturado, en que la estructura cíclica contiene al menos un carbono y al menos un heteroátomo, en que dicho heteroátomo es nitrógeno, azufre u oxígeno. Ejemplos son:
(1)sustituyentes heterociclilo aromáticosincluyen, pero no se limitan a benzofuranilo, benzoisotiazolilo, benzoisoxazolilo, benzotienilo, benzotiazolilo, benzoxazolilo, cinolinilo, furanilo, imidazolilo, indazolilo, indolilo, isoindolilo, isoquinolinilo, isotiazolilo, isoxazolilo, oxadiazolilo, oxazolinilo, oxazolilo, ftalazinilo, pirazinilo, pirazolinilo, pirazolilo, piridazinilo, piridilo, pirimidinilo, pirrolilo, quinazolinilo, quinolinilo, quinoxalinilo, tetrazolilo, tiazolinilo, tiazolilo, tienilo, triazinilo y triazolilo;
(2)sustituyentes heterociclilo completamente saturadosincluyen, pero no se limitan a piperazinilo, piperidinilo, morfolinilo, pirrolidinilo, tetrahidrofuranilo y tetrahidropiranilo;
(3)sustituyentes heterociclilo parcial o completamente insaturadosincluyen, pero no se limitan a 4,5-dihidroisoxazolilo, 4,5-dihidro-oxazolilo, 4,5-dihidro-1 H-pirazolilo, 2,3-dihidro-[1,3,4]-oxadiazolilo y 1,2,3,4-tetrahidroquinolinilo; y
(4) Ejemplos adicionales de heterociclilos incluyen los siguientes:
tietanilo, óxido de tietanilo y dióxido de tietanilo.
El término"lugar"significa un hábitat, caldo de cultivo, planta, semilla, suelo, material o entorno en el que una plaga está creciendo, puede crecer o puede atravesar. Por ejemplo, un lugar puede ser: en donde crecen cultivos, árboles, frutales, cereales, especies forrajeras, enredaderas, césped y/o plantas ornamentales; en donde residen los animales domésticos; las superficies interiores o exteriores de los edificios (tales como los lugares en donde se almacenan los granos); los materiales de construcción utilizados en los edificios (tales como la madera impregnada); y el suelo alrededor de los edificios.
La expresión "Material MoA" significa un ingrediente activo que tiene un modo de acción ("MoA") como se indica en la Clasificación IRAC MoA v. 7.4, que se encuentra en irac-online.org., Que describe los siguientes grupos.
(1) Inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa (AChE),incluye los siguientes ingredientes activos acefato, alanicarb, aldicarb, azametifos, azinfos-etilo, azinfos-metilo, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxicarboxim, cadusafos, carbarilo, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cloretoxifos, clorfenvinfos, clormefos, clorpirifos, clorpirifos-metilo, coumafos, cianofos, demeton-S-metilo, diazinon, diclorvos/DDVP, dicrotofos, dimetoato, dimetilvinfos, disulfoton, EPN, etiofencarb, etion, etoprofos, famfur, fenamifos, fenitrotion, fenobucarb, fention, formetanato, fostiazato, furatiocarb, heptenofos, imiciafos, isofenfos, isoprocarb, O-(metoxiaminotio-fosforil)salicilato de isopropilo, isoxation, malation, mecarbam, metamidofos, metidation, metiocarb, metomil, metolcarb, mevinfos, monocrotofos, Naled, ometoato, oxamilo, oxidemeton-metilo, paration, paration-metilo, fentoato, forato, fosalona, fosmet, fosfamidon, foxim, pirimicarb, pirimifos-metilo, profenofos, propetamfos, propoxur, protiofos, piraclofos, piridafention, quinalfos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temefos, terbufos, tetraclorvinfos, tiodicarb, tiofanox, tiometon, triazamato, triazofos, triclorfon, trimetacarb, vamidotion, XMC y xililcarb.
(2) Antagonistas de los canales de cloruro activados por GABAincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos: clordano, endosulfan, etiprol y fipronil.
(3) Moduladores de los canales de sodio,incluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos acrinatrina, aletrina,d-cis-transaletrina,d-transaletrina, bifentrina, bioaletrina, bioaletrina S-ciclopentenilo, biorresmetrina, cicloprotrina, ciflutrina, beta-ciflutrina, cihalotrina, /ambda-cihalotrina, gamma-cihalotrina, cipermetrina,alfa-cipermetrina, beta-cipermetrina, theta-cipermetrina, zeta-cipermetrina, cifenotrina [isómeros (1R)-trans],deltametrina, empentrina [isómeros(EZ)-(1R)], esfenvalerato, etofenprox, fenpropatrina, fenvalerato, flucitrinato, flumetrina, tau-fluvalinato, halfenprox, imiprotrina, kadetrina, permetrina, fenotrina [isómero (1R)-trans],praletrina, piretrinas (piretrum), resmetrina, silafluofen, teflutrina, tetrametrina, tetrametrina [isómeros (1R)], tralometrina y transflutrina, y metoxicloro.
(4) Agonistas del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina (nAChR), incluye los siguientes ingredientes activos(4A)acetamiprid, clotianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpiram, tiacloprid, tiametoxam,
(4B)nicotina,
(4C)sulfoxaflor,
(4D)flupiradifurona,
(4E)triflumezopirim y dicloromezotiaz.
(5) Agonistas alostéricos del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina (nAChR), incluye los siguientes ingredientes activos spinetoram y spinosad.
(6) Activadores de canales de cloruroincluye los siguientes ingredientes activos abamectina, benzoato de emamectina, lepimectina y milbemectina.
(7) Imitadores de hormonas juvenilesincluye los siguientes ingredientes activos: hidropreno, kinopreno, metopreno, fenoxicarb y piriproxifeno.
(8) Inhibidores inespecíficos misceláneos (sitios múltiples)incluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos bromuro de metilo, cloropicrina, fluoruro de sulfurilo, bórax, ácido bórico, octaborato disódico, borato sódico, metaborato sódico, emético tártaro, diazomet y metam.
(9) Moduladores de órganos cordotonalesincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos pimetrozina y flonicamid.
(10) Inhibidores del crecimiento de ácarosincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos clofentezina, hexitiazox, diflovidazina y etoxazol.
(11) Disruptores microbianos de las membranas del intestino medio de los insectosincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activosBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensis, Bacillus thuringiensissubsp.aizawai,Bacillus thuringiensissubsp.kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensissubsp.tenebrionenis,proteínas de cultivo Bt (CrylAb, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1), yBacillus sphaericus.
(12) Inhibidores de la ATP sintasa mitocondrial,incluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos tetradifón, propargita, azociclotina, cihexatina, óxido de fenbutatina y
diafentiuron.
(13) Desacopladores de la fosforilación oxidativa a través de la interrupción del gradiente de protonesincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos clorfenapir, DNOC y sulfluramida.
(14) Bloqueadores de los canales del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina (nAChR)incluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos bensultap, hidrocloruro de cartap, tiociclam y tiosultap-sodio.
(15) Inhibidores de la biosíntesis de quitina, tipo 0incluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos bistrifluron, clorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucicloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron y triflumuron.
(16) Inhibidores de la biosíntesis de quitina, tipo 1incluyen el siguiente ingrediente activo buprofezina.
(17) Disruptor de la muda, dípterosincluye el siguiente ingrediente activo ciromazina.
(18) Agonistas del receptor de ecdisonaincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos cromafenozida, halofenozida, metoxifenozida y tebufenozida.
(19) Agonistas del receptor de octopaminaincluyen el siguiente ingrediente activo amitraz.
(20) Inhibidores del transporte de electrones del complejo mitocondrial IIIincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos hidrametilnona, acequinocilo y fluacripirima.
(21) Inhibidores del transporte de electrones del complejo mitocondrial Iincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos fenazaquin, fenpiroximato, pirimidifen, piridaben, tebufenpirad, tolfenpirad y rotenona.
(22) Bloqueadores de los canales de sodio dependientes del voltajeincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos indoxacarb y metaflumizona.
(23) Inhibidores de la acetil CoA carboxilasaincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos espirodiclofeno, espiromesifeno y espirotetramat.
(24) Inhibidores del transporte de electrones del complejo IV mitocondrialincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos fosfuro de aluminio, fosfuro de calcio, fosfina, fosfuro de zinc y cianuro.
(25) Inhibidores del transporte de electrones del complejo mitocondrial IIincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos cienopirafen, ciflumetofen y piflubumida, y
(28) Moduladores del receptor de rianodinaincluyen los siguientes ingredientes activos clorantraniliprol, ciantraniliprol y flubendiamida.
Los grupos 26 y 27 no están asignados en esta versión del esquema de clasificación. Adicionalmente, existe unGrupo UNque contiene ingredientes activos de modo de acción desconocido o incierto. Este grupo incluye los siguientes ingredientes activos azadiractina, benzoximato, bifenazato, bromopropilato, quinometionato, criolita, dicofol, piridalilo y pirifluquinazona.
El término "plaga" significa un organismo que es perjudicial para los seres humanos, o preocupa a los seres iones humanas (tales como cultivos, alimentos, ganado, etc.), en que dicho organismo es del Filo Arthropoda, Mollusca o Nematoda. Ejemplos particulares son hormigas, áfidos, chinches, escarabajos, colas de cerdas, orugas, cucarachas, grillos, tijeretas, pulgas, moscas, saltamontes, larvas, avispones, jásidos, chicharritas, piojos, langostas, gusanos, cochinillas, ácaros, polillas, nematodos, chinches, saltahojas, psílidos, moscas sierra, insectos escamas, lepismas, babosas, caracoles, arañas, colémbolos, chinches apestosas, sinfilanos, termitas, trips, garrapatas, avispas, moscas blancas y gusanos alambre.
Ejemplos adicionales son plagas en
(1)Subfilos Chelicerata, Myriapoda y Hexapoda.
(2)Clases de Arachnida, Symphyla e Insecta.
(3)Orden Anoplura.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aHaematopinusspp.,Hoplopleuraspp.,Linognathusspp.,Pediculusspp.,Polyplaxspp.,Solenopotesspp., yNeohaematopinisspp Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aHaematopinus asini, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus ovillus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus,yPthirus pubis.
(4)Orden Coleoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcanthoscelidesspp.,Agriotesspp.,Anthonomusspp.,Apionspp.,Apogoniaspp.,Araecerusspp.,Aulacophoraspp.,Bruchusspp.,Cerosternaspp.,Cerotomaspp.,Ceutorhynchusspp.,Chaetocnemaspp.,Colaspisspp.,Cteniceraspp.,Curculiospp.,Cyclocephalaspp.,Diabroticaspp.,Dinoderusspp.,Gnathocerusspp.,Hemicoelusspp.,Heterobostruchusspp.,Hyperaspp.,Ipsspp.,Lyctusspp.,Megascelisspp.,Meligethesspp.,Meziumspp.,Niptusspp.,Otiorhynchusspp.,Pantomorusspp.,Phyllophagaspp.,Phyllotretaspp.,Ptinusspp.,Rhizotrogusspp.,Rhynchitesspp.,Rhynchophorusspp.,Scolytusspp.,Sphenophorusspp.,Sitophilusspp.,Tenebriospp., yTriboliumspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum,yZabrus tenebrioides.
(5)Orden Dermaptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limitaForficula auricularia.
(6)Orden Blattaria.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aBlattella germanica, Blattella asahinai, Blatta orientalis, Blatta lateralis, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis,ySupella longipalpa.
(7)Orden Diptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAedesspp.,Agromyzaspp.,Anastrephaspp.,Anophelesspp.,Bactroceraspp.,Ceratitisspp.,Chrysopsspp.,Cochliomyiaspp.,Contariniaspp.,Culexspp.,Culicoidesspp.,Dasineuraspp.,Deliaspp.,Drosophilaspp.,Fanniaspp.,Hylemyaspp.,Liriomyzaspp.,Muscaspp.,Phorbiaspp.,Polleniaspp.,Psychodaspp.,Simuliumspp.,Tabanusspp., yTipulaspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAgromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana,yStomoxys calcitrans.
(8)Orden Hemiptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAdelgesspp.,Aulacaspisspp.,Aphrophoraspp.,Aphisspp.,Bemisiaspp.,Ceroplastesspp.,Chionaspisspp.,Chrysomphalusspp.,Coccusspp.,Empoascaspp.,Euschistusspp.,Lepidosaphesspp.,Lagynotomusspp.,Lygusspp.,Macrosiphumspp.,Nephotettixspp.,Nezaraspp.,Nilaparvataspp.,Philaenusspp.,Phytocorisspp.,Piezodorusspp.,Planococcusspp.,Pseudococcusspp.,Rhopalosiphumspp.,Saissetiaspp.,Therioaphisspp.,Toumeyellaspp.,Toxopteraspp.,Trialeurodesspp.,Triatomaspp., yUnaspisspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphisplantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Helopeltis antonii, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva frimbiolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris californicus, Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis,yZulia entrerriana.
(9)Orden Hymenoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcromyrmexspp.,Attaspp.,Camponotusspp.,Diprionspp.,Dolichovespulaspp.,Formicaspp.,Monomoriumspp.,Neodiprionspp.,Paratrechinaspp.,Pheidolespp.,Pogonomyrmexspp.,Polistesspp.,Solenopsisspp.,Technomyrmex,spp.,Tetramoriumspp.,Vespulaspp.,Vespaspp., yXylocopaspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAthalia rosae, Atta texana, Caliroa cerasi, Cimbex americana, Iridomyrmex humilis, Linepithema humile, Mellifera Scutellata, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion sertifer, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis richtery, Solenopsis xyloni, Tapinoma sessile,yWasmannia auropunctata.
(10)Orden Isoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aCoptotermesspp.,Cornitermesspp.,Cryptotermesspp.,Heterotermesspp.,Kalotermesspp.,Incisitermesspp.,Macrotermesspp.,Marginitermesspp.,Microcerotermesspp.,Procornitermesspp.,Reticulitermesspp.,Schedorhinotermesspp., yZootermopsisspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aCoptotermes acinaciformis, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes frenchi, Coptotermes formosanus, Coptotermes gestroi, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes aureus, Heterotermes tenuis, Incisitermes minor, Incisitermes snyderi, Microtermes obesi, Nasutitermes corniger, Odontotermes formosanus, Odontotermes obesus, Reticulitermes banyulensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes tibialis,yReticulitermes virginicus.
(11)Orden Lepidoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAdoxophyesspp.,Agrotisspp.,Argyrotaeniaspp.,Cacoeciaspp.,Caloptiliaspp.,Chilospp.,Chrysodeixisspp.,Coliasspp.,Crambusspp.,Diaphaniaspp.,Diatraeaspp.,Eariasspp.,Ephestiaspp.,Epimecisspp.,Feltiaspp.,Gortynaspp.,Helicoverpaspp.,Heliothisspp.,Indarbelaspp.,Lithocolletisspp.,Loxagrotisspp.,Malacosomaspp.,Nemapogonspp.,Peridromaspp.,Phyllonorycterspp.,Pseudaletiaspp.,Plutellaspp.,Sesamiaspp.,Spodopteraspp.,Synanthedonspp., yYponomeutaspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAchaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armígera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Theda basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae,yZeuzea pyrina.
(12)Orden Mallophaga.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAnaticolaspp.,Bovicolaspp.,Chelopistesspp.,Goniodesspp.,Menacanthusspp., yTrichodectesspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aBovicola bovis, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniodes dissimilis, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae,yTrichodectes canis.
(13)Orden Orthoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aMelanoplusspp. yPterophyllaspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcheta domesticus, Anabrus simplex, Gryllotalpa africana, Gryllotalpa australis, Gryllotalpa brachyptera, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, Locusta migratoria, Microcentrum retinerve, Schistocerca gregaria,yScudderia furcata.
(14)Orden Psocoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aLiposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, Lachesilla quercus,yTrogium pulsatorium.
(15)Orden Siphonaptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aCeratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus niger, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis,yPulex irritans.
(16)Orden Thysanoptera.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aCaliothripsspp.,Frankliniellaspp.,Scirtothripsspp., yThripsspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aCaliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi,yThrips tabaci.
(17)Orden Thysanura.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limitaLepismaspp.
yThermobiaspp.
(18)Orden Acarina.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcarusspp.,Aculopsspp.,Argusspp.,Boophilusspp.,Demodexspp.,Dermacentorspp.,Epitrimerusspp.,Eriophyesspp.,Ixodesspp.,Oligonychusspp.,Panonychusspp.,Rhizoglyphusspp., yTetranychusspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAcarapis woodi, Acarus siro, Aceria mangiferae, Aculops lycopersici, Aculus pelekassi, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma americanum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Eotetranychus carpini, Liponyssoides sanguineus, Notoedres cati, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Sarcoptes scabiei, Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus urticae, Tyrophagus longior,yVarroa destructor.
