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EP4027959A1 - Procédé pour caractériser un faisceau laser d'un système d'usinage par laser, ensemble écran et système d'usinage par laser - Google Patents

Procédé pour caractériser un faisceau laser d'un système d'usinage par laser, ensemble écran et système d'usinage par laser

Info

Publication number
EP4027959A1
EP4027959A1 EP20768562.9A EP20768562A EP4027959A1 EP 4027959 A1 EP4027959 A1 EP 4027959A1 EP 20768562 A EP20768562 A EP 20768562A EP 4027959 A1 EP4027959 A1 EP 4027959A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laser beam
laser
diaphragm
working plane
test object
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20768562.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Deutsch
Gerard Antkowiak
Martin Hacker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
Original Assignee
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102019124258.4A external-priority patent/DE102019124258A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102019124166.9A external-priority patent/DE102019124166A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102019124164.2A external-priority patent/DE102019124164A1/de
Application filed by Carl Zeiss Meditec AG filed Critical Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
Publication of EP4027959A1 publication Critical patent/EP4027959A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/005—Diaphragms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting in contact-lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
    • A61F9/00802—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser for photoablation
    • A61F9/00814—Laser features or special beam parameters therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting in contact-lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
    • A61F9/00802—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser for photoablation
    • A61F9/00804—Refractive treatments
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting in contact-lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
    • A61F2009/00855—Calibration of the laser system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting in contact-lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
    • A61F9/007—Methods or devices for eye surgery
    • A61F9/008—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser
    • A61F2009/00861—Methods or devices for eye surgery using laser adapted for treatment at a particular location
    • A61F2009/00872—Cornea

Definitions

  • the claimed embodiments relate to methods for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system, a diaphragm arrangement and a laser processing system, in particular for ophthalmic surgery of an eye.
  • the embodiments are thus in the field of laser processing systems for ophthalmic surgery.
  • Refractive errors in the human eye are often due to an inadequate refractive effect of the eye. For example, this can be caused by astigmatism.
  • the causes of ametropia can be eliminated or reduced by means of ophthalmic or refractive surgery.
  • excimer lasers are usually used, by means of which material is removed from the cornea to be corrected in order to provide the cornea with the desired refractive effect. It goes without saying that the correction of the refractive effect must be carried out very precisely in order to achieve a satisfactory treatment result in which the correction achieves the desired refractive effect.
  • the laser beam is mostly in pulsed form, so that the material removal by the laser beam is typically determined as material removal per laser pulse or “shot” or for a predetermined pulse sequence or shot sequence (number of laser pulses). In the case of continuously operating lasers, the amount of material removed per exposure time is determined.
  • fluence test Such a characterization of the material removal is often referred to as a “fluence test” because the “fluence” or fluence, as the ratio between laser pulse energy and the effective laser spot diameter, is usually the most important parameter for material removal when the material strongly absorbs the laser light , how This is the case, for example, with UV light from the excimer laser in plastics or biological tissues.
  • Various excimer laser systems for refractive corneal correction are known in the prior art, such as the applicant's Syste called MEL 80 and MEL 90.
  • the material removal can be checked regularly by means of so-called fluence papers, which typically consist of colored cardboard to which a metal-coated plastic film of known thickness is glued.
  • fluence papers typically consist of colored cardboard to which a metal-coated plastic film of known thickness is glued.
  • the fluence paper is exposed to a predetermined shot pattern, with various test points on the fluence paper being exposed to a specific number of pulses or shots, i.e. with specific shot count ratios.
  • the resulting material removal is then checked on the respective test points of the fluence paper, with the metal-coated plastic film still being retained for some predetermined shot sequences in or at the test points, while in test points of other shot sequences, for example with a higher number of shots, the correspond to a flow of + 4%, was partially removed.
  • the colored cardboard arranged under the originally applied metallic plastic film is at least partially visible. The operator then checks with the naked eye.
  • An alternative method for characterizing the laser beam is to work a lens profile into a PMMA substrate by means of the excimer laser, in that material is removed from the PMMA substrate by means of the excimer laser. This is followed by a complex measurement of the machined PMMA substrate, in which the actual refractive effect of the machined PMMA substrate or its lens shape is measured and compared with the corresponding, predetermined target value. On the basis of any deviations, conclusions can be drawn about the effect of the processing and the laser beam can be characterized.
  • this method requires special measuring devices and a great deal of effort, so that regular checking of the laser beam with such a method on a daily basis is not economically sensible or possible.
  • a method for determining the dimensions of a laser beam is also known in the prior art, in which the laser beam is scanned in a path over a reference edge, as described, for example, in US Pat. No. 6,559,934 B1.
  • US 2002 / 0198515A1 describes a method in which, for the adjustment of a laser system, a structure is used in a treatment plane which has a slot or a reference edge for the purpose of adjustment or calibration.
  • WO 01/87199 A2 describes a device and a method for measuring the energy and / or position of a pulsed laser beam, in which the laser beam is temporarily directed onto a sensor.
  • an additional target laser In the case of non-visible processing lasers that emit, for example, in the ultraviolet or infrared spectral range, an additional target laser must often be used.
  • This aiming laser must emit animals in the visible spectral range and, for reasons of laser safety, usually have a much lower intensity in the working plane than the processing laser.
  • This target laser is typically overlaid spatially well enough with the processing laser in the working plane, this spatial overlay being checked regularly for safety reasons. This superimposition is conventionally often checked visually by the doctor, for example by examining the overlap of structures marked by means of the processing laser and the aiming laser on fluence paper.
  • the object is therefore to provide a method and a device which enables a reliable characterization or verification of a machining laser in the working plane and offers the possibility of automation.
  • the characterization should include in particular the fluence and / or spatial calibration of the laser parameters in the working plane.
  • a further object is to provide a method and a device that enables the superimposition of the processing laser and the target laser to be checked and offers the possibility of automation.
  • the embodiments relate to a method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system, a diaphragm arrangement, a Laserbearbei processing system with the features of the respective independent claims, a device for refractive corneal correction, an excimer laser and a device for refractive correction of a cornea.
  • Optional embodiments are specified in the dependent claims and in the description.
  • a first embodiment relates to a method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system.
  • the method comprises a) providing a diaphragm arrangement with several, ie with two or more, diaphragm openings in a working plane of the laser processing system in such a way that the diaphragm openings extend within the working plane.
