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EP4573725A1 - Mise en oeuvre de commutateur double de niveau supérieur pour un nuage de régions dédié au niveau d'un client - Google Patents

Mise en oeuvre de commutateur double de niveau supérieur pour un nuage de régions dédié au niveau d'un client

Info

Publication number
EP4573725A1
EP4573725A1 EP23762292.3A EP23762292A EP4573725A1 EP 4573725 A1 EP4573725 A1 EP 4573725A1 EP 23762292 A EP23762292 A EP 23762292A EP 4573725 A1 EP4573725 A1 EP 4573725A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nvd
vcn
tor
packet
network
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23762292.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jagwinder Singh Brar
Syed Waqqas Ahmed
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oracle International Corp
Original Assignee
Oracle International Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US18/360,680 external-priority patent/US20240054004A1/en
Application filed by Oracle International Corp filed Critical Oracle International Corp
Publication of EP4573725A1 publication Critical patent/EP4573725A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/24—Multipath
    • H04L45/243—Multipath using M+N parallel active paths
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H04L45/7453—Address table lookup; Address filtering using hashing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/76—Routing in software-defined topologies, e.g. routing between virtual machines

Definitions

  • DRCC Dedicated Region Cloud at Customer
  • CSP cloud service provider
  • DRCC Dedicated Region Cloud at Customer
  • CSP cloud service provider
  • enterprises can easily consolidate mission-critical database systems, with applications that were previously deployed on expensive hardware on the highly available and secure infrastructure of the CSP, thereby creating operational efficiencies and modernization opportunities.
  • the DRCC framework brings the full capabilities of the public cloud on-premises, so that enterprises can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements -- all with the infrastructure of the CSP, which offers enhanced performance and highest levels of security.
  • the DRCC framework is designed to keep data and customer operations completely isolated from the internet – where the control plane and data plane operations remain on- premises – to help customers meet their most demanding compliance and latency requirements. With a fully managed experience and access to new capabilities the moment they become available in the public cloud, the DRCC framework offers cloud-scale security, resiliency and scale, and support for mission-critical workloads with the tools to incrementally modernize legacy workloads.
  • An aspect of the present disclosure provides for a method comprising: communicatively coupling a first physical port of a network virtualization device (NVD) included in a datacenter to a first top-of-rack (TOR) switch and a second TOR switch; communicatively coupling a second physical port of the NVD to a network interface card (NIC) associated with a host machine; receiving, by the NVD, a packet from the host machine via the second physical port of the NVD; determining, by the NVD, a particular TOR, from a group including the first TOR and the second TOR, for communicating the packet; and transmitting, by the NVD, the packet to the particular TOR to facilitate communication of the packet to a destination host machine.
  • NIC network interface card
  • NDVD network virtualization device
  • TOR top-of-rack
  • NIC network interface card
  • NDVD network virtualization device
  • TOR top-of-rack
  • NIC network interface card
  • FIG. 1 is a high level diagram of a distributed environment showing a virtual or overlay cloud network hosted by a cloud service provider infrastructure according to certain embodiments.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a simplified architectural diagram of the physical components in the physical network within CSPI according to certain embodiments.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example arrangement within CSPI where a host machine is connected to multiple network virtualization devices (NVDs) according to certain embodiments.
  • NDVs network virtualization devices
  • FIG. 4 depicts connectivity between a host machine and an NVD for providing I/O virtualization for supporting multitenancy according to certain embodiments.
  • FIG.5 depicts a simplified block diagram of a physical network provided by a CSPI according to certain embodiments.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a configuration of a plurality of TORs included in a rack, according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 depicts another configuration of a plurality of TORs included in a rack, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart illustrating steps performed in providing an availability domain to a customer according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary infrastructure of a DRCC according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart illustrating a process of providing a DRCC to a customer on-premise location according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 11A depicts a flowchart illustrating steps performed in transmission of a packet from a compute host included in the datacenter to a remote host outside the datacenter, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.11B depicts a flowchart illustrating steps performed in transmission of a packet from a remote host outside the datacenter to a compute host included in the datacenter, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 12 depicts another exemplary infrastructure of a DRCC according to some embodiments. [0025] FIG.
  • FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart illustrating another process of providing a DRCC to a customer on-premise location according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary network fabric architecture of a DRCC according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates connections between the NFAB block and a plurality of blocks of switches as well as connections within the NFAB block according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.16 illustrates an exemplary dedicated backbone network for customer regions, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 17 depicts a flowchart illustrating a process of constructing a network fabric according to some embodiments. [0030] FIG.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating one pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a service system, according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a service system, according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a service system, according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a service system, according to at least one embodiment.
  • FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system, according to at least one embodiment.
  • cloud service is generally used to refer to a service that is made available by a cloud services provider (CSP) to users or customers on demand (e.g., via a subscription model) using systems and infrastructure (cloud infrastructure) provided by the CSP.
  • CSP cloud services provider
  • the servers and systems that make up the CSP's infrastructure are separate from the customer's own on-premise servers and systems.
  • Customers can thus avail themselves of cloud services provided by the CSP without having to purchase separate hardware and software resources for the services.
  • Cloud services are designed to provide a subscribing customer easy, scalable access to applications and computing resources without the customer having to invest in procuring the infrastructure that is used for providing the services.
  • cloud service providers that offer various types of cloud services.
  • a customer can subscribe to one or more cloud services provided by a CSP.
  • the customer can be any entity such as an individual, an organization, an enterprise, and the like.
  • a customer subscribes to or registers for a service provided by a CSP, a tenancy or an account is created for that customer. The customer can then, via this account, access the subscribed-to one or more cloud resources associated with the account.
  • infrastructure as a service IaaS is one particular type of cloud computing service.
  • the CSP provides infrastructure (referred to as cloud services provider infrastructure or CSPI) that can be used by customers to build their own customizable networks and deploy customer resources.
  • the customer's resources and networks are thus hosted in a distributed environment by infrastructure provided by a CSP. This is different from traditional computing, where the customer's resources and networks are hosted by infrastructure provided by the customer.
  • the CSPI may comprise interconnected high-performance compute resources including various host machines, memory resources, and network resources that form a physical network, which is also referred to as a substrate network or an underlay network.
  • the resources in CSPI may be spread across one or more data centers that may be geographically spread across one or more geographical regions. Virtualization software may be executed by these physical resources to provide a virtualized distributed environment.
  • the virtualization creates an overlay network (also known as a software-based network, a software-defined network, or a virtual network) over the physical network.
  • the CSPI physical network provides the underlying basis for creating one or more overlay or virtual networks on top of the physical network.
  • the virtual or overlay networks can include one or more virtual cloud networks (VCNs).
  • the virtual networks are implemented using software virtualization technologies (e.g., hypervisors, functions performed by network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., smartNICs), top-of-rack (TOR) switches, smart TORs that implement one or more functions performed by an NVD, and other mechanisms) to create layers of network abstraction that can be run on top of the physical network.
  • software virtualization technologies e.g., hypervisors, functions performed by network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., smartNICs), top-of-rack (TOR) switches, smart TORs that implement one or more functions performed by an NVD, and other mechanisms
  • Virtual networks can take on many forms, including peer-to-peer networks, IP networks, and others. Virtual networks are typically either Layer-3 IP networks or Layer-2 VLANs. This method of virtual or overlay networking is often referred to as virtual or overlay Layer-3 networking. Examples of protocols developed for virtual networks include IP-in-IP (or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)), Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN — IETF RFC 7348), Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (e.g., MPLS Layer-3 Virtual Private Networks (RFC 4364)), VMware's NSX, GENEVE (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation), and others.
  • GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation
  • VXLAN Virtual Extensible LAN
  • VPNs Virtual Private Networks
  • RRC 4364 Virtual Private Networks
  • VMware's NSX e.g., MPLS Layer-3 Virtual Private Networks (RFC 4364)
  • VMware's NSX e.g., MPLS Layer-3 Virtual Private Networks (
  • the infrastructure (CSPI) provided by a CSP can be configured to provide virtualized computing resources over a public network (e.g., the Internet).
  • a cloud computing services provider can host the infrastructure components (e.g., servers, storage devices, network nodes (e.g., hardware), deployment software, platform virtualization (e.g., a hypervisor layer), or the like).
  • an IaaS provider may also supply a variety of services to accompany those infrastructure components (e.g., billing, monitoring, logging, security, load balancing and clustering, etc.).
  • CSPI provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and services in a highly available hosted distributed environment.
  • CSPI offers high-performance compute resources and capabilities and storage capacity in a flexible virtual network that is securely accessible from various networked locations such as from a customer's on-premises network.
  • CSPI Compute instances
  • VCNs virtual cloud networks
  • a customer can deploy one or more customer resources, such as compute instances, on a customer VCN.
  • Compute instances can take the form of virtual machines, bare metal instances, and the like.
  • the CSPI thus provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and services in a highly available virtual hosted environment.
  • the customer does not manage or control the underlying physical resources provided by CSPI but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., firewalls).
  • the CSP may provide a console that enables customers and network administrators to configure, access, and manage resources deployed in the cloud using CSPI resources.
  • the console provides a web-based user interface that can be used to access and manage CSPI.
  • the console is a web-based application provided by the CSP.
  • CSPI may support single-tenancy or multi-tenancy architectures.
  • a software e.g., an application, a database
  • a hardware component e.g., a host machine or a server
  • CSPI resources are shared between multiple customers or tenants.
  • precautions are taken and safeguards put in place within CSPI to ensure that each tenant's data is isolated and remains invisible to other tenants.
  • endpoint refers to a computing device or system that is connected to a physical network and communicates back and forth with the network to which it is connected.
  • a network endpoint in the physical network may be connected to a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or other type of physical network.
  • Examples of traditional endpoints in a physical network include modems, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and other networking devices, physical computers (or host machines), and the like.
  • Each physical device in the physical network has a fixed network address that can be used to communicate with the device. This fixed network address can be a Layer-2 address (e.g., a MAC address), a fixed Layer-3 address (e.g., an IP address), and the like.
  • the endpoints can include various virtual endpoints such as virtual machines that are hosted by components of the physical network (e.g., hosted by physical host machines). These endpoints in the virtual network are addressed by overlay addresses such as overlay Layer-2 addresses (e.g., overlay MAC addresses) and overlay Layer-3 addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses).
  • overlay addresses such as overlay Layer-2 addresses (e.g., overlay MAC addresses) and overlay Layer-3 addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses).
  • Network overlays enable flexibility by allowing network managers to move around the overlay addresses associated with network endpoints using software management (e.g., via software implementing a control plane for the virtual network). Accordingly, unlike in a physical network, in a virtual network, an overlay address (e.g., an overlay IP address) can be moved from one endpoint to another using network management software.
  • mappings that map overlay addresses in the virtual network to actual physical addresses in the substrate network, and vice versa. These mappings are then used to facilitate the communications. Customer traffic is encapsulated to facilitate routing in the virtual network.
  • physical addresses e.g., physical IP addresses
  • overlay addresses e.g., overlay IP addresses
  • Both the physical IP addresses and overlay IP addresses are types of real IP addresses. These are separate from virtual IP addresses, where a virtual IP address maps to multiple real IP addresses.
  • a virtual IP address provides a 1-to- many mapping between the virtual IP address and multiple real IP addresses.
  • the cloud infrastructure or CSPI is physically hosted in one or more data centers in one or more regions around the world.
  • the CSPI may include components in the physical or substrate network and virtualized components (e.g., virtual networks, compute instances, virtual machines, etc.) that are in a virtual network built on top of the physical network components.
  • the CSPI is organized and hosted in realms, regions and availability domains.
  • a region is typically a localized geographic area that contains one or more data centers. Regions are generally independent of each other and can be separated by vast distances, for example, across countries or even continents.
  • a first region may be in Australia, another one in Japan, yet another one in India, and the like.
  • CSPI resources are divided among regions such that each region has its own independent subset of CSPI resources.
  • Each region may provide a set of core infrastructure services and resources, such as, compute resources (e.g., bare metal servers, virtual machine, containers and related infrastructure, etc.); storage resources (e.g., block volume storage, file storage, object storage, archive storage); networking resources (e.g., virtual cloud networks (VCNs), load balancing resources, connections to on-premise networks), database resources; edge networking resources (e.g., DNS); and access management and monitoring resources, and others.