(19)Orden Araneae.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aLoxoscelesspp.,Latrodectusspp., yAtraxspp. A Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aLoxosceles reclusa, Latrodectus mactans,yAtrax robustus.
(20) Clase Symphyla.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aScutigerella immaculata.
(21)Subclase Collembola.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aBourletiella hortensis, Onychiurus armatus, Onychiurus fimetarius,ySminthurus viridis.
(22)Filo Nematoda.Una lista no exhaustiva de géneros particulares incluye, pero no se limita aAphelenchoidesspp.,Belonolaimusspp.,Criconemellaspp.,Ditylenchusspp.,Globoderaspp.,Heteroderaspp.,Hirschmanniellaspp.,Hoplolaimusspp.,Meloidogynespp.,Pratylenchusspp., yRadopholusspp. Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aDirofilaria immitis, Globodera pallida, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Onchocerca volvulus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Radopholus similis,yRotylenchulus reniformis.
(23) Filo Mollusca.Una lista no exhaustiva de especies particulares incluye, pero no se limita aArion vulgaris, Cornu aspersum, Deroceras reticulatum, Limax flavus, Milax gagates,yPomacea canaliculata.
Un grupo de plagas particularmente preferido para controlar son las plagas que se alimentan de savia. Lasplagas que se alimentan de savia,en general, tienen partes bucales perforadoras y/o chupadoras y se alimentan de la savia y los tejidos internos de las plantas. Ejemplos de plagas que se alimentan de savia y que son de particular motivo de preocupación para la agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan a áfidos, saltahojas, polillas, insectos escamas, trips, psílidos, cochinillas, chinches apestosas y moscas blancas. Ejemplos específicos de Órdenes que tienen plagas que se alimentan de savia y que son motivo de preocupación en la agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan a Anoplura y Hemiptera. Ejemplos específicos de Hemiptera que son motivo de preocupación en la agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan aAulacaspisspp.,Aphrophoraspp.,Aphisspp.,Bemisiaspp.,Coccusspp.,Euschistusspp.,Lygusspp.,Macrosiphumspp.,Nezaraspp., yRhopalosiphumspp.
Otro grupo de plagas particularmente preferido para controlar son las plagas de insectos masticadores. Lasplagas de insectos masticadoras,en general, tienen partes bucales que les permiten masticar el tejido de la planta, incluidas las raíces, los tallos, las hojas, los brotes y los tejidos reproductores (incluyendo, pero no limitados a flores, frutos y semillas). Ejemplos de plagas de insectos masticadores de especial preocupación para la agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan a, orugas, escarabajos, saltamontes y langostas. Ejemplos específicos de Órdenes que tienen plagas de insectos masticadores que son motivo de preocupación en agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan a, Coleoptera y Lepidoptera. Ejemplos específicos de Coleoptera que son motivo de preocupación en la agricultura incluyen, pero no se limitan aAnthonomusspp.,Cerotomaspp.,Chaetocnemaspp.,Colaspisspp.,Cyclocephalaspp.,Diabroticaspp.,Hyperaspp.,Phyllophagaspp.,Phyllotretaspp.,Sphenophorusspp.,Sitophilusspp.
La expresión"cantidad eficaz como plaguicida"significa la cantidad de un plaguicida necesaria para lograr un efecto observable en una plaga, por ejemplo, los efectos de necrosis, muerte, retraso, prevención, eliminación, destrucción o disminución de la aparición y/o actividad. de una plaga en un lugar. Este efecto puede producirse cuando las poblaciones de plagas son rechazadas de un lugar, las plagas quedan incapacitadas dentro o alrededor de un lugar, y/o las plagas se exterminan dentro o alrededor de un lugar. Por supuesto, puede producirse una combinación de estos efectos. Generalmente, las poblaciones de plagas, la actividad o ambas se reducen deseablemente más del cincuenta por ciento, preferiblemente más del 90 por ciento, y lo más preferiblemente más del 99 por ciento. En general, una cantidad plaguicidamente eficaz, para fines agrícolas, es de aproximadamente 0,0001 gramos por hectárea a aproximadamente 5000 gramos por hectárea, preferiblemente de aproximadamente 0,0001 gramos por hectárea a aproximadamente 500 gramos por hectárea, e incluso más preferiblemente de aproximadamente 0,0001 gramos por hectárea a aproximadamente 50 gramos por hectárea.
Descripción detallada de esta divulgación
Se reivindica una composición que comprende (a) una molécula que tiene la siguiente fórmula
y (b) un ingrediente activo, en donde dicho ingrediente activo se selecciona de inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa (AChE).
Sin embargo, con el fin de ilustrar formas de preparar la molécula, se hace referencia a moléculas deFórmula Uno
(A)R1 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, SF5, yhaloalquilo (C1-C3);
(B)R2 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, SF5, yhaloalquilo (C1-C3);
(C)R3 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, SF5, yhaloalquilo (C1-C3);
(D)R4 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, SF5, yhaloalquilo (C1-C3);
(E)R5 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, SF5, yhaloalquilo (C1-C3);
(F)R6 es H;
(G)R7 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en F, Cl y Br;
(H)R8 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en F, Cl y Br;
(I)R9 es H;
(J)Q1 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en O y S;
(K)Q2 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en O y S;
(L)R10 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3) y alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3);
(M)R11 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, (C1-C3)alquilo, (C1-C, haloalquilo (C1-C3) y alcoxi (C1-C3);
(N)R12 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, (C1-C3)alquilo, (C1-C, haloalquilo (C1-C3) y alcoxi (C1-C3);
(O)R13 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, (C1-C3)alquilo, (C1-C, haloalquilo (C1-C3) y alcoxi (C1-C3);
(P)R14 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, A, I, CN, NO2, (C1-C3)alquilo, (C1-C, haloalquilo (C1-C3) y alcoxi (C1-C3);
(Q)X3 es:
(1) N(R15a)(R15b), en donde
(a) dicho R15a se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)fenilo, alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3), y
(b) dicho R15b es un fenilo sustituido o no sustituido, dicho fenilo sustituido tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, NH2, OH, SF5, alquilo (C1-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), haloalquenilo (C2-C3), alcoxi (C1-C3), (C=O)Oalquilo (C1-C3), O(C=O)alquilo (C1-C3), N(R15c)2, N=CHN(R15c)(X4), N(R15c)C(=O)O(X4), N(R15c)S(=O)2(X4), N(S(=O)2 alquilo (C1-C3))2, N(R15c)C(=O)N(R15c)2, N(R15c)C(=O)N(R15c)X4, N(R15c)C(=S)N(R15c)2, N(R15C)C(=S)N(R15c)X4, N(R15c)alquil (C1-C3)X4, N(R15c)(CH(Oalquilo (C1-C3))2), N(R15c)(alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3)), N(R15c)(alquil (C1-C3)C(=O)N(R15c)2), N(R15c)C(=O)(R15c), N(R15c)C(=O)X4, N(R15c)(C(=O))2X4, N(R15c)(C(=O))2OX4, N(R15c)(C(=O))2N(R15c)X4, N(C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6))2, N(R15c)C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6), N(R15c)C(=O)N(R15c)C(=O)O(R15c), N(R15C)(C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6)), N(R15C)(C(=O)Ohaloalquilo (C1-C6)), N(alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquil (C1-C6))(C(=O)alquilo (C1-C6)), N(alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C6))(C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6)) y N(R15c)C(=S)X4,
(1) dichos R15c se seleccionan, cada uno independientemente del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), haloalquenilo (C2-C3), alquil (C1-C3)fenilo, alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3), C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y fenilo, opcionalmente, para N(R15c)2 dicho N(R15c)2 es un anillo heterohidrocarbilo que contiene un átomo de nitrógeno en el anillo y de tres a cinco átomos de carbono en el anillo, en donde dicho anillo puede estar saturado o insaturado,
(2) dicho X4 es selecciona del grupo que consiste en alquilo (C1-C6), haloalquilo (C1-C6), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), Oalquilo (C1-C6), cicloalquilo (C3-C6), alquil (C1-C6)fenilo, fenilo, arilo, y heterociclilo, cada uno de los cuales puede estar sustituido con uno o más de los sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste de F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NO2, NH2, oxo, alquilo (C1-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), NHalquilo (C1-C3), N(alquilo (C1-C3))2, Oalquilo (C1-C6), Ohaloalquilo (C1-C6), N(R15c)C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6), N(R15c)S(=O)2(R15c), S(=O)2(R15c), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), cicloalquilo (C3-C6),
en donde (1)(a) y (1)(b) cada uno de dichos alquilo, alquenilo, alquinilo, cicloalquilo, fenilo, arilo y heterociclilo puede estar sustituido con uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br , I, CN, OH, NO2, NH2, NHalquilo (C1-C3), N(alquilo (Ci-C3))2, Oalquilo (C1-C6), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3) y cicloalquilo (C3-C6);
(2) N(R16a)(R16b), en donde
(a) dicho R16a se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3),
(b) dicho R16b es un alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, dicho alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, Oalquilo (C1-C8), cicloalquilo (C3-Cs), alquil (C1-C3)fenilo, alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C8), Salquilo (C1-C8), S(O)alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2alquilo (C1-C8), Ofenilo, Oalquenilo (C2-C8), Oalquil (C1-C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), Oalquil (C1-C8)fenilo, Oalquil (C1-C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), Oalquilo (C1-C8), C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C8), OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C8), C(=O)N(R16a)alquilo (C1-C8), N(R16a)C(=O)alquilo (C1-C8), Salquilo (C1-C8), S(O)alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2NH2 y N(R16a)S(O)2alquilo (C1-C8),
en donde (2)(a) y (2)(b) cada uno de dichos alquilo, alquenilo, alquinilo, cicloalquilo y fenilo puede estar sustituido con uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br , I, CN, OH, NH2, NO2, alquilo (C1-C8), alcoxi (C1-C8), haloalquilo (C1-C8), N(alquilo (C1-C8))2 y C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C8);
(3) N(R17a)(N(R17b)(R17c)), en donde
(a) dicho R17a se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3),
(b) dicho R 17b se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), haloalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C1-C3)OC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3),
(c) dicho R17c se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, fenilo sustituido o no sustituido, heterociclilo sustituido o no sustituido, alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, cicloalquilo (C3-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, C(=O)X5 y C(=S)X5,
(1) dicho X5 se selecciona del grupo que consiste en fenilo sustituido o no sustituido, heterociclilo sustituido o no sustituido, alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, Oalquilo (C1-C8), Ohaloalquilo (C1-C8), Ofenilo (sustituido o no sustituido), N(R17a)alquilo (C1-C8), N(R17a)haloalquilo (C1-C8), N(R17a)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), N(R17a)(fenilo sustituido o no sustituido) y cicloalquilo (C3-C6),
(2) dicho fenilo sustituido en (3)(c) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3) y alquilo (C1-C3),
(3) dicho heterociclilo sustituido en (3)(c) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3) y alquilo (C1-C3),
(4) dicho alquilo (C1-C3) sustituido en (3)(c) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NO2, NH2, Oalquilo (C1-C8), cicloalquilo (C3-C8), fenilo, alquenilo (C2-C8), alquinilo (C2-C8), Salquilo (C1-C8), S(O)alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2alquilo (C1-C8), Ofenilo, Oalquenilo (C2-C8), Oalquil (C1-C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), Oalquil (C1-C8)fenilo, Oalquil (C1-C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), C(=O)NHalquilo (C1-Cs), NHC(=O)alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2NH2, NHalquilo (C1-C3), N(alquilo (C1-C3))2,
(5) dicho cicloalquilo (C3-C8) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3) y alquilo (C1-C3), en donde (2)(a), (2)(b) y (2)(c), cada uno alquilo, alquenilo, alquinilo, cicloalquilo, haloalquilo, fenilo y heterociclilo, pueden estar opcionalmente sustituidos con uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NH2, NO2, alquilo (C1-C8), alcoxi (C1-C8), haloalquilo (C1-C8), N(alquilo (C1-C8))2 y C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C8), opcionalmente (N(R17b)(R17c)) es un anillo heterohidrocarbilo que contiene un átomo de nitrógeno en el anillo y de tres a cinco átomos de carbono en el anillo, en que dicho anillo puede estar saturado o insaturado;
(4) N(R18a)(N=C(R18b)(R18c)
(a) dicho R18a se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C3), alquinilo (C2-C3), alquil (C1-C3)Oalquilo (C1-C3), alquil (C rC 3)lOC(=O)alquilo (C1-C3) y C(=O)alquilo (C1-C3),
(b) dicho R18b se selecciona del grupo que consiste en H y alquilo (C1-C3),
(c) dicho R18c se selecciona del grupo que consiste en fenilo sustituido o no sustituido, heterociclilo sustituido o no sustituido, alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, cicloalquilo (C3-C8) sustituido o no sustituido,
(1) dicho fenilo sustituido en (4)(c) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3), alquilo (C1-C3), haloalcoxi (C1-C3) y haloalquilo (C1-C3),
(2) dicho heterociclilo sustituido en (4)(c) tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3), alquilo (C1-C3), haloalcoxi (C1-C3) y haloalquilo (C1-C3),
(3) dicho alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, Oalquilo (C1-C8), cicloalquilo (C3-C8), fenilo, alquenilo (C2-C8), alquinilo (C2-C8), Salquilo (C1-C8), S(O)alquilo (C1-C8), S(O)2alquilo (C1-C8), Ofenilo, Oalquenilo (C2-C8), Oalquil (C1 -C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), Oalquil (C1-C8)fenilo, Oalquil (C1-C8)cicloalquilo (C3-C8), C(=O)NHalquilo (C1-C8), NHC(=O)alquilo (C1-C8) y S(O)2NH2,
(4) dicho cicloalquilo (C3-C8) sustituido tiene uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, alcoxi (C1-C3) y alquilo (C1-C3),
en donde en (4)(a), (4)(b) y (4)(c) cada alquilo, alquenilo, alquinilo, cicloalquilo, haloalquilo, fenilo y heterociclilo puede estar sustituido con uno o más sustituyentes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, NH2, NO2, alquilo (C1-C8), alcoxi (C1-C8), haloalquilo (C1-C8), N(alquilo (C1-C8))2 y C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C8), opcionalmente C(R18b)(R18c) es un anillo de hidrocarbilo que contiene de tres a cinco átomos de carbono en el anillo, en que dicho anillo puede estar saturado o insaturado, opcionalmente, uno o más de dichos átomos de carbono en el anillo pueden ser, en cambio, un átomo de nitrógeno, oxígeno o azufre; y N-óxidos, sales por adición de ácidos, derivados de sales, solvatos, derivados de ésteres, polimorfos cristalinos, isótopos, estereoisómeros resueltos, tautómeros, pro-insecticidas aceptables en agricultura de las moléculas de Fórmula Uno.
En otra realización, una molécula de acuerdo con la Fórmula Uno, en donde dicha molécula tiene la siguiente fórmula
Las moléculas de Fórmula Uno pueden existir en diferentes formas geométricas u ópticas isoméricas o diferentes formas tautoméricas. Pueden estar presentes uno o más centros de quiralidad, en cuyo caso las moléculas de Fórmula Uno pueden estar presentes en forma de enantiómeros puros, mezclas de enantiómeros, diastereómeros puros o mezclas de diastereómeros. Los expertos en la técnica apreciarán que un estereoisómero puede ser más activo que los otros estereoisómeros. Estereoisómeros individuales pueden obtenerse mediante procedimientos de síntesis selectivos conocidos, mediante procedimientos de síntesis convencionales utilizando materiales de partida resueltos o mediante procedimientos de resolución convencionales. Puede haber dobles enlaces presentes en la molécula, en cuyo caso los compuestos de Fórmula Uno pueden existir como isómeros geométricos simples (cis otrans, EoZ)o mezclas de isómeros geométricos(cisytrans, Ey Z). Pueden estar presentes centros de tautomerización. Esta divulgación cubre todos estos isómeros, tautómeros y mezclas de los mismos, en todas las proporciones. Las estructuras descritas en la presente divulgación se pueden dibujar en una sola forma geométrica para mayor claridad, pero están destinadas a representar todas las formas geométricas de la molécula.