  • Method b) further comprises scanning the laser beam along a scanning direction parallel to the working plane over the diaphragm arrangement in such a way that the laser beam at least partially sweeps over at least two of the diaphragm openings one after the other.
  • the method comprises c) determining an energy of the laser beam transmitted through the aperture openings in each case during the scanning process and d) determining an extent of the laser beam along the scanning direction based on the determined energy of the laser beam transmitted through a first aperture opening of the plurality of aperture openings and a Determining an energy parameter of the laser beam on the basis of the energy of the laser beam that is determined and transmitted through a second aperture of the plurality of aperture.
  • the first aperture has a predetermined extent along the scanning direction that is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the second aperture has an extent in the working plane that is larger than the laser beam in the working plane and is designed to transmit the laser beam essentially completely.
  • a further embodiment relates to a diaphragm arrangement for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system, the diaphragm arrangement being able to be arranged in a working plane of the laser processing system and comprising a diaphragm with a plurality of diaphragm openings.
  • the diaphragm arrangement comprises a first diaphragm opening of the plurality of diaphragm openings, which has a predetermined extent along a scanning direction of the laser beam that is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam to be checked in the working plane, and a second diaphragm opening of the several diaphragm openings, which has an extent which is larger than the laser beam to be checked and is designed to completely transmit the laser beam essentially.
  • the diaphragm arrangement comprises at least one photodetector, which is arranged such that at least a part of the laser beam transmitted through the diaphragm openings in the working plane can be detected by means of the photodetector.
  • the laser processing system comprises a laser source for providing the laser beam, a deflection device by means of which the laser beam can be moved within the working plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the laser beam, and a diaphragm arrangement according to an optional embodiment.
  • the diaphragm arrangement can be arranged in the laser processing system in such a way that the diaphragm openings are arranged in the working plane.
  • Another embodiment relates to a method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system.
  • the method comprises (a) providing a diaphragm arrangement with a diaphragm opening in a working plane ne of the laser processing system such that the diaphragm opening extends within the working plane, the diaphragm arrangement having at least two parallel opening edges which are opposite at a predetermined distance and which are Limit aperture, and the aperture is larger than the laser beam in the working plane and designed to transmit the laser beam substantially completely.
  • Method (b) further comprises scanning the laser beam along a scanning direction parallel to the working plane over the diaphragm arrangement in such a way that the laser beam has a first opening edge of the two opening edges, the diaphragm opening and a second opening edge at least partially sweeps over the two opening caten one after the other, and (c) determining the energy of the laser beam that is transmitted through the aperture during the scanning process.
  • the method (d) comprises determining an extent of the laser beam along the scanning direction based on a profile of the transmitted energy when the laser beam sweeps over the first and / or the second opening edge and determining an energy parameter that is essentially completely transmitted through the aperture Laser beam and (e) determining an adjustment parameter of the laser processing system on the basis of the scanning of the opening edges arranged at a predetermined distance by the laser beam.
  • Another embodiment relates to a method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system.
  • This further embodiment can optionally comprise the first embodiment.
  • the method includes determining an energy parameter of the laser beam.
  • the method includes providing a calibration device in a working plane of the laser processing system and applying the calibration device with the laser beam under the same conditions under which the laser beam is intended to be used for processing a processing object, as well as determining a calibration parameter by means of the calibration device in the working plane .
  • the method includes providing the calibration device in a control plane outside the working plane and deflecting the laser beam in such a way that the calibration device is exposed to the laser beam in the control plane, as well as determining a control parameter by means of the calibration device in the control plane.
  • the method includes determining a deviation factor that characterizes a deviation between the calibration parameter and the control parameter, and characterizing the laser beam by means of the calibration device in the control plane using the deviation factor.
  • the laser processing system comprises an energy sensor which is designed to determine an energy parameter of the laser beam. Furthermore, the laser processing system comprises a calibration device which can be optionally arranged in a working plane of the laser processing system and can be acted upon by the laser beam and can be arranged in a control plane outside the working plane and can be acted upon by the laser beam, and a deflecting element which can be arranged in the beam path of the laser beam in such a way that the deflecting element deflects the laser beam directed onto the working plane into the control plane.
  • the laser processing system is set up to arrange the calibration device in the working plane and to determine a calibration parameter, to arrange the calibration device in the control plane and to determine a control parameter, to determine a deviation factor that characterizes a deviation between the calibration parameter and the control parameter , and to characterize the laser beam by means of the calibration device in the control level using the energy parameter and the deviation factor.
  • Another embodiment relates to a method for characterizing a laser beam, which can be used alternatively or in combination with the first embodiment described above, and which can likewise be part of the further embodiment of the method for characterizing a laser beam.
  • the method comprises applying the laser beam to a test object in such a way that the laser beam removes part of the material of the test object at a test point of the test object. Furthermore, the method includes determining a change in the thickness of the test object at the test point due to the exposure to the laser beam.
  • the device has a test object holder, which is designed to provide a test object for exposing the test object to the laser beam so that part of the material of the test object can be removed by means of the laser beam at a test point of the test object.
  • the device has a measuring device which is set up to determine a change in the thickness of the test object at the test point due to the exposure to the laser beam.
  • Another embodiment relates to an excimer laser comprising a device for characterizing the laser beam according to an optional embodiment.
  • Another embodiment relates to a device for refractive corneal correction comprising an excimer laser according to a preferred embodiment form and / or a device for characterizing a laser beam according to a preferred embodiment.
  • a laser beam is the radiation that is emitted by a laser, optionally an excimer laser.
  • the laser beam does not necessarily have continuous wave radiation, but can also be pulsed.
  • the laser beam can furthermore be present in a collimated and / or convergent and / or divergent manner for characterization.
  • the laser beam has electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet spectral range.
  • the laser beam has a central wavelength of approx. 193 nm.
  • the laser beam is optionally designed as a laser beam for refractive corneal correction and is optionally provided by an excimer laser.
  • the laser beam is particularly optionally provided by an ArF excimer laser.
  • a working laser beam of the laser processing system is referred to as a laser beam.
  • the laser processing system can, according to optional embodiments, also provide a targeting laser beam which is of lower energy and whose optical spectrum is optionally at least partially in the visible spectral range.
  • a targeting laser beam which is of lower energy and whose optical spectrum is optionally at least partially in the visible spectral range.
  • this is always referred to as the aiming laser beam to distinguish it from the laser beam.
  • the characterization of the laser beam optionally includes the characterization of the beam profile of the laser and / or the characterization of a beam size.
