ES2370221B1 - ATTRACTING COMPOSITION FOR FOREST INSECTS. - Google Patents
ATTRACTING COMPOSITION FOR FOREST INSECTS. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2370221B1 ES2370221B1 ES201030755A ES201030755A ES2370221B1 ES 2370221 B1 ES2370221 B1 ES 2370221B1 ES 201030755 A ES201030755 A ES 201030755A ES 201030755 A ES201030755 A ES 201030755A ES 2370221 B1 ES2370221 B1 ES 2370221B1
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- Prior art keywords
- composition
- methyl
- xylophagous
- application
- butanol
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- QPRQEDXDYOZYLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-1-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)CO QPRQEDXDYOZYLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000005667 attractant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
- A01N31/02—Acyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
- A01N35/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing aliphatically bound aldehyde or keto groups, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. acetals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Composición atrayente para insectos que comprende etanol, acetato de etilo, acetaldehído, 3-metil-1-butanol, 2-metil-1-butanol, 2-metil-1-propanol y agua destilada y su uso para el control biorracional de plagas y para la estimación de poblaciones de cerambícidos xilófagos.Attractant composition for insects comprising ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and distilled water and its use for biorrational control of pests and for the estimation of populations of xylophagous cerambicides.
Description
Composición atrayente para insectos forestales. Attractive composition for forest insects.
Campo de la invención Field of the Invention
La presente invención se refiere a una composición atrayente para insectos forestales, y al uso de la misma para el control biorracional de plagas y para la estimación de poblaciones de cerambícidos xilófagos. The present invention relates to an attractive composition for forest insects, and the use thereof for biorrational control of pests and for the estimation of populations of xylophagous cerambycids.
Estado de la técnica anterior Prior art
Los grandes cerambícidos perforadores del leño de las encinas (Quercus ilex L.) y alcornoques (Quercus suber L.) en España se corresponden taxonómicamente con cinco especies diferentes. Cuatro de ellas pertenecen a la subfamilia Cerambycinae, tribu Cerambycini (Cerambyx cerdo ssp. mirbeckii L., C. welensii Küster, C. miles Bonelli y C. scopolli Füessly); la quinta pertenece a la subfamilia Prioninae, tribu Prinobiini (Prinobius myardi Mulsant) (Vives, E. Ramos, The large perforating ceramics of the oak wood (Quercus ilex L.) and cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) in Spain correspond taxonomically with five different species. Four of them belong to the Cerambycinae subfamily, Cerambycini tribe (Cerambyx pig ssp. Mirbeckii L., C. welensii Küster, C. miles Bonelli and C. scopolli Füessly); the fifth belongs to the subfamily Prioninae, Prinobiini tribe (Prinobius myardi Mulsant) (Vives, E. Ramos,
M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Fauna Ibérica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. lám. 2000; Verdugo y Pérez-López 2004). M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Iberian fauna. National Museum of Natural Sciences. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. The m. 2000; Verdugo and Pérez-López 2004).
Aunque no son bien conocidos, los hábitos alimenticios de los adultos de estas especies no parecen repercutir en la salud del arbolado, puesto que parecen limitarse a absorber agua y otras exudaciones corticales (Vives, E. Ramos, Although they are not well known, the eating habits of adults of these species do not seem to have an impact on the health of the trees, since they appear to be limited to absorbing water and other cortical exudations (Vives, E. Ramos,
M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Fauna Ibérica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. lám. 2000). En Hanks et al, (1999). Influence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of cerambycid beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44: 483-505, se mantiene que la mayoría de cerambícidos xilófagos actúan sobre los tejidos subcorticales, mientras que unas pocas especies se alimentan del xilema secundario. En este último grupo se encuadran las especies citadas; así, la actividad larvaria causa grandes destrucciones en el leño de los árboles, que facilitan roturas bajo la acción del viento o del propio peso de las ramas (Romanyk, N.; Cadahía, M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Iberian fauna. National Museum of Natural Sciences. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. The m. 2000). In Hanks et al, (1999). In fl uence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of cerambycid beetles. Annu Rev. Entomol. 44: 483-505, it is maintained that the majority of xylophagous cerambicides act on subcortical tissues, while a few species feed on the secondary xylem. In the latter group, the cited species are framed; thus, the larval activity causes great destruction in the log of the trees, which facilitate breaks under the action of the wind or of the own weight of the branches (Romanyk, N .; Cadahía,
D. (coordinadores) (2002). Plagas de Insectos en las Masas Forestales Españolas. Nueva edición revisada. Mundi-Prensa. 342 pp; Bense, U. (1995). Longhorn Beetles, Illustrated Key to the Cerambycidae and Vesperidae of Europa. Margraf Verlag; Neikersheim. 512 pp; Vives, E. Ramos, M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Fauna Ibérica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. lám. 2000). Junto a esta acción directa existe una probable acción indirecta facilitando la dispersión e infección de patógenos -hongos como Biscogniauxia mediterránea (De Not.) Kuntze o el género Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., o la bacteria Brenneria quercina Hauben-, así como de hongos causantes de pudriciones del leño -géneros Formes (Fr.) Fr. y Stereum Hill ex Pers.-(Moral del, J.; Gallego, M.; Nuñez; Chiva, V. (1989). Cerambyx cerdo L, un coleóptero parásito de los Quercus spp. de las dehesas extremeñas. Phytoma-España 10: 58-63; Ragazzi. A.; Tiberi, R. (1998). Ruolo degli insetti fitofagi e dei patogeni fungini nel deperimento delle querce in Italia. Monti e Boschi 49 (6): 25-28; Ostry, M. E.; Anderson, N. A. (1995). Infection of Populus tremuloides by Hypoxylon mammatum ascospores through Saperda inornata galls. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25 (5): 813-816). D. (coordinators) (2002). Insect pests in the Spanish Forest Masses. New revised edition. Mundi-Press. 342 pp; Bense, U. (1995). Longhorn Beetles, Illustrated Key to the Cerambycidae and Vesperidae of Europe. Margraf Verlag; Neikersheim 512 pp; Vives, E. Ramos, M. A. et al. (eds.). Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. Iberian fauna. National Museum of Natural Sciences. CSI, Madrid. Vol. 12. 716 pp., 5h. The m. 2000). Along with this direct action there is a probable indirect action facilitating the spread and infection of pathogens - fungi such as Mediterranean Biscogniauxia (De Not.) Kuntze or the genus Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Or the bacterium Brenneria quercina Hauben-, as well as fungi that cause wood rot - genera Formes (Fr.) Fr. and Stereum Hill ex Pers .- (Moral del, J .; Gallego, M .; Nuñez; Chiva, V. (1989). Cerambyx pig L, a parasitic beetle of Quercus spp. Of the meadows of Extremadura. Phytoma-Spain 10: 58-63; Ragazzi. A .; Tiberi, R. (1998). Ruolo degli insetti fi tofagi e dei patogeni fungini nel deperimento delle querce in Italy Monti e Boschi 49 (6): 25-28; Ostry, ME; Anderson, NA (1995) Infection of Populus tremuloides by Hypoxylon mammatum ascospores through Saperda inornata galls. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25 (5): 813-816).