  • compute resources e.g., bare metal servers, virtual machine, containers and related infrastructure, etc.
  • storage resources e.g., block volume storage, file storage, object storage, archive storage
  • networking resources e.g., virtual cloud networks (VCNs), load balancing resources, connections to on-premise networks
  • database resources e.g.,
  • an application is deployed in a region (i.e., deployed on infrastructure associated with that region) where it is most heavily used, because using nearby resources is faster than using distant resources. Applications can also be deployed in different regions for various reasons, such as redundancy to mitigate the risk of region-wide events such as large weather systems or earthquakes, to meet varying requirements for legal jurisdictions, tax domains, and other business or social criteria, and the like.
  • the data centers within a region can be further organized and subdivided into availability domains (ADs).
  • An availability domain may correspond to one or more data centers located within a region.
  • a region can be composed of one or more availability domains.
  • CSPI resources are either region-specific, such as a virtual cloud network (VCN), or availability domain-specific, such as a compute instance.
  • VCN virtual cloud network
  • ADs within a region are isolated from each other, fault tolerant, and are configured such that they are very unlikely to fail simultaneously. This is achieved by the ADs not sharing critical infrastructure resources such as networking, physical cables, cable paths, cable entry points, etc., such that a failure at one AD within a region is unlikely to impact the availability of the other ADs within the same region.
  • the ADs within the same region may be connected to each other by a low latency, high bandwidth network, which makes it possible to provide high-availability connectivity to other networks (e.g., the Internet, customers' on-premise networks, etc.) and to build replicated systems in multiple ADs for both high-availability and disaster recovery.
  • Cloud services use multiple ADs to ensure high availability and to protect against resource failure.
  • regions are grouped into realms.
  • a realm is a logical collection of regions. Realms are isolated from each other and do not share any data.
  • Regions in the same realm may communicate with each other, but regions in different realms cannot.
  • a customer's tenancy or account with the CSP exists in a single realm and can be spread across one or more regions that belong to that realm.
  • a tenancy or account is created for that customer in the customer-specified region (referred to as the "home" region) within a realm.
  • a customer can extend the customer's tenancy across one or more other regions within the realm.
  • a customer cannot access regions that are not in the realm where the customer's tenancy exists.
  • An IaaS provider can provide multiple realms, each realm catered to a particular set of customers or users. For example, a commercial realm may be provided for commercial customers.
  • a realm may be provided for a specific country for customers within that country.
  • a government realm may be provided for a government, and the like.
  • the government realm may be catered for a specific government and may have a heightened level of security than a commercial realm.
  • Oracle Cloud Infrastructure currently offers a realm for commercial regions and two realms (e.g., FedRAMP authorized and IL5 authorized) for government cloud regions.
  • OCI Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
  • an AD can be subdivided into one or more fault domains.
  • a fault domain is a grouping of infrastructure resources within an AD to provide anti-affinity. Fault domains allow for the distribution of compute instances such that the instances are not on the same physical hardware within a single AD.
  • a fault domain refers to a set of hardware components (computers, switches, and more) that share a single point of failure.
  • a compute pool is logically divided up into fault domains. Due to this, a hardware failure or compute hardware maintenance event that affects one fault domain does not affect instances in other fault domains.
  • the number of fault domains for each AD may vary. For instance, in certain embodiments each AD contains three fault domains.
  • a fault domain acts as a logical data center within an AD.
  • VCNs virtual cloud networks
  • a customer can set up one or more virtual cloud networks (VCNs) using CSPI resources allocated for the customer.
  • VCN is a virtual or software defined private network.
  • the customer resources that are deployed in the customer's VCN can include compute instances (e.g., virtual machines, bare-metal instances) and other resources. These compute instances may represent various customer workloads such as applications, load balancers, databases, and the like.
  • a compute instance deployed on a VCN can communicate with public accessible endpoints ("public endpoints") over a public network such as the Internet, with other instances in the same VCN or other VCNs (e.g., the customer's other VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer), with the customer's on-premise data centers or networks, and with service endpoints, and other types of endpoints.
  • the CSP may provide various services using the CSPI.
  • customers of CSPI may themselves act like service providers and provide services using CSPI resources.
  • a service provider may expose a service endpoint, which is characterized by identification information (e.g., an IP Address, a DNS name and port).
  • a customer's resource can consume a particular service by accessing a service endpoint exposed by the service for that particular service.
  • These service endpoints are generally endpoints that are publicly accessible by users using public IP addresses associated with the endpoints via a public communication network such as the Internet. Network endpoints that are publicly accessible are also sometimes referred to as public endpoints.
  • a service provider may expose a service via an endpoint (sometimes referred to as a service endpoint) for the service. Customers of the service can then use this service endpoint to access the service.
  • a service endpoint provided for a service can be accessed by multiple customers that intend to consume that service.
  • a dedicated service endpoint may be provided for a customer such that only that customer can access the service using that dedicated service endpoint.
  • CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
  • a VCN includes associated subnets, route tables, and gateways.
  • a VCN resides within a single region but can span one or more or all of the region's availability domains.
  • a gateway is a virtual interface that is configured for a VCN and enables communication of traffic to and from the VCN to one or more endpoints outside the VCN.
  • a VCN can be subdivided into one or more sub-networks such as one or more subnets.
  • a subnet is thus a unit of configuration or a subdivision that can be created within a VCN.
  • a VCN can have one or multiple subnets.
  • Each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN.
  • Each compute instance is associated with a virtual network interface card (VNIC) that enables the compute instance to participate in a subnet of a VCN.
  • VNIC virtual network interface card
  • a VNIC is a logical representation of physical Network Interface Card (NIC).
  • NIC Network Interface Card
  • a VNIC is an interface between an entity (e.g., a compute instance, a service) and a virtual network.
  • a VNIC exists in a subnet, has one or more associated IP addresses, and associated security rules or policies.
  • a VNIC is equivalent to a Layer-2 port on a switch.
  • a VNIC is attached to a compute instance and to a subnet within a VCN.
  • a VNIC associated with a compute instance enables the compute instance to be a part of a subnet of a VCN and enables the compute instance to communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with endpoints that are on the same subnet as the compute instance, with endpoints in different subnets in the VCN, or with endpoints outside the VCN.
  • the VNIC associated with a compute instance thus determines how the compute instance connects with endpoints inside and outside the VCN.
  • a VNIC for a compute instance is created and associated with that compute instance when the compute instance is created and added to a subnet within a VCN.
  • the subnet For a subnet comprising a set of compute instances, the subnet contains the VNICs corresponding to the set of compute instances, each VNIC attached to a compute instance within the set of computer instances.
  • Each compute instance is assigned a private overlay IP address via the VNIC associated with the compute instance. This private overlay IP address is assigned to the VNIC that is associated with the compute instance when the compute instance is created and used for routing traffic to and from the compute instance. All VNICs in a given subnet use the same route table, security lists, and DHCP options.
  • each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN.
  • the private overlay IP address that is assigned to the VNIC is an address from the contiguous range of overlay IP addresses allocated for the subnet.
  • a compute instance may optionally be assigned additional overlay IP addresses in addition to the private overlay IP address, such as, for example, one or more public IP addresses if in a public subnet.
  • a compute instance may optionally be assigned a public IP address if it is in a public subnet.
  • a subnet can be designated as either a public subnet or a private subnet at the time the subnet is created.
  • a private subnet means that the resources (e.g., compute instances) and associated VNICs in the subnet cannot have public overlay IP addresses.
  • a public subnet means that the resources and associated VNICs in the subnet can have public IP addresses.
  • a customer can designate a subnet to exist either in a single availability domain or across multiple availability domains in a region or realm.
  • a VCN may be subdivided into one or more subnets.
  • a Virtual Router (VR) configured for the VCN (referred to as the VCN VR or just VR) enables communications between the subnets of the VCN.
  • the VR represents a logical gateway for that subnet that enables the subnet (i.e., the compute instances on that subnet) to communicate with endpoints on other subnets within the VCN, and with other endpoints outside the VCN.
  • the VCN VR is a logical entity that is configured to route traffic between VNICs in the VCN and virtual gateways ("gateways") associated with the VCN. Gateways are further described below with respect to FIG. 1.
  • a VCN VR is a Layer-3/IP Layer concept. In one embodiment, there is one VCN VR for a VCN where the VCN VR has potentially an unlimited number of ports addressed by IP addresses, with one port for each subnet of the VCN.
  • the VCN VR has a different IP address for each subnet in the VCN that the VCN VR is attached to.
  • the VR is also connected to the various gateways configured for a VCN.
  • a particular overlay IP address from the overlay IP address range for a subnet is reserved for a port of the VCN VR for that subnet. For example, consider a VCN having two subnets with associated address ranges 10.0/16 and 10.1/16, respectively. For the first subnet within the VCN with address range 10.0/16, an address from this range is reserved for a port of the VCN VR for that subnet. In some instances, the first IP address from the range may be reserved for the VCN VR.
  • IP address 10.0.0.1 may be reserved for a port of the VCN VR for that subnet.
  • the VCN VR may have a port for that second subnet with IP address 10.1.0.1.
  • the VCN VR has a different IP address for each of the subnets in the VCN.
  • each subnet within a VCN may have its own associated VR that is addressable by the subnet using a reserved or default IP address associated with the VR.
  • the reserved or default IP address may, for example, be the first IP address from the range of IP addresses associated with that subnet.
  • the VNICs in the subnet can communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with the VR associated with the subnet using this default or reserved IP address.
  • the VR is the ingress/egress point for that subnet.
  • the VR associated with a subnet within the VCN can communicate with other VRs associated with other subnets within the VCN.
  • the VRs can also communicate with gateways associated with the VCN.
  • the VR function for a subnet is running on or executed by one or more NVDs executing VNICs functionality for VNICs in the subnet.
  • Route tables, security rules, and DHCP options may be configured for a VCN.
  • Route tables are virtual route tables for the VCN and include rules to route traffic from subnets within the VCN to destinations outside the VCN by way of gateways or specially configured instances.
  • a VCN's route tables can be customized to control how packets are forwarded/routed to and from the VCN.
  • DHCP options refers to configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances when they boot up.
  • Security rules configured for a VCN represent overlay firewall rules for the VCN.
  • the security rules can include ingress and egress rules, and specify the types of traffic (e.g., based upon protocol and port) that is allowed in and out of the instances within the VCN. The customer can choose whether a given rule is stateful or stateless.
  • Security rules can be implemented using network security groups or security lists.
  • a network security group consists of a set of security rules that apply only to the resources in that group.
  • a security list includes rules that apply to all the resources in any subnet that uses the security list.
  • a VCN may be provided with a default security list with default security rules.
  • DHCP options configured for a VCN provide configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances in the VCN when the instances boot up. [0067] In certain embodiments, the configuration information for a VCN is determined and stored by a VCN Control Plane.
  • the configuration information for a VCN may include, for example, information about: the address range associated with the VCN, subnets within the VCN and associated information, one or more VRs associated with the VCN, compute instances in the VCN and associated VNICs, NVDs executing the various virtualization network functions (e.g., VNICs, VRs, gateways) associated with the VCN, state information for the VCN, and other VCN-related information.
  • a VCN Distribution Service publishes the configuration information stored by the VCN Control Plane, or portions thereof, to the NVDs.
  • the distributed information may be used to update information (e.g., forwarding tables, routing tables, etc.) stored and used by the NVDs to forward packets to and from the compute instances in the VCN.
  • the creation of VCNs and subnets are handled by a VCN Control Plane (CP) and the launching of compute instances is handled by a Compute Control Plane.
  • the Compute Control Plane is responsible for allocating the physical resources for the compute instance and then calls the VCN Control Plane to create and attach VNICs to the compute instance.
  • the VCN CP also sends VCN data mappings to the VCN data plane that is configured to perform packet forwarding and routing functions.
  • the VCN CP provides a distribution service that is responsible for providing updates to the VCN data plane. Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in FIGS. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (see references 1816, 1916, 2016, and 2116) and described below.
  • a customer may create one or more VCNs using resources hosted by CSPI.
  • a compute instance deployed on a customer VCN may communicate with different endpoints. These endpoints can include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI and endpoints outside CSPI.
  • FIGs.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, and 21 are described below.
  • FIG.1 is a high level diagram of a distributed environment 100 showing an overlay or customer VCN hosted by CSPI according to certain embodiments.