PREPARACIÓN DE MOLÉCULAS DE FÓRMULA UNO
Preparación de ácidos ciclopropilcarboxílicos
Estilbenos1-1,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, y R9 son como se describieron previamente, se pueden tratar con una base tal como hidróxido de sodio en presencia de una fuente de carbeno, tal como cloroformo o bromoformo, y un catalizador de transferencia de fases tal como cloruro de W-bencil-W,W-dietiletanaminio en un disolvente prótico polar tal como agua a temperaturas de aproximadamente 0 °C a aproximadamente 40 °C para proporcionar diaril ciclopropanos1-2,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describieron previamente (Esquema 1, etapaa). Alternativamente, estilbenos1-1,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, y R9 son como se describieron previamente, se pueden tratar con una sal tal como yoduro de sodio en presencia de una fuente de carbeno, tal como trimetil(trifluorometil)silano en un disolvente aprótico polar tal como tetrahidrofurano a temperaturas de aproximadamente 80 °C a aproximadamente 120 °C bajo condiciones de irradiación de microondas para proporcionar diaril ciclopropanos1-2,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describieron previamente (Esquema
1, etapaa). El tratamiento de diaril ciclopropanos1-2con un metal de transición, tal como cloruro de rutenio (III) en presencia de un oxidante estequiométrico, tal como peryodato de sodio en una mezcla de disolventes, preferiblemente agua, acetato de etilo y acetonitrilo a temperaturas de aproximadamente 0 °C a aproximadamente 40 °C pueden proporcionar ácidos ciclopropilcarboxílicos1-3,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son previamente (Esquema 1, etapab).
Estilbenos1-1se pueden preparar mediante varios métodos diferentes tal como se esboza en el Esquema 2.
Fenilcarbonilos2-1,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, y R6 son como se describieron previamente, pueden tratarse con fosfonatos de alcoxibencilo2-2en presencia de una base, tal como metóxido de sodio en un disolvente aprótico polar tal como W,W-dimetilformamida a temperaturas de aproximadamente -10 °C a aproximadamente 30 °C y posteriormente pueden calentarse a 40 °C a aproximadamente 80 °C para proporcionar estilbenos1-1(Esquema 2, etapa a). Los haluros de arilo2-3,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, y R5 son como se describieron previamente, pueden tratarse con vinilbencenos2-4,en donde R6 y R9 son como se describieron previamente, en presencia de un catalizador de metal de transición tal como acetato de paladio(II) y un ligando de bisfosfina tal como 1,1’-bis(difenilfosfino)ferroceno en un disolvente de carácter básico tal como trietilamina a temperaturas de aproximadamente 60 °C a aproximadamente 100 °C para proporcionar estilbenos1-1(Esquema 2, etapab).
En aún otra realización, estilbenos1-1también pueden prepararse mediante el método de olefinación de Wittig (Chalal,
M.; Vervandier-Fasseur, D.; Meunier, P.; Cattey, H.; Hierso, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2012, 68, 3899-3907) como se esboza en el Esquema 2.5. Fenil carbonilos2-1, en dondeR1, R2,R3,R4yR5son como se describieron previamente yR6es
H, se pueden tratar con cloruros de alcoxi bencil trifenilfosfonio2.5-2en presencia de una base tal como n-butil litio en un disolvente aprótico polar tal como tetrahidrofurano a temperaturas de aproximadamente -78 °C a temperatura ambiente para proporcionar estilbenos1-1(Esquema 2.5, etapaa).
Preparación de ciclopropil amidas
Ciclopropil amidas3-3,en donde Q1 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, se describieron previamente se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento con aminas o sales de aminas3-2,en donde
R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, Q2, y X3 son como se describieron previamente, y ácidos carboxílicos activados3-1,en donde
A es un grupo activador, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describió previamente, con una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina o 4-dimetilaminopiridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro, tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, dimetilformamida o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 3, etapaa).
Ácidos carboxílicos3-1,en donde A es un grupo activador, pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un fluoruro de ácido; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster para-nitrofenílico, un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un éster W-hydroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1-ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1 -ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster. Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos3-1activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]piridinio
3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-W,W,W',W’-tetrametiluromo (HBTU) o hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos3-1activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos3-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodimida deshidratante tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos3-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de 2- cloro-1,3-dimetilimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos3-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina.
Ciclopropil amidas3-3,en donde R15b contiene un sulfuro y R15a es como se describe previamente, se puede oxidar al sulfóxido o sulfona correspondiente por tratamiento con aproximadamente un equivalente de ácidometa-cloroperoxibenzoico en un disolvente polar aprótico tal como diclorometano (sulfóxido) o aproximadamente dos equivalentes de ácido meta-cloroperoxibenzoico (sulfona) a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 40 °C. Alternativamente, las ciclopropilamidas3-3,en donde R15b contiene un sulfuro, pueden oxidarse al correspondiente sulfóxido o sulfona mediante tratamiento con un equivalente de perborato de sodio en un disolvente prótico tal como ácido acético (sulfóxido) o dos equivalentes de perborato de sodio (sulfona). Preferiblemente, la oxidación se realizará a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 40 °C y aproximadamente 100 °C utilizando aproximadamente 1,5 equivalentes de perborato de sodio para proporcionar mezclas cromatográficamente separables de sulfóxido y sulfona ciclopropil amidas3-3.Alternativamente, ciclopropil amidas3-3que contienen un sulfuro pueden oxidarse a la correspondiente sulfilimina tratando con aproximadamente un equivalente de una amina tal como cianamida, aproximadamente un equivalente de una base tal como terc.-butóxido de potasio, y entre uno y dos equivalentes de un oxidante tal como N-bromosuccinimida en un disolvente prótico polar tal como metanol, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 40 °C. La sulfilimina puede oxidarse adicionalmente a la sulfoximina correspondiente por tratamiento con aproximadamente un equivalente de ácidometa-cloroperoxibenzoico y aproximadamente dos equivalentes de carbonato de potasio en una mezcla de disolventes, tal como 2:1:1 etanol: diclorometano:agua a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 40 °C.
Ciclopropilamidas3-3,en donde R3 es NO2, pueden reducirse al NH2 correspondiente mediante tratamiento con una fuente de ácido, tal como cloruro de amonio, y hierro en un disolvente prótico polar, tal como metanol, agua o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas de aproximadamente 20 °C a aproximadamente 60 °C.
Aminas o sales de aminas3-2,en donde Q2 es O, se pueden tratar directamente con una fuente de azufre, tal como pentasulfuro de fósforo o 2,4-disulfuro de 2,4-bis(4-metoxifenil)-1,3,2,4-ditiadifosfetano (reactivo de Lawesson) con o sin aditivos tales como 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexametildisiloxano, en un disolvente aprótico elegido de tetrahidrofurano, diclorometano, cloroformo, tolueno o piridina, a temperaturas de aproximadamente 40 °C a aproximadamente 120 °C para proporcionar aminas o sales de aminas3-2,en donde Q2 es S.
Ciclopropil amidas4-3,en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, se describieron previamente se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento con aminas o sales de aminas4-2,en donde
X3 es como se describió previamente, y ácidos carboxílicos4-1activados, en donde A es un grupo activador, y R1, R2,
R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1,R10, R11, R12, R13, y R14 son como se describieron previamente, con una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina, piridina o 4-dimetilaminopiridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro, tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, dimetilformamida o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 4, etapaa).
Ácidos carboxílicos4-1activados pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un fluoruro de ácido; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster para-nitrofenílico, un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un ésterN-hydroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1-ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1-ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster. Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos4-1activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]piridinio 3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-N,N,N',N'-tetrametiluronio (HBTU) o hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos4-1activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos4-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodimida deshidratante tal como
1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos4-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de
2- cloro-1,3-dimethiimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos4-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina.
Ciclopropil amidas5-2,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde uno de R15c es un alquil (C1-C3)fenilo; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10,
R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de aminas
5-1,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c es H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15a son como se describieron previamente, con un aldehído tal como benzaldehído, en presencia de un agente reductor tal como cianoborohidruro de sodio en un disolvente tal como metanol, con o sin un ácido, tal como ácido acético, aproximadamente a temperatura ambiente (Esquema 5, etapaa).
Ciclopropil amidas5-4,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde uno o más de R15c es alquilo (C1-C3); Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1,R10,
R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de aminas
5-1,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c es H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1,R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con un agente alquilante5-3tal como un haluro de alquilo en presencia de una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina, 4-dimetilaminopiridina o piridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, W,W-dimetilformamida, o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 5, etapab).
Ciclopropil amidas5-6,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)C(=O)X4; Q2 es O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de aminas5-1,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y
R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c is H; Q2 is O, R1, R2,
R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1,R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con un ácido carboxílico5-5activado, en donde A es un agente activador y una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina, 4-dimetilaminopiridina o piridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, W,W-dimetilformamida, o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 5, etapac).
Ácidos carboxílicos5-5activados pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un cloroformiato; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un éster W-hidroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1 -ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1 -ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster.
Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos5-5activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]piridinio 3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-W,W,W,W-tetrametiluronio (HBTU) o ^ hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos5-5activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos5-5activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1 -hidroxi-7azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodiimida deshidratante tal como 1-(3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos5-5activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de 2-cloro-1,3-dimetilimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1 -hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos5-5activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina. En cada 5-5 anterior, X4 es como se definió previamente.
Ciclopropil amidas6-4,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c es H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15ason como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de6-1,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo NO2; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con un metal tal como paladio sobre carbono en presencia de un agente reductor tal como hidrógeno gaseoso en un disolvente tal como acetato de etilo o con un metal tal como hierro en presencia de un agente reductor tal como cloruro de amonio en una mezcla de disolventes tal como metanol y agua a una temperatura de aproximadamente 25 °C a aproximadamente 60 °C (Esquema 6, etapaa).
Alternativamente, ciclopropil amidas6-4,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c is H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de6-2,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6), en donde R15c es H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con una solución de ácido anhidro tal como ácido clorhídrico en 1,4-dioxano y diclorometano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 25 °C (Esquema 6, etapac).
Alternativamente, ciclopropil amidas6-4,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)2, en donde R15c is H; Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de6-3,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(C(=O)Oalquilo (C1-C6))2; Q2 es O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con una solución de ácido anhidro tal como ácido clorhídrico en 1,4-dioxano y diclorometano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 25 °C (Esquema 6, etapa c).
Ciclopropil amidas6-6,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo NH(R15c), en donde R15c es alquilo (C1-C3); Q2 is O, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de6-5en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo N(R15c)C(=O)Oalquilo (Ci-Cs), en donde R15c es alquilo (C1-C3); R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, describieron previamente, con una solución de ácido anhidro tal como ácido clorhídrico en 1,4-dioxano y diclorometano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 25 °C (Esquema 6, etapa d).
Ciclopropil amidas7-2,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo un grupo alquenilo (C2-C3) o haloalquenilo (C2-C3); Q2 is O; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11,
R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de haluros de arilo7-1,en donde X3 es N(R15a)(R15b) y R15b es un fenilo sustituido que tiene uno o más sustituyentes incluyendo A o
I; Q2 is O; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R15a son como se describieron previamente, con un estannano tal como7-2,en donde R15c es un grupo alquenilo (C2-C3) o haloalquenilo (C2-C3), en presencia de un catalizador de metal, tal como dicloruro de bis(trifenilfosfina)paladio(II) en un disolvente aprótico tal como 1,4 dioxano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 90 °C (Esquema 7, etapa a), reemplazando con ello el Br o I con el grupo alquenilo (C2-C3) o haloalquenilo (C2-C3).
Ciclopropil amidas8-3,en donde Q1 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R17cson como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento con aminas o sales de aminas
8-2,en donde R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, Q2, R17a, R17b, y R17C son como se describieron previamente, y ácidos carboxílicos
8-1activados, en donde A es un grupo activador, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describieron previamente, con una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina o 4-dimetilaminopiridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro, tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, dimetilformamida o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 8, etapa a).
Ácidos carboxílicos8-1activados pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un fluoruro de ácido; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster para-nitrofenílico, un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un éster N-hidroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1-ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1-ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster. Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos8-1activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]piridinio 3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-N,N,N,N'-tetrametiluronio (HBTU) o hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos8-1activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos8-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodimida deshidratante tal como
1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos8-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de
2- cloro-1,3-dimetilimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1 -hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos8-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina.
Ciclopropil amidas9-3,en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R17c son como se describieron previamente se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento hidrazinas o sales de hidrazinas
9-2,en donde R17a, R17b y R17c son como se describieron previamente, y ácidos carboxílicos activados9-1,en donde
A es un grupo activador, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, y R14 son como se describieron previamente, con una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina o 4-dimetilaminopiridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro, tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, dimetilformamida o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 9, etapaa).
Ácidos carboxílicos9-1activados pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un fluoruro de ácido; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster para-nitrofenílico, un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un éster N-hidroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1-ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1-ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster. Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos9-1activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-£>]piridinio 3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-N,N,N',N'-tetramet¡luron¡o (HBTU) o hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos9-1activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos9-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodimida deshidratante tal como
1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos9-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de
2- cloro-1,3-dimetilimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1-hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos9-1activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina.
Ciclopropil amidas10-2,en donde Q2 es O, R17a y R17b son H, alquilo (C1-C3), alquenilo (C2-C6), alquinilo (C2-C6) o haloalquilo (C1-C6), y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, y R14, son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de10-1, en donde Q2 is O, R17a, R17b, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,
R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, y R14 son como se describieron previamente, con una solución de ácido anhidro, tal como ácido clorhídrico en 1,4-dioxano y diclorometano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 25 °C (Esquema 10, etapa a).
Ciclopropil amidas10-4,en donde Q2 is O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, son como se describieron previamente, y X5 es fenilo sustituido o no sustituido, heterociclilo sustituido o no sustituido, alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido, Oalquilo (C1-C8), Ohaloalquilo (C1-C8), cicloalquilo (C3-C6) y Ofenilo (sustituido y no sustituido), se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de ciclopropil amidas10-2, en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3,
R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R17a, y R17b son como se describi carboxílico activado o cloroformiato10-3,en donde A es un grupo activador, y X5 se describe previamente, con una base, tal como trietilamina, diisopropiletilamina, 4-metilmorfolina, 4-dimetilaminopiridina o piridina, en un disolvente aprótico anhidro, tal como diclorometano, tetrahidrofurano, 1,2-dicloroetano, N,N-dimetilformamida, o cualquier combinación de los mismos, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 120 °C (Esquema 10, etapab).
Ácidos carboxílicos10-3activados pueden ser un haluro de ácido, tal como un cloruro de ácido, un bromuro de ácido o un fluoruro de ácido; un éster carboxílico, tal como un éster p-nitrofenílico, un éster pentafluorofenílico, un éster (hidroxiimino)cianoacetato de etilo, un éster metílico, un éster etílico, un éster bencílico, un éster N-hidroxisuccinimidílico, un éster hidroxibenzotriazol-1-ílico o un éster hidroxipiridiltriazol-1-ílico; una O-acilisourea; un anhídrido de ácido; o un tioéster. Cloruros de ácido se pueden preparar a partir de los ácidos carboxílicos correspondientes mediante tratamiento con un reactivo clorante deshidratante, tal como cloruro de oxalilo o cloruro de tionilo. Ésteres de ácidos carboxílicos10-3activados pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de uronio, tal como hexafluorofosfato de 1-[bis(dimetilamino)metileno]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]piridinio 3-óxido (HATU), hexafluorofosfato de O-(benzotriazol-1-il)-N,N,N',N'-tetrametiluronio (HBTU) o hexafluorofosfato de (1-ciano-2-etoxi-2-oxoetilidenaminooxi)dimetilamino-morfolino-carbenio (COMU). Ésteres carboxílicos10-3activados también pueden prepararse a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon una sal de fosfonio tal como hexafluorofosfato de benzotriazol-1-il-oxitripirrolidinofosfonio (PyBop). Ésteres carboxílicos10-3activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida, en presencia de un triazol tal como hidroxibenzotriazolmonohidrato (HOBt) o 1 -hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). O-acilisoureas se pueden preparar con una carbodiimida deshidratante tal como
1- (3-dimetilaminopropil)-3-etilcarbodiimida o diciclohexilcarbodiimida. Ésteres carboxílicos10-3activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como hexafluorofosfato de
2- cloro-1,3-dimetilimidazolidinio (CIP) en presencia de un triazol tal como 1 -hidroxi-7-azabenzotriazol (HOAt). Ésteres carboxílicos10-3activados también se pueden preparar a partir de ácidos carboxílicosin situcon un reactivo de acoplamiento tal como 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en presencia de una base tal como piridina.