Según sea el vigor del hospedante, es frecuente denominar “xilófagas primarias” a las especies que viven a costa de árboles vivos y sanos, mientras que las “xilófagas secundarias” se desarrollan en árboles muertos o con vitalidad reducida (Compte, A.; Caminero, M. (1982). Las comunidades de coleópteros xilófagos de las encinas de los alrededores de Madrid. Graellsia, tomo 38, pp.: 201-217; Hanks, L. M. (1999). Influence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of cerambycid beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44: 483-505). C. welensii y P. myardi muestran clara preferencia por árboles con algún tipo de daño, debilitados o decadentes (Romanyk, N.; Cadahía, D. (coordinadores) (2002). Plagas de Insectos en las Masas Forestales Españolas. Nueva edición revisada. Mundi-Prensa. 342 pp, El Antry, S. (1999). Biologie et dègˆats de Cerambyx cerdo mirbecki Lucas (Coléoptère, Cerambycidae) en subéraie de la Mamora (Maroc). Integrated Protection in Oak Forests IOBC. Bulletin 22 (3) pp.: 59-64; López, G.; Domínguez, L.; Sánchez, I.; Tapias, R.; Cremades, D.; Paramio, A.; Alesso S.P. (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles (Coleóptera: Cerambycidae) in mediterraneam Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Incidencie on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.), Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems. Proceedings 10th MEDECOS Conference, Rhodes, Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp). Sin embargo no es extraño encontrar árboles jóvenes o con aparente buen estado pero con síntomas de infestación por estos cerambícidos, probablemente por Cerambyx spp. (Moral del, J.; Gallego, M.; Nuñez; Chiva, V. (1989). Cerambyx cerdo L, un coleóptero parásito de los Quercus spp. de las dehesas extremeñas. Phytoma-España 10: 58-63; Navarro, R.M.; Fernández, P. (2001). Evaluation de dégats produits par le déperisement du chˆDepending on the vigor of the host, it is common to call “primary xylophages” the species that live at the cost of live and healthy trees, while the “secondary xylophages” develop in dead trees or with reduced vitality (Compte, A .; Caminero , M. (1982). The xylophagous beetle communities in the surrounding areas of Madrid. Graellsia, volume 38, pp .: 201-217; Hanks, LM (1999). In fl uence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of cerambycid beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44: 483-505). C. welensii and P. myardi show a clear preference for trees with some kind of damage, weakened or decaying (Romanyk, N .; Cadahía, D. (coordinators) (2002). Insect pests in Spanish Forest Masses. New revised edition .Mundi-Press. 342 pp. El Antry, S. (1999). Biologie et dègˆats de Cerambyx pig mirbecki Lucas (Coléoptère, Cerambycidae) in the Mamora subéraie (Maroc). ) pp .: 59-64; López, G .; Domínguez, L .; Sánchez, I .; Tapias, R .; Cremades, D .; Paramio, A .; Alesso SP (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles ( Coleóptera: Cerambycidae) in mediterraneam Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Incidencie on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.), Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems. , Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp). However it is not uncommon to find young trees or with apparent good condition but with symptoms of infestation by these cerambicides, probably by Cerambyx spp. (Moral del, J .; Gallego, M .; Nuñez; Chiva, V. (1989). Cerambyx pig L, a parasitic beetle of Quercus spp. Of the meadows of Extremadura. Phytoma-Spain 10: 58-63; Navarro, RM; Fernández, P. (2001) Evaluation of dégats produits par le déperisement du chˆ
ene-liege en Andalusie. Selviculture of cedar (Cedrus atlantica End. M.) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.). IUFRO; López, G.; Domínguez, L.; Sánchez, I.; Tapias, R.; Cremades, D.; Paramio, A.; Alesso S.P. (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in mediterraneam Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Incidencie on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.). En: Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems. Proceedings 10th MEDECOS Conference, Rhodes, Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp). Jan-Liege in Andalusie. Selviculture of cedar (Cedrus atlantica End. M.) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.). IUFRO; López, G .; Dominguez, L .; Sánchez, I .; Tapias, R .; Cremades, D .; Paramio, A .; Alesso S.P. (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in mediterraneam Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Impact on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.). In: Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems. Proceedings 10th MEDECOS Conference, Rhodes, Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp).
El comportamiento citado ha hecho que los insectos de los géneros Cerambyx y Prinobius se hayan considerado un factor desencadenante y/o agravante en el problema de la seca en las formaciones boscosas del género Quercus en España, llegando a darse situaciones en que tal acción se ha considerado la principal amenaza para la arboleda (Montoya, J. M. (1992). Mortandad de quercíneas: la perspectiva selvícola y los antecedentes climáticos. La cuestión de Hypoxylon mediterraneum en el alcornocal de Mamora (Marruecos). Ecología 6: 123-130; Muñoz, C.; Cobos, P.; Martínez, G.; Soldevilla, C.; Díaz, M. (1996). Micoflora y patología del alcornoque (Quercus suber L.). Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid. 328 pp; Navarro, R. M.; Fernández, P.; Trapero, A.; Caetano, P.; Romero, The aforementioned behavior has meant that the insects of the Cerambyx and Prinobius genera have been considered a triggering and / or aggravating factor in the problem of dryness in the forest formations of the Quercus genus in Spain, leading to situations in which such action has been considered the main threat to the grove (Montoya, JM (1992). Queries' mortality: the forestry perspective and the climatic background. The question of Hypoxylon mediterraneum in the cork oak of Mamora (Morocco). Ecology 6: 123-130; Muñoz, C .; Cobos, P .; Martínez, G .; Soldevilla, C .; Díaz, M. (1996). Mico fl ora and pathology of cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Madrid. 328 pp ; Navarro, RM; Fernández, P .; Trapero, A .; Caetano, P .; Romero,
M. A.; Sánchez, M. E.; Fernández, A.; Sánchez, I.; López, G. (2004). Los procesos de decaimiento de encinas y alcornoques. Monografía. Convenio Consejería de Medio Ambiente-Universidad de Córdoba. Dirección General de Gestión del Medio Natural. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía. 32 pp). En particular, C. welensii y M. A .; Sánchez, M. E .; Fernández, A .; Sánchez, I .; López, G. (2004). The processes of decay of holm oaks and cork oaks. Monograph. Agreement of the Ministry of Environment-University of Córdoba. General Directorate of Natural Environment Management. Ministry of Environment. Andalusian Board 32 pp). In particular, C. welensii and
P. myardi caben ser consideradas los cerambícidos xilófagos más problemáticos para el género Quercus en Andalucía Occidental (España) (López, G.; Domínguez, L.; Sánchez, I.; Tapias, R.; Cremades, D.; Paramio, A.; Alesso S.P. (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in mediterraneam Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Incidencie on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.). En: Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems. Proceedings 10th MEDECOS Conference, Rhodes, Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp). P. myardi can be considered the most problematic xylophagous cerambicids for the Quercus genus in Western Andalusia (Spain) (López, G .; Domínguez, L .; Sánchez, I .; Tapias, R .; Cremades, D .; Paramio, A .; Alesso SP (2004). Population ecology of xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Mediterranean Quercus forest (southwest of Iberian Peninsule). Impact on oak trees health (Quercus ilex L. spp ballota and Quercus suber L.). Ecology, Conservation and Management of Mediterraneam Climate Ecosystems, Proceedings 10th MEDECOS Conference, Rhodes, Greece, April 25-May 1; 8 pp).