  • the characterization can optionally also include a characterization of an energy, such as a pulse energy, and / or a peak power and / or an average power and / or the energy of a predetermined series or number of pulses and / or an intensity and / or a fluence (especially in the working plane) and / or material removal that can be achieved thereby.
  • the characterization can further optionally include a characterization of a focus of the laser beam, such as a shape and / or a profile and / or an intensity of the focused laser beam.
  • a diaphragm arrangement is an arrangement or device which comprises a diaphragm with a plurality of diaphragm openings.
  • the screen can be designed to be planar and the screen openings can be formed as recesses in the screen.
  • the diaphragm is impermeable to the laser radiation and is optionally designed in such a way that the diaphragm is not damaged by exposure to the laser beam the opacity for the laser radiation would impair.
  • the aperture openings are optionally completely transparent to the laser radiation and especially optionally designed as recesses or holes in the aperture.
  • the screen can be formed in one piece or in several pieces.
  • the diaphragm arrangement can also have further elements.
  • the diaphragm arrangement can have a photodetector and / or other elements which, for example, can form a fixed component of the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the working plane is the plane in which the laser processing system applies the laser beam to a processing object, for example an eye, in order to process the processing object.
  • the laser processing system can be designed to process a processing object with the laser beam in the working plane and / or to mark the point of impact on the processing object with the aiming laser beam.
  • the laser beam and / or the aiming laser beam can be focused into the working plane by the laser processing system.
  • the working plane does not necessarily have to be a plane in the mathematical sense, if this can be the case according to some optional embodiments.
  • the working plane can also be designed as a curved surface and thus represent a surface extending in three-dimensional space.
  • Scanning the laser beam along the scanning direction is optionally a deflection of the laser beam in such a way that the point of intersection of the laser beam with the working plane shifts or moves along the scanning direction within the working plane.
  • the scanning can be accomplished by means of a deflection device which can move the laser beam within the working plane in a predetermined area.
  • the scanning direction does not necessarily have to run in a straight line, but can also follow a curved path or even a free-form curve.
  • the scanning direction can also run in several dimensions.
  • the scanning direction runs in a number of scan sections in a straight line, wherein the scanning directions of the individual scan sections can be different from one another and even perpendicular to one another.
  • the scanning direction runs discontinuously and abruptly between the individual processing points in order to reduce the thermal load on the processing object. io de to position machining operations as far apart as possible.
  • the scanning direction runs completely within the working plane.
  • the scanning of the laser beam over the diaphragm arrangement can alternatively or additionally take place in that the diaphragm arrangement is moved, optionally vertically, relative to the laser beam.
  • This can offer the advantage that the laser beam does not necessarily have to be deflected for characterization.
  • the fact that the laser beam is scanned along a scanning direction parallel to the working plane via the aperture size means that the laser beam is deflected in one or more directions perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam.
  • the distance between the working plane and the optical element that causes the deflection, such as a scanner mirror is so large that the possible projection effects when the laser beam is deflected, i.e. when scanning, and especially when determining the fluence, are negligible.
  • a first aperture opening can be configured in the shape of a slot, the width of the slot being smaller than the laser beam in the working plane and the length of the slot being greater than the extent of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • a slit-shaped diaphragm opening can be swept over by the laser beam in such a way that the diaphragm opening is swept over by the laser beam over its entire width, but not over its full length.
  • the mean diameter is optionally the full width at half the maximum (FWHM).
  • the extent of the laser beam is optionally the beam area which, assuming a Gaussian beam profile, contains 99.5% of the power or energy of the laser beam.
  • the fact that the second diaphragm opening essentially completely transmits the laser beam means that the power or energy not transmitted or blocked by the second diaphragm opening does not amount to more than 0.5% of the total power or total energy. This achieves that the attenuation of the laser beam through the second aperture is negligibly small and optionally below a typical sensor-signal-to-noise ratio.
  • An energy parameter that is determined in the context of the method is optionally such a parameter that characterizes the energy and / or power of the laser beam.
  • the intensity and / or fluence of the laser beam in the working plane can be determined together with the specific expansion of the laser beam.
  • the energy parameter characterizes an energy of the laser beam and / or a power of the laser beam and / or an energy of a laser pulse and / or an energy of a series of laser pulses.
  • a calibration parameter that is determined in the context of the method is a parameter by means of which a material removal by the laser beam, in particular the cornea when applied to an eye to be treated, can be determined and / or anticipated.
  • the calibration parameter can in particular include the fluence and / or intensity of the laser beam in the working plane or enable the fluence and / or intensity of the laser beam to be determined in the working plane.
  • the control parameter optionally corresponds to the calibration parameter with the proviso that the control parameter characterizes the laser beam in the control plane.
  • determining a calibration parameter includes determining a fluence and / or an intensity of the laser beam in the working plane, wherein determining a control parameter comprises determining a fluence and / or an intensity of the laser beam in the control plane.
  • the control level is a level in which the control parameters are paid by means of the calibration device.
  • the control parameter is determined in the control plane in the same way as the calibration parameter is determined in the working plane.
  • the control plane is arranged in such a way that the calibration device can also be arranged in the control plane when a patient is in the treatment position and one eye of the patient is arranged in the working plane.
  • the control plane is accordingly arranged and / or the calibration device is provided in the control plane in such a way that there is no spatial overlap between the calibration device provided in the control plane and a processing object arranged in the work plane.
  • the control level is at least partially arranged within the laser processing system and / or the calibration device when provided in the control level is arranged within the laser processing system. This offers the advantage that the laser processing system can be designed to be particularly compact.
  • the test object is optionally a solid-state element from which material can be removed by means of laser ablation using the laser beam. Further optionally, the test object is designed to at least partially absorb the radiation of the laser beam in order to achieve an ablation of material by means of the absorbed energy, which was radiated in in the form of the laser beam. In other words, the test object is optionally made of a UV-ablatable medium.
  • the test object is also optionally made of a material which is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the visible and / or infrared spectral range and is optionally almost completely transparent. This enables the use of optical measurement methods based on visible and / or infrared wavelengths to determine the change in the thickness of the test object.
  • the test object is also optionally designed in such a way that it has a surface that can be detected by means of a confocal chromatic sensor, in particular after the surface has been processed with a UV laser.
  • the test object consists at least partially of PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate), which has a very high optical density in the ultraviolet spectral range, in particular at 193 nm, and has a high degree of transparency, especially in the visible spectral range.
