ES2212223T3 - ABRASION PROCEDURE - Google Patents
ABRASION PROCEDUREInfo
- Publication number
- ES2212223T3 ES2212223T3 ES98301942T ES98301942T ES2212223T3 ES 2212223 T3 ES2212223 T3 ES 2212223T3 ES 98301942 T ES98301942 T ES 98301942T ES 98301942 T ES98301942 T ES 98301942T ES 2212223 T3 ES2212223 T3 ES 2212223T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- diamond
- wood
- workpiece
- abrasion
- abrasive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011094 fiberboard Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021012 strawberries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B19/00—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group
- B24B19/22—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground
- B24B19/24—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground of wood, e.g. furniture
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/04—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic
- B24D3/06—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic metallic or mixture of metals with ceramic materials, e.g. hard metals, "cermets", cements
- B24D3/08—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic metallic or mixture of metals with ceramic materials, e.g. hard metals, "cermets", cements for close-grained structure, e.g. using metal with low melting point
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C26/00—Alloys containing diamond or cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride, fullerenes or carbon nanotubes
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Procedimiento de abrasión.Abrasion procedure
Esta invención se refiere a un procedimiento para la abrasión de una pieza de trabajo en un ambiente corrosivo, según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1. En el documento EP-A-583916 se describe un ejemplo de tal procedimiento.This invention relates to a method for the abrasion of a workpiece in a corrosive environment, according to the preamble of claim 1. In the document EP-A-583916 describes an example of such procedure.
Los conglomerados abrasivos son bien conocidos en la técnica y muy usados en la industria para la abrasión de diversas piezas de trabajo. Consisten básicamente en una masa de partículas abrasivas presentes en una cantidad de al menos el 70 por ciento, preferentemente del 80 al 90 por ciento, en volumen del conglomerado unido en un conglomerado policristalino. Las partículas abrasivas son de diamante o de nitruro de boro cúbico.Abrasive conglomerates are well known in The technique and widely used in the industry for the abrasion of various work pieces. They basically consist of a mass of particles abrasives present in an amount of at least 70 percent, preferably 80 to 90 percent, by volume of the conglomerate joined in a polycrystalline conglomerate. Abrasive particles They are diamond or cubic boron nitride.
Los conglomerados abrasivos se pueden usar por sí solos o unidos a un substrato apropiado. El substrato será, por lo general, un substrato de carburo cementado.Abrasive conglomerates can be used on their own alone or attached to an appropriate substrate. The substrate will be, so general, a substrate of cemented carbide.
Se han usado conglomerados abrasivos de diamante en un amplio abanico de operaciones de abrasión. Estos conglomerados se pueden producir usando una segunda fase o matriz de ligazón que suele contener un disolvente/catalizador apropiado para sintetizar el diamante. En el documento EP-A-0198653 se describe uno de tales conglomerados. Este conglomerado se caracteriza por una segunda fase o matriz de ligazón que contiene cromo y un segundo metal seleccionado entre el grupo de níquel, hierro y cobalto. El cromo está presente en forma metálica, de carburo de cromo y/o en forma de un compuesto intermetálico con el segundo metal. El segundo metal está presente en forma metálica y/o del compuesto intermetálico al que se ha hecho alusión anteriormente. En particular, el conglomerado es útil en las herramientas de restauración de la superficie de corte o en las brocas engastadas en la superficie. Se usa el conglomerado abrasivo y no tiene el soporte de un substrato de carburo cementado.Diamond abrasive conglomerates have been used in a wide range of abrasion operations. These conglomerates they can be produced using a second phase or binding matrix that usually contains an appropriate solvent / catalyst to synthesize the diamond. In the document EP-A-0198653 describes one of such conglomerates. This conglomerate is characterized by a second phase or binding matrix containing chromium and a second metal selected from the group of nickel, iron and cobalt. The chrome is present in metallic, chrome carbide and / or in form of an intermetallic compound with the second metal. The second metal is present in metallic and / or compound form intermetallic to which reference has been made previously. In In particular, the cluster is useful in the tools of restoration of the cutting surface or the bits set in the surface. The abrasive conglomerate is used and does not have the support of a cemented carbide substrate.