A pesar de la importancia de la acción de estas especies no existen aún propuestas eficaces de control de sus poblaciones (Romanyk, N.; Cadahía, D. (coordinadores) (2002). Plagas de Insectos en las Masas Forestales Españolas. Nueva edición revisada. Mundi-Prensa. 342 pp; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Tapias, R.; Domínguez, L.; López, G. (2009). Variabilidad intraespecífica de la respuesta electroantenográfica en Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleóptera, Cerambycidae): influencia de factores anatómicos, fisiológicos y experimentales. Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales 18: 2, págs. 140-151). El estudio de los factores condicionantes de la selección de hospedantes proporciona valiosa información, en particular para especies de estas características, de cara al planteamiento de propuestas de control integrado (Pickett, J. A.; Wadhams, L. J.; Woodcock, C. M. (1991). New approaches to the development of semiochemicals for insect control. Proceedings of the Congress Insect Chemical Ecology, Tabor 1990. pp. 333345.; Allison, J.; Borden, J.; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14:123 -150. Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Tapias, R.; Domínguez, L. y López, G. (2007). Caracterización de la respuesta electroantenográfica de Cerambyx welensii Küster y Prinobius germari Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Inv. Agrar.: Sist. Rec. For. 16: 95-106.). En este sentido la participación de compuestos volátiles del arbolado en la selección de hospedantes por cerambícidos ha sido constatada en más de 30 especies y continúa siendo estudiada en la actualidad (Allison, J.; Borden, J.; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14:123 -150; Ibeas, F.; Gallego, D.; Diez, J. J.; Pajares, J.A. (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae). J. Appl. Entomol. Despite the importance of the action of these species, there are still no effective proposals to control their populations (Romanyk, N .; Cadahía, D. (coordinators) (2002). Insect pests in Spanish Forest Masses. New revised edition Mundi-Press, 342 pp; Sánchez-Osorio, I .; Tapias, R .; Dominguez, L .; López, G. (2009). Intraspecific variability of the electroanthenographic response in Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleóptera, Cerambycidae): in fl uence of anatomical, physiological and experimental factors Agricultural research Forest systems and resources 18: 2, pp. 140-151). The study of the conditioning factors of host selection provides valuable information, in particular for species of these characteristics, in order to propose integrated control proposals (Pickett, JA; Wadhams, LJ; Woodcock, CM (1991). New approaches to the development of semiochemicals for insect control Proceedings of the Congress Insect Chemical Ecology, Tabor 1990. pp. 333345 .; Allison, J .; Borden, J .; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera), Chemoecology 14: 123-150, Sánchez-Osorio, I .; Tapias, R .; Dominguez, L. and López, G. (2007). Characterization of the electroanthanographic response of Cerambyx welensii Küster and Prinobius germari Leave (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Inv. Agra .: Sist. Rec. For. 16: 95-106.). In this sense, the participation of volatile woodland compounds in the selection of hosts by cerambicides has been verified in more than 30 species and continues to be studied today (Allison, J .; Borden, J .; Seybold, J. (2004) A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Chemoecology 14: 123-150; Ibeas, F .; Gallego, D .; Diez, JJ; Pajares, JA (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae) J. Appl. Entomol.
131: 13-20; Zhang, F.; Jin, Y.; Chen, H.; Wu, W. (2008). Selectivity mechanism of Anoplophora glabripennis on four different species of maples. Front. Biol. China, 3(1): 78-84). 131: 13-20; Zhang, F .; Jin, Y .; Chen, H .; Wu, W. (2008). Selectivity mechanism of Anoplophora glabripennis on four different species of maples. Front. Biol. China, 3 (1): 78-84).
La información sobre el comportamiento olfativo de C. welensii y P. myardi es aún escasa. Ambas especies han respondido en pruebas electroantenográficas frente a compuestos volátiles relacionados con la emisión por especies hospedantes y no hospedantes, en particular frente a los principales monoterpenos foliares emitidos por Q. ilex y Q. suber: α-pineno, β-pineno, limoneno, mirceno y sabineno (Sánchez-Osorio, I. (2005). Orientación olfativa de Cerambyx welensii Küster y Prinobius germari Dejean, principales cerambícidos xilófagos de encina (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota) y alcornoque (Quercus suber L.), para la localización de hospedantes. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Huelva, 185 p; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Domínguez Nevado, L.; López Pantoja, G.; Tapias Martín, R.; Sánchez-Rodas Navarro, D. (2008). Perfil de emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV) foliares en alcornoques infestados por Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cieñe. For. 26: 59-65; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Tapias, R.; Domínguez, L. y López, G. (2007). Caracterización de la respuesta electroantenográfica de Cerambyx welensii Küster y Prinobius germari Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Inv. Agrar.: Sist. Rec. For. 16: 95-106; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Tapias, R.; Domínguez, L.; López, G. (2009). Variabilidad intraespecífica de la respuesta electroantenográfica en Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae): influencia de factores anatómicos, fisiológicos y experimentales. Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales 18: 2, págs. 140-151; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Tapias, R.; López, G.; Domínguez, L. (2006). Estructura básica y principales parámetros de un dispositivo para el estudio electroantenográfico de estímulos olfativos en cerambícidos. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 32: 109-120). En cuanto a la relación entre la percepción olfativa y la emisión del arbolado, resulta de interés la relación significativa hallada entre la infestación por Information on the olfactory behavior of C. welensii and P. myardi is still scarce. Both species have responded in electroanthenographic tests against volatile compounds related to emission by host and non-host species, particularly against the main foliar monoterpenes emitted by Q. ilex and Q. suber: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, Myrcene and Sabineno (Sánchez-Osorio, I. (2005). Olfactory orientation of Cerambyx welensii Küster and Prinobius germari Dejean, main holm oak xylophagous ceramics (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.), for location of hosts Doctoral thesis, University of Huelva, 185 p; Sánchez-Osorio, I .; Domínguez Nevado, L .; López Pantoja, G .; Tapias Martín, R .; Sánchez-Rodas Navarro, D. (2008). Emission profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in leafy cork trees infested by Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cieñe. .; Domínguez, L. and López, G. (2007). Characterization of the electroanthanographic response of Cerambyx welensii Küster and Prinobius germari Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Inv. Agra .: Sist. Rec. For. 16: 95-106; Sánchez-Osorio, I .; Tapias, R .; Dominguez, L .; López, G. (2009). Intraspecific variability of the electroanthanographic response in Cerambyx welensii Küster (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae): influence of anatomical, physiological and experimental factors. Agricultural Research Forest systems and resources 18: 2, p. 140-151; Sánchez-Osorio, I .; Tapias, R .; López, G .; Dominguez, L. (2006). Basic structure and main parameters of a device for the electroanthenographic study of olfactory stimuli in cerambicides. Bol. San. Veg. Pests 32: 109-120). As for the relationship between olfactory perception and woodland emission, the significant relationship found between infestation by