  • test objects can also be used which have or consist of biological tissue, such as donor cornea parts, or gel-like substances such as agar-agar. It is particularly advantageous if the test object does not have to be moved or has to be moved very little between laser processing and measurement and the measurement can take place very soon after the laser beam has been applied, so that the risk of a Change in the shape of the test object between processing and measurement can be largely reduced or eliminated.
  • the change in the thickness of the test object is optionally determined in the same position and / or orientation of the test object, such as the exposure of the test object to the laser beam.
  • the test object is optionally essentially not moved between the application of the laser beam and the determination of the change in thickness. “Essentially not moved” means that there is no movement of the test object relative to the laser beam and / or relative to the measuring device or any movement is so small that the determination of the change in thickness at the test point is not impaired.
  • This also offers the advantage that the change in thickness can be reliably determined at the test point to which the laser beam was applied. Furthermore, this offers the advantage that it is also possible to reliably use test objects whose shape is not stable and / or whose positionability cannot be reliably reproduced.
  • the exposure of the test object with the laser beam optionally includes that the test object is exposed to the laser beam so that the laser beam is incident on the test object.
  • the exposure of the test object with the laser beam it optionally flew with a certain irradiation duration, especially when using continuous wave lasers, or, when using a pulsed laser, with a certain number of laser pulses. It goes without saying that there is a reference and / or a correlation between the material removal and the irradiation duration or the number of laser pulses when the laser beam is applied to the test object.
  • the exposure takes place in the same way as the cornea is exposed to the laser beam during refractive correction of the cornea, in particular with regard to ambient parameters, such as UV-absorbing substances in the ambient air, such as humidity, and / or the beam diameter and / or the beam power or pulse energy.
  • ambient parameters such as UV-absorbing substances in the ambient air, such as humidity, and / or the beam diameter and / or the beam power or pulse energy.
  • the test object can also be exposed to other beam diameters and / or powers and / or pulse energies.
  • the test point is in particular a point in and / or on the test object which can lie on a surface of the test object or within the test object, ie in the volume area of the test object.
  • the test center is the body which is exposed to the laser beam and on which a material removal takes place accordingly. Before the laser beam is applied to the test center, the test center can optionally match the unchanged test object and not differ from other points on the test object.
  • the embodiments offer the advantage that both the extension of the laser beam and the power or energy of the laser beam can be measured directly in the working plane.
  • This has the advantage that, without incorrect assumptions or influences, the fluence of the laser beam can be determined directly in the working plane, i.e. at the point at which the laser beam is applied to the processing object, and in this way a particularly reliable characterization and If necessary, the laser beam can be adjusted.
  • This therefore offers the advantageous possibility of determining the fluence directly, for example, without having to carry out energy or power measurements elsewhere in the laser processing system and without having to determine the extent of the laser beam outside the working plane, in order to indirectly use incorrect assumptions to have to deduce the fluence.
  • This also offers the possibility of optionally checking the exact position of the laser beam and also the exact position of a target laser beam and, optionally, their overlap in the working plane. The reliability of the characterization can therefore be increased by the execution forms.
  • the embodiments offer the advantage that both a characterization of the laser beam and, in particular, a determination of the fluence of the laser beam and a calibration of a deflection device, such as a scanner, can take place by means of a diaphragm arrangement.
  • the embodiments offer the advantage that several characterizations or checks or characterizations can be carried out by means of a diaphragm arrangement in the working plane, for which different devices are conventionally required. In this way, the characterization or checking or calibration of the laser processing system can be simplified with regard to the hardware requirements and / or accelerated with regard to the expenditure of time, so that the acquisition and / or operating costs can be reduced and the maintenance times can be shortened.
  • This also offers the advantage that optionally the exact position of the laser beam and optionally the target laser beam and thus their overlap in the working plane can be checked, whereby the safety of the laser processing system can be increased.
  • this offers the advantage that only one photodetector or energy sensor is required for the characterization. This is particularly advantageous in that the technical requirements for the characterization can be selected to be lower than in the prior art and that any deviations between the measurements of conventionally several energy sensors used can be avoided and therefore the risk of falsification of the characterization can be reduced .
  • the embodiments offer the advantage that the fluence or target fluence to which the laser system is calibrated can be stored as a variable dependent on the beam diameter, and thus the calibration does not target the individual parameters of expansion of the laser beam and energy separately a separate calibration of the energy and the spot size is monitored individually - rather both values are calibrated or characterized in combination and their dependencies can be taken into account.
  • a dependency can consist, for example, in the fact that the fluence required for a specific ablation volume can be determined according to a non-linear function of the spot size of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the embodiments also offer the advantage that the fluence of the laser beam in the working plane can be determined directly and, accordingly, the fluence can also be monitored with regard to predetermined tolerance limits as part of the characterization.
  • predetermined tolerance limits In conventional methods known in the prior art, several power or energy parameters and a size of the laser beam are often determined independently of one another and checked with regard to their respective tolerance limits, but without being able to determine the fluence in the working plane. This means that the respective tolerance limits for the individual parameters in the prior art have to be selected very closely.
  • the fluence can be determined and checked against any predetermined tolerance limits, so that a combination of individual deviations in the energy and in the beam diameter, which nevertheless keep the fluence within the tolerance range, do not have to be incorrectly assessed as an error.
  • Some embodiments offer the advantage that the characterization of the laser beam can optionally be automated. It can be particularly advantageous be liable if the laser processing system is designed to arrange the aperture arrangement independently or automatically in the working level and, after characterization of the laser beam, to remove it again automatically or automatically from the working level.
  • the embodiments offer the advantage that the laser beam can be characterized with only one calibration device, although several calibration devices can also be used in accordance with some embodiments. Because one calibration device is sufficient, deviations and falsifications in the characterization of the laser beam due to differences between separate calibration devices can be avoided.
  • some embodiments offer the advantage that first a proper calibration can take place in the working plane and then, in particular during processing or treatment if an arrangement of a calibration device in the working plane is not possible, a short-term characterization or monitoring of the laser beam is possible based on the control parameter and the energy parameter by deflecting the laser beam into the control plane.
  • the characterization in the control level may not allow calibration in the actual sense, because, for example, a calibration in the working level is mandatory, the characterization in the control level can still provide valuable additional information about whether one or more parameters of the laser beam have been changed have changed the last calibration or characterization and / or a new calibration appears advantageous or necessary.