Ciclopropil amidas10-6,en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R17a, y R17b son como se describieron previamente, y X5 es N(R17a)alquilo (C1-Cs), N(R17a)haloalquilo (C1-C8), N(R17a)cicloalquilo
(C3-C8) y N(R17a)(fenilo sustituido y no sustituido), se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de ciclopropil amidas10
2,en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R17a, y R17b previamente, con un isocianato o isotiocianato10-5,en donde Q4 es O o S, respectivamente, y X5 es como se describe arriba, en un disolvente anhidro tal como tetrahidrofurano o etanol, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 80 °C (Esquema 10, etapac).
Ciclopropil amidas10-7, en donde Q2 es O, y R17b es H, R17c es heterociclilo sustituido o no sustituido, alquilo (C1-C8) sustituido o no sustituido y cicloalquilo (C3-C6), y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R17a son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de ciclopropil amidas10-2, en donde
Q2 es O, R17b es H, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 son como con un aldehído de cetona, en donde R17c es como se describió previamente, en presencia de un ácido, tal como ácido acético, y un agente reductor, tal como cianoborohidruro de sodio, en un disolvente aprótico polar, tal como etanol, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 80 °C (Esquema 10, etapa b).
Ciclopropil amidas11-3, en donde Q2 es O y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R1 R18c son como se describieron previamente, se pueden preparar mediante tratamiento de hidrazida11-1en donde Q2 es O, y R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Q1, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, y R18a son como se describieron previamente, con aldehídos o cetonas11-2,en donde R18b y R18c son como se describieron previamente, con o sin un ácido, tal como ácido acético, en un disolvente aprótico polar tal como etanol, a temperaturas entre aproximadamente 0 °C y aproximadamente 80 °C (Esquema 18, etapaa).
En algunas realizaciones,1-3pueden prepararse a partir del aldehido a,p-insaturado12-1,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 y R9 son como previamente. Un experto en la técnica entenderá que el compuesto12-1puede sintetizarse mediante condensación de Aldol (véase Yoshikawa, M.; Kamei, T. Sol. Int. PCT 2010123006, 2010) de un aldehído y acetaldehído apropiadamente sustituido y comercialmente disponible. El tratamiento de12-1con un ortoformiato de alquilo (C1-C6), en presencia de un ácido cuyo pH sea 0-5, tal como ácido bromhídrico, W-bromosuccinimida, ácido clorhídrico, W-clorosuccinimida y p-toluenosulfonato de piridinio (PPTS), en un disolvente de alcanol (C1-C6), a una temperatura de 0 °C a la ambiente y bajo presión ambiental proporciona el acetal12-2,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 y R9 son como se describieron previamente, y Ra es un alquilo (C1-C6) o Ra y Ra tomados juntos pueden formar un acetal cíclico (Esquema12,etapaa). El acetal12-2se puede convertir en el ciclopropil acetal12-3,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, y Ra son como se describieron previamente, mediante tratamiento con una fuente de carbeno tal como un haloformo, por ejemplo, bromoformo o cloroformo, en presencia de una base inorgánica, tal como hidróxido de sodio o potasio o carbonato de sodio o potasio, y un catalizador de transferencia de fases tal como cloruro de bencil trietilamonio, bromuro de (-)-W-dodecil-W-metilefedrinio, bromuro de tetrametilamonio, bromuro de tetrapropilamonio, tetrafluoroborato de tetrabutilamonio, cloruro de tetrametilamonio o hexafluorofosfato de tetrabutilamonio a una temperatura de aproximadamente la temperatura ambiente hasta por debajo del punto de ebullición del haloformo (Esquema12,etapab). Precaución: La etapa B es una reacción exotérmica y se debe ejercer un control cuidadoso de la exotermia al realizar esta reacción. El ciclopropil acetal12-3se puede transformar en el aldehído12-4,en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describieron previamente, en un disolvente polar seleccionado del grupo que consiste en acetona, acetonitrilo, metanol, etanol, nitrometano, W,W-dimetilformamida, dimetilsulfóxido, acetato de etilo, tetrahidrofurano y 1,4-dioxano, en presencia de un ácido mineral acuoso seleccionado del grupo que consiste en ácido nítrico, ácido clorhídrico, ácido bromhídrico y ácido sulfúrico (Esquema12,etapac) a temperatura ambiente. El ácido ciclopropílico1-3, en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, y R9 son como se describieron previamente, puede obtenerse por oxidación del aldehído12-4con oxidantes tales como permanganato de sodio o permanganato de potasio, o en condiciones de oxidación de Pinnick en un disolvente aprótico polar seleccionado del grupo que consiste en acetona, acetonitrilo, W,W-dimetilformamida, dimetilsulfóxido, acetato de etilo, tetrahidrofurano y 1,4-dioxano a una temperatura de aproximadamente 0 °C a aproximadamente la temperatura ambiente (Esquema12,etapad). Se deben tomar precauciones de seguridad estándar porque puede ocurrir una exotermia al realizar esta reacción.
Los expertos en la técnica entenderán que, en algunas realizaciones, el ácido ciclopropílico1-3, en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 y R9 son como se describieron previamente, se pueden resolver en sus enantiómeros (R,R) y (S,S) mediante un método como el de Kovalenko V. N., Kulinkovich O. G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2011,22, 26 (Esquema13,etapaa).
En otra realización, el ácido ciclopropílicoR1-3, en donde R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 y R9 son como se describieron previamente, se pueden resolver en sus enantiómeros (R,R) y (S,S) mediante un método en el Esquema R1.
en donde:XR se selecciona del grupo que consiste en alquilo C1-C4 o bencilo.
En el esquema R1, el (±)-trans-racemato de Fórmula R1-1 (es decir, la mezcla de enantiómeros(R,R)y (S,S) de un ácido trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(fenilo sustituido)ciclopropanocarboxílico) se combina con un agente de resolución que es la amina enantiomérica de Fórmula R2-1 o Fórmula R2-2, en un disolvente adecuado, para proporcionar las sales de aminas diastereoisoméricas de Fórmula R3-1A o Fórmula R3-1B,
que cristalizan o precipitan selectivamente de la mezcla resultante. La sal de amina diastereomérica de Fórmula R3-1A o Fórmula R3-1B, o de Fórmula R3-2A o Fórmula R3-2B, se puede aislar entonces de la mezcla y tratar con un ácido para proporcionar el ácido (1 R,3R)- o el ácido (1 S,3S)-2,2-dihalo-3-(fenilo sustituido)ciclopropanocarboxílico de Fórmula R1-2A o Fórmula R1-2B, respectivamente.
Ejemplos
Estos ejemplos son para fines ilustrativos y no deben interpretarse como limitantes de esta divulgación solo a las realizaciones descritas en estos ejemplos.
Los materiales de partida, los reactivos y los disolventes que se obtuvieron de fuentes comerciales se utilizaron sin purificación adicional. Los disolventes anhidros se adquirieron como Sure/Seal™ de Aldrich y se utilizaron tal como se recibieron. Los puntos de fusión se obtuvieron en un aparato de punto de fusión capilar Thomas Hoover Unimelt o en un sistema automatizado de punto de fusión OptiMelt de Stanford Research Systems y están sin corregir. Los ejemplos que utilizan "temperatura ambiente" se llevaron a cabo en laboratorios de clima controlado con temperaturas en el intervalo de aproximadamente 20 °C a aproximadamente 24 °C. Las moléculas reciben sus nombres conocidos, nombrados de acuerdo con los programas de denominación dentro de ISIS Draw, ChemDraw o ACD Name Pro. Si dichos programas son incapaces de nombrar una molécula, dicha molécula se nombra utilizando reglas de denominación convencionales. Los datos espectrales de 1H RMN están en ppm (5) y se registraron a 300, 400, 500 o 600 MHz; Los datos espectrales de 13C RMN están en ppm (5) y se registraron a 75, 100 o 150 MHz; y los datos espectrales de 19F RMN están en ppm (5) y se registraron a 376 MHz, a menos que se indique lo contrario.
Ejemplo 1: Preparación de trans-2-cloro-5-(2,2-dicloro-3-(3,4-d¡clorofen¡l)ciclopropano-1-carboxam¡do)-W-(2-metil-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)fenil)benzamida (F1061) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de trans-W-(4-amino-2-metilfenil)-2-cloro-5-(2,2-dicloro-3-(3,4-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)benzamida(DP1)(0,100 g, 0,179 mmol) y trietilamina (0,037 mL, 0,269 mmol) en diclorometano (2,0 mL) se añadió anhídrido acético (0,030 mL, 0,215 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 18 horas. La mezcla de reacción se cargó directamente en un cartucho Celite®. La purificación mediante cromatografía en columna de resolución instantánea utilizando acetato de etilo al 0-40 %/hexanos como eluyente proporcionó el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido blanco (0,080 g, 68 %).
Ejemplo 2: Preparación de W-(4-amino-2,6-difluorofenil)-2-cloro-5-((1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)benzamida(F1027) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de ácido 2-cloro-5-((1 fí,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)benzoico(C13)(0,100 g, 0,220 mmol) y W-((terc.-butoxi)carbonil)-W-(4-amino-3,5-difluorofenil)carbamato de terc.-butilo(C181)(0,076 g, 0,220 mmol) en acetato de etilo (2 mL) se añadieron piridina (0,036 mL, 0,441 mmol) y 2,4,6-trióxido de 2,4,6-tripropil-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatrifosfinano (T3P®) en forma de una solución al 50 % en acetato de etilo (0,210 g, 0,331 mmol). La mezcla se calentó a 45 °C durante 48 horas. La mezcla de reacción se enfrió a temperatura ambiente y se concentró bajo una corriente de nitrógeno. El residuo se purificó mediante cromatografía en columna de resolución instantánea utilizando acetato de etilo al 0-30 %/hexanos como eluyente. Las fracciones de producto se combinaron y concentraron a presión reducida. El residuo resultante se disolvió en diclorometano (2 mL) y se añadió una solución 4 M de cloruro de hidrógeno en dioxano (0,545 mL 2,18 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 18 horas. El disolvente se evaporó bajo una corriente de nitrógeno. El residuo se repartió entre acetato de etilo y bicarbonato de sodio acuoso saturado. Las fases se separaron, la capa orgánica se lavó con bicarbonato de sodio acuoso saturado y salmuera y luego se hizo pasar a través de un separador de fases para secar y el disolvente se concentró. La purificación mediante cromatografía en columna de resolución instantánea utilizando acetato de etilo al 0-30 %/hexanos como eluyente proporcionó el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido blanco (0,025 g, 19 %).
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
Ejem plo 2: trans-W-(4-am¡no-2-met¡lfen¡l)-2-cloro-S-(2,2-d¡cloro-3-(3,4-d¡clorofen¡l)c¡clopropano-1-carboxamido)benzamida(DP1) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de una espuma blanca (0,838 g, 99 %).
Ejemplo 3: Preparación de ácido 2-cloro-5-((1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-3-fluorobenzoico (C1) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Etapa 1:A una suspensión de ácido (1 fí,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico(C93)(0,445 g, 1,57 mmol) en 1,2-dicloroetano (10 mL) se añadieron dos gotas de W,W-dimetilformamida, seguido de la adición gota a gota de dicloruro de oxalilo (1,992 g, 15,7 mmol), y la mezcla de amarilla clara resultante se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 16 horas. El disolvente y el exceso de dicloruro de oxalilo se evaporaron a presión reducida y el aceite oro resultante se disolvió en 1,2-dicloroetano (10 mL) y se concentró (repetido 2 veces) para dar el cloruro de ácido intermedio en forma de un aceite oro que se utilizó sin purificación.
Etapa 2:A una mezcla de ácido 5-amino-2-cloro-3-fluorobenzoico(C196)(0,357 g, 1,88 mmol) y trietilamina (0,334 g, 3,30 mmol) en 1,2-dicloroetano (15 mL) se añadió gota a gota, a 0 °C, una solución del cloruro de ácido recientemente preparado, cloruro de (1 fí,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carbonilo (0,474 g, 1,57 mmol) y la solución verde resultante se agitó bajo nitrógeno mientras se calentaba a temperatura ambiente a lo largo de un período de 1 hora, y luego se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 3 horas. La mezcla de reacción se concentró hasta formar un aceite oscuro y el aceite se repartió entre acetato de etilo (100 mL) y cloruro de hidrógeno acuoso 1 normal (25 mL). Las fases se separaron y la capa acuosa se extrajo con acetato de etilo adicional (25 mL). Los extractos orgánicos combinados se lavaron con salmuera (50 mL), se secaron sobre sulfato de sodio, se filtraron y se concentraron hasta formar un aceite ámbar. El aceite se disolvió en acetato de etilo mínimo y se adsorbe a Celite®. El material adsorbido se purificó mediante cromatografía de resolución instantánea automatizada en fase inversa utilizando un gradiente de 10-100 % de acetonitrilo en agua como eluyente para dar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido tostado claro (0,398 g, 55 %): p.f. 205 - 208 °C; 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5 13,78 (s, 1H), 11,12 (s, 1H), 7,92 (d, J = 10,8 Hz, 2H), 7,71 (dd, J = 7,1, 1,8 Hz, 1H), 7,54 - 7,39 (m, 2H), 3,59 (d, J = 8,4 Hz, 1H), 3,43 (d, J = 8,4 Hz, 1H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5 -111,57, -117,24; HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+]+ calculado para C ^gC L^N O a , 452,9305; encontrado, 452,9303.
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
Ejem plo 3: Ácido 2-cloro-5-((1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)benzoico (C13) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de un sólido gris (3,80 g, 96 %): 1H RMN (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 13,48 (s, 1H), 10,90 (s, 1H), 8,15 (d, J = 2,6 Hz, 1H), 7,78 (dd, J = 8,8, 2,7 Hz, 1H), 7,63 (t, J = 1,9 Hz, 1H), 7,57 - 7,50 (m, 3H), 3,62 (d, J = 8,5 Hz, 1H), 3,49 (d, J = 8,5 Hz, 1H); ESIMSm/z454 ([M+H]+).
Ejemplo 4: Preparación de ácido (1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (C91) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
1a resolución: (R)-l-feniletanamina (6,49 g, 53,0 mmol) se añadió lentamente a una solución agitada de ácido rac-2,2-dicloro-3- (3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-carboxílico) (32,45 g, 106 mmol) en acetona (106 mL). La solución resultante se agitó a 45 °C. Después de que comenzó a depositarse un sólido, la mezcla se colocó a 5 °C durante 4 horas. El sólido se recogió, se lavó con un mínimo de acetona fría y se secó. La sal sólida blanca se diluyó con acetato de etilo (100 mL) y se lavó con ácido clorhídrico acuoso (1 N, 10 mL) y salmuera (30 mL). La capa orgánica se secó sobre sulfato de sodio, se filtró y se concentró para proporcionar el producto del título en forma de un sólido blanco (10,33 g, 88 % de exceso enantiomérico "ee").
2a resolución: (R)-1-feniletanamina (3,4 g, 28 mmol) se añadió lentamente a una solución agitada de ácido rac-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-carboxílico) (10,33 g, 88 % de ee) en acetona (100 mL). Después de 2 horas, se recogió un sólido, se lavó con un mínimo de acetona fría y se secó. El sólido se trató con ácido clorhídrico acuoso para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido blanco (7,84 g, 97 % ee, 24,2 %): Rotación Específica: 47,4 (10 mg/mL en acetonitrilo, 589 nm, 25,2 °C); 1H RMN (300 MHz, CDCla) 57,36 (t, J = 1,9 Hz, 1H), 7,17 (dd, J = 1,9, 0,7 Hz, 2H), 3,48 - 3,37 (m, 1H), 2,87 (d, J = 8,3 Hz, 1H); 13C RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-da) 5166,28, 136,40, 133,39, 127,27, 127,04, 61,36, 37,10, 35,98; ESIMSm/z298,9 ([M-H]-).
Los valores de exceso enantiomérico (% de ee) se determinaron mediante el método de HPLC quiral como sigue: Columna: CHIRALPAK@ ZWIX (+), tamaño de partícula 3 gm, dimensión 3 mm x 150 mm, DAIC 511584; Fase móvil que es una mezcla de 500 mL de acetonitrilo, 500 mL de metanol, 20 mL de agua, 1,9 mL de ácido fórmico y 2,6 mL de dietilamina; Caudal: 0,5 mL/min; Tiempo: 9 min; Temperatura: 25 °C.
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado
en e l E jem plo 4: Ácido (1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3- cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (C93) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de un sólido blanco (0,5 g, 13 %, 99 % de ee). Los datos analíticos son consistentes con el ácido racémicoC40.