  • the distributed environment depicted in FIG. 1 includes multiple components in the overlay network.
  • Distributed environment 100 depicted in FIG. 1 is merely an example and is not intended to unduly limit the scope of claimed embodiments. Many variations, alternatives, and modifications are possible.
  • the distributed environment depicted in FIG.1 may have more or fewer systems or components than those shown in FIG.1, may combine two or more systems, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of systems.
  • distributed environment 100 comprises CSPI 101 that provides services and resources that customers can subscribe to and use to build their virtual cloud networks (VCNs).
  • CSPI 101 offers IaaS services to subscribing customers.
  • the data centers within CSPI 101 may be organized into one or more regions.
  • One example region "Region US" 102 is shown in FIG.1.
  • a customer has configured a customer VCN 104 for region 102.
  • the customer may deploy various compute instances on VCN 104, where the compute instances may include virtual machines or bare metal instances. Examples of instances include applications, database, load balancers, and the like.
  • customer VCN 104 comprises two subnets, namely, "Subnet-1" and "Subnet-2", each subnet with its own CIDR IP address range.
  • the overlay IP address range for Subnet-1 is 10.0/16 and the address range for Subnet-2 is 10.1/16.
  • a VCN Virtual Router 105 represents a logical gateway for the VCN that enables communications between subnets of the VCN 104, and with other endpoints outside the VCN.
  • VCN VR 105 is configured to route traffic between VNICs in VCN 104 and gateways associated with VCN 104.
  • VCN VR 105 provides a port for each subnet of VCN 104.
  • VR 105 may provide a port with IP address 10.0.0.1 for Subnet-1 and a port with IP address 10.1.0.1 for Subnet-2.
  • Multiple compute instances may be deployed on each subnet, where the compute instances can be virtual machine instances, and/or bare metal instances.
  • the compute instances in a subnet may be hosted by one or more host machines within CSPI 101.
  • a compute instance participates in a subnet via a VNIC associated with the compute instance.
  • a compute instance C1 is part of Subnet-1 via a VNIC associated with the compute instance.
  • compute instance C2 is part of Subnet-1 via a VNIC associated with C2.
  • each compute instance may be virtual machine instances or bare metal instances, may be part of Subnet-1.
  • each compute instance Via its associated VNIC, each compute instance is assigned a private overlay IP address and a MAC address.
  • compute instance C1 has an overlay IP address of 10.0.0.2 and a MAC address of M1
  • compute instance C2 has a private overlay IP address of 10.0.0.3 and a MAC address of M2.
  • Each compute instance in Subnet-1, including compute instances C1 and C2 has a default route to VCN VR 105 using IP address 10.0.0.1, which is the IP address for a port of VCN VR 105 for Subnet-1.
  • Subnet-2 can have multiple compute instances deployed on it, including virtual machine instances and/or bare metal instances.
  • compute instances D1 and D2 are part of Subnet-2 via VNICs associated with the respective compute instances.
  • compute instance D1 has an overlay IP address of 10.1.0.2 and a MAC address of MM1
  • compute instance D2 has a private overlay IP address of 10.1.0.3 and a MAC address of MM2.
  • Each compute instance in Subnet- 2 including compute instances D1 and D2, has a default route to VCN VR 105 using IP address 10.1.0.1, which is the IP address for a port of VCN VR 105 for Subnet-2.
  • VCN A 104 may also include one or more load balancers.
  • a load balancer may be provided for a subnet and may be configured to load balance traffic across multiple compute instances on the subnet.
  • a load balancer may also be provided to load balance traffic across subnets in the VCN.
  • a particular compute instance deployed on VCN 104 can communicate with various different endpoints. These endpoints may include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 200 and endpoints outside CSPI 200.
  • Endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 101 may include: an endpoint on the same subnet as the particular compute instance (e.g., communications between two compute instances in Subnet-1); an endpoint on a different subnet but within the same VCN (e.g., communication between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and a compute instance in Subnet-2); an endpoint in a different VCN in the same region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in a VCN in the same region 106 or 110, communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in service network 110 in the same region); or an endpoint in a VCN in a different region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in a VCN in a different region 108).
  • an endpoint on the same subnet as the particular compute instance e.g., communications between two compute instances in Subnet-1
  • an endpoint on a different subnet but within the same VCN e.g.,
  • a compute instance in a subnet hosted by CSPI 101 may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 101 (i.e., are outside CSPI 101). These outside endpoints include endpoints in the customer's on-premise network 116, endpoints within other remote cloud hosted networks 118, public endpoints 114 accessible via a public network such as the Internet, and other endpoints. [0077] Communications between compute instances on the same subnet are facilitated using VNICs associated with the source compute instance and the destination compute instance. For example, compute instance C1 in Subnet-1 may want to send packets to compute instance C2 in Subnet-1.
  • the packet For a packet originating at a source compute instance and whose destination is another compute instance in the same subnet, the packet is first processed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Processing performed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance can include determining destination information for the packet from the packet headers, identifying any policies (e.g., security lists) configured for the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, determining a next hop for the packet, performing any packet encapsulation/decapsulation functions as needed, and then forwarding/routing the packet to the next hop with the goal of facilitating communication of the packet to its intended destination.
  • policies e.g., security lists
  • the VNIC associated with the source compute instance is configured to identify the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance and forward the packet to that VNIC for processing.
  • the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance is then executed and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance.
  • the communication is facilitated by the VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances and the VCN VR. For example, if compute instance C1 in Subnet-1 in FIG. 1 wants to send a packet to compute instance D1 in Subnet-2, the packet is first processed by the VNIC associated with compute instance C1.
  • the VNIC associated with compute instance C1 is configured to route the packet to the VCN VR 105 using default route or port 10.0.0.1 of the VCN VR.
  • VCN VR 105 is configured to route the packet to Subnet-2 using port 10.1.0.1.
  • the packet is then received and processed by the VNIC associated with D1 and the VNIC forwards the packet to compute instance D1.
  • the communication is facilitated by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, VCN VR 105, and gateways associated with VCN 104.
  • One or more types of gateways may be associated with VCN 104.
  • a gateway is an interface between a VCN and another endpoint, where the another endpoint is outside the VCN.
  • a gateway is a Layer-3/IP layer concept and enables a VCN to communicate with endpoints outside the VCN.
  • a gateway thus facilitates traffic flow between a VCN and other VCNs or networks.
  • Various different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN to facilitate different types of communications with different types of endpoints.
  • the communications may be over public networks (e.g., the Internet) or over private networks.
  • Various communication protocols may be used for these communications.
  • compute instance C1 may want to communicate with an endpoint outside VCN 104.
  • the packet may be first processed by the VNIC associated with source compute instance C1.
  • the VNIC processing determines that the destination for the packet is outside the Subnet-1 of C1.
  • the VNIC associated with C1 may forward the packet to VCN VR 105 for VCN 104.
  • VCN VR 105 then processes the packet and as part of the processing, based upon the destination for the packet, determines a particular gateway associated with VCN 104 as the next hop for the packet.
  • VCN VR 105 may then forward the packet to the particular identified gateway. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's on- premise network, then the packet may be forwarded by VCN VR 105 to Dynamic Routing Gateway (DRG) gateway 122 configured for VCN 104. The packet may then be forwarded from the gateway to a next hop to facilitate communication of the packet to it final intended destination.
  • DGW Dynamic Routing Gateway
  • gateways may be configured for a VCN. Examples of gateways that may be configured for a VCN are depicted in FIG. 1 and described below. Examples of gateways associated with a VCN are also depicted in FIGs.18, 19, 20, and 21 (for example, gateways referenced by reference numbers 1834, 1836, 1838, 1934, 1936, 1938, 2034, 2036, 2038, 2134, 2136, and 2138) and described below. As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG.
  • a Dynamic Routing Gateway (DRG) 122 may be added to or be associated with customer VCN 104 and provides a path for private network traffic communication between customer VCN 104 and another endpoint, where the another endpoint can be the customer's on-premise network 116, a VCN 108 in a different region of CSPI 101, or other remote cloud networks 118 not hosted by CSPI 101.
  • Customer on-premise network 116 may be a customer network or a customer data center built using the customer's resources. Access to customer on-premise network 116 is generally very restricted.
  • a communication channel 124 is set up where one endpoint of the channel is in customer on-premise network 116 and the other endpoint is in CSPI 101 and connected to customer VCN 104.
  • Communication channel 124 can be over public communication networks such as the Internet or private communication networks.
  • Various different communication protocols may be used such as IPsec VPN technology over a public communication network such as the Internet, Oracle's FastConnect technology that uses a private network instead of a public network, and others.
  • the device or equipment in customer on-premise network 116 that forms one end point for communication channel 124 is referred to as the customer premise equipment (CPE), such as CPE 126 depicted in FIG. 1.
  • CPE customer premise equipment
  • the endpoint may be a host machine executing DRG 122.
  • a Remote Peering Connection RPC can be added to a DRG, which allows a customer to peer one VCN with another VCN in a different region.
  • RPC Remote Peering Connection
  • customer VCN 104 can use DRG 122 to connect with a VCN 108 in another region.
  • DRG 122 may also be used to communicate with other remote cloud networks 118, not hosted by CSPI 101 such as a Microsoft Azure cloud, Amazon AWS cloud, and others.
  • an Internet Gateway (IGW) 120 may be configured for customer VCN 104 the enables a compute instance on VCN 104 to communicate with public endpoints 114 accessible over a public network such as the Internet.
  • IGW 1120 is a gateway that connects a VCN to a public network such as the Internet.
  • IGW 120 enables a public subnet (where the resources in the public subnet have public overlay IP addresses) within a VCN, such as VCN 104, direct access to public endpoints 112 on a public network 114 such as the Internet. Using IGW 120, connections can be initiated from a subnet within VCN 104 or from the Internet.
  • a Network Address Translation (NAT) gateway 128 can be configured for customer's VCN 104 and enables cloud resources in the customer's VCN, which do not have dedicated public overlay IP addresses, access to the Internet and it does so without exposing those resources to direct incoming Internet connections (e.g., L4-L7 connections).
  • NAT Network Address Translation
  • a Service Gateway (SGW) 126 can be configured for customer VCN 104 and provides a path for private network traffic between VCN 104 and supported services endpoints in a service network 110.
  • service network 110 may be provided by the CSP and may provide various services.
  • An example of such a service network is Oracle’s Services Network, which provides various services that can be used by customers.
  • a compute instance in a private subnet of customer VCN 104 can back up data to a service endpoint (e.g., Object Storage) without needing public IP addresses or access to the Internet.
  • a VCN can have only one SGW, and connections can only be initiated from a subnet within the VCN and not from service network 110. If a VCN is peered with another, resources in the other VCN typically cannot access the SGW. Resources in on-premises networks that are connected to a VCN with FastConnect or VPN Connect can also use the service gateway configured for that VCN.
  • SGW 126 uses the concept of a service Classless Inter- Domain Routing (CIDR) label, which is a string that represents all the regional public IP address ranges for the service or group of services of interest.
  • the customer uses the service CIDR label when they configure the SGW and related route rules to control traffic to the service.
  • the customer can optionally utilize it when configuring security rules without needing to adjust them if the service's public IP addresses change in the future.
  • a Local Peering Gateway (LPG) 132 is a gateway that can be added to customer VCN 104 and enables VCN 104 to peer with another VCN in the same region.
  • LPG Local Peering Gateway
  • VCN Peering means that the VCNs communicate using private IP addresses, without the traffic traversing a public network such as the Internet or without routing the traffic through the customer's on-premises network 116.
  • a VCN has a separate LPG for each peering it establishes.
  • Local Peering or VCN Peering is a common practice used to establish network connectivity between different applications or infrastructure management functions.
  • Service providers such as providers of services in service network 110, may provide access to services using different access models. According to a public access model, services may be exposed as public endpoints that are publicly accessible by compute instance in a customer VCN via a public network such as the Internet and or may be privately accessible via SGW 126.
  • a Private Endpoint (PE) access enables a service provider to expose their service as an instance in the customer's private network.
  • a Private Endpoint resource represents a service within the customer's VCN.
  • Each PE manifests as a VNIC (referred to as a PE-VNIC, with one or more private IPs) in a subnet chosen by the customer in the customer's VCN.