  • the interval of calibrations and / or characterizations in the working plane can optionally be extended and / or a more regular characterization of the laser beam, in particular in time segments in which the patient is already or still in the working plane, can be made possible.
  • some embodiments offer the advantage that the characterization can be carried out particularly reliably, since the calibration device is optionally the last element in the beam path to the working plane or to the control plane, both in the working plane and in the control plane, and thus when the laser beam is applied the processing object or the one to be treated Eye no additional optical elements are arranged in the beam path that were not taken into account in the characterization of the laser beam.
  • Some embodiments offer the advantage that the laser beam can be characterized objectively on the basis of a change in the thickness of the test object and thus an objective characterization or assessment of the laser beam is made possible. This makes it possible to carry out the characterization in a more reliable way than by means of a conventional characterization with the aid of fluence paper, and thus enables a particularly precise setting of the laser or laser beam, which is optionally not influenced or falsified by subjective impressions.
  • some embodiments offer the advantage that the characterization of the laser beam can take place in an automated manner and in this way can be carried out independently by the laser or a device associated therewith.
  • the provision, application and / or evaluation (determining the thickness) of the test object can be automated and in this way relieve the operator. It is particularly advantageous to determine several changes in thickness at a test point by removing material for several impacts, so that a high degree of safety or reliability in the laser beam characterization can be achieved through averaging and / or statistics.
  • the change in thickness is determined after each individual laser pulse of a pulse sequence.
  • Some embodiments also offer the advantage that the automated characterization can also be carried out efficiently from an economic point of view, since the method according to some embodiments can be carried out more cost-effectively than the method known in the prior art based on the production of a lens profile and the subsequent checking of the lens profile.
  • some embodiments offer the advantage that the method for characterization can already be integrated in laser devices, such as excimer lasers, and / or in devices for refractive correction of the cornea, in that a device for characterizing the laser beam is implemented during planning and manufacture can.
  • this offers the possibility to Existing excimer lasers and / or devices for refractive correction of the cornea, which do not have such a device for characterizing the laser beam, can be retrofitted and / or expanded with a device according to an optional embodiment.
  • the diaphragm arrangement further comprises a third diaphragm opening of the plurality of diaphragm openings, which has a predetermined extent along the scanning direction, which is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane, and is arranged at a predetermined distance along the scanning direction from the first diaphragm opening.
  • the method optionally further comprises determining an adjustment parameter of the laser processing system using the predetermined distance between the third diaphragm opening and the first diaphragm opening.
  • the laser beam can be moved abruptly so that the laser beam, for example, first sweeps over the first aperture, then jumps to the third aperture and sweeps it over and then jumps back to the second aperture and sweeps it over.
  • the predetermined distance between the first and the third aperture can then be used to check whether the scanning movement is taking place as specified, or whether there is a discrepancy between the target and actual movement.
  • the presence of a deviation can, for example, be an indication of inadequate calibration and / or scanner amplification.
  • the extent of the laser beam along the scanning direction is also determined on the basis of the energy of the laser beam that is determined and transmitted through the third aperture.
  • the determination of the extent of the laser beam along the scanning direction comprises the formation of an average value of the extent of the laser beam determined on the basis of the first and the third aperture. This offers the advantage that a measurement error can possibly be reduced on the basis of a plurality of measured values and the extent can therefore be determined more reliably.
  • the scanning of the laser beam takes place in a first scanning section and in a second scanning section, the scanning direction in the first scanning section running along a first dimension parallel to the working plane and the scanning direction in the second scanning section running along a second dimension parallel to the working plane.
  • the scanning direction runs in the two scanning sections in such a way that the extent of the laser beam can be determined in both dimensions of the working plane.
  • the scanning direction in the first scanning section runs perpendicular to the scanning direction in the second scanning section.
  • the first diaphragm opening has the predetermined extent along the scanning direction in the first scanning section.
  • the diaphragm arrangement optionally has an additional diaphragm opening of the plurality of diaphragm openings, which has a predetermined extent along the scanning direction in the second scanning section, which is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the diaphragm arrangement has two diaphragm openings for each scanning section or for each of the two scanning directions at a predetermined distance and with a predetermined extent (along the scanning direction), so that two diaphragm openings for determining the extent in both scanning directions or along both scanning sections be available. In this way, the scanning movement can also be calibrated and / or characterized in two dimensions.
  • those aperture openings that had a predetermined extent along the scanning direction that is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane have an extent that is not greater than 90%, more optionally not greater than 80%, even more optionally not greater than 70%, much more, optionally not greater than 60%, most optionally not more than 50% of the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the extension along the scanning direction corresponds to at least 1%, further optionally at least 5%, even further optionally at least 10%, much more optionally at least 15%, most optionally 20% of the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the laser beam in the working plane can have a mean diameter (FWHM) of approximately 0.6 mm to 0.8 mm, with larger or smaller diameters also being used can.
  • the extent of the diaphragm elements, which along the scanning direction have a predetermined, smaller extent than the mean diameter of the laser beam can for example be between 0.1 mm and 0.4 mm along the scanning direction.
  • the predetermined dimensions of a plurality of aperture openings with predetermined dimensions that are smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam can have identical expansions or dimensions or dimensions that are different from one another, regardless of this.
  • the plurality of aperture openings for each scan section comprise at least two aperture openings which have a predetermined extent along the respective scanning direction, which is smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam in the working plane, and are arranged at a predetermined distance from one another along the respective scanning direction.
  • the method is used to check the laser beam, ie the working laser beam and optionally also a target laser beam of the laser processing system.
  • the laser beam is optionally a laser beam that is used to carry out the laser processing of the processing object in the working plane.
  • the laser beam can have a central wavelength that is not or only poorly visible to the human eye, such as in the ultraviolet or in the infrared spectral range, which can make adjustment of the laser beam difficult. It can therefore be advantageous to use an aiming laser beam for the adjustment of the laser processing system, which is optimal onal has a central wavelength in the visible spectral range.
  • the directions of propagation of the laser beam and the aiming laser beam are coupled to one another in such a way that they propagate along the same optical axis and in this way an adjustment of the laser processing system using the aiming laser beam also leads to an adjustment of the laser beam.
  • This offers the advantage that a coupling of the laser beam and the aiming laser beam can be checked in order to ensure the reliability of an adjustment of the laser processing system using the aiming laser.
  • the diaphragm arrangement further comprises one or more aiming laser detectors in order to detect the aiming laser beam transmitted through a diaphragm opening and / or to determine its energy and / or power.