Se han usado conglomerados abrasivos en la abrasión, por ejemplo, el corte, de productos de madera. La dureza y la resistencia a la abrasión de un conglomerado de diamante son propiedades que resultan muy útiles en esta aplicación. La madera o los productos de madera pueden contener resinas y un amplio abanico de aglomerantes orgánicos que permanecen sobre la tabla del diamante y que hay que limpiar con productos de limpieza corrosivos que lixivian el aglomerante de cobalto antes de que pueda comenzar el reafilado por mecanizado electroerosivo. La pérdida del aglomerante de cobalto da lugar a un rebaje cuando se afila el borde de corte por mecanizado electroerosivo. Esto a su vez da lugar a la melladura del borde de corte.Abrasive conglomerates have been used in the abrasion, for example, cutting, of wood products. Hardness and The abrasion resistance of a diamond conglomerate are properties that are very useful in this application. Wood or wood products may contain resins and a wide range of organic binders that remain on the diamond table and that you have to clean with corrosive cleaning products that leach the cobalt binder before you can start the re-sharpened by electroerosive machining. The binder loss Cobalt results in a recess when the cutting edge is sharpened by electroerosive machining. This in turn results in the nick of the cutting edge.
El documento EP-A-0583916 describe un procedimiento para producir un producto abrasivo que comprende las etapas de proporcionar una mezcla de diamante y partículas discretas de carburo, siendo las partículas de diamante más pequeñas que las partículas de carburo y estando presentes en la mezcla en una cantidad mayor al 50 por ciento en volumen, y someter la mezcla a condiciones de síntesis del diamante en presencia de un metal aglomerante tal como cobalto, níquel o hierro. El producto abrasivo producido de este modo tiene una cantidad importante de adherencia de diamante con diamante y muchas de las características de un conglomerado de diamante, pero tiene una resistencia al impacto mejorada debido a la presencia de las partículas de carburo. El producto abrasivo tiene una aplicación particular en la mecanización de productos de madera tales como madera natural, aglomerado, tablero de fibra y tablero de madera prensada.The document EP-A-0583916 describes a process for producing an abrasive product comprising the stages of providing a mixture of diamond and discrete particles of carbide, the diamond particles being smaller than carbide particles and being present in the mixture in a amount greater than 50 percent by volume, and subject the mixture to diamond synthesis conditions in the presence of a metal binder such as cobalt, nickel or iron. Abrasive product produced in this way has a significant amount of adhesion of diamond with diamond and many of the characteristics of a diamond conglomerate, but it has an impact resistance enhanced due to the presence of carbide particles. The abrasive product has a particular application in mechanization of wood products such as natural wood, chipboard, fiber board and pressed wood board.
La presente invención describe un procedimiento para la abrasión de una pieza de trabajo en un ambiente corrosivo según la reivindicación 1.The present invention describes a process for abrasion of a workpiece in a corrosive environment according to claim 1.
El conglomerado abrasivo de diamante que se usa en la invención es una masa policristalina de diamante que tiene una segunda fase, comprendiendo el contenido de diamante al menos el 70 por ciento en volumen del conglomerado. La segunda fase consiste en cromo y níquel, existiendo cualquier otro componente únicamente en cantidades traza. Tales conglomerados de diamante han demostrado tener una excelente resistencia a la corrosión, particularmente en ambientes en los que hay presentes aglomerantes y/o productos de limpieza químicos corrosivos.The abrasive diamond chipboard used in the invention is a polycrystalline diamond mass that has a second phase, the diamond content comprising at least 70 volume percent of the conglomerate. The second phase consists of chrome and nickel, existing any other component only in trace quantities. Such diamond conglomerates have shown have excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in environments in which binders and / or products are present Corrosive chemical cleaning.