Ejemplo 5: Preparación de (4-(5-amino-2-clorobenzamido)-3-metilfenil)carbamato de terc.-butilo (C134) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de (4-(2-cloro-5-nitrobenzamido)-3-metilfenil)carbamato de terc.-butilo(C153)(2,2 g, 5,42 mmol) en acetato de etilo (54 mL) bajo N2 se añadió Pd/C (0,95 g, 0,445 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se colocó a aprox. una atmósfera de hidrógeno (globo) y se agitó durante la noche a temperatura ambiente. La mezcla de reacción se filtró a través de un lecho de Celite® y se concentró a presión reducida para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de una espuma parda (2,09 g, 92 %): 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-da) 59,68 (s, 1H), 9,28 (s, 1H), 7,35 (d, J = 2,2 Hz, 1H), 7,26 (dd, J = 8,6, 2,4 Hz, 1H), 7,18 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 7,12 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 6,75 (d, J = 2,7 Hz, 1H), 6,64 (dd, J = 8,6, 2,7 Hz, 1H), 5,64 (s, 2H), 2,21 (s, 3H), 1,48 (s, 9H); 13C RMN (101 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5165,69, 152,77, 147,30, 137,32, 137,27, 133,57, 130,14, 129,79, 126,41, 119,77, 115,93, 115,55, 113,84, 78,91, 54,86, 28,13, 18,21; ESIMSm/z374 ([M-H]-).
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
E jem plo 5 : 5-amino-2-cloro-N-(3-(2,2-d¡fluoroacetam¡do)-2,4-d¡fluorofen¡l)benzam¡da (C136) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memor¡a)
Ácido 2-cloro-5-nitrobenzoico (0,250 g, 1,24 mmol) y 4-dimetilaminopiridina (0,197 g, 1,61 mmol) se añadieron secuencialmente a una mezcla agitada de 4-fluoroanilina (0,141 mL, 1,49 mmol) e hidrocloruro de 1-etil-3-(3-dimetilaminopropil)carbodiimida (0,357 g, 1,86 mmol) en 1,2-dicloroetano (12,4 mL) a temperatura ambiente. La reacción se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 20 horas. La mezcla de reacción se diluyó con diclorometano y se lavó con bicarbonato de sodio acuoso saturado seguido de ácido clorhídrico (1 N) para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido pardo claro (0,188 g, 49%): 1H RMN (400 MHz, CDCh) 58,59 (d, J = 2,7 Hz, 1H), 8,26 (dd, J = 8,8, 2,8 Hz, 1H), 7,90 (s, 1H), 7,66 (d, J = 8,8 Hz, 1H), 7,64 - 7,57 (m, 2H), 7,15 - 7,05 (m, 2H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, CDCla) 5 -116,03; ESIMSm/z295 ([M+H]+).
Los siguientes compuestos se prepararon de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
Ejem plo 6: (4-(2-cloro-5-nitrobenzamido)-3-met¡lfen¡l)carbamato de terc.-butilo (C153) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de un sólido amarillo (2,19 g, 67 %): p.f. 195 - 200 °C; 1H RMN (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) 510,06 (s, 1H), 9,34 (s, 1H), 8,45 (d, J = 2,7 Hz, 1H), 8,33 (dd, J = 8,8, 2,8 Hz, 1H), 7,88 (d, J = 8,8 Hz, 1H), 7,43 - 7,24 (m, 3H), 2,24 (s, 3H), 1,48 (s, 9H); ESIMSm /z404 ([M-H]-).
Ejemplo 7: Preparación de W-((ferc.-butox¡)carbon¡l)-W-(4-amino-3,5-d¡fluorofen¡l)carbamato de ferc.-butilo (Cl81) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de W-((terc.-butoxi)carbonil)-(3,5-difluoro-4-nitrofenil)carbamato de terc.-butilo(C189)(1,75 g, 4,67 mmol) en acetato de etilo (30 mL) se añadió paladio al 5 % sobre carbono (0,498 g, 0,234 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se agitó vigorosamente durante la noche a temperatura ambiente bajo un globo de hidrógeno. La mezcla de reacción se filtró a través de una almohadilla de Celite® y se lavó con acetato de etilo. Los filtrados se concentraron a presión reducida para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido blanquecino (1,57 g, 98 %): 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-afe) 57,07 (ddd, J = 11,4, 8,9, 2,8 Hz, 1H), 6,79 (dd, J = 9,3, 2,4 Hz, 1H), 4,87 (s, 2H), 1,36 (s, 18H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, D M SO d) 5 -128,55, -129,75.
Los siguientes compuestos se prepararon de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado
en e l E jem plo 7: W-(3-amino-2,6-d¡fluoro-fen¡l)-W-ferc.-butox¡carbon¡l-carbamato de terc.-butilo (C182) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de un sólido blanco (5,06 g, 100 %): 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 56,87 (td, J = 9,3, 1,7 Hz, 1H), 6,74 (td, J = 9,4, 5,7 Hz, 1H), 5,12 (s, 2H), 1,39 (s, 18H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5 -137,96 (d, J = 3,7 Hz), -141,10 (d, J = 3,7 Hz); ESIMSm/z244 ([M-BOC]-).
Ejemplo 8: Preparación de ^-((ferc.-butoxOcarboniO-^S-difluoro^-nitrofeniOcarbamato de ferc.-butilo (C189) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de 3,5-difluoro-4-nitroanilina (1,0 g, 5,74 mmol) en diclorometano (25,0 mL) se añadió dicarbonato de di-terc.-butilo (2,63 g, 12,1 mmol), seguido de 4-dimetilaminopiridina (0,070 g, 0,574 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se agitó durante 48 horas a temperatura ambiente. La mezcla de reacción se extinguió con agua y se vertió a través de un separador de fases. La capa orgánica se concentró. La purificación mediante cromatografía en columna de resolución instantánea utilizando acetato de etilo al 0-20 %/hexanos como eluyente proporcionó el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido amarillo (1,79 g, 83 %): 1H RMN (400 MHz, CDCla) 57,04 (ddd, J = 9,7, 8,0, 2,7 Hz, 1H), 6,90 (ddd, J = 8,2, 2,7, 1,9 Hz, 1H), 1,43 (s, 18H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, CDCla) 5 -133,35 (d, J = 23,5 Hz), -137,44 (d, J = 23,4 Hz); ESIMSm/z375 ([M+H]+).
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
E jem plo 8 : ^-((ferc.-butoxOcarboniO-W-^^-difluoro^-nitrofeniOcarbamato de ferc.-butilo (C190) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Aislado en forma de una espuma blanca (5,2 g, 69 %): 1H RMN (300 MHz, CDCI3) 58,14 (ddd, J = 9,2, 8,1, 5,5 Hz, 1H), 7,10 (ddd, J = 9,7, 8,0, 2,0 Hz, 1H), 1,45 (s, 18H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, CDCla) 5 -105,95 (dd, J = 10,9, 2,7 Hz), -119,53 (d, J = 10,6 Hz); ESIMSm/z397 ([M+Na]+).
Ejemplo 9: Preparación de ácido 5-amino-2-cloro-3-fluorobenzoico (C196) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de ácido 2-cloro-3-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoico (C206)(5 g, 22,8 mmol) en acetato de etilo (150 mL) se añadió platino al 5 % sobre carbono (0,5 g, 10 % p/p) y la mezcla de reacción se agitó bajo hidrógeno gaseoso (103.421 Pa (15 psi)) durante 24 horas. La mezcla de reacción se filtró cuidadosamente a través de una almohadilla de Celite®, la almohadilla se lavó con acetato de etilo al 50 % en metanol, y el filtrado se concentró a presión reducida. El producto bruto se trituró con dietil éter para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido amarillo pálido (2,1 g, 50 %): p.f. 187 - 189 °C; 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-afe) 513,28 (s a, 1H), 6,81 (dd,J =1,2, 2,4 Hz, 1H), 6,61 (dd,J=2,4, 12,0 Hz, 1H), 5,77 (s a, 2H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5 -114,65; ESIMSm/z190 ([M+H]+).
Ejemplo 10: Preparación de ácido 2-cloro3-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoico (C206) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una suspensión de ácido 2-cloro-3-fluorobenzoico (10 g, 57,5 mmol) en ácido sulfúrico concentrado (62 mL, 1149,5 mmol) se añadió gota a gota ácido nítrico concentrado (4 mL, 86,2 mmol) a -10 °C y la mezcla de reacción se agitó entre -10 °C y 0 °C durante 3 horas. La mezcla de reacción se vertió lentamente en un vaso de precipitados de hielo triturado (~ 1 L) y el sólido precipitado resultante se filtró y se lavó con agua (100 mL). El producto bruto se recristalizó en agua caliente para proporcionar el compuesto del título en forma de un sólido blanquecino (7,5 g, 60 %): p.f. 163 -165 °C; 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-afe) 514,60 - 13,92 (s a, 1H), 8,53 (dd, J = 2,8, 8,8 Hz, 1H), 8,44 - 8,41 (m, 1H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-afe) 5 -108,50; ESIMSm/z218 ([M-H]-).
Ejemplo R1 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico con (L)-leucinamida para proporcionar ácido (1fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Una mezcla de (L)-leucinamida (163 mg, 1,25 mmol) y ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-carboxílico (750 mg, 2,5 mmol) en acetonitrilo (20 mL) se agitó a 60 °C durante 0,5 horas. Después de que comenzó a depositarse un sólido, la mezcla se colocó a temperatura ambiente durante 4 horas. El sólido blanco se recogió, se lavó con un mínimo de acetonitrilo y se secó: 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-afe) 5 7,81 (s, 1H), 7,53 (t, J = 1,9 Hz, 1H), 7,43 (d, J = 1,9 Hz, 2H), 7,31 (s, 1H), 3,58 - 3,44 (m, 1H), 3,27 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 3,08 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 1,68 (dt, J = 13,3, 6,6 Hz, 1H), 1,49 (dt, J = 10,1,6,8 Hz, 2H), 0,89 (t, J = 6,7 Hz, 6H).
La sal sólida blanca se diluyó con EtOAc y se lavó con HCl 1 N y solución de salmuera. La capa orgánica se secó sobre Na2SO4, se filtró y se concentró para proporcionar el producto del título en forma de un sólido blanco: (0,202 g, 91 % de ee, 27 % de rendimiento); 1H RMN (300 MHz, CDCla) 57,36 (t, J = 1,9 Hz, 1H), 7,17 (dd, J = 1,9, 0,7 Hz, 2H), 3,48 - 3,37 (m, 1H), 2,87 (d, J = 8,3 Hz, 1H). 13C RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5166,28, 136,40, 133,39, 127,27, 127,04, 61,36, 37,10, 35,98. LCMSm/z= 298,9 [M+H].
Ejemplo R2 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico con (L)-leucinamida para proporcionar ácido (fí,fí>frans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Una mezcla de (E)-leucinamida (0,45 g, 3,5 mmol) y ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3- cloro-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-carboxílico (1,41 g, 5 mmol) en acetonitrilo (20 mL) se agitó a 60 °C durante 0,5 horas. Después de que comenzó a depositarse un sólido, la mezcla se colocó a temperatura ambiente durante 4 horas. El sólido blanco se recogió, se lavó con un mínimo de acetonitrilo y se secó: 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 57,81 (s, 1H), 7,53 (t, J = 1,9 Hz, 1H), 7,43 (d, J = 1,9 Hz, 2H), 7,31 (s, 1H), 3,58 - 3,44 (m, 1H), 3,27 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 3,08 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 1,68 (dt, J = 13,3, 6,6 Hz, 1H), 1,49 (dt, J = 10,1,6,8 Hz, 2H), 0,89 (t, J = 6,7 Hz, 6H).
La sal sólida blanca se diluyó con EtOAc y se lavó con HCl 1 N y solución de salmuera. La capa orgánica se secó sobre Na2SO4, se filtró y se concentró para proporcionar el producto del título en forma de un sólido blanco: (0,64 g, 91 % de ee, 45 % de rendimiento); 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 513,29 (s, 1H), 7,72 (dd, J = 7,1,2,1 Hz, 1H), 7,56 - 7,32 (m, 2H), 3,46 (d, J = 1,0 Hz, 2H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 -117,35.
Ejemplo R3 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,4-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico con (L)-leucinamida para proporcionar ácido (fí,fí)-frans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,4-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Una mezcla de (L)-leucinamida (326 mg, 2,5 mmol) y ácido trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,4-diclorofenil)ciclopropanocarboxílico racémico (1,5 g, 5 mmol) en acetonitrilo (20 mL) se agitó a 60 °C durante 0,5 horas. Después de que comenzó a depositarse un sólido, la mezcla se colocó a temperatura ambiente durante 4 horas. El sólido se recogió, se lavó con un mínimo de acetonitrilo y se secó: 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 57,72 (s, 1H), 7,64 (d, J = 2,1 Hz, 1H), 7,60 (d, J = 8,3 Hz, 1H), 7,34 (dd, J = 8,4, 2,1 Hz, 1H), 7,31 - 7,26 (m, 1H), 3,48 (dd, J = 8,2, 6,2 Hz, 1H), 3,26 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 3,03 (d, J = 8,7 Hz, 1H), 1,74 - 1,57 (m, 1H), 1,47 (ddd, J = 14,6, 7,7, 6,1 Hz, 2H), 0,89 (t, J = 6,9 Hz, 6H).
La sal sólida blanca se diluyó con EtOAc y se lavó con HCl 1 N y solución de salmuera. La capa orgánica se secó sobre Na2SO4, se filtró y se concentró para proporcionar el producto del título en forma de un sólido blanco: (0,56 g, 96 % de ee, 36 % de rendimiento); 1H RMN (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 13,39 (s, 1H), 7,76 (d,J= 2,1 Hz, 1H), 7,64 (d, J = 8,3 Hz, 1H), 7,44 (dd, J = 8,4, 2,1 Hz, 1H), 3,49 (s, 2H). 13C RMN (126 MHz, DMSO) 5 166,34, 133,35, 130,47, 130,33, 130,09, 129,77, 128,81,61,43, 37,00, 36,06. LCMSm/z= 298,9 [M+H].
Ejemplo R4 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3- 3-trifluorometil-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico con (L)-leucinamida para proporcionar ácido (1 fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3- trifluorometil-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
Una mezcla de (L)-leucinamida (15,6 g, 120 mmol) y ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(3-trifluorometil-4-fluorofenil)ciclopropano-carboxílico (63,4 g, 200 mmol) en acetonitrilo (800 mL) se agitó a 60 °C durante 1 h. Después de que comenzó a depositarse un sólido, la mezcla se colocó a temperatura ambiente durante 4 horas. El sólido se recogió, se lavó con un mínimo de acetonitrilo y se secó para proporcionar la sal de (L)-leucinamida ytrans-(1R,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1 -carboxilato en forma de un sólido blanco: (38,9 g, 95 % de ee, 43 %); 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 57,80 (s, 1H), 7,73 (m, Hz, 2H), 7,49 (dd,J =10,7, 8,6 Hz, 1H), 7,31 (s, 1H), 3,53 (dd, J = 7,9, 6,4 Hz, 1H), 3,34 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 3,07 (d, J = 8,6 Hz, 1H), 1,77 - 1,60 (m, 1H), 1,60 - 1,40 (m, 2H), 0,89 (t, J = 6,7 Hz, 6H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO) 5 -59,88, -117,93.
La sal sólida blanca se diluyó con EtOAc y se lavó con HCl 1,5 N y agua. La capa orgánica se secó sobre Na2SO4, se filtró y se concentró para proporcionar el producto del título en forma de un sólido blanco (27,3 g, 95 % de ee, 43 % de rendimiento). 1H RMN (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 13,24 (s, 1H), 8,03 - 7,71 (m, 2H), 7,54 (dd, J = 10,6, 8,7 Hz, 1H), 3,65 - 3,51 (m, 2H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 -59,93, -117,06; LCMSm/z= 316 [M-H].
Ejemplo R5 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico con (fí)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida ((D)-fenilalanina) para proporcionar (fí)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida (1fí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxilato (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
En un matraz con agitador magnético, una mezcla de ácido 2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico (1,58 g, 5,0 mmol) y (R)-2 -amino-3-fenilpropanamida (411 mg, 2,5 mmol) en acetonitrilo (20 mL) se calentó a 602C. La suspensión resultante se agitó a 60 °C durante 10 min y luego se enfrió a TA. La mezcla se agitó durante la noche. El producto se filtró y se lavó con acetonitrilo, luego se secó al aire y a 35 °C en un horno de vacío para dar (1 R,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxilato de (R)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida (710 mg, 1,475 mmol, rendimiento del 29,5 %) en forma de un sólido blanco. El análisis de HPLC quiral indicó que la relación SS/RR fue 6/93 (86 % de ee).