  • a PE thus provides a way to present a service within a private customer VCN subnet using a VNIC.
  • a service provider can register their service to enable access through a PE.
  • the provider can associate policies with the service that restricts the service's visibility to the customer tenancies.
  • a provider can register multiple services under a single virtual IP address (VIP), especially for multi-tenant services. There may be multiple such private endpoints (in multiple VCNs) that represent the same service.
  • Compute instances in the private subnet can then use the PE VNIC's private IP address or the service DNS name to access the service.
  • a Private Access Gateway (PAGW) 130 is a gateway resource that can be attached to a service provider VCN (e.g., a VCN in service network 110) that acts as an ingress/egress point for all traffic from/to customer subnet private endpoints.
  • PAGW 130 enables a provider to scale the number of PE connections without utilizing its internal IP address resources.
  • a provider needs only configure one PAGW for any number of services registered in a single VCN.
  • Providers can represent a service as a private endpoint in multiple VCNs of one or more customers.
  • the PE VNIC which, instead of being attached to a customer's instance, appears attached to the service with which the customer wishes to interact.
  • the traffic destined to the private endpoint is routed via PAGW 130 to the service.
  • C2S connections customer-to-service private connections
  • the PE concept can also be used to extend the private access for the service to customer's on-premises networks and data centers, by allowing the traffic to flow through FastConnect/IPsec links and the private endpoint in the customer VCN.
  • Private access for the service can also be extended to the customer's peered VCNs, by allowing the traffic to flow between LPG 132 and the PE in the customer's VCN.
  • a customer can control routing in a VCN at the subnet level, so the customer can specify which subnets in the customer's VCN, such as VCN 104, use each gateway.
  • a VCN's route tables are used to decide if traffic is allowed out of a VCN through a particular gateway. For example, in a particular instance, a route table for a public subnet within customer VCN 104 may send non-local traffic through IGW 120. The route table for a private subnet within the same customer VCN 104 may send traffic destined for CSP services through SGW 126. All remaining traffic may be sent via the NAT gateway 128. Route tables only control traffic going out of a VCN.
  • Security lists associated with a VCN are used to control traffic that comes into a VCN via a gateway via inbound connections. All resources in a subnet use the same route table and security lists. Security lists may be used to control specific types of traffic allowed in and out of instances in a subnet of a VCN.
  • Security list rules may comprise ingress (inbound) and egress (outbound) rules. For example, an ingress rule may specify an allowed source address range, while an egress rule may specify an allowed destination address range.
  • Security rules may specify a particular protocol (e.g., TCP, ICMP), a particular port (e.g., 22 for SSH, 3389 for Windows RDP), etc.
  • an instance's operating system may enforce its own firewall rules that are aligned with the security list rules. Rules may be stateful (e.g., a connection is tracked and the response is automatically allowed without an explicit security list rule for the response traffic) or stateless.
  • Access from a customer VCN i.e., by a resource or compute instance deployed on VCN 104) can be categorized as public access, private access, or dedicated access.
  • Public access refers to an access model where a public IP address or a NAT is used to access a public endpoint.
  • Private access enables customer workloads in VCN 104 with private IP addresses (e.g., resources in a private subnet) to access services without traversing a public network such as the Internet.
  • CSPI 101 enables customer VCN workloads with private IP addresses to access the (public service endpoints of) services using a service gateway.
  • a service gateway thus offers a private access model by establishing a virtual link between the customer's VCN and the service's public endpoint residing outside the customer's private network.
  • CSPI may offer dedicated public access using technologies such as FastConnect public peering where customer on-premises instances can access one or more services in a customer VCN using a FastConnect connection and without traversing a public network such as the Internet.
  • CSPI also may also offer dedicated private access using FastConnect private peering where customer on-premises instances with private IP addresses can access the customer's VCN workloads using a FastConnect connection.
  • FIG. 1 and the accompanying description above describes various virtualized components in an example virtual network. As described above, the virtual network is built on the underlying physical or substrate network.
  • FIG.2 depicts a simplified architectural diagram of the physical components in the physical network within CSPI 200 that provide the underlay for the virtual network according to certain embodiments.
  • CSPI 200 provides a distributed environment comprising components and resources (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) provided by a cloud service provider (CSP). These components and resources are used to provide cloud services (e.g., IaaS services) to subscribing customers, i.e., customers that have subscribed to one or more services provided by the CSP. Based upon the services subscribed to by a customer, a subset of resources (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) of CSPI 200 are provisioned for the customer. Customers can then build their own cloud-based (i.e., CSPI-hosted) customizable and private virtual networks using physical compute, memory, and networking resources provided by CSPI 200.
  • cloud services e.g., IaaS services
  • VCNs virtual cloud networks
  • a customer can deploy one or more customer resources, such as compute instances, on these customer VCNs.
  • Compute instances can be in the form of virtual machines, bare metal instances, and the like.
  • CSPI 200 provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and services in a highly available hosted environment.
  • the physical components of CSPI 200 include one or more physical host machines or physical servers (e.g., 202, 206, 208), network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., 210, 212), top-of-rack (TOR) switches (e.g., 214, 216), and a physical network (e.g., 218), and switches in physical network 218.
  • the physical host machines or servers may host and execute various compute instances that participate in one or more subnets of a VCN.
  • the compute instances may include virtual machine instances, and bare metal instances.
  • the various compute instances depicted in FIG. 1 may be hosted by the physical host machines depicted in FIG. 2.
  • the virtual machine compute instances in a VCN may be executed by one host machine or by multiple different host machines.
  • the physical host machines may also host virtual host machines, container-based hosts or functions, and the like.
  • the VNICs and VCN VR depicted in FIG.1 may be executed by the NVDs depicted in FIG.2.
  • the gateways depicted in FIG.1 may be executed by the host machines and/or by the NVDs depicted in FIG. 2.
  • the host machines or servers may execute a hypervisor (also referred to as a virtual machine monitor or VMM) that creates and enables a virtualized environment on the host machines.
  • the virtualization or virtualized environment facilitates cloud-based computing.
  • One or more compute instances may be created, executed, and managed on a host machine by a hypervisor on that host machine.
  • the hypervisor on a host machine enables the physical computing resources of the host machine (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) to be shared between the various compute instances executed by the host machine.
  • host machines 202 and 208 execute hypervisors 260 and 266, respectively.
  • hypervisors may be implemented using software, firmware, or hardware, or combinations thereof.
  • a hypervisor is a process or a software layer that sits on top of the host machine's operating system (OS), which in turn executes on the hardware processors of the host machine.
  • OS operating system
  • the hypervisor provides a virtualized environment by enabling the physical computing resources (e.g., processing resources such as processors/cores, memory resources, networking resources) of the host machine to be shared among the various virtual machine compute instances executed by the host machine.
  • hypervisor 260 may sit on top of the OS of host machine 202 and enables the computing resources (e.g., processing, memory, and networking resources) of host machine 202 to be shared between compute instances (e.g., virtual machines) executed by host machine 202.
  • a virtual machine can have its own operating system (referred to as a guest operating system), which may be the same as or different from the OS of the host machine.
  • a compute instance can be a virtual machine instance or a bare metal instance.
  • compute instances 268 on host machine 202 and 274 on host machine 208 are examples of virtual machine instances.
  • Host machine 206 is an example of a bare metal instance that is provided to a customer.
  • an entire host machine may be provisioned to a single customer, and all of the one or more compute instances (either virtual machines or bare metal instance) hosted by that host machine belong to that same customer.
  • a host machine may be shared between multiple customers (i.e., multiple tenants).
  • a host machine may host virtual machine compute instances belonging to different customers. These compute instances may be members of different VCNs of different customers.
  • a bare metal compute instance is hosted by a bare metal server without a hypervisor.
  • each compute instance that is part of a VCN is associated with a VNIC that enables the compute instance to become a member of a subnet of the VCN.
  • the VNIC associated with a compute instance facilitates the communication of packets or frames to and from the compute instance.
  • a VNIC is associated with a compute instance when the compute instance is created.
  • the VNIC associated with that compute instance is executed by an NVD connected to the host machine. For example, in FIG.
  • host machine 202 executes a virtual machine compute instance 268 that is associated with VNIC 276, and VNIC 276 is executed by NVD 210 connected to host machine 202.
  • VNIC 276 is executed by NVD 210 connected to host machine 202.
  • bare metal instance 272 hosted by host machine 206 is associated with VNIC 280 that is executed by NVD 212 connected to host machine 206.
  • VNIC 284 is associated with compute instance 274 executed by host machine 208, and VNIC 284 is executed by NVD 212 connected to host machine 208.
  • an NVD connected to that host machine also executes VCN VRs corresponding to VCNs of which the compute instances are members. For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG.
  • NVD 210 executes VCN VR 277 corresponding to the VCN of which compute instance 268 is a member.
  • NVD 212 may also execute one or more VCN VRs 283 corresponding to VCNs corresponding to the compute instances hosted by host machines 206 and 208.
  • a host machine may include one or more network interface cards (NIC) that enable the host machine to be connected to other devices.
  • NIC network interface cards
  • a NIC on a host machine may provide one or more ports (or interfaces) that enable the host machine to be communicatively connected to another device.
  • a host machine may be connected to an NVD using one or more ports (or interfaces) provided on the host machine and on the NVD.
  • a host machine may also be connected to other devices such as another host machine.
  • host machine 202 is connected to NVD 210 using link 220 that extends between a port 234 provided by a NIC 232 of host machine 202 and between a port 236 of NVD 210.
  • Host machine 206 is connected to NVD 212 using link 224 that extends between a port 246 provided by a NIC 244 of host machine 206 and between a port 248 of NVD 212.
  • Host machine 208 is connected to NVD 212 using link 226 that extends between a port 252 provided by a NIC 250 of host machine 208 and between a port 254 of NVD 212.
  • the NVDs are in turn connected via communication links to top-of-the-rack (TOR) switches, which are connected to physical network 218 (also referred to as the switch fabric).
  • TOR top-of-the-rack
  • the links between a host machine and an NVD, and between an NVD and a TOR switch are Ethernet links.
  • NVDs 210 and 212 are connected to TOR switches 214 and 216, respectively, using links 228 and 230.
  • the links 220, 224, 226, 228, and 230 are Ethernet links.
  • the collection of host machines and NVDs that are connected to a TOR is sometimes referred to as a rack.
  • Physical network 218 provides a communication fabric that enables TOR switches to communicate with each other.
  • Physical network 218 can be a multi-tiered network.
  • physical network 218 is a multi-tiered Clos network of switches, with TOR switches 214 and 216 representing the leaf level nodes of the multi-tiered and multi-node physical switching network 218.
  • Different Clos network configurations are possible including but not limited to a 2-tier network, a 3-tier network, a 4-tier network, a 5-tier network, and in general a "n"-tiered network.
  • An example of a Clos network is depicted in FIG.5 and described below.
  • each host machine is connected to its own separate NVD.
  • host machine 202 is connected to NVD 210 via NIC 232 of host machine 202.
  • multiple host machines are connected to one NVD.
  • host machines 206 and 208 are connected to the same NVD 212 via NICs 244 and 250, respectively.
  • one host machine is connected to multiple NVDs.
  • FIG. 1 In a one-to-many configuration, one host machine is connected to multiple NVDs.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example within CSPI 300 where a host machine is connected to multiple NVDs.
  • host machine 302 comprises a network interface card (NIC) 304 that includes multiple ports 306 and 308.
  • NIC network interface card
  • Host machine 300 is connected to a first NVD 310 via port 306 and link 320, and connected to a second NVD 312 via port 308 and link 322.
  • Ports 306 and 308 may be Ethernet ports and the links 320 and 322 between host machine 302 and NVDs 310 and 312 may be Ethernet links.
  • NVD 310 is in turn connected to a first TOR switch 314 and NVD 312 is connected to a second TOR switch 316.
  • the links between NVDs 310 and 312, and TOR switches 314 and 316 may be Ethernet links.
  • TOR switches 314 and 316 represent the Tier-0 switching devices in multi-tiered physical network 318.
  • the arrangement depicted in FIG. 3 provides two separate physical network paths to and from physical switch network 318 to host machine 302: a first path traversing TOR switch 314 to NVD 310 to host machine 302, and a second path traversing TOR switch 316 to NVD 312 to host machine 302.