C. welensii y tasas altas de emisión de limoneno. C. welensii and high rates of limonene emission.
El empleo de trampas cebadas para la captura o el seguimiento de cerambícidos ha mostrado eficacia en varias especies xilófagas, como Anaglyptus subfasciatus Pic, Xylotrechus sagittatus sagittatus (Germar) o Monochamus spp., y continúa siendo objeto de estudio (Nakashima, T.; Nakamura, K.; Makihara, H.; Ohya, E.; Nakanishi, M.; Ikeda, T. (1994). Field response of Anaglyptus subfasciatus Pic (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to benzyl acetate and structurally related esters. Applied Entomology and Zoology 29 (3): 421-425; Allison, J.; Borden, J.; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14:123 -150; Pajares, J. A.; Ibeas, F.; Diez, J. J.; Gallego, D. (2004). Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals. Journal of Applied Entomology 633-638; Miller, D. (2006). Ethanol and (-)-a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA. J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794; Ibeas, F.; Gallego, D.; Diez, J. J.; Pajares, J. A. (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 131: 13-20; Miller, D. R.; Crowe, C. The use of baited traps for the capture or monitoring of cerambicides has shown efficacy in several xylophagous species, such as Anaglyptus subfasciatus Pic, Xylotrechus sagittatus sagittatus (Germar) or Monochamus spp., And continues to be studied (Nakashima, T .; Nakamura , K .; Makihara, H .; Ohya, E .; Nakanishi, M .; Ikeda, T. (1994). Field response of Anaglyptus subfasciatus Pic (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to benzyl acetate and structurally related esters. Applied Entomology and Zoology 29 (3): 421-425; Allison, J .; Borden, J .; Seybold, J. (2004) .A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14: 123-150; Pajares, JA ; Ibeas, F .; Ten, JJ; Gallego, D. (2004). Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals. Journal of Applied Entomology 633-638; Miller, D. (2006 Ethanol and (-) - a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA. J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794; Ibeas, F .; Galician, D .; Ten, J. J .; Pajares, J. A. (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae). J. Appl. Entomol 131: 13-20; Miller, D. R .; Crowe, C.
M. (2009). Length of multiple-funnel traps affeets catches of some bark and wood boring beetles in a slash pine stand in northern Florida. Florida Entomologist 92(3): 506-507; Miller, D. R.; Rabaglia, R. J. (2009). Ethanol and (-)-a -Pinene: attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US. J Chem Ecol. 35:435448). M. (2009). Length of multiple-funnel traps affeets catches of some bark and wood boring beetles in a slash pine stand in northern Florida. Florida Entomologist 92 (3): 506-507; Miller, D. R .; Rabaglia, R. J. (2009). Ethanol and (-) - a -Pinene: attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US. J Chem Ecol. 35: 435448).
En general los cebos atrayentes empleados, para perforadores de coníferas, suelen constar de α-pineno solo o combinado con etanol; también se han empleado feromonas de las especies estudiadas e incluso de escolítidos, como en el caso de Monochamus spp., que en ocasiones se han combinado con las sustancias anteriores (Allison, J.; Borden, J.; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14: 123 -150; Miller, D. (2006). Ethanol and (-)-a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA. J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794; Ibeas, F.; Gallego, D.; Diez, J. J.; Pajares, J. A. (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae). J. Appl. Entornol. 131: 13-20). Respecto a perforadores de frondosas, la influencia de compuestos volátiles en la selección de hospedantes ha sido mucho menos estudiada que en coníferas, baste para ello observar la revisión bibliográfica de Allison, J.; Borden, J.; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleóptera). Chemoecology 14:123 -150. El etanol se ha mostrado atrayente hacia varios perforadores de frondosas empleado en solitario por lo general (Montgomery, M. E. and Wargo, P. M. (1983). Ethanol and other host-derived volátiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods. J. Chem. Ecol. 9:181-190; Dunn, J. P.; Kimmerer, T. W.; Nordin, G. L. (1986). Attraction of the two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and associated borers to volátiles of stressed white oak. Can. Entomol. 118: 503-509;) aunque en algunos estudios se ha combinado con los aromas procedentes de ramas del hospedante (Dunn, J. P. and Potter, D A. (1991).Synergistic effects of oak volatiles with ethanol in the capture of saprophagous wood borers. J. Entomol. Sci. 26: 25-429). Ha sido sugerido también que en algunos casos, como en la preselección de ejemplares de Populus tremuloides Michaux por insectos saproxílicos, los compuestos volátiles no constituyan un factor relevante (Saint-Germain, M.; Buddle, C.M.; & Drapeau, P. (2006). Sampling Saproxylic Coleóptera: Scale Issues and the Importance of Behavior. Environmental entomology 35(2): 478-487). In general, the attractants used, for coniferous drillers, usually consist of α-pinene alone or combined with ethanol; pheromones of the studied species and even of scolitids have also been used, as in the case of Monochamus spp., which have sometimes been combined with the above substances (Allison, J .; Borden, J .; Seybold, J. (2004 ) A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14: 123-150; Miller, D. (2006). Ethanol and (-) - a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794; Ibeas, F .; Gallego, D .; Diez, JJ; Pajares, JA (2007). An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae) J. Appl. Entornol. 131: 13-20). With regard to hardwood drills, the influence of volatile compounds on host selection has been much less studied than in conifers, it is sufficient to observe the literature review of Allison, J .; Borden, J .; Seybold, J. (2004). A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Chemoecology 14: 123-150. Ethanol has been appealing to several hardwood drills usually used alone (Montgomery, ME and Wargo, PM (1983). Ethanol and other host-derived volatile as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods. J. Chem. Ecol 9: 181-190; Dunn, JP; Kimmerer, TW; Nordin, GL (1986). Attraction of the two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (and Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and associated borers to volatile of stressed white oak, Can. Entomol. 118: 503-509;) although in some studies it has been combined with aromas from host branches (Dunn, JP and Potter, D A. (1991). Synergistic effects of oak volatiles with ethanol in the capture of saprophagous wood borers. J. Entomol. Sci. 26: 25-429). It has also been suggested that in some cases, such as in the pre-selection of copies of Populus tremuloides Michaux by saproxylic insects, volatile compounds do not constitute a relevant factor (Saint-Germain, M .; Buddle, CM; & Drapeau, P. (2006 ) Sampling Saproxylic Coleoptera: Scale Issues and the Importance of Behavior. Environmental entomology 35 (2): 478-487).
No existen referencias sobre sustancias atrayentes para P. myardr; pero no ocurre lo mismo con el género Cerambyx. (Dajoz, R. (2000). Entomología Forestal, los insectos y el bosque. Mundi-Prensa Libros, S.A. Madrid. 550 pp.) cita al etanol y al acetato de etilo como atrayentes para Cerambyx cerdo L., especie muy similar a C. welensii tanto morfológicamente como por su comportamiento. Tur, C. et al. (2009). Estudio preliminar sobre métodos de control de la población de Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) en los encinares de Mallorca.En, SECF-Junta de Castilla y León (eds.). 5º Congreso Forestal Español, Ávila 21-25 se septiembre de 2009. 10 pp, han realizado recientemente experimentos de atracción de C. cerdo con aromas de fermentación (a partir de zumos de melocotón y melón), sugiriendo, aunque con carácter preliminar, una mejor actividad para el melocotón. There are no references on attractants for P. myardr; but the same does not happen with the genus Cerambyx. (Dajoz, R. (2000). Forest Entomology, insects and forest. Mundi-Prensa Libros, SA Madrid. 550 pp.) Cites ethanol and ethyl acetate as attractants for Cerambyx pig L., a species very similar to C. welensii both morphologically and by its behavior. Tur, C. et al. (2009). Preliminary study on population control methods of Cerambyx pig (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the oak groves of Mallorca.En, SECF-Junta de Castilla y León (eds.). 5th Spanish Forestry Congress, Ávila September 21-25, 2009. 10 pp., Have recently conducted experiments of attraction of C. pig with fermentation aromas (from peach and melon juices), suggesting, although preliminary, a Better activity for the peach.