En el procedimiento de la invención, se hace avanzar el punto o borde de corte del conglomerado hacia la pieza de trabajo con una acción de abrasión. En el contexto de la memoria descriptiva, abrasión significa corte, perforación, ranurado, pulido, o cualquier otra acción de abrasión similar. Esta acción puede tomar diversas formas, conocidas en la técnica, tales como rotación del punto o borde de corte, movimiento alternativo del punto o borde de corte o similares. Por supuesto, la acción abrasiva también puede lograrse manteniendo el borde o punto estacionario y moviendo la pieza de trabajo.In the process of the invention, it is made advance the point or cutting edge of the chipboard towards the piece of I work with an abrasion action. In the context of memory Descriptive, abrasion means cutting, drilling, grooving, polishing, or any other similar abrasion action. This action it can take various forms, known in the art, such as rotation of the cutting point or edge, alternative movement of the cutting point or edge or similar. Of course, the abrasive action it can also be achieved by keeping the edge or stationary point and moving the work piece.
La invención proporciona, según otro aspecto, el uso de un conglomerado abrasivo de diamante según se define anteriormente, en un procedimiento de abrasión de una pieza de trabajo en un ambiente corrosivo.The invention provides, according to another aspect, the use of a diamond abrasive conglomerate as defined previously, in an abrasion procedure of a piece of I work in a corrosive environment.
La relación de masa entre el cromo y el níquel metálico será típicamente de 10:90 a 25:75. En la segunda fase, tanto el cromo como el níquel existirán en forma metálica, en forma de carburos y/o en forma de un compuesto intermetálico del cromo y el níquel.The mass ratio between chromium and nickel Metallic will typically be from 10:90 to 25:75. In the second phase, both chromium and nickel will exist in metallic form, in form of carbides and / or in the form of an intermetallic compound of chromium and nickel
El conglomerado abrasivo de diamante ha demostrado tener una excelente resistencia a la corrosión en ambientes en los que hay presentes aglomerante y/o productos químicos de limpieza corrosivos.The diamond abrasive conglomerate has proven to have excellent corrosion resistance in environments in which binder and / or products are present corrosive cleaning chemicals.
El conglomerado abrasivo de diamante puede adherirse a un substrato de carburo cementado o a una capa base de metal como por ejemplo, molibdeno, tantalio o tungsteno.The diamond abrasive chipboard can adhere to a cemented carbide substrate or a base layer of metal such as molybdenum, tantalum or tungsten.
Así, la invención ha demostrado tener una aplicación particular en la abrasión de productos que contienen madera. Entre los ejemplos de productos de madera están: madera natural, tanto madera blanda como dura; aglomerado y tablero de fibras, laminados y no laminados, que contienen virutas de madera o fibra adheridas por medio de aglomerantes; madera prensada, que es fibra comprimida y serrín; y madera contrachapada. Los productos de madera pueden tener plástico u otro recubrimiento aplicado a los mismos. Algunos de estos productos de madera pueden contener resinas y aglomerantes orgánicos. Se ha descubierto que la presencia de los productos químicos de limpieza corrosivos y/o aglomerante no da como resultado un rebaje considerable del borde o punto de corte de un conglomerado abrasivo de diamante según se describe anteriormente, lo cual da lugar a una incidencia mucho menor de melladuras. La abrasión puede tomar la forma de aserrado, fresado o corte con plantilla. Las herramientas que se usan en tales aplicaciones son generalmente herramientas rotativas de puntas múltiples tales como sierras circulares, fresas de perfilar, fresas radiales, fresas convencionales y fresas de ranurado.Thus, the invention has shown to have a particular application in the abrasion of products containing wood. Examples of wood products are: wood natural, both soft and hardwood; chipboard and board fibers, laminated and non-laminated, containing wood chips or fiber adhered by means of binders; pressed wood, which is compressed fiber and sawdust; and plywood. The products of wood may have plastic or other coating applied to the same. Some of these wood products may contain resins and organic binders. It has been discovered that the presence of corrosive and / or binder cleaning chemicals does not give as result in a considerable reduction of the edge or cut point of a diamond abrasive chipboard as described above, which results in a much lower incidence of indentations. The Abrasion can take the form of sawing, milling or cutting with template. The tools used in such applications are generally multi-tip rotary tools such as circular saws, profile milling cutters, radial cutters, cutters Conventional and grooved strawberries.