  • the separate paths provide for enhanced availability (referred to as high availability) of host machine 302.
  • an NVD is a physical device or component that performs one or more network and/or storage virtualization functions.
  • An NVD may be any device with one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, Network Processing Units (NPUs), FPGAs, packet processing pipelines, etc.), memory including cache, and ports.
  • the various virtualization functions may be performed by software/firmware executed by the one or more processing units of the NVD.
  • An NVD may be implemented in various different forms. For example, in certain embodiments, an NVD is implemented as an interface card referred to as a smartNIC or an intelligent NIC with an embedded processor onboard. A smartNIC is a separate device from the NICs on the host machines. In FIG. 2, the NVDs 210 and 212 may be implemented as smartNICs that are connected to host machines 202, and host machines 206 and 208, respectively.
  • a smartNIC is however just one example of an NVD implementation.
  • an NVD or one or more functions performed by the NVD may be incorporated into or performed by one or more host machines, one or more TOR switches, and other components of CSPI 200.
  • an NVD may be embodied in a host machine where the functions performed by an NVD are performed by the host machine.
  • an NVD may be part of a TOR switch or a TOR switch may be configured to perform functions performed by an NVD that enables the TOR switch to perform various complex packet transformations that are used for a public cloud.
  • a TOR that performs the functions of an NVD is sometimes referred to as a smart TOR.
  • functions performed by an NVD may be implemented inside a hypervisor of the host machine.
  • some of the functions of the NVD may be offloaded to a centralized service running on a fleet of host machines.
  • an NVD may comprise multiple physical ports that enable it to be connected to one or more host machines and to one or more TOR switches.
  • a port on an NVD can be classified as a host-facing port (also referred to as a "south port") or a network-facing or TOR-facing port (also referred to as a "north port”).
  • a host-facing port of an NVD is a port that is used to connect the NVD to a host machine. Examples of host-facing ports in FIG. 2 include port 236 on NVD 210, and ports 248 and 254 on NVD 212.
  • a network-facing port of an NVD is a port that is used to connect the NVD to a TOR switch. Examples of network-facing ports in FIG. 2 include port 256 on NVD 210, and port 258 on NVD 212. As shown in FIG.
  • NVD 210 is connected to TOR switch 214 using link 228 that extends from port 256 of NVD 210 to the TOR switch 214.
  • NVD 212 is connected to TOR switch 216 using link 230 that extends from port 258 of NVD 212 to the TOR switch 216.
  • An NVD receives packets and frames from a host machine (e.g., packets and frames generated by a compute instance hosted by the host machine) via a host-facing port and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD.
  • a host machine e.g., packets and frames generated by a compute instance hosted by the host machine
  • An NVD may receive packets and frames from a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a host machine via a host-facing port of the NVD.
  • Link aggregation allows multiple physical links between two end-points (e.g., between an NVD and a TOR switch) to be treated as a single logical link. All the physical links in a given LAG may operate in full-duplex mode at the same speed.
  • LAGs help increase the bandwidth and reliability of the connection between two endpoints. If one of the physical links in the LAG goes down, traffic is dynamically and transparently reassigned to one of the other physical links in the LAG. The aggregated physical links deliver higher bandwidth than each individual link.
  • the multiple ports associated with a LAG are treated as a single logical port. Traffic can be load-balanced across the multiple physical links of a LAG.
  • One or more LAGs may be configured between two endpoints. The two endpoints may be between an NVD and a TOR switch, between a host machine and an NVD, and the like. [0117]
  • An NVD implements or performs network virtualization functions. These functions are performed by software/firmware executed by the NVD.
  • network virtualization functions include without limitation: packet encapsulation and de-capsulation functions; functions for creating a VCN network; functions for implementing network policies such as VCN security list (firewall) functionality; functions that facilitate the routing and forwarding of packets to and from compute instances in a VCN; and the like.
  • an NVD upon receiving a packet, is configured to execute a packet processing pipeline for processing the packet and determining how the packet is to be forwarded or routed.
  • the NVD may execute one or more virtual functions associated with the overlay network such as executing VNICs associated with cis in the VCN, executing a Virtual Router (VR) associated with the VCN, the encapsulation and decapsulation of packets to facilitate forwarding or routing in the virtual network, execution of certain gateways (e.g., the Local Peering Gateway), the implementation of Security Lists, Network Security Groups, network address translation (NAT) functionality (e.g., the translation of Public IP to Private IP on a host by host basis), throttling functions, and other functions.
  • the packet processing data path in an NVD may comprise multiple packet pipelines, each composed of a series of packet transformation stages.
  • the packet upon receiving a packet, the packet is parsed and classified to a single pipeline. The packet is then processed in a linear fashion, one stage after another, until the packet is either dropped or sent out over an interface of the NVD.
  • These stages provide basic functional packet processing building blocks (e.g., validating headers, enforcing throttle, inserting new Layer-2 headers, enforcing L4 firewall, VCN encapsulation/decapsulation, etc.) so that new pipelines can be constructed by composing existing stages, and new functionality can be added by creating new stages and inserting them into existing pipelines.
  • An NVD may perform both control plane and data plane functions corresponding to a control plane and a data plane of a VCN.
  • Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in FIGS. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (see references 1816, 1916, 2016, and 2116) and described below.
  • Examples of a VCN Data Plane are depicted in FIGS. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (see references 1818, 1918, 2018, and 2118) and described below.
  • the control plane functions include functions used for configuring a network (e.g., setting up routes and route tables, configuring VNICs, etc.) that controls how data is to be forwarded.
  • a VCN Control Plane is provided that computes all the overlay-to-substrate mappings centrally and publishes them to the NVDs and to the virtual network edge devices such as various gateways such as the DRG, the SGW, the IGW, etc. Firewall rules may also be published using the same mechanism.
  • an NVD only gets the mappings that are relevant for that NVD.
  • the data plane functions include functions for the actual routing/forwarding of a packet based upon configuration set up using control plane.
  • a VCN data plane is implemented by encapsulating the customer's network packets before they traverse the substrate network. The encapsulation/decapsulation functionality is implemented on the NVDs.
  • an NVD is configured to intercept all network packets in and out of host machines and perform network virtualization functions.
  • an NVD executes various virtualization functions including VNICs and VCN VRs.
  • An NVD may execute VNICs associated with the compute instances hosted by one or more host machines connected to the VNIC.
  • NVD 210 executes the functionality for VNIC 276 that is associated with compute instance 268 hosted by host machine 202 connected to NVD 210.
  • NVD 212 executes VNIC 280 that is associated with bare metal compute instance 272 hosted by host machine 206, and executes VNIC 284 that is associated with compute instance 274 hosted by host machine 208.
  • a host machine may host compute instances belonging to different VCNs, which belong to different customers, and the NVD connected to the host machine may execute the VNICs (i.e., execute VNICs-relate functionality) corresponding to the compute instances.
  • An NVD also executes VCN Virtual Routers corresponding to the VCNs of the compute instances.
  • NVD 210 executes VCN VR 277 corresponding to the VCN to which compute instance 268 belongs.
  • NVD 212 executes one or more VCN VRs 283 corresponding to one or more VCNs to which compute instances hosted by host machines 206 and 208 belong.
  • the packet processing components for an NVD may include a packet processor that is configured to interact with the NVD's ports and hardware interfaces to monitor all packets received by and communicated using the NVD and store network information.
  • the network information may, for example, include network flow information identifying different network flows handled by the NVD and per flow information (e.g., per flow statistics). In certain embodiments, network flows information may be stored on a per VNIC basis.
  • the packet processor may perform packet-by-packet manipulations as well as implement stateful NAT and L4 firewall (FW).
  • the packet processing components may include a replication agent that is configured to replicate information stored by the NVD to one or more different replication target stores.
  • the packet processing components may include a logging agent that is configured to perform logging functions for the NVD.
  • the packet processing components may also include software for monitoring the performance and health of the NVD and, also possibly of monitoring the state and health of other components connected to the NVD.
  • FIG. 1 shows the components of an example virtual or overlay network including a VCN, subnets within the VCN, compute instances deployed on subnets, VNICs associated with the compute instances, a VR for a VCN, and a set of gateways configured for the VCN.
  • the overlay components depicted in FIG. 1 may be executed or hosted by one or more of the physical components depicted in FIG. 2.
  • the compute instances in a VCN may be executed or hosted by one or more host machines depicted in FIG.2.
  • the VNIC associated with that compute instance is typically executed by an NVD connected to that host machine (i.e., the VNIC functionality is provided by the NVD connected to that host machine).
  • the VCN VR function for a VCN is executed by all the NVDs that are connected to host machines hosting or executing the compute instances that are part of that VCN.
  • the gateways associated with a VCN may be executed by one or more different types of NVDs. For example, certain gateways may be executed by smartNICs, while others may be executed by one or more host machines or other implementations of NVDs.
  • a packet originating from a source compute instance may be forwarded from a host machine hosting the source compute instance to an NVD connected to that host machine.
  • the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination endpoint for the packet is within the same subnet, execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance results in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance, which then processes and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance.
  • the VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs).
  • the VNICs may use routing/forwarding tables stored by the NVD to determine the next hop for the packet.
  • the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of one or more VNICs, and the VR associated with the VCN.
  • the NVD executes or invokes functionality corresponding to the VNIC (also referred to as executes the VNIC) associated with source compute instance.
  • the functionality performed by the VNIC may include looking at the VLAN tag on the packet. Since the packet's destination is outside the subnet, the VCN VR functionality is next invoked and executed by the NVD.
  • the VCN VR then routes the packet to the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance.
  • the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance then processes the packet and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance.
  • the VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs).
  • the packet originating from the source compute instance is communicated from the host machine hosting the source compute instance to the NVD connected to that host machine.
  • the NVD executes the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination end point of the packet is outside the VCN, the packet is then processed by the VCN VR for that VCN.
  • the NVD invokes the VCN VR functionality, which may result in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the appropriate gateway associated with the VCN. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's on-premise network, then the packet may be forwarded by the VCN VR to the NVD executing the DRG gateway configured for the VCN.
  • the VCN VR may be executed on the same NVD as the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the source compute instance or by a different NVD.
  • the gateway may be executed by an NVD, which may be a smartNIC, a host machine, or other NVD implementation.
  • the packet is then processed by the gateway and forwarded to a next hop that facilitates communication of the packet to its intended destination endpoint.
  • Endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may include instances in the same VCN or other VCNs, which may be the customer's VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer. Communications between endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may be performed over physical network 218. A compute instance may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 200, or are outside CSPI 200. Examples of these endpoints include endpoints within a customer's on-premise network or data center, or public endpoints accessible over a public network such as the Internet. Communications with endpoints outside CSPI 200 may be performed over public networks (e.g., the Internet) (not shown in FIG. 2) or private networks (not shown in FIG.2) using various communication protocols.
  • public networks e.g., the Internet
  • private networks not shown in FIG.2
  • a set of "n" Tier-0 TOR switches are connected to a set of "n” Tier-1 switches and together form a pod.
  • Each Tier-0 switch in a pod is interconnected to all the Tier-1 switches in the pod, but there is no connectivity of switches between pods.
  • two pods are referred to as a block.
  • Each block is served by or connected to a set of "n" Tier-2 switches (sometimes referred to as spine switches).
  • the Tier-2 switches are in turn connected to "n" Tier- 3 switches (sometimes referred to as super-spine switches). Communication of packets over physical network 500 is typically performed using one or more Layer-3 communication protocols.
  • a control plane is configured to forward a packet destined for a particular server included in a first subset of servers to the first TOR that is associated with the first subset of servers.
  • the configuration of the rack as depicted in FIG. 6 provides for three distinct fault domains, which provide a blast radius (i.e., percentage of capacity loss upon a TOR switch being failed) that is smaller than the case of having all servers within a rack being communicatively coupled to a single TOR switch.
  • the configuration of the rack as depicted in FIG. 6 incurs a blast radius of 33% i.e., we have a 33% capacity loss upon the failure of a single TOR.
  • the rack configuration of FIG. 6 provides one or more fault domains that may be presented to a customer.
  • the control plane may assign the one or more host machines included in the one or more fault domains based on certain criterion. For example, if high availability is requested by the customer, the control plane may allocate host machines that are in different fault domains.
  • FIG. 7 there is depicted another configuration of a plurality of TORs included in a rack, according to some embodiments. Specifically, the configuration 700 depicted in FIG.