Por otro lado, se ha observado en campo la atracción y congregación de ejemplares en torno a exudados de Q. suber. Estos exudados son frecuentes en encinas y alcornoques debilitados (Sánchez, M. E; Sánchez, J. E.; Navarro, R. M.; Fernández, P.; Trapero, A. Incidencia de la podredumbre radical causada por Phytophthora cinnamomi en masas de Quercus en Andalucía. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 29: 87-108. 2003) y pueden tener diversas causas, siendo habitual su origen en infecciones fúngicas o bacterianas (Brasier, C. M. (1996). Phytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe. Environmental constraints including climate change. Ann. Sci. For. 53: 347-358; Alves, A.; Correia, A.; Luque, J.; Phillips, A. (2004). Botryosphaeria corticola, sp. nov. on Quercus species, with notes and description of Botryosphaeria stevensii and its anamorph, Diplodia mutila. Mycologia 96(3): 598-613.; Biosca, E.G.; González, R.; López-López, M.J.; Soria, S.; Montón, C.; Pérez-Laorga, E.; and López, M. M. (2003). Isolation and characterization of Brenneria quercina, causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of Quercus spp. in Spain. Phytopathology 93: 485492). Se considera que en árboles estresados la activación de procesos metabólicos anaerobios origina la formación de etanol, pudiendo iniciarse tal reacción inmediatamente después de producirse algún daño (Kelsey, R. G.; Joseph, On the other hand, the attraction and congregation of specimens around exudates of Q. suber has been observed in the field. These exudates are frequent in weakened oaks and cork oaks (Sánchez, M. E; Sánchez, JE; Navarro, RM; Fernández, P .; Trapero, A. Incidence of the radical rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Quercus masses in Andalusia. Bol San. Veg. Plagues 29: 87-108. 2003) and may have various causes, their origin being common in fungal or bacterial infections (Brasier, CM (1996). Phytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe. Environmental constraints including climate change Ann. Sci. For. 53: 347-358; Alves, A .; Correia, A .; Luque, J .; Phillips, A. (2004). Botryosphaeria corticola, sp. Nov. on Quercus species, with notes and description of Botryosphaeria stevensii and its anamorph, Diplodia mutila, Mycologia 96 (3): 598-613 .; Biosca, EG; González, R .; López-López, MJ; Soria, S .; Montón, C .; Pérez- Laorga, E .; and López, MM (2003) .Isolation and characterization of Brenneria quercina, causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of Quercus spp. in Spain. Phytopathology 93: 485492). It is considered that in stressed trees the activation of anaerobic metabolic processes causes the formation of ethanol, such a reaction can be initiated immediately after some damage occurs (Kelsey, R. G .; Joseph,
G. (2003). Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fire and its relationship to secondary beetles. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 870-884; Kelsey, R. G.; Joseph, G.; Gerson, E. A.; (1998). Ethanol synthesis, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and growth in tissues from nitrogen fertilized Pseudotsuga mensiesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings. Trees 13: 103-111). El etanol ha sido la sustancia volátil mayoritaria detectada en la savia de algunas especies de Quercus (ˆG. (2003). Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fi re and its relationship to secondary beetles. Dog. J. For. Res. 33: 870-884; Kelsey, R. G .; Joseph, G .; Gerson, E. A .; (1998). Ethanol synthesis, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and growth in tissues from nitrogen fertilized Pseudotsuga mensiesii (Mirb.) Franco and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex laws. seedlings Trees 13: 103-111). Ethanol has been the majority volatile substance detected in the sap of some Quercus species (ˆ
Omura, H.; Honda, K. y Hayashi, N. (2000). Identification of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butterflies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physiological Entomology 25 (3), 281-287), donde también aparecieron el 2metil-1-propanol y el 3-metil-1-butanol. Lencina, J. L.; Gallego, D.; Andujar, C. (2009). Adiciones al Catálogo de Cerambícidos Ibéricos (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), nuevas citas de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla la Mancha y Región de Murcia. Boletín de la SEA (en prensa), han capturado C. cerdo y C. welensii en trampas de intercepción cebadas con α-pineno, etanol y mezcla de zumo de melocotón y vino tinto (50% v/v). Omura, H .; Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. (2000). Identi fi cation of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butter fl ies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physiological Entomology 25 (3), 281-287), where 2methyl-1-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol also appeared. Lencina, J. L .; Galician, D .; Andujar, C. (2009). Additions to the Catalog of Iberian Cerambícidos (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), new appointments of the Board of Communities of Castilla la Mancha and Region of Murcia. Bulletin of the SEA (in press), they have captured C. pig and C. welensii in interception traps primed with α-pinene, ethanol and mixture of peach juice and red wine (50% v / v).
El empleo de atrayentes sintéticos basados en aromas procedentes de la especie hospedante ha mostrado éxito en la captura de varios insectos. Así, los lepidópteros Kanisca canace L. y Vanessa indica (Herbst) se ven atraídos hacia combinaciones de etanol, 2metil-1-propanol y 3-metil-1-butanol entre otras, imitadoras del aroma de la savia de Quercus ssp. ( ˆThe use of synthetic attractants based on aromas from the host species has shown success in capturing several insects. Thus, the Lepidoptera Kanisca Canace L. and Vanessa indica (Herbst) are attracted to combinations of ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol among others, imitating the aroma of the sap of Quercus ssp. (ˆ
Omura, H.; Honda, K. y Hayashi, N. (2000). Identification of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butterflies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physioiogical Entomology 25 (3), 281-287). En los coleópteros nitidúlidos Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) y G. fasciatus (Olivier) han resultado eficaces mezclas de acetaldehído, acetato de etilo, etanol, propanol, 2-metil-propanol, 2-metil-butanol y 3-metil-butanol (Lin, H.; Phelan, P. L. (1991). Identification of food volátiles attractive to Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and Glischrochilus fasciatus (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 17: 2469-2480). Similares resultados obtuvieron Bartelt, R. J.; Hossain, M. S. (2006). Development of Synthetic Food-Related Attractant for Carpophilus davidsoni and its Effectiveness in the Stone Fruit Orchards in Southern Australia. J Chem Ecol 32: 2145-2162) en la atracción del nitidúlido Carpophillus davidsoni Dobson, empleando la mezcla anterior sin incluir el propanol; la combinación resultante se consideró imitadora de la emisión de aromas de fermentación procedentes de zumo de melocotón y melocotones en proceso de pudrición. Omura, H .; Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. (2000). Identi fi cation of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butter fl ies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physioiogical Entomology 25 (3), 281-287). In the nitidulide beetles Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) and G. fasciatus (Olivier), effective mixtures of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethanol, propanol, 2-methyl-propanol, 2-methyl-butanol and 3-methyl-butanol (Lin) have been effective , H .; Phelan, PL (1991). Identification of volatile food attractive to Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and Glischrochilus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 17: 2469-2480). Similar results were obtained by Bartelt, R. J .; Hossain, M. S. (2006). Development of Synthetic Food-Related Attractant for Carpophilus davidsoni and its Effectiveness in the Stone Fruit Orchards in Southern Australia. J Chem Ecol 32: 2145-2162) in the attraction of the nitidulide Carpophillus davidsoni Dobson, using the above mixture without including propanol; The resulting combination was considered to mimic the emission of fermentation aromas from peach juice and peaches in the rotting process.