  • the target laser detector (s) can optionally be configured separately from the photodetector for the detection of the laser beam.
  • the target laser detectors can be designed differently than the photodetector.
  • the target laser detectors can optionally be configured differently than the photodetector with regard to their sensor area and / or their spectral sensitivity.
  • the photodetector is designed to detect the laser beam and, accordingly, with regard to the spectral sensitivity to the wavelength and with regard to the damage threshold to the energy of the laser beam, whereas the target laser detector (s) optionally with regard to the spectral sensitivity and the damage thresholds the target laser beam is tuned.
  • the method further comprises determining a fluence and / or an intensity of the laser beam in the working plane using the determined extent of the laser beam and the determined energy parameter of the laser beam.
  • it can be advantageous, for example, to determine the extent of the laser beam in two dimensions of the working plane.
  • the determination of the fluence and / or the intensity offers the advantage that the parameters relevant for a material removal to be brought about, in particular for ophthalmic surgery, such as the removal of a part of the cornea, are determined directly and the removal to be expected from the object to be processed, for example, can be anticipated particularly precisely by the eye.
  • the method comprises adapting a laser parameter and repeating steps b) to d) after adapting the laser parameter.
  • a check of the laser beam is optionally carried out again after an optional adjustment of the laser parameters or the laser beam has taken place.
  • the diaphragm arrangement is designed to absorb and / or reflect a portion of the laser beam that is not transmitted through the diaphragm openings.
  • the diaphragm arrangement is optionally designed to transmit the laser beam only through the diaphragm openings. Aside from the aperture openings, the aperture arrangement is optionally impermeable to the laser beam.
  • the diaphragm arrangement is optionally designed in such a way that exposure of the diaphragm arrangement with the laser beam does not lead to damage and / or destruction of the diaphragm arrangement, which would impair the function of the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the panel arrangement can be formed at least partially from a plastic and / or a metal.
  • the screen arrangement can comprise an optionally black anodized metal in order to reduce the reflectivity of the screen arrangement in order, for example, to avoid impairment and / or damage and / or a risk to people from a laser beam reflected by the screen arrangement.
  • the diaphragm or the surface of the diaphragm arrangement can be designed to be diffusive and scatter incident light from the UV and / or visible and / or IR spectral range into a large solid angle. This can offer the advantage that at least one of the diaphragm openings, in particular a central aperture, can be recognized as a pupil in an IR image by an Eye-Tracker.
  • the first aperture opening is slit-shaped and the predetermined extent corresponds to a predetermined width of the slot.
  • the aperture can have a very small and defined width along one dimension and can be made larger than the mean diameter of the laser beam along the other dimension.
  • the transmitted part of the laser beam is only limited along one dimension, for example in that a “strip” of the laser beam is transmitted so that, despite a defined width along the scanning direction, the greatest possible proportion of the laser beam is transmitted along the other dimension perpendicular to the scanning direction, in order to achieve a to get the best possible signal-to-noise ratio.
  • the diaphragm arrangement has a plurality of slit-shaped diaphragm openings which have a predetermined width which corresponds to the predetermined extent, and which are each net angeord in pairs at a predetermined distance from one another.
  • the second diaphragm opening is designed as a round hole and has an extension that essentially corresponds to the extension of the laser beam.
  • the fact that the extension of the aperture essentially corresponds to the extension of the laser beam means that the laser beam can essentially be completely transmitted through the aperture, in particular when the laser beam and the aperture are arranged concentrically. This means that the power or energy not transmitted or blocked by the second aperture is less than 0.5% of the total power or total energy.
  • a round configuration of the diaphragm opening, for example as a round hole can be particularly advantageous for adaptation to the laser beam, since this optionally also has a round cross-sectional shape in the working plane.
  • the diaphragm and the photodetector are designed to lie parallel on top of one another.
  • the fact that the diaphragm arrangement is arranged in the working plane optionally means that the diaphragm and in particular the diaphragm openings are arranged in the working plane.
  • the laser processing system is set up to use the deflection device to scan the laser beam along a scanning direction parallel to the working plane over the diaphragm arrangement, so that the laser beam at least partially sweeps over the diaphragm openings. Furthermore, the laser processing system is set up to use the photodetector to determine an energy of the laser beam transmitted through the aperture openings during the scanning process. In addition, the laser processing system is also set up to determine an extension of the laser beam along the scanning direction based on the energy of the laser beam transmitted through the first aperture opening and to determine an energy parameter of the laser beam based on the determined to determine the energy of the laser beam transmitted through the second aperture.
  • the laser processing system is designed as a laser treatment system for ophthalmic or refractive surgery of an eye, in particular for refractive corneal surgery.
  • a diaphragm arrangement according to one embodiment can also be used according to an optional embodiment for characterizing a laser beam of a laser machining device in a working plane and in a control plane (for example internally in the laser machining system).
  • the method for characterization can also be carried out in such a way that a calibration parameter is determined in the working plane and a control parameter is determined in a control plane.
  • the method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system is carried out in such a way that it includes the following steps:
  • the calibration device can comprise a diaphragm arrangement or be designed as such.
  • the calibration parameter and / or the control parameter can be determined according to a method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system.
  • the laser processing system can also be designed to carry out a characterization of the laser beam in the working plane and in the control plane.
  • the laser processing system can optionally include an energy sensor which is designed to determine an energy parameter of the laser beam.
  • the laser processing system comprises a calibration device, which can optionally be arranged in a working plane of the laser processing system and can be acted upon by the laser beam and can be arranged in a control plane outside the working plane and can be acted upon by the laser beam, and a deflection element, which can be arranged in the beam path of the laser beam, that the deflecting element deflects the laser beam directed onto the working plane into the control plane.
  • the laser processing system is set up to arrange the calibration device in the working plane and to determine a calibration parameter, to arrange the calibration device in the control plane and to determine a control parameter, to determine a deviation factor that characterizes a deviation between the calibration parameter and the control parameter, and to characterize the laser beam by means of the calibration device in the control plane using the energy parameter and the deviation factor.
  • the calibration device provided in the control plane is a calibration device that is formed separately from the calibration device provided in the working plane.
  • two separate calibration devices are used or provided in the control plane and in the working plane.
  • the calibration devices can optionally be designed in the same way or even identically.