Ejemplo R6 Resolución de ácido racémico trans-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxílico racémico con (S)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida para proporcionar (15,35)-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxilato de (S)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
En un matraz con agitador magnético, una mezcla de ácido racémico 2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1 -carboxílico (1,58 g, 5,0 mmol) y (S)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida (411 mg, 2,5 mmol) en acetonitrilo (ACN, 20 mL) se calentó a 60 °C. La suspensión resultante se agitó a 60 °C durante 10 min y luego se enfrió a ta. La mezcla se agitó durante la noche. El producto se filtró y se lavó con ACN, luego se secó al aire y a 35 °C en un horno de vacío para dar (1 S,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluorometil)fenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxilato de (S)-2-amino-3-fenilpropanamida (0,669 g, 1,390 mmol, rendimiento del 27,8 %) en forma de un sólido blanco. El análisis de HPLC quiral indicó que la relación<s>S/RR fue 96/3 (93 % de ee).
El siguiente compuesto se preparó de manera similar al procedimiento esbozado en
Ejem plo 1: frans-5-(3-(3,5-b/'s(trifluorometil)fenil)-2,2-diclorociclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-cloro-W-(3-(2,2-difluoroacetamido)-2,4-difluorofenil)benzamida (F1802)
Aislada en forma de un sólido blanco (0,096 g, 86 %).
Ejemplo 11: Preparación de hidrocloruro de N-(3-amino-2,4-difluorofenil)-2,2-difluoroacetamida (C307) (compuesto no reivindicado en esta memoria)
A una solución de N-(3-amino-2,6-difluoro-fenil)-W-ferc.-butoxicarbonil-carbamato de ferc.-butilo(C182)(1,0 g, 2,90 mmol) in diclorometano (30 mL) se añadió anhídrido 2,2-difluoroacético (2,5 mL, 3,59 mmol). La mezcla de reacción se agitó durante la noche a temperatura ambiente y luego se concentró a presión reducida. El producto crudo se disolvió en diclorometano (30 mL). Se añadió ácido clorhídrico (4 M en dioxano, 7,25 mL) a la solución y la mezcla de reacción se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 6 horas. El precipitado que se formó se filtró y se lavó con diclorometano frío. El compuesto del título se aisló en forma de un sólido blanco (0,74 g, 98 %): 1H r Mn (400 MHz, DMSO-afe) 510,47 (s, 1H), 6,91 (ddd, J = 10,7, 8,9, 1,9 Hz, 1H), 6,76 (td, J = 8,5, 5,5 Hz, 1H), 6,44 (t, J = 53,5 Hz, 1H), 5,09 (s, 3H); 19F RMN (376 MHz, DMSO-ds) 5 -125,40, -133,15 (d, J = 14,3 Hz), -138,66 (d, J = 14,4 Hz).
Ejemplo 12: Separación por SFC preparativa de 5-((íS,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-fluoro-N-(4-fluorofenil)benzamida (F1373) y 5-((íR,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-fluoro-N-(4-fluorofenil)benzamida (F1374) (compuestos no reivindicados en esta memoria)
5-((trans)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-fluoro-N-(4-fluorofenil)benzamida racémica (Publicación de Solicitud de Patente de e E.UU. US20160304522A1(F129))se separó mediante SFC preparativa utilizando las siguientes condiciones: Columna IC (20 mm x 250 mm), 5 gm; 35/65 MeOH (dietilamina al 0,2 %)/CO2, 40 g/min para dar 5-((IS,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-fluoro-N-(4-fluorofenil)benzamida(F1373)(2o enantiómero eluyente, 100 % de ee) y 5-((7R,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-2-fluoro-N-(4-fluorofenil)benzamida(F1374)(1er enantiómero eluyente, 98,5 % de ee).
Ejemplo 13: Separación por HPLC preparativa de 5-((íR,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4-difluorofenil)-2-fluorobenzamida (F1375) y 5-((íS,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4-difluorofenil)-2-fluorobenzamida (F1376) (compuestos no reivindicados en esta memoria)
5-((trans)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4-difluorofenil)-2-fluorobenzamida racémica (Publicación de Solicitud de Patente de EE.UU. US20160304522A1(F61))se separó mediante HPLC preparativa utilizando las siguientes condiciones: Columna OH-J (20 mm x 250 mm), 5 gm; 50/50 isopropanol (dietilamina al 0,2 %)/hexano, 4.0 mL/min para dar 5-((7R,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4-difluorofenil)-2-fluorobenzamida(F1375)(1er enantiómero eluyente, 96,2 % de ee) y5-((IS,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4-difluorofenil)-2-fluorobenzamida(Fl376)(2o enantiómero eluyente, 96,0 % de ee).
Ejemplo 14: Separación por SFC preparativa de 2-cloro-5-((ífí,3fí)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-W-(2,4,6-trifluorofenil)benzamida (F1377) y 2-cloro-5-((íS,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-W-(2,4,6-trifluorofenil)benzamida (F1378) (compuestos no reivindicados en esta memoria)
2-cloro-5-((trans)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4,6-trifluorofenil)benzamida racémica (Publicación de Solicitud de Patente de EE.UU. US20160304522A1 (F24)) se separó mediante SFC preparativa utilizando las siguientes condiciones: Columna IC (20 mm x 250 mm), 5 gm; 35/65 MeOH (dietilamina al 0,2 %)/CO2, 40 g/min para dar 2-cloro-5-((1 R,3R)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4,6-trifluorofenil)benzamida(F1377)(1er enantiómero eluyente, 100 % de ee) y 2-cloro-5-((1 S,3S)-2,2-dicloro-3-(3,5-diclorofenil)ciclopropano-1-carboxamido)-N-(2,4,6-trifluorofenil)benzamida(F1378)(2o enantiómero eluyente, 100 % de ee).
Se reconoce que algunos reactivos y condiciones de reacción pueden no ser compatibles con determinadas funcionalidades que pueden estar presentes en determinadas moléculas de Fórmula Uno o determinadas moléculas utilizadas en la preparación de determinadas moléculas de Fórmula Uno. En tales casos, puede ser necesario emplear protocolos estándares de protección y desprotección descritos de forma exhaustiva en la bibliografía y bien conocidos por una persona experta en la técnica. Además, en algunos casos puede ser necesario realizar etapas sintéticas de rutina adicionales no descritos en esta memoria para completar la síntesis de las moléculas deseadas. Una persona experta en la técnica también reconocerá que puede ser posible lograr la síntesis de las moléculas deseadas realizando algunas de las etapas de las rutas sintéticas en un orden diferente al descrito. Una persona experta en la técnica también reconocerá que puede ser posible realizar interconversiones estándares de grupos funcionales o reacciones de sustitución en moléculas deseadas para introducir o modificar sustituyentes.
Ensayos Biológicos
Los siguientes bioensayos contra el gusano soldado(Spodoptera exigua),la oruga de la col(Trichoplusia ni)y el mosquito de la fiebre amarilla(Aedes aegypti)se incluyen en esta memoria debido al daño que infligen. Además, el gusano soldado y la oruga de la col son dos buenas especies indicadoras de una amplia gama de plagas masticadoras. Adicionalmente, el áfido verde del melocotón es una buena especie indicadora de una amplia gama de plagas que se alimentan de savia. Los resultados con estas cuatro especies indicadoras junto con el mosquito de la fiebre amarilla muestran la amplia utilidad de la molécula reivindicada en el control de plagas en los Filos Arthropoda, Mollusca y Nematoda (Drewes et al.)
Ejemplo A: Bioensayos sobre el gusano soldado (S podoptera exigua, LAPHEG) ("BAW") y el gusano soldado ( Trichoplusia ni, TRIPNI) ("CL")
El gusano soldado es una plaga seria de preocupación económica para alfalfa, espárragos, remolachas, cítricos, maíz, algodón, cebollas, guisantes, pimientos, patatas, soja, remolacha azucarera, girasol, tabaco y tomates, entre otros cultivos. Es originario del sudeste asiático, pero ahora se encuentra en África, Australia, Japón, América del Norte y el sur de Europa. Las larvas pueden alimentarse en grandes enjambres provocando pérdidas devastadoras de cultivos. Se sabe que es resistente a varios plaguicidas.
La oruga de la col es una plaga grave que se encuentra en todo el mundo. Ataca a alfalfa, judías, remolacha, brócoli, coles de Bruselas, repollo, melón, coliflor, apio, berza, algodón, pepino, berenjena, col rizada, lechuga, melones, mostaza, perejil, guisantes, pimientos, patatas, soja, espinaca, calabaza, tomates, nabos y sandías, entre otros cultivos. Esta especie es muy destructiva para las plantas debido a su voraz apetito. Las larvas consumen diariamente tres veces su peso en alimentos. Los sitios de alimentación están marcados por grandes acumulaciones de materia fecal húmedo y pegajoso, que puede contribuir a una mayor presión de enfermedades y provocar problemas secundarios en las plantas del sitio. Se sabe que es resistente a varios plaguicidas.
Por consiguiente, debido a los factores anteriores, el control de estas plagas es importante. Además, las moléculas que controlan estas plagas (BAW y CL), que se conocen como plagas masticadoras, serán útiles en el control de otras plagas que mastican las plantas.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se testó frente a BAW y CL utilizando los procedimientos descritos en los siguientes ejemplos. En el informe de los resultados, se utilizó la"Tabla de Calificación BAW y CL"(Véase la Sección de Tablas).
Bioensayos en BAW
Los bioensayos de BAW se realizaron utilizando un ensayo de bandeja de dieta de 128 pocillos. Se colocaron larvas de BAW de uno a cinco segundos instar en cada uno de los pocillos (3 mL) de la bandeja de dieta que se había llenado previamente con 1 mL de dieta artificial a la que se habían aplicado 50 pg/cm2 de la molécula de prueba (disuelta en 50 pL de una mezcla 90:10 acetona-agua) (a cada uno de los ocho pocillos) y luego se dejó secar. Las bandejas se cubrieron con una cubierta autoadhesiva transparente, se ventilaron para permitir el intercambio de gases y se mantuvieron a 25 °C, 14:10 luz-oscuridad durante cinco a siete días. Se registró el porcentaje de mortalidad de las larvas en cada uno de los pocillos; luego se promedió la actividad en los ocho pocillos. Los resultados se indican en la tabla titulada"Tabla ABC: Resultados biológicos"(Véase la Sección de Tablas).
Bioensayos en CL
Los bioensayos en CL se realizaron utilizando un ensayo de bandeja de dieta de 128 pocillos. Se colocaron de una a cinco larvas CL de segundo instar en cada uno de los pocillos (3 mL) de la bandeja de dieta que se había llenado previamente con 1 mL de dieta artificial a la que se habían aplicado 50 pg/cm2 de la molécula de ensayo (disuelta en 50 pL de una mezcla de acetona—agua 90:10) (a cada uno de los ocho pocillos) y luego se dejó secar. Las bandejas se cubrieron con una cubierta auto—adhesiva transparente, se ventilaron para permitir el intercambio de gases y se mantuvieron a 25 °C, 14:10 de luz—oscuridad durante cinco a siete días. Se registró el porcentaje de mortalidad de las larvas en cada uno de los pocillos; luego se promedió la actividad en los ocho pocillos. Los resultados se indican en la tabla titulada"Tabla ABC: Resultados biológicos"(Véase la Sección de Tablas).
Ejemplo B: Bioensayos sobre mosquito de la fiebre amarilla (A edes aegypti, AEDSAE) ("YFM").
YFM prefiere alimentarse de seres humanos durante el día y se encuentra con mayor frecuencia en o cerca de las viviendas de seres humanos. El YFM es un vector de transmisión de varias enfermedades. Es un mosquito que puede transmitir los virus de la fiebre del dengue y la fiebre amarilla. La fiebre amarilla es la segunda enfermedad más peligrosa transmitida por mosquitos después de la malaria. La fiebre amarilla es una enfermedad hemorrágica viral aguda y hasta el 50 % de las personas gravemente afectadas sin tratamiento morirán de fiebre amarilla. Se estima que hay 200.000 casos de fiebre amarilla, que provocan 30.000 muertes en todo el mundo cada año. La fiebre del dengue es una enfermedad viral desagradable; a veces denominada "fiebre de los huesos rotos" o "fiebre del corazón roto" debido al intenso dolor que puede producir. La fiebre del dengue mata aproximadamente a 20.000 personas cada año. Por consiguiente, debido a los factores anteriores, el control de esta plaga es importante. Además, las moléculas que controlan esta plaga (YFM), que se conoce como plaga chupadora, son útiles en el control de otras plagas que provocan sufrimiento humano y animal.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se testó frente a YFM utilizando los procedimientos descritos en el siguiente párrafo. En el informe de los resultados, se utilizó la"Tabla de Calificación YFM"(Véase la Sección de Tablas).
Se utilizan placas maestras que contienen 400 gg de una molécula disuelta en 100 gL de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) (equivalente a una solución de 4000 ppm). Una placa maestra de moléculas ensambladas contiene 15 gL por pocillo. A esta placa se añaden 135 gL de una mezcla de agua/acetona 90:10 a cada uno de los pocillos. Un robot (estación de trabajo de automatización de laboratorio Biomek® NXP) está programado para dispensar aspiraciones de 15 gL de la placa maestra en una placa vacía de 96 pocillos (placa "hija"). Hay 6 repeticiones (placas "hijas") creadas por cada placa maestra. Las placas "hijas" creadas se infestan entonces inmediatamente con larvas de YFM.
El día antes de que se vayan a tratar las placas, los huevos de mosquitos se colocan en agua Millipore que contiene polvo de hígado para comenzar a eclosionar (4 g en 400 mL). Después de crear las placas "hijas" utilizando el robot, se infestan con 220 gL de la mezcla de polvo de hígado/larvas de mosquito (larvas de aproximadamente 1 día de edad). Una vez que las placas están infestadas con larvas de mosquitos, se utiliza una tapa que no se evapora para cubrir la placa y reducir el secado. Las placas se mantienen a temperatura ambiente durante 3 días antes de la clasificación. Después de 3 días, cada uno de los pocillos se observa y se puntúa basándose en la mortalidad. Los resultados se indican en la tabla titulada"Tabla ABC: Resultados biológicos"(Véase la Sección de Tablas).
Sales por adición de ácidos, derivados de sales, solvatos, derivados de ésteres, polimorfos, isótopos y radionucleidos aceptables en agricultura
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se puede formular en sales por adición de ácidos aceptables en agricultura. A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, una función amina puede formar sales con los ácidos clorhídrico, bromhídrico, sulfúrico, fosfórico, acético, benzoico, cítrico, malónico, salicílico, málico, fumárico, oxálico, succínico, tartárico, láctico, glucónico, ascórbico, maleico, aspártico, bencenosulfónico, metanosulfónico, etanosulfónico, hidroxilmetanosulfónico e hidroxietanosulfónico. Además, a modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, una función ácida puede formar sales que incluyen las derivadas de metales alcalinos o alcalinotérreos y las derivadas de amoníaco y aminas. Ejemplos de cationes preferidos incluyen sodio, potasio y magnesio.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se puede formular en forma de derivados de sales. A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, se puede preparar un derivado de sal poniendo en contacto una base libre con una cantidad suficiente del ácido deseado para producir una sal. Se puede regenerar una base libre tratando la sal con una solución de base acuosa diluida adecuada tal como hidróxido de sodio acuoso diluido, carbonato de potasio, amoníaco y bicarbonato de sodio. Como ejemplo, en muchos casos, un plaguicida tal como 2,4-D se vuelve más soluble en agua al convertirlo en su sal de dimetilamina.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada puede formularse en complejos estables con un disolvente, de modo que el complejo permanezca intacto después de eliminar el disolvente no-complejado. A estos complejos se les alude a menudo como "solvatos". Sin embargo, es particularmente deseable formar hidratos estables con agua como disolvente.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se puede preparar como diversos polimorfos de cristales. El polimorfismo es importante en el desarrollo de productos agroquímicos, ya que diferentes polimorfos de cristales o estructuras de la misma molécula pueden tener propiedades físicas y comportamientos biológicos muy diferentes.
La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se puede preparar con diferentes isótopos. Son de particular importancia las moléculas que tienen 2H (también conocido como deuterio) o 3H (también conocido como tritio) en lugar de 1H. La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada se puede preparar con diferentes radionucleidos. De particular importancia son las moléculas que tienen 14C (también conocido como radiocarbono). La molécula (a) de la composición reivindicada que tiene deuterio, tritio o 14C puede utilizarse en estudios biológicos que permitan el rastreo en procesos químicos y fisiológicos y estudios de semivida, así como estudios de MoA.