La presencia y daños de grandes cerambícidos como Cerambyx sp. o P. myardi -pero en especial C. welensii-en encina y alcornoque ha originado una gran preocupación entre gestores y propietarios forestales. En los últimos años se han venido desarrollando distintas líneas de investigación financiadas por las Consejerías de Medio Ambiente y de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación de la Junta de Andalucía, entre cuyos objetivos se encontraba la búsqueda de herramientas para el control de cerambícidos xilófagos de encina y alcornoque. The presence and damage of large cerambicides such as Cerambyx sp. or P. myardi - but especially C. welensii-in oak and cork oak that has caused great concern among managers and forest owners. In recent years, different lines of research funded by the Ministry of Environment and Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of the Junta de Andalucía have been developed, whose objectives were the search for tools for the control of holm oak xylophagous cerambicides and cork oak
Existe pues la necesidad de encontrar un método para controlar la problemática asociada a la presencia y daños de grandes cerambícidos como Cerambyx sp. o P. myardi -pero en especial C. welensii-en encina y alcornoque. There is therefore a need to find a method to control the problems associated with the presence and damage of large cerambicides such as Cerambyx sp. or P. myardi -but especially C. welensii-in oak and cork oak.
Explicación de la invención Explanation of the invention.
La presente invención soluciona los problemas descritos en el estado de la técnica ya que proporciona una composición atrayente para insectos forestales. The present invention solves the problems described in the state of the art since it provides an attractive composition for forest insects.
Así pues, en un primer aspecto, la presente invención proporciona una composición atrayente para insectos que comprende etanol, acetato de etilo, acetaldehído, 3-metil-1-butanol, 2-metil-1-butanol, 2-metil-1-propanol y agua destilada. En un aspecto más en particular, la composición de la presente invención comprende 700 ml de etanol; 1,88 ml de acetato de etilo, 1 ml de acetaldehído, 1,2 ml de 3-metil-1-butanol, 0,2 ml de 2-metil-1-butanol, 0,54 ml 2-metil1 -propanol por cada litro de disolución y agua destilada hasta completar el volumen. Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention provides an attractive insect composition comprising ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and distilled water. In a more particular aspect, the composition of the present invention comprises 700 ml of ethanol; 1.88 ml of ethyl acetate, 1 ml of acetaldehyde, 1.2 ml of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 0.2 ml of 2-methyl-1-butanol, 0.54 ml 2-methyl1-propanol per each liter of solution and distilled water until the volume is completed.
En otro aspecto particular de la presente invención, el insecto se refiere a cerambícidos xilófagos. Más en particular, a cerambícidos xilófagos pertenecientes a las especies C. welensii Küster., Cerambyx cerdo L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas y/o Prinobius myardi Mulsant. In another particular aspect of the present invention, the insect refers to xylophagous cerambicides. More particularly, to xylophagous cerambicids belonging to the species C. welensii Küster., Cerambyx pig L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas and / or Prinobius myardi Mulsant.
En un segundo aspecto, la presente invención se refiere al uso de la composición descrita anteriormente para la estimación de poblaciones de cerambícidos xilófagos. Más en particular, para la estimación de poblaciones de cerambícidos xilófagos pertenecientes a las especies C. welensii Küster., Cerambyx cerdo L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas y/o Prinobius myardi Mulsant. In a second aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the composition described above for the estimation of populations of xylophagous cerambycids. More particularly, for the estimation of populations of xylophagous cerambicids belonging to the species C. welensii Küster., Cerambyx pig L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas and / or Prinobius myardi Mulsant.
En un tercer aspecto, la presente invención se refiere al uso de la composición descrita anteriormente para el control biorracional de plagas forestales de cerambícidos xilófagos. Más en particular, para el control biorracional de plagas forestales de cerambícidos xilófagos pertenecientes a las especies C. welensii Küster. y/o Prinobius myardi Mulsant. In a third aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the composition described above for the bio-rational control of forest pests of xylophagous cerambicides. More particularly, for the bio-rational control of forest pests of xylophagous cerambicides belonging to the C. welensii Küster species. and / or Prinobius myardi Mulsant.
Cerambyx welensii es un insecto con una elevada actividad potencial como plaga forestal, cuyos daños se consideran en la actualidad muy problemáticos cuando afectan a determinadas especies vegetales, como Quercus suber L. y Quercus ilex L., en determinados ámbitos regionales españoles (fundamentalmente en aquellos con gran presencia de sistemas adehesados). La capacidad atrayente de la combinación objeto de invención tiene gran potencial para su empleo como estimador de parámetros en estudios de dinámica poblacional, así como en el control de poblaciones de esta especie en un contexto de Manejo Integrado de Plagas. Cerambyx welensii is an insect with a high potential activity as a forest pest, whose damages are currently considered very problematic when they affect certain plant species, such as Quercus suber L. and Quercus ilex L., in certain Spanish regional areas (mainly those with a large presence of adhered systems). The attractive ability of the combination object of the invention has great potential for use as parameter estimator in population dynamics studies, as well as in the control of populations of this species in a context of Integrated Pest Management.
Existe una especie emparentada con C. welensii y que presenta gran similitud morfológica y etológica: Cerambyx cerdo L. ssp. mirbeckii Lucas. Este cerambícido se encuentra protegido por la legislación internacional, siendo su distribución real en España poco conocida aún. La mezcla propuesta podría tener capacidad atrayente para C. cerdo, por lo cual podría ser empleada como indicador de su presencia así como para la estimación de parámetros poblacionales. Finalmente, esta mezcla produce además la captura de otro cerambícido xilófago, como Prinobius myardi, así como de otras especies de insectos forestales; por ello también es posible su empleo como herramienta para el estudio de estos taxones, profundizándose así en el conocimiento de aspectos vinculados a la biodiversidad entomológica forestal imprescindibles para la conservación de nuestros bosques. There is a species related to C. welensii and that has great morphological and ethological similarity: Cerambyx pig L. ssp. Lucas mirbeckii. This cerambícido is protected by international law, its real distribution in Spain still little known. The proposed mixture could have attractive capacity for C. pig, so it could be used as an indicator of its presence as well as for the estimation of population parameters. Finally, this mixture also produces the capture of another xylophagous cerambicid, such as Prinobius myardi, as well as other species of forest insects; Therefore, its use is also possible as a tool for the study of these taxa, thus deepening the knowledge of aspects related to the entomological forest biodiversity essential for the conservation of our forests.
Tal combinación emitida a tasas aproximadas de9y19 gr/día (según colocación del dispensador) origina atracción significativa de ejemplares adultos del cerambícido xilófago Cerambyx welensii Küster. Se ven también atraídos, aunque en menor tasa, tanto el cerambícido xilófago Prinobius myardi Mulsant como otros insectos del medio forestal (Scolya sp., Protaetia sp., Temnoscheila sp.). Such a combination issued at approximate rates of 9 and 19 gr / day (depending on the placement of the dispenser) causes significant attraction of adult specimens of the Cerambyx welensii Küster xylophagous cerambicid. They are also attracted, although at a lower rate, both the Prinobius myardi Mulsant xylophagous cerambicid and other insects from the forest environment (Scolya sp., Protaetia sp., Temnoscheila sp.).