Ahora se describirá un ejemplo de un procedimiento para producir un conglomerado abrasivo de diamante que contiene una segunda fase de níquel/cromo. Se situó una masa de partículas de diamante (16,0 g) en una copa de tantalio. Se situó un disco (2,6 g) de una aleación de níquel/cromo encima de la masa de diamantes. Así, la relación de masa del níquel/cromo era 80:20. El níquel/cromo constituyó el 14 por ciento en masa del contenido de la copa de tantalio cargada.Now an example of a procedure to produce a diamond abrasive conglomerate that It contains a second phase of nickel / chromium. A mass of Diamond particles (16.0 g) in a tantalum cup. A disc (2.6 g) of a nickel / chrome alloy above the mass of diamonds Thus, the mass ratio of nickel / chromium was 80:20. The nickel / chromium constituted 14 percent by mass of the content of the Tantalum cup loaded.
La copa cargada se situó en la zona de reacción de un aparato convencional de alta temperatura/alta presión y se sometió a una temperatura de 1500ºC y una presión de 5,5 GPa (55 kilobares) y se mantuvieron estas condiciones durante un periodo de 10 minutos. Se recogió de la zona de reacción un cuerpo abrasivo en forma de disco que comprendía una masa policristalina de partículas de diamante que tenía una segunda fase que contenía cromo y níquel como metales, y en diversas formas combinadas, distribuidos uniformemente por la masa de diamante.The loaded cup was placed in the reaction zone of a conventional high temperature / high pressure apparatus and it subjected to a temperature of 1500 ° C and a pressure of 5.5 GPa (55 kilobars) and these conditions were maintained for a period of 10 minutes. An abrasive body was collected from the reaction zone in disk shape comprising a polycrystalline mass of particles of diamond that had a second phase that contained chromium and nickel as metals, and in various forms combined, distributed evenly by the mass of diamond.
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA9702281 | 1997-03-17 | ||
| ZA972281 | 1997-03-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2212223T3 true ES2212223T3 (en) | 2004-07-16 |
Family
ID=25586303
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES98301942T Expired - Lifetime ES2212223T3 (en) | 1997-03-17 | 1998-03-16 | ABRASION PROCEDURE |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0865876B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3886242B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE258098T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2231929C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69821153T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2212223T3 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA982097B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101678802B (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2012-10-03 | 自动电缆管理有限责任公司 | Ground wire for motor vehicles |
| US8505654B2 (en) | 2009-10-09 | 2013-08-13 | Element Six Limited | Polycrystalline diamond |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IE58796B1 (en) * | 1985-04-09 | 1993-11-17 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Abrasive products |
| ZA935524B (en) * | 1992-08-05 | 1994-02-24 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Abrasive product |
-
1998
- 1998-03-12 ZA ZA982097A patent/ZA982097B/en unknown
- 1998-03-13 CA CA002231929A patent/CA2231929C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-16 EP EP98301942A patent/EP0865876B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-16 ES ES98301942T patent/ES2212223T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-03-16 DE DE69821153T patent/DE69821153T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-16 AT AT98301942T patent/ATE258098T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-03-17 JP JP06717798A patent/JP3886242B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0865876A3 (en) | 2000-03-15 |
| DE69821153D1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
| ATE258098T1 (en) | 2004-02-15 |
| EP0865876A2 (en) | 1998-09-23 |
| CA2231929A1 (en) | 1998-09-17 |
| JP3886242B2 (en) | 2007-02-28 |
| EP0865876B1 (en) | 2004-01-21 |
| DE69821153T2 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
| ZA982097B (en) | 1998-09-16 |
| CA2231929C (en) | 2007-10-02 |
| JPH10277949A (en) | 1998-10-20 |
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