  • the rack includes two TORs i.e., TOR 1701, and TOR 2703. Further, the rack includes a plurality of servers/host machines. According to some embodiments, the plurality of servers are grouped into disjoint subsets of servers. For example, the plurality of servers may be grouped into a first subset of servers 705A and a second subset of servers 705B. [0150] As shown in FIG. 7, in the dual -TOR configuration, each subset of servers is communicatively coupled to each of TOR included in the rack.
  • the first subset of servers 705A and the second subset of servers is communicatively coupled to TOR 1701, and TOR 2703.
  • TOR 1701 upon the failure of a single TOR switch in the rack, no loss of capacity is incurred, and the servers simply select the other functioning TOR for communicating data.
  • the probability of having both TORs fail at the same time within a rack is extremely low i.e., almost negligible.
  • FIG. 6 where there were no changes in the design of the NVD that couples a server to a TOR (i.e., each NVD coupled a single server to a single TOR), in the configuration of FIG.
  • FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart illustrating steps performed in providing an availability domain to a customer according to at least one embodiment. The processing depicted in FIG.
  • step 801 The process commences in step 801, where a control plane provides an availability domain comprising a rack.
  • the rack includes a plurality of TOR switches and a plurality of host machines or servers.
  • a first fault domain is created within the availability domain.
  • the first fault domain comprises a first TOR switch from the plurality of TOR switches and a first subset of host machines from the plurality of host machines.
  • the first subset of host machines are communicatively coupled to the first TOR.
  • the process thereafter moves to step 805, where a second fault domain is created within the availability domain.
  • the second fault domain comprises a second TOR switch from the plurality of TOR switches and a second subset of host machines from the plurality of host machines. It is noted that the second subset of host machines is disjoint from the first set of host machines.
  • the second subset of host machines are further communicatively coupled via NVDs to the second TOR.
  • one or more fault domains may be presented to a customer.
  • the control plane may assign the one or more host machines included in the one or more fault domains based on certain criterion associated with the customer requirements.
  • FIG.9 there is depicted an exemplary architecture 900 of a DRCC framework that brings to customers, the full capabilities of a public cloud. As such, customers can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements.
  • FIG.9 there is depicted an exemplary architecture 900 of a DRCC framework that brings to customers, the full capabilities of a public cloud. As such, customers can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements.
  • FIG.9 there is depicted an exemplary architecture 900 of a DRCC framework that brings to customers, the full capabilities of a public
  • FIG. 9 depicts a datacenter 905 that includes a pair of TORs i.e., TOR #1922 and TOR # 2924, a network virtualization platform e.g., NVD 926, and a compute host 928 (also referred to herein as a local compute host). It is appreciated that the compute host 928 includes a plurality of virtual machines or bare metal instances.
  • the NVD 926 is referred to herein as a local NVD.
  • the compute host 928 includes a host network interface card (i.e., host NIC).
  • FIG. 9 depicts the compute host 928 as comprising two virtual machines i.e., VM1 and VM2, respectively.
  • each of the VMs is communicatively coupled to the host NIC via one of the logical interfaces (e.g., logical interfaces depicted as PF1 and PF2, respectively).
  • the local NVD 926 may be disposed on the same chassis as the host NIC included in the compute host 928.
  • the compute host 928 included in the datacenter may be coupled to another host machine 911 that is referred to herein as a remote host machine.
  • the remote host machine can be ‘any’ host machine such as: (i) another host inside the DRCC and which is located behind another NVD, or (ii) another host in another DRCC (e.g., in a group of DRCCs meant for the same customer/organization) and located behind another NVD (e.g., in a group of DRCCs meant for the same customer/organization), or (iii) a host machine included in a customer’s on-premise network.
  • another host inside the DRCC and which is located behind another NVD or
  • another host in another DRCC e.g., in a group of DRCCs meant for the same customer/organization
  • another NVD e.g., in a group of DRCCs meant for the same customer/organization
  • a host machine included in a customer’s on-premise network e.g., a host machine included in a customer’s on-premise network.
  • the host machine may connect to the DRCC via a Fast-Connect or IPSec VPN tunnel and use a dynamic routing gateway (DRG) to connect to a host machine in the DRCC.
  • DRG dynamic routing gateway
  • the remote host machine e.g., host machine 911
  • another NVD e.g., NVD 913 and served by a remote TOR 915.
  • the features described below are equally applicable to the other cases of the remote host machines outlined above.
  • the two host machines i.e., local host machine 928 and remote host machine 911 may be coupled via a network fabric 920).
  • the NVD 913 is referred to herein as a remote NVD.
  • the local NVD 926 has multiple physical ports. For instance, in one implementation as shown in FIG. 9, the local NVD 926 has two physical ports- a first physical port 927A (referred to herein as a TOR facing port) that is connected to the TORs 922 and 924 respectively, and a second physical port 927B (referred to herein as a host facing port) that is connected to the compute host 928.
  • a first physical port 927A referred to herein as a TOR facing port
  • a second physical port 927B referred to herein as a host facing port
  • Each physical port of the local NVD 926 may be divided into multiple logical ports. For instance, as shown in FIG. 9, the physical port 927B is divided into two logical ports on the host facing side, and the physical port 927A is divided into two logical ports on the TORs facing side. [0157] Dividing each of the physical ports of the local NVD 926, provides for each of the physical ports of the NVD 926 the flexibility to be represented by two logical ports, two MAC addresses, and two IP addresses. For example, in FIG. 9, overlay IP addresses and overlay MAC addresses are denoted by an underlined symbol (e.g., B1, M1), whereas substrate IP and MAC addresses are denoted without the underline symbol (e.g., A0, M0).
  • underlined symbol e.g., B1, M1
  • substrate IP and MAC addresses are denoted without the underline symbol (e.g., A0, M0).
  • FIG. 12 there is depicted another exemplary architecture 1200 of a DRCC framework that brings to customers, the full capabilities of a public cloud. In doing so, the customer can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements.
  • FIG. 12 depicted another exemplary architecture 1200 of a DRCC framework that brings to customers, the full capabilities of a public cloud. In doing so, the customer can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements..
  • the remote host machine can be ‘any’ host machine such as: (i) another host inside the DRCC and which is located behind another NVD, or (ii) another host in another DRCC and located behind another NVD, or (iii) a host included in a customer’s on-premise network. It is noted that for the host included in the on-premise network, may connect to the DRCC via Fast-Connect or IPSec VPN and use a dynamic routing gateway (DRG) to connect to host 928.
  • DRG dynamic routing gateway
  • the compute host machine 1228 includes a host network interface card (i.e., host NIC) and a plurality of virtual machines (VMs).
  • FIG. 12 depicts the compute host 1228 as comprising two virtual machines i.e., VM1 and VM2, respectively.
  • each of the VMs is communicatively coupled to the host NIC via one of the logical interfaces (e.g., logical interfaces depicted as PF1 and PF2, respectively).
  • the local NVD 1226 may be disposed on the same chassis as the host NIC included in the compute instance 1228. [0176] According to some embodiments, the local NVD 1226 has multiple physical ports.
  • the local NVD 1226 has two physical ports- a first physical port 1227A (referred to herein as a TOR facing port) that is connected to the TORs 1222 and 1224 respectively, and a second physical port 1227B (referred to herein as a host facing port) that is connected to the compute host 1228.
  • the physical port 1227A of the local NVD 1226 can be divided into multiple logical ports. For instance, as shown in FIG. 12, the physical port 1227A is divided into two logical ports on the TOR facing side i.e., each of the logical ports is connected to a respective TOR included in the datacenter.
  • the physical port 1227B is connected to the host NIC.
  • the DRCC implementation of FIG. 12 includes a single connection from the NVD 1226 to the host NIC included in the compute instance 1228.
  • the host NIC is associated with a single pair of IP overlay and MAC addresses (i.e., B1 and M4).
  • This overlay IP address of the host NIC can be reached via two substrate paths i.e., via different TORs (i.e., TOR #1 and TOR# 2) thereby providing TOR redundancy.
  • FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart illustrating another process of providing a DRCC according to some embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG.
  • FIG. 13 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof.
  • the software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device).
  • FIG. 13 depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel. In some implementations, the method illustrated in FIG. 13 may be performed by a cloud service provider to provide DRCC to a customer.
  • the NVD determines a particular TOR from a group including the first TOR and the second TOR, for communicating the packet.
  • the NVD may execute an equal cost multipath routing (ECMP) flow hashing to select one of the two TORs.
  • the NVD transmits the packet to the particular TOR in order to facilitate communication of the packet to the remote host machine e.g., remote host 1211 of FIG. 12.
  • DRCC Dedicated Region Cloud at Customer
  • the DRCC framework brings the full capabilities of the public cloud on-premises, so that enterprises can reduce infrastructure and operational costs, upgrade legacy applications on modern cloud services, and meet the most demanding regulatory, data residency, and latency requirements - - all with the infrastructure of the CSP.
  • designing a network architecture that has a small footprint and that enables cloud services to be provided at customers chosen on-premise location is desired.
  • a na ⁇ ve solution to enable the DRCC framework is to use a network design as used in commercial regions.
  • a drawback of such an approach is that customers typically do not have the power and space requirements to deploy such a network, and moreover customers may not be able to utilize the full scale of such a network architecture.
  • FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary network fabric architecture of a DRCC according to some embodiments.
  • the network fabric architecture 1400 for the DRCC includes a combination of compute fabric blocks (referred to herein as CFABs, 1420A-1420B) and a network fabric block (referred to herein as NFAB, 1415).
  • the NFAB 1415 is communicatively coupled to each of the CFAB blocks (1420A-1420B) via a plurality of blocks of switches (1405, 1410).
  • Each rack in the set of one or more racks comprises one or more servers configured to execute one or more workloads of a customer. It is appreciated that each Exadata rack 1424 may be associated with a cluster network of virtual machines 1425.
  • the CFAB block 1420A further includes a first plurality of switches 1422 organized into a first plurality of levels (e.g., levels labeled CFAB T1 and CFAB T2). The first plurality of switches 1422 communicatively couples the set of one or more racks (e.g., rack 1423, 1424) to the plurality of blocks of switches (1405, 1410).
  • the first plurality of levels associated with the first plurality of switches 1422 in the compute fabric block 1420A includes: (i) a first tier-one level of switches i.e., CFAB T1, and (ii) a first tier-two level of switches i.e., CFAB T2.
  • the first tier-one level of switches are communicatively coupled at a first end to the set of one or more racks and are communicatively coupled at a second end to the first tier-two level of switches.
  • the first tier-two level of switches i.e., CFAB T2 connects the first tier-one level of switches i.e., CFAB T1, to the plurality of blocks of switches 1405, 1410.
  • the first tier-one level of switches (CFAB T1) in the compute fabric block includes eight switches
  • the first tier-two level of switches (CFAB T2) in the compute fabric block includes four switches.
  • Each switch in the first tier-one level of switches in the compute fabric block is connected to each switch in the first tier-two level of switches in the compute fabric block.
  • each switch in the first tier-two level of switches (CFAB T2) in the compute fabric block is connected to at least one switch in each block of the plurality of blocks of switches 1405, 1410.
  • the NFAB block 1415 is communicatively coupled to the plurality of blocks of switches 1405, 1410.
  • the network fabric block 1415 includes: (i) one or more edge devices 1420, and (ii) a second plurality of switches 1418 that are organized into a second plurality of levels.
  • the one or more edge devices 1420 includes a first edge device that provides connectivity to a first external resource.
  • the first external resource may be a public communication network, e.g., Internet
  • the first edge device may be a gateway that provides connectivity to the public communication network.
  • the one or more edge devices 1420 may include a gateway, a backbone edge device, a metro edge device, and a route reflector.
  • the first edge edge devices e.g., gateway, enables access to the first external resource (e.g., Internet) to a workload that is executed by a server included in a rack in the set of one or more racks included in the CFAB block 1420A.
  • the second plurality of switches 1418 that are organized into a second plurality of levels (labeled NFAB T1 and NFAB T2) communicatively couple the one or more edge devices 1420 to the plurality of blocks of switches 1405, 1410.
  • the connections between the plurality of blocks of switches and the second plurality of switches 1418 is depicted as a logical construct 1416 (NFAB T1 stripe) in FIG. 14.