Combinaciones
En esta invención, la molécula (a) se utiliza en combinación (en una mezcla de composición) con uno o más ingredientes activos.
En una composición plaguicida se pueden utilizar combinaciones de la molécula (a) reivindicada y el ingrediente activo en una amplia diversidad de relaciones ponderales. Por ejemplo, en una mezcla de dos componentes, se pueden utilizar la relación ponderal de molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo, las relaciones ponderales de la Tabla B. Sin embargo, en general, se prefieren relaciones ponderales de menos de aproximadamente 10:1 a aproximadamente 1:10. También se prefiere a veces utilizar una mezcla de tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete o más componentes que comprenden la molécula (a) y dos o más ingredientes activos adicionales.
Las relaciones ponderales de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo también se pueden representar comoX:Y;en dondeXes las partes en peso de la molécula (a) e Yes las partes en peso del ingrediente activo. El intervalo numérico de las partes en peso paraXes 0 <X <100 y las partes en peso paraYes 0 <Y <100 y se muestra gráficamente en la TABLA C. A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, la relación ponderal de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo puede ser 20:1.
Intervalos de relaciones ponderales de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo se pueden representar comoX i :Y iaX2 Y 2,en dondeXeYse definen como arriba.
En una realización, el intervalo de relaciones ponderales puede serX 1.Y1aX2 Y 2,en dondeX i>YiyX2<Y2.A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, el intervalo de una relación ponderal de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo puede estar entre 3:1 y 1:3, incluyendo los puntos finales.
En otra realización, el intervalo de relaciones ponderales puede serX i :Y iaX2 Y 2,en dondeX i>YiyX2>Y2.A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, el intervalo de una relación ponderal de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo puede estar entre 15:1 y 3:1, incluyendo los puntos finales.
En otra realización, el intervalo de relaciones ponderales puede serX i Y iaX2 Y 2,en dondeX i < YiyX2 < Y2.A modo de ejemplo no-limitativo, el intervalo de relaciones ponderales de la molécula (a) a un ingrediente activo puede estar entre aproximadamente 1:3 y aproximadamente 1:20, incluyendo los puntos finales.
Formulaciones
Muchas veces un plaguicida no es adecuado para su aplicación en su forma pura. Habitualmente, es necesario añadir otras sustancias para que el plaguicida se pueda utilizar en la concentración requerida y en una forma apropiada, permitiendo la facilidad de aplicación, la manipulación, el transporte, el almacenamiento y la máxima actividad plaguicida. Por lo tanto, los plaguicidas se formulan en, por ejemplo, cebos, emulsiones concentradas, polvos, concentrados emulsionables, fumigantes, geles, gránulos, microencapsulaciones, tratamientos de semillas, concentrados en suspensión, suspoemulsiones, tabletas, líquidos hidrosolubles, gránulos dispersables en agua o fluidos secos, polvos humectables y soluciones de volumen ultra-bajo.
Los plaguicidas se aplican con mayor frecuencia como suspensiones o emulsiones acuosas preparadas a partir de formulaciones concentradas de plaguicidas de este tipo. Dichas formulaciones - hidrosolubles, suspensibles - en agua o emulsionables, son sólidas, habitualmente conocidas como polvos humectables, gránulos dispersables en agua, líquidos habitualmente conocidos como concentrados emulsionables o suspensiones acuosas. Los polvos humectables, que pueden compactarse para formar gránulos dispersables en agua, comprenden una mezcla íntima del plaguicida, un soporte y tensioactivos. La concentración del plaguicida es habitualmente de aproximadamente 10 % a aproximadamente 90 % en peso. El soporte se selecciona habitualmente de las arcillas de atapulgita, las arcillas de montmorillonita, las tierras de diatomeas o los silicatos purificados. Entre ligninas sulfonadas, naftalenosulfonatos condensados, naftalenosulfonatos, alquilbencenosulfonatos, alquilsulfatos y tensioactivos no iónicos, tales como los aductos de óxido de etileno de los alquilfenoles, se encuentran tensioactivos efectivos, que comprenden de aproximadamente 0,5 % a aproximadamente 10 % del polvo humectable, y tensioactivos no iónicos tales como aductos de óxido de etileno de alquil fenoles.
Concentrados emulsionables de plaguicidas comprenden una concentración conveniente de un plaguicida, tal como de aproximadamente 50 a aproximadamente 500 gramos por litro de líquido disuelto en un soporte que es un disolvente miscible en agua o una mezcla de emulsionantes y disolventes orgánicos inmiscibles en agua. Disolventes orgánicos útiles incluyen compuestos aromáticos, especialmente xilenos y fracciones del petróleo, especialmente las porciones naftalénicas y olefínicas de alto punto de ebullición del petróleo tal como nafta aromática pesada. También se pueden utilizar otros disolventes orgánicos, tales como los disolventes terpénicos que incluyen derivados de colofonia, cetonas alifáticas, tales como ciclohexanona y alcoholes complejos tales como 2-etoxietanol. Emulsionantes adecuados para concentrados emulsionables se seleccionan de tensioactivos aniónicos y no iónicos convencionales.
Suspensiones acuosas comprenden suspensiones de plaguicidas insolubles en agua dispersos en un soporte acuoso a una concentración en el intervalo de aproximadamente 5 % a aproximadamente 50 % en peso. Las suspensiones se preparan triturando finamente el plaguicida y mezclándolo vigorosamente en un soporte compuesto de agua y tensioactivos. También pueden añadirse ingredientes, tales como sales inorgánicas y gomas sintéticas o naturales, para aumentar la densidad y viscosidad del soporte acuoso. A menudo es más eficaz moler y mezclar el plaguicida al mismo tiempo preparando la mezcla acuosa y homogeneizándola en un implemento tal como un molino de arena, un molino de bolas o un homogeneizador de tipo pistón. El plaguicida en suspensión puede estar microencapsulado en polímero plástico.
Suspensiones de aceite (OD) comprenden suspensiones de plaguicidas insolubles en disolvente orgánico finamente dispersos en una mezcla de disolvente orgánico y emulsionantes a una concentración en el intervalo de aproximadamente 2 % a aproximadamente 50 % en peso. Se pueden disolver uno o más plaguicidas en el disolvente orgánico. Disolventes orgánicos útiles incluyen compuestos aromáticos, especialmente xilenos y fracciones del petróleo, especialmente las porciones naftalénicas y olefínicas de alto punto de ebullición del petróleo tal como nafta aromática pesada. Otros disolventes pueden incluir aceites vegetales, aceites de semillas y ésteres de aceites vegetales y de semillas. Emulsionantes adecuados para dispersiones de aceite se seleccionan de tensioactivos aniónicos y no iónicos convencionales. Se añaden espesantes o agentes gelificantes en la formulación de dispersiones de aceite para modificar la reología o las propiedades de flujo del líquido y para evitar la separación y sedimentación de las partículas o gotitas dispersadas.
Los plaguicidas también se pueden aplicar como composiciones granulares que son particularmente útiles para aplicaciones al suelo. Composiciones granulares contienen habitualmente de aproximadamente 0,5% a aproximadamente 10% en peso del plaguicida, dispersado en un soporte que comprende arcilla o una sustancia similar. Composiciones de este tipo se preparan habitualmente disolviendo el plaguicida en un disolvente adecuado y aplicándolo a un soporte granular, que ha sido preconformado con el tamaño de partícula apropiado, en el intervalo de aproximadamente 0,5 mm a aproximadamente 3 mm. Composiciones de este tipo también se pueden formular haciendo una masa o pasta del soporte y la molécula, y luego triturando y secando para obtener el tamaño de partícula granular deseado. Otra forma de gránulos es un gránulo emulsionable en agua (EG). Es una formulación que consiste en gránulos a ser aplicados como una emulsión convencional de aceite-en-agua del o de los ingredientes activos, ya sea solubilizado o diluido en un disolvente orgánico, después de la desintegración y disolución en agua. Los gránulos emulsionables en agua comprenden uno o varios ingredientes activos, solubilizados o diluidos en un disolvente orgánico adecuado que se absorbe o absorben en una cubierta polimérica hidrosoluble o en algún otro tipo de matriz soluble o insoluble.
Los polvos que contienen un plaguicida se preparan mezclando íntimamente el plaguicida en forma de polvo con un soporte agrícola polvoriento adecuado, tal como arcilla de caolín, roca volcánica molida y similares. Los polvos pueden contener de forma adecuada de aproximadamente 1% a aproximadamente 10% del plaguicida. Los polvos espolvoreables se pueden aplicar como abono de semillas o como aplicación de follaje con una máquina sopladora de polvo.
Es igualmente práctico aplicar un plaguicida en forma de una solución en un disolvente orgánico apropiado, habitualmente aceite de petróleo, tal como los aceites en aerosol, que se utilizan ampliamente en química agrícola.
Los plaguicidas también se pueden aplicar en forma de composición en aerosol. En composiciones de este tipo, el plaguicida se disuelve o se dispersa en un soporte, que es una mezcla propulsora generadora de presión. La composición de aerosol se envasa en un recipiente desde el que se dispensa la mezcla a través de una válvula atomizadora.
Los cebos de plaguicidas se forman cuando el plaguicida se mezcla con alimentos o un atrayente o ambos. Cuando las plagas comen el cebo, también consumen el plaguicida. Los cebos pueden adoptar la forma de gránulos, geles, polvos fluidos, líquidos o sólidos. Los cebos pueden utilizarse en refugios de plagas.
Los fumigantes son plaguicidas que tienen una presión de vapor relativamente alta y, por lo tanto, pueden existir como un gas en concentraciones suficientes para matar plagas en el suelo o en espacios cerrados. La toxicidad del fumigante es proporcional a su concentración y al tiempo de exposición. Se caracterizan por una buena capacidad de difusión y actúan penetrando en el sistema respiratorio de la plaga o absorbiéndose a través de la cutícula de la plaga. Los fumigantes se aplican para controlar las plagas de productos almacenados bajo láminas a prueba de gas, en habitaciones o edificios sellados al gas o en cámaras especiales.
Los plaguicidas pueden microencapsularse suspendiendo las partículas o gotitas de plaguicida en polímeros plásticos de diversos tipos. Alterando la química del polímero o cambiando los factores en el procesamiento, las microcápsulas pueden formarse de diversos tamaños, solubilidad, espesores de pared y grados de penetrabilidad. Estos factores gobiernan la velocidad con la que se libera el ingrediente activo que contiene, lo que a su vez afecta al rendimiento residual, la velocidad de acción y el olor del producto. Las microcápsulas se pueden formular como concentrados en suspensión o gránulos dispersables en agua.
Los concentrados de solución oleosa se preparan disolviendo el plaguicida en un disolvente que mantendrá el plaguicida en solución. Las soluciones oleosas de un plaguicida proporcionan habitualmente una destrucción y un exterminio de plagas más rápido que otras formulaciones, debido a que los propios disolventes tienen acción plaguicida y la disolución de la cubierta cérea del tegumento aumenta la velocidad de absorción del plaguicida. Otras ventajas de las soluciones de aceite incluyen una mejor estabilidad al almacenamiento, una mejor penetración de las grietas y una mejor adherencia a las superficies grasientas.
Otra realización es una emulsión de aceite-en-agua, en donde la emulsión comprende glóbulos oleosos que están provistos de un revestimiento de cristal líquido laminar y están dispersos en una fase acuosa, en donde cada uno de los glóbulos oleosos comprende al menos una molécula que es activa en agricultura, y está recubierto individualmente con una capa monolaminar u oligolaminar que comprende: (1) al menos un agente tensioactivo lipófilo no-iónico, (2) al menos un agente tensioactivo hidrófilo no-iónico y (3) al menos un agente tensioactivo iónico, en donde los glóbulos tienen un diámetro medio de partícula de menos de 800 nanómetros.
Otros componentes de la formulación
Generalmente, cuando la molécula (a) se utiliza en una formulación, dicha formulación también puede contener otros componentes. Estos componentes incluyen, pero no se limitan a, (esta es una lista no exhaustiva y no mutuamente excluyente) humectantes, esparcidores, adhesivos, penetrantes, tampones, agentes secuestrantes, agentes reductores de deriva, agentes de compatibilidad, agentes anti-espuma, agentes de limpieza y emulsionantes. A continuación se describen unos pocos componentes.
Un agente humectante es una sustancia que cuando se añade a un líquido aumenta el poder de extensión o penetración del líquido al reducir la tensión interfacial entre el líquido y la superficie sobre la que se extiende. Los agentes humectantes se utilizan para dos funciones principales en las formulaciones agroquímicas: durante el procesamiento y la fabricación para aumentar la tasa de humectación de los polvos en agua para hacer concentrados para líquidos solubles o concentrados en suspensión; y durante la mezcladura de un producto con agua en un tanque de pulverización para reducir el tiempo de humectación de los polvos humectables y mejorar la penetración del agua en gránulos dispersables en agua. Ejemplos de agentes humectantes utilizados en polvos humectables, concentrados en suspensión y formulaciones de gránulos dispersables en agua son: laurilsulfato de sodio, dioctilsulfosuccinato de sodio, etoxilatos de alquilfenoles y etoxilatos de alcoholes alifáticos.
Un agente dispersante es una sustancia que se adsorbe en la superficie de las partículas, ayuda a preservar el estado de dispersión de las partículas y evita que se vuelvan a agregar. Los agentes dispersantes se agregan a las formulaciones agroquímicas para facilitar la dispersión y suspensión durante la fabricación, y para asegurar que las partículas se vuelvan a dispersar en el agua en un tanque de pulverización. Se utilizan ampliamente en polvos humectables, concentrados en suspensión y gránulos dispersables en agua. Los tensioactivos que se utilizan como agentes dispersantes tienen la capacidad de adsorberse fuertemente sobre la superficie de una partícula y proporcionar una barrera cargada o estérica para la reagregación de partículas. Los tensioactivos más comúnmente utilizados son aniónicos, no iónicos o mezclas de los dos tipos. Para las formulaciones de polvo humectable, los agentes dispersantes más comunes son los lignosulfonatos de sodio. En el caso de los concentrados en suspensión, se obtiene una muy buena adsorción y estabilización utilizando polielectrolitos, tales como los condensados de sodionaftaleno-sulfonato-formaldehído. También se utilizan ésteres de fosfato de etoxilato de triestirilfenol. Los tensioactivos no iónicos, tales como condensados de óxido de alquilariletileno y los copolímeros de bloque EO-PO se combinan a veces con tensioactivos aniónicos como agentes dispersantes para concentrados en suspensión. En los últimos años, se han desarrollado nuevos tipos de tensioactivos poliméricos de muy alto peso molecular como agentes dispersantes. Estos tienen ‘cadenas principales’ hidrófobas muy largas y un gran número de cadenas de óxido de etileno que forman los ‘dientes’ de un tensioactivo de ‘peine’. Estos polímeros de alto peso molecular pueden dar muy buena estabilidad a largo plazo a los concentrados en suspensión, porque las cadenas principales hidrófobas tienen muchos puntos de anclaje en las superficies de las partículas. Ejemplos de agentes dispersantes utilizados en formulaciones agroquímicas son: lignosulfonatos de sodio, condensados de sodio naftaleno sulfonato formaldehído, ésteres de triestirilfenol-etoxilato-fosfato, etoxilatos de alcoholes alifáticos, etoxilatos de alquilo, copolímeros de bloque EO-PO y copolímeros de injerto.
Un agente emulsionante es una sustancia que estabiliza una suspensión de gotitas de una fase líquida en otra fase líquida. Sin el agente emulsionante, los dos líquidos se separarían en dos fases líquidas inmiscibles. Las mezclas de emulsionantes más comúnmente utilizadas contienen un alquilfenol o un alcohol alifático con doce o más unidades de óxido de etileno y la sal de calcio soluble en aceite del ácido dodecilbencenosulfónico. Un intervalo de valores de equilibrio hidrófilo-lipófilo ("HLB") de aproximadamente 8 a aproximadamente 18 proporcionará normalmente buenas emulsiones estables. La estabilidad de la emulsión a veces se puede mejorar mediante la adición de una pequeña cantidad de un tensioactivo copolímero de bloques de EO-PO.
Un agente solubilizante es un tensioactivo que formará micelas en agua a concentraciones superiores a la concentración micelar crítica. Las micelas son capaces de disolver o solubilizar materiales insolubles en agua dentro de la parte hidrófoba de la micela. Los tipos de tensioactivos que se utilizan habitualmente para la solubilización son tensioactivos no iónicos, monooleatos de sorbitán, monooleato-etoxilatos de sorbitán y ésteres de oleato de metilo.