Exposición detallada de modos de realización y Ejemplos Detailed presentation of embodiments and Examples
Se preparó una composición que comprendía 700 ml de etanol; 1,88 ml de acetato de etilo, 1 ml de acetaldehído, 1,2 ml de 3-metil-1-butanol, 0,2 ml de 2-metil-1-butanol, 0,54 ml 2-metil-1-propanol por cada litro de disolución y agua destilada hasta completar el volumen. A composition comprising 700 ml of ethanol was prepared; 1.88 ml of ethyl acetate, 1 ml of acetaldehyde, 1.2 ml of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 0.2 ml of 2-methyl-1-butanol, 0.54 ml 2-methyl-1- Propanol per liter of solution and distilled water until volume is complete.
La mezcla así descrita se preparó en el laboratorio, conservándose en recipiente cerrado hasta su empleo. La aplicación en campo se realizó mediante el empleo de una botella preformada de polietileno de capacidad variable, usualmente 250 cc, con luz de boca de 25 mm de diámetro. Este recipiente actuó como dispensador, rellenándose con 100 ml de la mezcla atrayente, y se colocó sujeto al dispositivo de trampeo utilizado. En cuanto a la colocación del dispensador, se eligió entre dos opciones: en el exterior de la trampa (caso de emplear trampas de vanos cruzados tipo Cross-vane(R) colgadas de los árboles), o bien en el interior (caso de emplear recipientes sencillos sin vanos atados a los troncos). El dispensador así dispuesto emitió la mezcla a una tasa 18,63 ± 2,93 g/día en colocación exterior y 8,66 ± 2,29 g/día en colocación interior (Media ± DT, N=26 y N=25 respectivamente). The mixture thus described was prepared in the laboratory, kept in a closed container until use. The field application was carried out by using a preformed polyethylene bottle of variable capacity, usually 250 cc, with a 25 mm diameter mouth light. This vessel acted as a dispenser, filling with 100 ml of the attractant mixture, and placed subject to the trapping device used. Regarding the placement of the dispenser, two options were chosen: on the outside of the trap (in case of using cross-vane (R) cross-span traps hanging from the trees), or inside (if using simple containers without spans attached to the logs). The dispenser thus disposed emitted the mixture at a rate of 18.63 ± 2.93 g / day in exterior placement and 8.66 ± 2.29 g / day in interior placement (Mean ± SD, N = 26 and N = 25 respectively ).
Los experimentos se realizaron en los años 2008 y 2009 durante los meses de junio y julio, en una dehesa arbolada poblada con Quercus suber en el término municipal de Hinojos (Huelva). La parcela fue preseleccionada por evidenciar, tanto a partir de los daños en el arbolado como por el avistamiento directo de insectos, una elevada infestación por grandes cerambícidos xilófagos. The experiments were carried out in the years 2008 and 2009 during the months of June and July, in a wooded pasture populated with Quercus suber in the municipality of Hinojos (Huelva). The plot was preselected for evidencing, both from the damage in the woodland and the direct sighting of insects, a high infestation by large xylophagous cerambicides.
Se estableció un diseño experimental de bloques completos aleatorios (8 bloques) según el planteamiento de Miller, An experimental design of randomized complete blocks (8 blocks) was established according to Miller's approach,
D. (2006). Ethanol and (-)-a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA. J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794 y Miller, D. R.; Rabaglia, R. J. (2009). Ethanol and (-)-a -Pinene: attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US. J Chem Ecol. 35:435-448; consistente en la separación de los bloques en dos “sitios” distanciados unos 700 metros, instalándose cuatro bloques en cada uno. El espaciamiento de los bloques fue de 15-20 metros, siendo la distancia entre trampas del mismo bloque de 15-20 metros. D. (2006). Ethanol and (-) - a -Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA. J Chem Ecol. 32: 779-794 and Miller, D. R .; Rabaglia, R. J. (2009). Ethanol and (-) - a -Pinene: attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US. J Chem Ecol. 35: 435-448; consisting of the separation of the blocks into two "sites" about 700 meters apart, with four blocks installed in each one. The spacing of the blocks was 15-20 meters, the distance between traps of the same block being 15-20 meters.
Las trampas empleadas fueron de elaboración propia según el tipo “Cross-Vane”, mediante dos vanos cruzados de PVC ensilado negro de 100x20 cm, empleándose como recipiente recolector una garrafa de polietileno de dos litros de capacidad. Las trampas se colgaron de los árboles mediante cuerdas (distancia mínima al suelo de 50 cm; distancia mínima al tronco de dos metros). The traps used were self-made according to the "Cross-Vane" type, by means of two crossed openings of black silage PVC of 100x20 cm, using a two-liter polythene container as a collection container. The traps were hung from the trees by ropes (minimum ground clearance of 50 cm; minimum trunk distance of two meters).
Las sustancias empleadas como cebos potenciales y las características de los dispensadores se exponen en la tabla 1: The substances used as potential baits and the characteristics of the dispensers are shown in Table 1:
TABLA 1 TABLE 1
E=espesor (mm); L=longitud (mm); Ø= diámetro (mm). a): Las purezas de estas sustancias oscilaron entre el 95 y 99%. b): rango de pureza de los compuestos que forman la combinación de la invención: Acetato de etilo: 99%; 2-metil-1-butanol: 98%; 3-metil-1-butanol: 98%; 2-metil-1-propanol: 99%, Acetaldehído: 99%; Etanol: 96%. La mezcla de fermentos naturales. E = thickness (mm); L = length (mm); Ø = diameter (mm). a): The purities of these substances ranged between 95 and 99%. b): purity range of the compounds that form the combination of the invention: Ethyl acetate: 99%; 2-methyl-1-butanol: 98%; 3-methyl-1-butanol: 98%; 2-methyl-1-propanol: 99%, Acetaldehyde: 99%; Ethanol: 96% The mixture of natural ferments.
En general, se emplearon dos tipos de dispensadores: para el α-Pineno se empleó tubo de polietileno negro de alta densidad activado térmicamente (Gallego, D.; Galiana, J.; Diez, J. J.; Pajares, J. A. (2008) Kairomonal responses of Tomicus destruens (Col., Scolytidae) to host volátiles a-pinene and ethanol. J. Appl. Entomol. 132: 654-662); para las restantes sustancias se emplearon botes de polietileno que dispensaban la mezcla a través de un orificio de5o25 mm practicado en el tapón. La revisión de las trampas se efectuó dos veces por semana; los insectos recolectados se depositaron en la colección entomológica del Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales de la Universidad de Huelva (Andalucía, España). Los resultados se muestran en la tabla 2. In general, two types of dispensers were used: for the α-Pineno, a thermally activated high density black polyethylene tube was used (Gallego, D .; Galiana, J .; Diez, JJ; Pajares, JA (2008) Kairomonal responses of Tomicus destruens (Col., Scolytidae) to volatile hosts a-pinene and ethanol. J. Appl. Entomol. 132: 654-662); For the remaining substances, polyethylene canisters were used to dispense the mixture through a 525 mm hole in the stopper. Traps were reviewed twice a week; The collected insects were deposited in the entomological collection of the Department of Agroforestry Sciences of the University of Huelva (Andalusia, Spain). Results are shown in table 2.
TABLA 2 TABLE 2
Capturas totales de cada combinación en 8 trampas Total captures of each combination in 8 traps
Claims (10)
- 1. one.
- Composición atrayente para insectos que comprende etanol, acetato de etilo, acetaldehído, 3-metil-1-butanol, 2metil-1-butanol, 2-metil-1 -propanol y agua destilada. Attracting insect composition comprising ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and distilled water.
- 2. 2.