  • the second plurality of levels associated with the second plurality of switches 1418 in the network fabric block 1415 includes: (i) a second tier-one level of switches i.e., NFAB T1, and (ii) a second tier-two level of switches i.e., NFAB T2.
  • Each switch in the second tier-two level of switches is communicatively coupled to each switch included in the second tier-one level of switches i.e., NFAB T1.
  • the second tier-one level of switches in the network fabric block include eight switches, and the second tier-two level of switches in the network fabric block include four switches.
  • an initial deployment of the DRCC network architecture includes deploying the NFAB block (1415), one CFAB block (1420A), and the T3 switch layer (i.e., the plurality of blocks of switches 1405, 1410) that interconnects the NFAB to the CFAB.
  • additional CFAB blocks may be deployed on the fly (i.e., in real time) based on customer demands. It is appreciated that the number of switches described above with reference to the first tier-one level of switches or the second tier-one level of switches in the network fabric (e.g., eight switches) are for illustrative purposes only.
  • the number of switches included in the first tier- one level, or the second tier-one level may be any other number of switches such as four or sixteen or a variable number of switches.
  • the second tier-two level of switches in the network fabric block as described above includes four switches. However, it is appreciated that this is for illustrative purposes only and that the actual number of switched in this level may be a variable number of switches e.g., half of the number of switches at Tier-1.
  • FIG.15 illustrates connections between the NFAB block and the plurality of blocks of switches, as well as connections within the NFAB block i.e., between the second plurality of switches that are organized into the second plurality of levels in the NFAB.
  • the second plurality of levels associated with the second plurality of switches in the NFAB includes: (i) a second tier-one level of switches (i.e., NFAB Tier 1, 1505) and (ii) a second tier-two level of switches (i.e., NFAB Tier 2, 1510).
  • the second tier-one level of switches in the NFAB includes eight switches (labeled in FIG. 15 as t1-r1 to t1-r8), and the second tier- two level of switches in the network fabric block include four switches (labeled in FIG. 15 as t2-r1 to t2-r4).
  • a first subset of switches included in the second tier-one level of switches are communicatively coupled, at a first end, to the one or more edge devices.
  • switches t1-r1, t1-r2, t1-r3, t1-r4 are coupled to route reflector 1520A and VPN gateway 1520, respectively.
  • a second subset of switches included in the second tier-one level of switches are communicatively coupled, at the first end, to the plurality of blocks of switches (i.e., labeled in FIG. 15 as CFAB Tier 3). It is noted that the second subset of switches may also be coupled with WDM metro switch i.e., a switch used for interconnecting racks situated in different buildings.
  • WDM metro switch i.e., a switch used for interconnecting racks situated in different buildings.
  • the first subset and the second subset of switches included in the second tier-one level of switches are coupled, at a second end, to the second tier-two level of switches included in the network fabric block.
  • IaaS customers may access resources and services through a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, and can use the cloud provider's services to install the remaining elements of an application stack.
  • WAN wide area network
  • the user can log in to the IaaS platform to create virtual machines (VMs), install operating systems (OSs) on each VM, deploy middleware such as databases, create storage buckets for workloads and backups, and even install enterprise software into that VM.
  • VMs virtual machines
  • OSs install operating systems
  • middleware such as databases
  • storage buckets for workloads and backups
  • enterprise software such as databases
  • Customers can then use the provider's services to perform various functions, including balancing network traffic, troubleshooting application issues, monitoring performance, managing disaster recovery, etc.
  • IaaS provisioning may refer to acquiring computers or virtual hosts for use, and even installing needed libraries or services on them. In most cases, deployment does not include provisioning, and the provisioning may need to be performed first.
  • IaaS provisioning there are two different problems for IaaS provisioning. First, there is the initial challenge of provisioning the initial set of infrastructure before anything is running. Second, there is the challenge of evolving the existing infrastructure (e.g., adding new services, changing services, removing services, etc.) once everything has been provisioned.
  • an infrastructure may have many interconnected elements. For example, there may be one or more virtual private clouds (VPCs) (e.g., a potentially on-demand pool of configurable and/or shared computing resources), also known as a core network.
  • VPCs virtual private clouds
  • VMs virtual machines
  • Other infrastructure elements may also be provisioned, such as a load balancer, a database, or the like. As more and more infrastructure elements are desired and/or added, the infrastructure may incrementally evolve.
  • continuous deployment techniques may be employed to enable deployment of infrastructure code across various virtual computing environments. Additionally, the described techniques can enable infrastructure management within these environments.
  • service teams can write code that is desired to be deployed to one or more, but often many, different production environments (e.g., across various different geographic locations, sometimes spanning the entire world). However, in some examples, the infrastructure on which the code will be deployed must first be set up.
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram 1800 illustrating an example pattern of an IaaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment.
  • Service operators 1802 can be communicatively coupled to a secure host tenancy 1804 that can include a virtual cloud network (VCN) 1806 and a secure host subnet 1808.
  • VCN virtual cloud network
  • the service operators 1802 may be using one or more client computing devices, which may be portable handheld devices (e.g., an iPhone®, cellular telephone, an iPad®, computing tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA)) or wearable devices (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), running software such as Microsoft Windows Mobile®, and/or a variety of mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows Phone, Android, BlackBerry 8, Palm OS, and the like, and being Internet, e-mail, short message service (SMS), Blackberry®, or other communication protocol enabled.
  • the client computing devices can be general purpose personal computers including, by way of example, personal computers and/or laptop computers running various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems.
  • the VCN 1806 can include a local peering gateway (LPG) 1810 that can be communicatively coupled to a secure shell (SSH) VCN 1812 via an LPG 1810 contained in the SSH VCN 1812.
  • the SSH VCN 1812 can include an SSH subnet 1814, and the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 1816 via the LPG 1810 contained in the control plane VCN 1816.
  • the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a data plane VCN 1818 via an LPG 1810.
  • the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818 can be contained in a service tenancy 1819 that can be owned and/or operated by the IaaS provider.
  • the control plane VCN 1816 can include a control plane demilitarized zone (DMZ) tier 1820 that acts as a perimeter network (e.g., portions of a corporate network between the corporate intranet and external networks).
  • the DMZ-based servers may have restricted responsibilities and help keep security breaches contained.
  • the DMZ tier 1820 can include one or more load balancer (LB) subnet(s) 1822, a control plane app tier 1824 that can include app subnet(s) 1826, a control plane data tier 1828 that can include database (DB) subnet(s) 1830 (e.g., frontend DB subnet(s) and/or backend DB subnet(s)).
  • LB load balancer
  • the LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1820 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the control plane app tier 1824 and an Internet gateway 1834 that can be contained in the control plane VCN 1816, and the app subnet(s) 1826 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 1830 contained in the control plane data tier 1828 and a service gateway 1836 and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1838.
  • the control plane VCN 1816 can include the service gateway 1836 and the NAT gateway 1838.
  • the control plane VCN 1816 can include a data plane mirror app tier 1840 that can include app subnet(s) 1826.
  • the app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1840 can include a virtual network interface controller (VNIC) 1842 that can execute a compute instance 1844.
  • the compute instance 1844 can communicatively couple the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane mirror app tier 1840 to app subnet(s) 1826 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 1846.
  • the data plane VCN 1818 can include the data plane app tier 1846, a data plane DMZ tier 1848, and a data plane data tier 1850.
  • the data plane DMZ tier 1848 can include LB subnet(s) 1822 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane app tier 1846 and the Internet gateway 1834 of the data plane VCN 1818.
  • the app subnet(s) 1826 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 1836 of the data plane VCN 1818 and the NAT gateway 1838 of the data plane VCN 1818.
  • the data plane data tier 1850 can also include the DB subnet(s) 1830 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane app tier 1846.
  • the Internet gateway 1834 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 1852 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 1854.
  • Public Internet 1854 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 1838 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818.
  • the service gateway 1836 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 1856.
  • the service gateway 1836 of the control plane VCN 1816 or of the data plan VCN 1818 can make application programming interface (API) calls to cloud services 1856 without going through public Internet 1854.
  • API application programming interface
  • the API calls to cloud services 1856 from the service gateway 1836 can be one-way: the service gateway 1836 can make API calls to cloud services 1856, and cloud services 1856 can send requested data to the service gateway 1836. But, cloud services 1856 may not initiate API calls to the service gateway 1836.
  • the secure host tenancy 1804 can be directly connected to the service tenancy 1819, which may be otherwise isolated.
  • the secure host subnet 1808 can communicate with the SSH subnet 1814 through an LPG 1810 that may enable two-way communication over an otherwise isolated system. Connecting the secure host subnet 1808 to the SSH subnet 1814 may give the secure host subnet 1808 access to other entities within the service tenancy 1819.
  • users of the system, or customers can make requests, for example create, read, update, or delete (CRUD) operations, through public Internet 1854 that can communicate the requests to the metadata management service 1852.
  • the metadata management service 1852 can communicate the request to the control plane VCN 1816 through the Internet gateway 1834.
  • the request can be received by the LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1820.
  • the LB subnet(s) 1822 may determine that the request is valid, and in response to this determination, the LB subnet(s) 1822 can transmit the request to app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the control plane app tier 1824.
  • the call to public Internet 1854 may be transmitted to the NAT gateway 1838 that can make the call to public Internet 1854.
  • Memory that may be desired to be stored by the request can be stored in the DB subnet(s) 1830.
  • the data plane mirror app tier 1840 can facilitate direct communication between the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818. For example, changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration may be desired to be applied to the resources contained in the data plane VCN 1818. Via a VNIC 1842, the control plane VCN 1816 can directly communicate with, and can thereby execute the changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration to, resources contained in the data plane VCN 1818.
  • control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818 can be contained in the service tenancy 1819.
  • the user, or the customer, of the system may not own or operate either the control plane VCN 1816 or the data plane VCN 1818.
  • the IaaS provider may own or operate the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818, both of which may be contained in the service tenancy 1819.
  • This embodiment can enable isolation of networks that may prevent users or customers from interacting with other users’, or other customers’, resources. Also, this embodiment may allow users or customers of the system to store databases privately without needing to rely on public Internet 1854, which may not have a desired level of security, for storage.
  • the LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane VCN 1816 can be configured to receive a signal from the service gateway 1836.
  • the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818 may be configured to be called by a customer of the IaaS provider without calling public Internet 1854.
  • Customers of the IaaS provider may desire this embodiment since database(s) that the customers use may be controlled by the IaaS provider and may be stored on the service tenancy 1819, which may be isolated from public Internet 1854.
  • FIG. 19 is a block diagram 1900 illustrating another example pattern of an IaaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment. Service operators 1902 (e.g.
  • the SSH VCN 1912 can include an SSH subnet 1914 (e.g. the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 1912 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 1916 (e.g. the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 1910 contained in the control plane VCN 1916.
  • the control plane VCN 1916 can be contained in a service tenancy 1919 (e.g. the service tenancy 1819 of FIG.18), and the data plane VCN 1918 (e.g. the data plane VCN 1818 of FIG.18) can be contained in a customer tenancy 1921 that may be owned or operated by users, or customers, of the system.
  • the control plane VCN 1916 can include a control plane DMZ tier 1920 (e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG.18) that can include LB subnet(s) 1922 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG.18), a control plane app tier 1924 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG.18) that can include app subnet(s) 1926 (e.g. app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG. 18), a control plane data tier 1928 (e.g. the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18) that can include database (DB) subnet(s) 1930 (e.g. similar to DB subnet(s) 1830 of FIG.18).
  • DB database
  • the control plane VCN 1916 can include a data plane mirror app tier 1940 (e.g. the data plane mirror app tier 1840 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 1926.
  • the app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can include a virtual network interface controller (VNIC) 1942 (e.g. the VNIC of 1842) that can execute a compute instance 1944 (e.g. similar to the compute instance 1844 of FIG. 18).
  • VNIC virtual network interface controller
  • the compute instance 1944 can facilitate communication between the app subnet(s) 1926 of the data plane mirror app tier 1940 and the app subnet(s) 1926 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 1946 (e.g. the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG.
  • the customer of the IaaS provider may have databases that live in the customer tenancy 1921.
  • the control plane VCN 1916 can include the data plane mirror app tier 1940 that can include app subnet(s) 1926.