A veces se utilizan tensioactivos, ya sea solos o con otros aditivos, tales como aceites minerales o vegetales, como adyuvantes para mezclas de tanque de pulverización para mejorar el rendimiento biológico del plaguicida en el objetivo. Los tipos de tensioactivos utilizados para la mejora biológica dependen generalmente de la naturaleza y el modo de acción del plaguicida. Sin embargo, a menudo son tensioactivos no iónicos, tales como: etoxilatos de alquilo, etoxilatos de alcoholes alifáticos lineales y etoxilatos de aminas alifáticas.
Un soporte o diluyente en una formulación agrícola es un material que se añade al plaguicida para dar un producto con la concentración requerida. Los soportes son habitualmente materiales con altas capacidades de absorción, mientras que los diluyentes son habitualmente materiales con baja capacidad de absorción. Los soportes y diluyentes se utilizan en la formulación de polvos espolvoreables, polvos humectables, gránulos y gránulos dispersables en agua.
Los disolventes orgánicos se utilizan principalmente en la formulación de concentrados emulsionables, emulsiones de aceite-en-agua, suspoemulsiones, dispersiones de aceite y formulaciones de volumen ultra-bajo y, en menor medida, formulaciones granulares. A veces se utilizan mezclas de disolventes. Los primeros grupos principales de disolventes son los aceites parafínicos alifáticos tales como queroseno o parafinas refinadas. El segundo grupo principal (y el más común) comprende los disolventes aromáticos tales como xileno y fracciones de alto peso molecular de los disolventes aromáticos C9 y C10. Los hidrocarburos clorados son útiles como codisolventes para prevenir la cristalización de plaguicidas cuando la formulación se emulsiona en agua. A veces se utilizan alcoholes como codisolventes para aumentar el poder disolvente. Otros disolventes pueden incluir aceites vegetales, aceites de semillas y ésteres de aceites vegetales y de semillas.
Los espesantes o agentes gelificantes se utilizan principalmente en la formulación de concentrados en suspensión, dispersiones de aceite, emulsiones y suspoemulsiones para modificar la reología o propiedades de flujo del líquido y para evitar la separación y sedimentación de las partículas o gotitas dispersadas. Los agentes espesantes, gelificantes y anti-sedimentación se dividen generalmente en dos categorías, a saber, partículas insolubles en agua y polímeros hidrosolubles. Es posible producir formulaciones de concentrado en suspensión y de dispersión de aceite utilizando arcillas y sílices. Ejemplos de estos tipos de materiales incluyen, pero no se limitan a, montmorillonita, bentonita, silicato de magnesio y aluminio y atapulgita. Los polisacáridos hidrosolubles en concentrados de suspensión a base de agua se han utilizado como agentes espesantes-gelificantes durante muchos años. Los tipos de polisacáridos más comúnmente utilizados son extractos naturales de semillas y algas marinas o son derivados sintéticos de celulosa. Ejemplos de estos tipos de materiales incluyen, pero no se limitan a,goma guar, goma de algarrobo, carragenano, alginatos, metilcelulosa, carboximetilcelulosa sódica (SCMC) e hidroxietilcelulosa (HEC). Otros tipos de agentes anti sedimentación se basan en almidones modificados, poliacrilatos, poli(alcohol vinílico) y poli(óxido de etileno). Otro buen agente anti-sedimentación es la goma xantana.
Los microorganismos pueden dañar los productos formulados. Por lo tanto, se utilizan agentes conservantes para eliminar o reducir su efecto. Ejemplos de agentes de este tipo incluyen, pero no se limitan a: ácido propiónico y su sal de sodio, ácido sórbico y sus sales de sodio o de potasio, ácido benzoico y su sal de sodio, sal sódica del ácido phidroxibenzoico, p-hidroxibenzoato de metilo y 1,2-bencisotiazolin-3-ona (BIT).
La presencia de tensioactivos provoca a menudo que las formulaciones a base de agua formen espuma durante las operaciones de mezcladura en la producción y en la aplicación a través de un tanque de pulverización. Con el fin de reducir la tendencia a la formación de espuma, a menudo se añaden agentes anti-espumantes durante la fase de producción o antes de llenar las botellas. Generalmente, existen dos tipos de agentes anti-espumantes, a saber, siliconas y no siliconas. Las siliconas son habitualmente emulsiones acuosas de dimetilpolisiloxano, mientras que los agentes anti-espumantes que no son silicona son aceites insolubles en agua, tales como octanol y nonanol, o sílice. En ambos casos, la función del agente anti-espumante es desplazar el tensioactivo de la interfaz aire-agua.
Los agentes "verdes"(p. ej.adyuvantes, tensioactivos, disolventes) pueden reducir la huella ambiental general de las formulaciones de protección de cultivos. Los agentes verdes son biodegradables y generalmente se derivan de fuentes naturales y/o sostenibles,p. ej.,fuentes vegetales y animales. Son ejemplos específicos: aceites vegetales, aceites de semillas y ésteres de los mismos, también alquilpoliglucósidos alcoxilados.
Aplicaciones
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar a cualquier lugar. Lugares particulares para aplicar moléculas de este tipo incluyen lugares en donde están creciendo o se han de plantar sus semillas alfalfa, almendras, manzanas, cebada, judías, canola, maíz, algodón, crucíferas, flores, especies forrajeras (raigrás, pasto Sudan, fesctuca arundinácea, espiguilla y trébol), frutas , lechuga, avena, cultivos de semillas oleaginosas, naranjas, cacahuetes, peras, pimientos, patatas, arroz, sorgo, soja, fresas, caña de azúcar, remolacha azucarera, girasoles, tabaco, tomates, trigo (por ejemplo, trigo duro rojo de invierno, trigo rojo suave de invierno, trigo blanco de invierno, trigo rojo duro de primavera y trigo duro de primavera) y otros cultivos valiosos.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) también se puede aplicar en donde crecen plantas, tales como cultivos, y en donde hay niveles bajos (incluso sin presencia real) de plagas que pueden dañar comercialmente a plantas de este tipo. La aplicación de una molécula de este tipo en un lugar de este tipo es beneficiosa para las plantas que se cultivan en dicho lugar. Dichos beneficios pueden incluir, pero no se limitan a: ayudar a la planta a desarrollar un mejor sistema radicular; ayudar a la planta a resistir mejor las condiciones de crecimiento estresantes; mejorar la salud de una planta; mejorar el rendimiento de una planta(p. ej.,mayor biomasa y/o mayor contenido de ingredientes valiosos); mejorar el vigor de una planta(p. ej.,crecimiento vegetal mejorado y/u hojas más verdes); mejorar la calidad de una planta(p. ej.,mejorar el contenido o la composición de determinados ingredientes); y mejorar la tolerancia al estrés abiótico y/o biótico de la planta.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar con sulfato de amonio cuando se cultivan diversas plantas, ya que esto puede proporcionar beneficios adicionales.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) puede aplicarse sobre, en o alrededor de plantas genéticamente modificadas para expresar rasgos especializados, tales comoBacillus thuringiensis(por ejemplo, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1), otras toxinas insecticidas o aquellas que expresan tolerancia a herbicidas, o aquellas con genes extraños "apilados" que expresan toxinas insecticidas, tolerancia a herbicidas, mejora de la nutrición o cualesquiera otros rasgos beneficiosos.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar a las porciones foliares y/o fructíferas de las plantas para controlar plagas. Cualquier molécula de este tipo entrará en contacto directo con la plaga, o la plaga consumirá dichas moléculas al comer la planta o al extraer la savia u otros nutrientes de la planta.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) también se puede aplicar al suelo, y cuando se aplica de esta manera, se pueden controlar las plagas que se alimentan de raíces y tallos. Las raíces pueden absorber moléculas de este tipo llevándola así a las porciones foliares de la planta para controlar las plagas que mastican y se alimentan de savia por encima del suelo.
El movimiento sistémico de plaguicidas en plantas puede utilizarse para controlar plagas en una parte de la planta aplicando (por ejemplo, rociando un lugar) la composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) a una parte diferente de la planta. Por ejemplo, el control de los insectos que se alimentan de las hojas se puede lograr mediante riego por goteo o aplicación en surcos, tratando el suelo, por ejemplo, antes o después de la siembra, o tratando las semillas de una planta antes de plantar.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede utilizar con cebos. Generalmente, con los cebos, los cebos se colocan en el suelo en donde, por ejemplo, las termitas pueden entrar en contacto y/o ser atraídas por el cebo. Los cebos también se pueden aplicar a la superficie de un edificio (horizontal, vertical o inclinada) en que, por ejemplo, hormigas, termitas, cucarachas y moscas pueden entrar en contacto con el cebo o ser atraídas por él.
La molécula (a) puede encapsularse en el interior o colocarse sobre la superficie de una cápsula. El tamaño de las cápsulas puede variar desde un tamaño nanométrico (aproximadamente 100-900 nanómetros de diámetro) hasta un tamaño micrométrico (aproximadamente 10-900 micras de diámetro).
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar a los huevos de las plagas. Debido a la capacidad única de los huevos de algunas plagas de resistir determinados plaguicidas, pueden ser deseables aplicaciones repetidas de moléculas de este tipo para controlar las larvas recién emergidas.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar a tratamientos de semillas. Los tratamientos de semillas se pueden aplicar a todo tipo de semillas, incluidas aquellas a partir de las cuales germinarán plantas modificadas genéticamente para expresar rasgos especializados. Ejemplos representativos incluyen aquellos que expresan proteínas tóxicas para plagas de invertebrados, tales comoBacillus thuringiensisu otras toxinas insecticidas, aquellos que expresan tolerancia a herbicidas, tales como la semilla "Roundup Ready", o aquellos con genes extraños "apilados" que expresan toxinas insecticidas, tolerancia a herbicidas, potenciamiento de la nutrición, tolerancia a la sequía o cualquier otro rasgo beneficioso. Además, tratamientos de semillas de este tipo con la composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) pueden potenciar adicionalmente la capacidad de una planta de resistir mejor las condiciones de crecimiento estresantes. Esto da como resultado una planta más saludable y vigorosa, lo que puede conducir a mayores rendimientos en el momento de la cosecha. En general, se espera que aproximadamente 1 gramo de moléculas de este tipo a aproximadamente 500 gramos por cada 100.000 semillas proporcione buenos beneficios, se espera que cantidades de aproximadamente 10 gramos a aproximadamente 100 gramos por cada 100.000 semillas proporcionen mejores beneficios, y se espera que cantidades de aproximadamente 25 gramos a aproximadamente 75 gramos por cada 100.000 semillas proporcionen incluso mejores beneficios.
La molécula (a) se puede aplicar con uno o más ingredientes activos en una enmienda del suelo.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) puede utilizarse para controlar endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en el sector de la medicina veterinaria o en el campo de la cría de animales no humanos. Moléculas de este tipo se puede aplicar por administración oral en forma de, por ejemplo, tabletas, cápsulas, bebidas, gránulos, por aplicación dérmica en forma de, por ejemplo, inmersión, pulverización, vertido, manchado y espolvoreado, y por administración parenteral en forma de, por ejemplo, una inyección.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) también se puede emplear ventajosamente en la cría de ganado, por ejemplo, ganado vacuno, pollos, gansos, cabras, cerdos, ovejas y pavos. También se puede emplear ventajosamente en mascotas tales como caballos, perros y gatos. Las plagas particulares a controlar serían las moscas, pulgas y garrapatas que son molestas para animales de este tipo. Formulaciones adecuadas se administran por vía oral a los animales con agua potable o piensos. Las dosis y formulaciones que son adecuadas dependen de la especie.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) también puede utilizarse para controlar gusanos parásitos, especialmente del intestino, en los animales arriba enumerados.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) también se puede emplear en métodos terapéuticos para el cuidado de la salud humana. Métodos de este tipo incluyen, pero se limitan a administración oral en forma de, por ejemplo, tabletas, cápsulas, bebidas, gránulos, y por aplicación dérmica.
La composición reivindicada que comprende la molécula (a) se puede aplicar también a plagas invasoras. Las plagas de todo el mundo han estado migrando a nuevos entornos (para dicha plaga) y, a partir de entonces, se han convertido en una nueva especie invasora en un entorno nuevo de este tipo. Moléculas de este tipo también se pueden utilizar en nuevas especies invasoras de este tipo para controlarlas en estos nuevos entornos.
Los encabezamientos en este documento son solo por conveniencia y no deben utilizarse para interpretar parte alguna del mismo.
TABLAS TABLAB
TABLA C
Tabla 2. Estructura y método de preparación de la Molécula F1802
Tabla 5: Datos analíticos para la Molécula F1802
Tabla ABC: Resultados Biológicos
Claims (12)
- REIVINDICACIONES 1. Una composición, que comprende: (a) una molécula que tiene la siguiente fórmula
- y (b) un ingrediente activo, en donde dicho ingrediente activo se selecciona de inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa (AChE). 2. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, en donde la molécula tiene la siguiente fórmula:
- 3. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1 o la reivindicación 2, en donde el inhibidor de acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) se selecciona del grupo que consiste en acefato, alanicarb, aldicarb, azametifos, azinfos-etilo, azinfos-metilo, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxicarboxim, cadusafos, carbarilo, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cloretoxifos, clorfenvinfos, clormefos, clorpirifos, clorpirifos-metilo, coumafos, cianofos, demeton-S-metilo, diazinon, diclorvos/DDVP, dicrotofos, dimetoato, dimetilvinfos, disulfoton, EPN, etiofencarb, etion, etoprofos, famfur, fenamifos, fenitrotion, fenobucarb, fention, formetanato, fostiazato, furatiocarb, heptenofos, imiciafos, isofenfos, isoprocarb, O-(metoxiaminotio-fosforil)salicilato de isopropilo, isoxation, malation, mecarbam, metamidofos, metidation, metiocarb, metomil, metolcarb, mevinfos, monocrotofos, Naled, ometoato, oxamil, oxidemeton-metilo, paration, paration-metilo, fentoato, forato, fosalona, fosmet, fosfamidon, foxim, pirimicarb, pirimifos-metilo, profenofos, propetamfos, propoxur, protiofos, piraclofos, piridafention, quinalfos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temefos, terbufos, tetraclorvinfos, tiodicarb, tiofanox, tiometon, triazamato, triazofos, triclorfon, trimetacarb, vamidotion, XMC y xililcarb.
- 4. Una composición de acuerdo con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 100:1 a 1:100.
- 5. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 50:1 a 1:50.
- 6. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 20:1 a 1:20.
- 7. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 10:1 a 1:10.
- 8. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 5:1 a 1:5.
- 9. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 3:1 a 1:3.
- 10. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 2:1 a 1:2.
- 11. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es 1:1.
- 12. Una composición de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en donde la relación ponderal de la molécula al ingrediente activo es X:Y, en dondeXes las partes en peso de la molécula eYes las partes en peso del ingrediente activo; en donde, además, el intervalo numérico de las partes en peso paraXes 0 <X <100 y las partes en peso paraYes 0 <Y <100 y en donde, además, X e Y se seleccionan de la T ABLA C TABLA C
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- 2017-10-09 ES ES17797782T patent/ES2904895T3/es active Active
- 2017-10-09 EP EP21203227.0A patent/EP3964495A1/en active Pending
- 2017-10-09 CA CA3038847A patent/CA3038847A1/en active Pending
- 2017-10-11 UY UY0001037439A patent/UY37439A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2017-10-12 TW TW110139706A patent/TWI788067B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2017-10-12 TW TW106134927A patent/TWI745450B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2019
- 2019-01-18 US US16/251,752 patent/US20190150452A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2019-01-18 US US16/251,699 patent/US10993440B2/en active Active
- 2019-04-10 CL CL2019000966A patent/CL2019000966A1/es unknown
- 2019-04-11 MX MX2023000289A patent/MX2023000289A/es unknown
- 2019-04-12 CO CONC2019/0003651A patent/CO2019003651A2/es unknown
- 2019-04-15 IL IL266033A patent/IL266033A/en unknown
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2020
- 2020-07-30 IL IL276408A patent/IL276408B/en unknown
- 2020-09-24 AU AU2020239757A patent/AU2020239757B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2020-11-16 JP JP2020190332A patent/JP7097937B2/ja active Active
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2021
- 2021-01-03 IL IL279925A patent/IL279925A/en unknown
- 2021-02-11 US US17/173,229 patent/US11944099B2/en active Active
- 2021-04-28 IL IL282759A patent/IL282759B/en unknown
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2022
- 2022-06-28 JP JP2022103096A patent/JP7387818B2/ja active Active
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2023
- 2023-11-15 JP JP2023194057A patent/JP7669449B2/ja active Active
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