  • the same calibration device is used both in the working plane and in the control plane. This offers the advantage that only one calibration device has to be provided. Furthermore, this offers the advantage that deviations between the calibration parameter and the control parameter due to deviations between the two separate calibration devices can be avoided.
  • the determination of the control parameter takes place immediately after the determination of the calibration parameter. This offers the advantage that deviations due to temporal fluctuations in the laser processing system can be minimized.
  • the energy parameter is optionally determined at least during the determination of the calibration parameter and during the determination of the control parameter.
  • the determination of the energy parameter takes place continuously, particularly optionally. This offers the advantage that changes resulting from a deviation in the energy of the laser beam can be recognized and taken into account when comparing the calibration parameter with the control parameter.
  • the deflection of the laser beam takes place exclusively by means of exactly one optical deflection element.
  • the beam path of the laser beam for deflecting from the working plane into the control plane is changed exclusively by means of the deflecting element.
  • the deflecting element can be monitored and / or checked regularly, for example by determining a reflectivity and / or transmittivity of the deflecting element.
  • the laser beam and or another optical Strah treatment can be used for this purpose.
  • the laser processing system is designed to automatically switch the arrangement of the calibration device between the working level and the control level and / or to automatically introduce the deflecting element into the beam path of the laser beam and / or remove it from the beam path.
  • This offers the advantage that only one calibration device is required and optionally nal calibration and / or characterization of the laser beam can be carried out in a fully automated manner.
  • the calibration device is optionally designed to provide a measured value that scales linearly with the laser energy.
  • the calibration device can have a diaphragm arrangement with a diaphragm and a photodetector, by means of which the fluence and / or the intensity of the laser beam can be determined by scanning the laser beam through one or more aperture openings of the diaphragm. It can be advantageous if the measurement signal of the photodetector is linear to the energy and / or fluence of the laser beam.
  • the laser beam is deflected into the control plane by means of a deflection element which is introduced into the beam path for this purpose.
  • the deflecting element can be designed as a mirror.
  • the deflecting element can also remain in the beam path and a deflection of the laser beam into the control plane can be achieved by changing its orientation.
  • the laser processing system is designed to move the calibration device or the diaphragm arrangement independently between the working plane and the control plane, for example with a corresponding translation and / or pivoting device.
  • this change in position takes place in such a way that the length of the optical path of the laser beam to the working plane and to the control plane is the same.
  • the method optionally includes a functionality check of the photodetector in order to check its function.
  • a functionality test can be carried out on the basis of secondary effects of an interaction between the laser beam and the detector, such as using fluorescence and / or temperature and / or mechanical shock waves and / or sound waves.
  • the diaphragm arrangement has two first diaphragm openings, which are designed in the form of gaps and run parallel to one another.
  • the width of the slit-shaped first aperture openings is smaller than the extent of the laser beam in the working plane, so that based on a When the laser beam sweeps over the first diaphragm openings, the energy of the laser beam transmitted through the respective diaphragm opening can be determined and an expansion of the laser beam in the working plane can be determined from this.
  • the two gap-shaped first diaphragm openings are also arranged at a predetermined distance from one another, optionally in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the gap-shaped diaphragm openings.
  • the scanner or the deflection device of the laser processing system can also be calibrated on the basis of a sequential sweeping over of the first two diaphragm openings perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the column in one movement.
  • the diaphragm arrangement according to this optional embodiment has a further diaphragm opening, which is formed, for example, as a round hole and has such a shape and size that the laser beam is essentially completely transmitted through the second diaphragm opening when the laser beam passes through the second diaphragm opening so that the energy or power of the laser beam can be determined by means of the second aperture.
  • the photodetector is arranged in such a way that the part of the laser beam transmitted through the respective aperture is incident on the photodetector and can be determined by it.
  • the second diaphragm opening is optionally arranged between the two first diaphragm openings.
  • the laser beam can be guided in a single straight-line scanning movement in such a way that it first sweeps over the first slit-shaped aperture, then the second (round-hole-shaped) aperture and then the second slit-shaped aperture, so that the extent of the laser beam can be determined with a single scanning movement the first slit-shaped aperture), the energy of the laser beam can be determined (at the second round-hole-shaped aperture) and the scanner can be calibrated (based on the movement across the two slit-shaped aperture).
  • the fluence or target fluence of the laser beam in the working plane can be determined by means of the determined size and energy of the laser beam. This embodiment thus offers the possibility of determining the fluence and calibrating the scanner in a single process.
  • the diaphragm opening has a slit-shaped diaphragm opening, the width of which is smaller than the extent of the laser beam in the working plane, and a round hole-shaped diaphragm opening which is larger than the extent of the laser beam in the working plane, around the fluence of the laser beam in to determine the working plane.
  • These apertures are arranged overlapping with a photodetector in order to determine the energy of the laser beam and the fluence.
  • the diaphragm arrangement according to this embodiment has a further slit-shaped diaphragm opening which overlaps with a target laser detector and by means of which referencing between the target laser beam and the laser beam can take place. This embodiment offers the advantage that the fluence of the laser beam can be determined and the laser beam can be referenced with the aiming laser beam in one operation in the working plane.
  • the method further comprises determining a target fluence.
  • the target fluence is a desired target value for the fluence that is to be used for processing by means of the laser processing system.
  • the target fluence can depend on the focus size or spot size of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the method can include determining an (actual) fluence, i.e. an actual value of the fluence, as well as determining the focus size or the extent of the laser beam in the working plane. If the fluence is outside a tolerance range, readjustment or calibration of the laser processing system can be carried out or proposed, for example, which includes a change in the power and / or energy of the laser beam in order to achieve the desired target fluence.
  • the optional determination of the target fluence can take place, for example, in such a way that first the beam diameter d of the laser beam is determined in the working plane. A target fluence is then calculated from this (from other known contexts). The energy of the laser beam is also measured. The current fluence of the laser beam in the working plane is determined from the energy and diameter d. This is compared with the target fluence. In the event of deviations, for example, a laser parameter (usually the energy of the laser neck) is adjusted so that the actual fluence and the target fluence correspond sufficiently well, i.e. until a predetermined tolerance limit is undershot. In this process, the target fluence itself can optionally be a variable that depends on the parameter beam diameter or the extent of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the target fluence can therefore offer a large amount of information, since in the calculation of the target fluence from the beam diameter, an abrasion calibra- tion is taken into account (ie an indication of "how much volume of PMMA or cornea is ablated at what beam size and energy"). This information is optionally collected and predetermined independently of the method described here, so that correct removal can be ensured by means of the fluence calibration.