  • the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can reside in the data plane VCN 1918, but the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may not live in the data plane VCN 1918. That is, the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may have access to the customer tenancy 1921, but the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may not exist in the data plane VCN 1918 or be owned or operated by the customer of the IaaS provider.
  • the IaaS provider may not be able to apply filters or otherwise control access of the data plane VCN 1918 to any outside networks or databases. Applying filters and controls by the customer onto the data plane VCN 1918, contained in the customer tenancy 1921, can help isolate the data plane VCN 1918 from other customers and from public Internet 1954.
  • cloud services 1956 can be called by the service gateway 1936 to access services that may not exist on public Internet 1954, on the control plane VCN 1916, or on the data plane VCN 1918.
  • the connection between cloud services 1956 and the control plane VCN 1916 or the data plane VCN 1918 may not be live or continuous. Cloud services 1956 may exist on a different network owned or operated by the IaaS provider.
  • Cloud services 1956 may be configured to receive calls from the service gateway 1936 and may be configured to not receive calls from public Internet 1954. Some cloud services 1956 may be isolated from other cloud services 1956, and the control plane VCN 1916 may be isolated from cloud services 1956 that may not be in the same region as the control plane VCN 1916. For example, the control plane VCN 1916 may be located in “Region 1,” and cloud service “Deployment 13,” may be located in Region 1 and in “Region 2.” If a call to Deployment 13 is made by the service gateway 1936 contained in the control plane VCN 1916 located in Region 1, the call may be transmitted to Deployment 13 in Region 1.
  • FIG. 20 is a block diagram 2000 illustrating another example pattern of an IaaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment.
  • Service operators 2002 e.g. service operators 1802 of FIG.18
  • a secure host tenancy 2004 e.g. the secure host tenancy 1804 of FIG. 18
  • VCN virtual cloud network
  • secure host subnet 2008 e.g. the secure host subnet 1808 of FIG. 18.
  • the VCN 2006 can include an LPG 2010 (e.g. the LPG 1810 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to an SSH VCN 2012 (e.g. the SSH VCN 1812 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the SSH VCN 2012.
  • the SSH VCN 2012 can include an SSH subnet 2014 (e.g. the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 2016 (e.g. the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG.18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and to a data plane VCN 2018 (e.g. the data plane 1818 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the data plane VCN 2018.
  • a control plane VCN 2016 e.g. the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG.18
  • a data plane VCN 2018 e.g. the data plane 1818 of FIG. 18
  • the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018 can be contained in a service tenancy 2019 (e.g. the service tenancy 1819 of FIG. 18).
  • the control plane VCN 1816 can include a control plane DMZ tier 1820 (e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG. 18) that can include load balancer (LB) subnet(s) 1822 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG. 18), a control plane app tier 2024 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 2026 (e.g. similar to app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG. 18), a control plane data tier 2028 (e.g.
  • the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18 that can include DB subnet(s) 2030.
  • the LB subnet(s) 2022 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 2020 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 2026 contained in the control plane app tier 2024 and to an Internet gateway 1834 (e.g. the Internet gateway 1834 of FIG. 18) that can be contained in the control plane VCN 2016, and the app subnet(s) 2026 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 1830 contained in the control plane data tier 1828 and to a service gateway 1836 (e.g. the service gateway of FIG.18) and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1838 (e.g. the NAT gateway 1838 of FIG.
  • a service gateway 1836 e.g. the service gateway of FIG.18
  • NAT network address translation
  • the control plane VCN 2016 can include the service gateway 2036 and the NAT gateway 2038.
  • the data plane VCN 2018 can include a data plane app tier 2046 (e.g. the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG. 18), a data plane DMZ tier 2048 (e.g. the data plane DMZ tier 1848 of FIG. 18), and a data plane data tier 2050 (e.g. the data plane data tier 1850 of FIG. 18).
  • the data plane DMZ tier 2048 can include LB subnet(s) 2022 that can be communicatively coupled to trusted app subnet(s) 2060 and untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 of the data plane app tier 2046 and the Internet gateway 2034 contained in the data plane VCN 2018.
  • the trusted app subnet(s) 2060 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018, the NAT gateway 2038 contained in the data plane VCN 2018, and DB subnet(s) 2030 contained in the data plane data tier 2050.
  • the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018 and DB subnet(s) 2030 contained in the data plane data tier 2050.
  • the data plane data tier 2050 can include DB subnet(s) 2030 that can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018.
  • the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 can include one or more primary VNICs 2064(1)- (N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2066(1)-(N).
  • VMs virtual machines
  • Each tenant VM 2066(1)-(N) can be communicatively coupled to a respective app subnet 2067(1)- (N) that can be contained in respective container egress VCNs 2068(1)-(N) that can be contained in respective customer tenancies 2070(1)-(N).
  • Respective secondary VNICs 2072(1)-(N) can facilitate communication between the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 contained in the data plane VCN 2018 and the app subnet contained in the container egress VCNs 2068(1)-(N).
  • Each container egress VCNs 2068(1)-(N) can include a NAT gateway 2038 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2054 (e.g. public Internet 1854 of FIG.18).
  • the Internet gateway 2034 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 2052 (e.g. the metadata management system 1852 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2054.
  • Public Internet 2054 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 2038 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018.
  • the service gateway 2036 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 2056.
  • the data plane VCN 2018 can be integrated with customer tenancies 2070. This integration can be useful or desirable for customers of the IaaS provider in some cases such as a case that may desire support when executing code.
  • the customer may provide code to run that may be destructive, may communicate with other customer resources, or may otherwise cause undesirable effects.
  • the IaaS provider may determine whether to run code given to the IaaS provider by the customer.
  • the customer of the IaaS provider may grant temporary network access to the IaaS provider and request a function to be attached to the data plane tier app 2046.
  • Code to run the function may be executed in the VMs 2066(1)-(N), and the code may not be configured to run anywhere else on the data plane VCN 2018.
  • Each VM 2066(1)-(N) may be connected to one customer tenancy 2070.
  • Respective containers 2071(1)-(N) contained in the VMs 2066(1)-(N) may be configured to run the code.
  • the containers 2071(1)-(N) running code, where the containers 2071(1)-(N) may be contained in at least the VM 2066(1)-(N) that are contained in the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062), which may help prevent incorrect or otherwise undesirable code from damaging the network of the IaaS provider or from damaging a network of a different customer.
  • the containers 2071(1)-(N) may be communicatively coupled to the customer tenancy 2070 and may be configured to transmit or receive data from the customer tenancy 2070.
  • the containers 2071(1)-(N) may not be configured to transmit or receive data from any other entity in the data plane VCN 2018.
  • the IaaS provider may kill or otherwise dispose of the containers 2071(1)-(N).
  • the trusted app subnet(s) 2060 may run code that may be owned or operated by the IaaS provider.
  • the trusted app subnet(s) 2060 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2030 and be configured to execute CRUD operations in the DB subnet(s) 2030.
  • the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2030, but in this embodiment, the untrusted app subnet(s) may be configured to execute read operations in the DB subnet(s) 2030.
  • the containers 2071(1)-(N) that can be contained in the VM 2066(1)-(N) of each customer and that may run code from the customer may not be communicatively coupled with the DB subnet(s) 2030.
  • the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018 may not be directly communicatively coupled. In this embodiment, there may be no direct communication between the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018. However, communication can occur indirectly through at least one method.
  • An LPG 2010 may be established by the IaaS provider that can facilitate communication between the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018.
  • the control plane VCN 2016 or the data plane VCN 2018 can make a call to cloud services 2056 via the service gateway 2036.
  • FIG. 21 is a block diagram 2100 illustrating another example pattern of an IaaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment.
  • Service operators 2102 e.g. service operators 1802 of FIG.18
  • a secure host tenancy 2104 e.g. the secure host tenancy 1804 of FIG. 18
  • VCN virtual cloud network
  • secure host subnet 2108 e.g. the secure host subnet 1808 of FIG. 18.
  • the VCN 2106 can include an LPG 2110 (e.g. the LPG 1810 of FIG.18) that can be communicatively coupled to an SSH VCN 2112 (e.g. the SSH VCN 1812 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2110 contained in the SSH VCN 2112.
  • the SSH VCN 2112 can include an SSH subnet 2114 (e.g. the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 2112 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 2116 (e.g. the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG.18) via an LPG 2110 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and to a data plane VCN 2118 (e.g. the data plane 1818 of FIG.
  • the control plane VCN 2116 can include a control plane DMZ tier 2120 (e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG.18) that can include LB subnet(s) 2122 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG.18), a control plane app tier 2124 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG.18) that can include app subnet(s) 2126 (e.g. app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG.
  • a control plane DMZ tier 2120 e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG.18
  • LB subnet(s) 2122 e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG.18
  • a control plane app tier 2124 e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG.18
  • app subnet(s) 2126 e.g. app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG.
  • control plane data tier 2128 (e.g. the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18) that can include DB subnet(s) 2130 (e.g. DB subnet(s) 2030 of FIG. 20).
  • the LB subnet(s) 2122 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 2120 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 2126 contained in the control plane app tier 2124 and to an Internet gateway 2134 (e.g. the Internet gateway 1834 of FIG.
  • the control plane VCN 2116 can include the service gateway 2136 and the NAT gateway 2138.
  • the data plane VCN 2118 can include a data plane app tier 2146 (e.g. the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG. 18), a data plane DMZ tier 2148 (e.g.
  • the data plane DMZ tier 2148 can include LB subnet(s) 2122 that can be communicatively coupled to trusted app subnet(s) 2160 (e.g. trusted app subnet(s) 2060 of FIG. 20) and untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 (e.g. untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 of FIG. 20) of the data plane app tier 2146 and the Internet gateway 2134 contained in the data plane VCN 2118.
  • trusted app subnet(s) 2160 e.g. trusted app subnet(s) 2060 of FIG. 20
  • untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 e.g. untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 of FIG. 20
  • the trusted app subnet(s) 2160 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118, the NAT gateway 2138 contained in the data plane VCN 2118, and DB subnet(s) 2130 contained in the data plane data tier 2150.
  • the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118 and DB subnet(s) 2130 contained in the data plane data tier 2150.
  • the data plane data tier 2150 can include DB subnet(s) 2130 that can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118.
  • the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 can include primary VNICs 2164(1)-(N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2166(1)-(N) residing within the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162.
  • VMs virtual machines
  • Each tenant VM 2166(1)-(N) can run code in a respective container 2167(1)-(N), and be communicatively coupled to an app subnet 2126 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 2146 that can be contained in a container egress VCN 2168.
  • Public Internet 2154 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 2138 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118.
  • the service gateway 2136 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 2156.
  • the pattern illustrated by the architecture of block diagram 2100 of FIG.21 may be considered an exception to the pattern illustrated by the architecture of block diagram 2000 of FIG. 20 and may be desirable for a customer of the IaaS provider if the IaaS provider cannot directly communicate with the customer (e.g., a disconnected region).

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fourniture d'un nuage de régions dédié au niveau d'un client. Un premier port physique d'un dispositif de virtualisation de réseau (NVD) inclus dans un centre de données est couplé en communication à un premier commutateur de niveau supérieur (TOR) et à un deuxième commutateur TOR. Un deuxième port physique du NVD est couplé en communication à une carte d'interface réseau (NIC) associée à une machine hôte. Le NVD reçoit un paquet de la machine hôte par l'intermédiaire du deuxième port physique de la NVD. Le NVD détermine en outre un TOR particulier, à partir d'un groupe comprenant le premier TOR et le deuxième TOR, pour communiquer le paquet, et transmet le paquet à l'TOR particulier afin de faciliter la communication du paquet à une machine hôte de destination.
EP23762292.3A 2022-08-15 2023-07-31 Mise en oeuvre de commutateur double de niveau supérieur pour un nuage de régions dédié au niveau d'un client Pending EP4573725A1 (fr)

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US202263398134P 2022-08-15 2022-08-15
US202263381262P 2022-10-27 2022-10-27
US18/360,680 US20240054004A1 (en) 2022-08-15 2023-07-27 Dual top-of-rack switch implementation for dedicated region cloud at customer
PCT/US2023/029130 WO2024039520A1 (fr) 2022-08-15 2023-07-31 Mise en œuvre de commutateur double de niveau supérieur pour un nuage de régions dédié au niveau d'un client

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