- Composición según la reivindicación 1 que comprende 700 ml de etanol; 1,88 ml de acetato de etilo, 1 ml de acetaldehído, 1,2 ml de 3-metil-1-butanol, 0,2 ml de 2-metil-1-butanol, 0,54 ml 2-metil-1-propanol por cada litro de disolución y agua destilada hasta completar el volumen. Composition according to claim 1 comprising 700 ml of ethanol; 1.88 ml of ethyl acetate, 1 ml of acetaldehyde, 1.2 ml of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 0.2 ml of 2-methyl-1-butanol, 0.54 ml 2-methyl-1- Propanol per liter of solution and distilled water until volume is complete.
- 4. Four.
- Composición según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-3, donde el cerambícido xilófago pertenece a las especies C. welensii Küster, Cerambyx cerdo L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas y/o Prinobius myardi. Composition according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the xylophagous cerambicid belongs to the species C. welensii Küster, Cerambyx pig L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas and / or Prinobius myardi.
- 5. 5.
- Uso de la composición según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-4 para la estimación de poblaciones de cerambícidos xilófagos. Use of the composition according to any of claims 1-4 for the estimation of populations of xylophagous cerambicides.
- 6. 6.
- Uso según la reivindicación 5, donde el cerambícido xilófago pertenece a las especies C. welensii Küster, Cerambyx cerdo L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas y/o Prinobius myardi. Use according to claim 5, wherein the xylophagous cerambicid belongs to the species C. welensii Küster, Cerambyx pig L. ssp. Mirbeckii Lucas and / or Prinobius myardi.
- 7. 7.
- Uso de la composición según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-4, para el control biorracional de plagas forestales de cerambícidos xilófagos. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1-4, for the bio-rational control of forest pests of xylophagous cerambycids.
- 8. 8.
- Uso según la reivindicación 7, donde el cerambícido xilófago pertenece a las especies C. welensii Küster, y/o Prinobius myardi. Use according to claim 7, wherein the xylophagous cerambicid belongs to the species C. welensii Küster, and / or Prinobius myardi.
- Categoría Category
- Documentos citados Reivindicaciones afectadas Documents cited Claims Affected
- X X
- BARTELT, R. y HOSSAIN, M. Development of synthetic food-related attractant for Carpophilus davidsoni and its effectiveness in the stone fruit orchards in Southern Australia. J. Chem. Ecol., 2006, vol. 32, páginas 2145-2162. 1-8 BARTELT, R. and HOSSAIN, M. Development of synthetic food-related attractant for Carpophilus davidsoni and its effectiveness in the stone fruit orchards in Southern Australia. J. Chem. Ecol., 2006, vol. 32, pages 2145-2162. 1-8
- X X
- LIN, H. y PHELAN, P. Identification of food volatiles attractive to dusky sap beetle, Carpohilus lugubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). J. Chem. Ecology, 1991, vol. 17, nº 6, páginas 1273-1285. 1,3,4,5-8 LIN, H. and PHELAN, P. Identification of food volatiles attractive to dusky sap beetle, Carpohilus lugubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). J. Chem. Ecology, 1991, vol. 17, No. 6, pages 1273-1285. 1,3,4,5-8
- A TO
- TUR, C. et al. Estudio preliminar sobre métodos de control de la población de Cerambyx cerdo L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) en los encinares de Mallorca. En SECF-Junta de Castilla y León (eds.) 5º Congreso Forestal Español, Ávila, 21 a 25 de septiembre de 2009. TUR, C. et al. Preliminary study on population control methods of Cerambyx pig L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the oak groves of Mallorca. In SECF-Junta de Castilla y León (eds.) 5th Spanish Forestry Congress, Ávila, September 21-25, 2009.
- 1-8 1-8
- A TO
- ÔMURA, H. et al. Identification of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butterflies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physiological entomology, 2000, vol. 25, páginas 281-287. 1-8 URAMURA, H. et al. Identification of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butterflies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica. Physiological entomology, 2000, vol. 25, pages 281-287. 1-8
- A TO
- DUNN, J. y POTTER, D. Synergistic effect of oak volatiles with ethanol in the capture of saprophagus wood borers. J. Entomol. Sci, 1991, vol. 26 (4), páginas 426-429. 1-8 DUNN, J. and POTTER, D. Synergistic effect of oak volatiles with ethanol in the capture of saprophagus wood borers. J. Entomol. Sci, 1991, vol. 26 (4), pages 426-429. 1-8
- A TO
- MONTGOMERY, M. y WARGO; P. Ethanol and otherhost-derived volatiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1983, vol. 9 (2) páginas 181-190. 1-8 MONTGOMERY, M. and WARGO; P. Ethanol and otherhost-derived volatiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1983, vol. 9 (2) pages 181-190. 1-8
- A TO
- ALLISON, J. et al. A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Chemoecology, 2004, vol. 14, páginas 123-150. 1-8 ALLISON, J. et al. A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Chemoecology, 2004, vol. 14, pages 123-150. 1-8
- A TO
- WO 030200230 A1 (THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND THROUGH ITS DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES) 13.03.2003, reivindicaciones 1-4. 1-8 WO 030200230 A1 (THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND THROUGH ITS DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES) 13.03.2003, claims 1-4. 1-8
- Categoría de los documentos citados X: de particular relevancia Y: de particular relevancia combinado con otro/s de la misma categoría A: refleja el estado de la técnica O: referido a divulgación no escrita P: publicado entre la fecha de prioridad y la de presentación de la solicitud E: documento anterior, pero publicado después de la fecha de presentación de la solicitud Category of the documents cited X: of particular relevance Y: of particular relevance combined with other / s of the same category A: reflects the state of the art O: refers to unwritten disclosure P: published between the priority date and the date of priority submission of the application E: previous document, but published after the date of submission of the application
- El presente informe ha sido realizado • para todas las reivindicaciones • para las reivindicaciones nº: This report has been prepared • for all claims • for claims no:
- Fecha de realización del informe 05.07.2011 Date of realization of the report 05.07.2011
- Examinador A. Polo Diez Página 1/4 Examiner A. Polo Ten Page 1/4
- Novedad (Art. 6.1 LP 11/1986) Novelty (Art. 6.1 LP 11/1986)
- Reivindicaciones Reivindicaciones 2, 5-8 1, 3, 4 SI NO Claims Claims 2, 5-8 1, 3, 4 IF NOT
- Actividad inventiva (Art. 8.1 LP11/1986) Inventive activity (Art. 8.1 LP11 / 1986)
- Reivindicaciones Reivindicaciones 1-8 SI NO Claims Claims 1-8 IF NOT
- Documento Document
- Número Publicación o Identificación Fecha Publicación Publication or Identification Number publication date
- D01 D01
- BARTELT, R. y HOSSAIN, M. J. 2006 BARTELT, R. and HOSSAIN, M. J. 2006
- D02 D02
- LIN, H. y PHELAN, P. 1991 LIN, H. and PHELAN, P. 1991
- D03 D03
- TUR, et al. 2009 TUR, et al. 2009
- D04 D04
- ÔMURA, H. et al. 2000 URAMURA, H. et al. 2000
- D05 D05
- DUNN, J. y POTTER, D. 1991 DUNN, J. and POTTER, D. 1991
- D06 D06
- MONTGOMERY, M. y WARGO, P. 1983 MONTGOMERY, M. and WARGO, P. 1983
- D07 D07
- ALLISON, J. et al. 2004 ALLISON, J. et al. 2004
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