  • Exemplary values for the target fluence (F target) with a beam diameter of 700 pm or 600 pm can be, for example:
  • Ftarget (700pm) 190 mJ / cm A 2
  • Ftarget (600pm) 240 mJ / cm A 2
  • the target fluence typically has a non-linear profile with the beam diameter.
  • the optional determination of the target fluence offers a certain flexibility with (slowly) fluctuating diameters (e.g. with drifts in imaging systems) in order to still be able to calibrate the removal well, since the beam diameter and the laser energy are fully taken into account.
  • determining the change in the thickness of the test object at the test point comprises measuring the thickness of the test object at the test point after exposure to the laser beam and a comparison of the determined thickness with the thickness of the test object at the test point before the exposure the laser beam.
  • the thickness of the test object at the test point can, for example, be known in advance and stored in the system so that a comparison can be made between the thickness determined after the application and the known thickness before the application. This comparison can optionally be realized by a mathematical difference and / or ratio formation of the determined thicknesses.
  • the comparison can then optionally be used to enable subsequent laser material processing, for example on a human cornea, and / or to configure laser material processing or material removal, for example with regard to optimal processing parameters, such as laser pulse energies and / or the number of laser pulses, laser spot sizes and / or scan pattern.
  • the thickness of the test object is known with a correspondingly high degree of accuracy before the laser beam is applied.
  • determining a change in the thickness of the test object at the test point furthermore comprises measuring the thickness of the test object at the test point before the laser beam is applied.
  • the thickness of the test object in addition to determining the thickness of the test object after exposure to the laser beam, can be determined prior to exposure to the laser beam. This offers the advantage that the change in thickness due to the exposure impact can be determined particularly reliably with the laser beam.
  • this enables the use of test objects with an unknown thickness and / or a thickness, the specification of which is not in the range of the desired accuracy, and / or test objects with a pronounced surface roughness relative to the desired accuracy, whereby the provision costs for the Test objects can be lowered and the characterization of the laser beam can be done in a particularly cost-effective manner.
  • the method further comprises configuring the laser beam for an ongoing and / or subsequent material processing by means of the laser beam on the basis of the determined change in the thickness of the test object at the test point due to the application of the laser beam.
  • parameters of the laser beam and / or other parameters of material removal by means of the laser beam are optionally configured and / or adapted on the basis of the characterization of the laser beam that has taken place.
  • Regular characterization of the laser beam and any adjustment of parameters of the laser beam and / or the material removal process based on the characterization are particularly optional.
  • the characterization of the laser beam can also make it necessary or advantageous to interrupt and / or cancel the material removal by means of the laser beam.
  • the laser beam can be adjusted automatically and / or a message can be output to the user that an adjustment of the laser beam and / or the device for material removal can be advantageous or necessary.
  • the change in the thickness of the test object is determined at the test point by means of an optical measurement of the thickness.
  • the optical measurement comprises a radiation of optical radiation into the test object from a side of the test object facing away from the direction of incidence of the laser beam.
  • the optical measurement optionally includes a detection of a reflection and / or scattering of the optical radiation on and / or in the test point of the test object.
  • the application of the test object with the laser beam on a first side of the test object, while the radiation of the optical radiation to determine the thickness of the test object takes place on the opposite side of the test object. Based on a reflection and / or scattering of the emitted optical radiation on that surface of the test object which is and / or was exposed to the laser beam, the thickness of the test object can then be determined or measured at the test point.
  • the optical measurement includes measuring the thickness of the test object at the test point by means of at least one confocal-chromatic sensor.
  • This allows a particularly precise and rapid measurement of the thickness of the test object.
  • the use of one or more confocal chromatic sensors enables reliable automation of the optical measurement and the evaluation of the measurement results to characterize the laser beam.
  • confocal chromatic sensors such as those offered by the manufacturer MIKRO EPSILON can be used for this purpose.
  • Such confocal chromatic sensors offer the advantage that they are available in a large variety with regard to the size of the measuring field and the achievable measurement accuracy and thus the confocal chromatic sensors can be adapted to the respective needs or selected accordingly.
  • confocal chromatic sensors with a measurement accuracy of up to 10 nm are available, so that these sensors are able to achieve the accuracy required for the refractive correction of the cornea when characterizing the laser beam.
  • the laser beam is provided as a pulsed laser beam, the test object being exposed to the laser beam optionally in such a way that a single laser pulse sequence or a pulse train or a series or plurality of laser pulses with a certain number of Laser pulses at the test point of the test object removes the part of the material of the test object.
  • a further laser pulse sequence is applied to the test object at other test points. This offers the advantage that the characterization of the laser beam can take place particularly precisely, since the amount of energy applied can be specified particularly precisely based on the number of laser pulses.
  • laser pulse sequences of different energies are applied to the various test points. This allows a particularly precise characterization based on a comparison of the thickness of the different test points.
  • the test object is at least partially made of PMMA.
  • the test object is optionally dimensioned in such a way that one or more test points can be arranged on the test object.
  • the test object can be much larger than a single test point.
  • the test object can be displaced relative to the laser beam in a direction and / or plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the laser beam and / or the laser beam can be moved relative to the test object in order to apply the laser beam to another point on the test object.
  • the test object can, for example, be rotated perpendicular to the direction of propagation or optical axis of the laser beam in order to provide a separate test point for each pulse and / or each predetermined series of laser pulses or each pulse train.
  • the laser beam is temporarily deflected out of the corneal treatment zone and deflected onto a test object located elsewhere, for example by means of a folding mirror, or that the test object between treatments in the usual corneal treatment area can be folded and / or optionally retracted motorized.
  • the deviation of the positions of the laser focus on the cornea and on the test object surface should optionally be made small in order to keep the processing conditions similar, for example so that the laser spot sizes optionally differ from one another by less than a factor of 2.
  • the device can be designed in such a way that, by means of a relative movement between the test object and the at least one confocal-chromatic sensor, the test object is at least partially perpendicular to the optical axis Part of the test object can be scanned and the thickness is determined at at least one test point.
  • the relative movement can be achieved, for example, by moving the at least one confocal chromatic sensor and / or the test object.
  • the thickness is determined in different ablation zones or test points with the same confocal-chromatic sensor, the different test points or ablation zones, for example, with different numbers of shots or laser pulse numbers and / or with different radiation energy were beaten. This can be advantageous in order to determine the material removal per laser pulse or shot.
  • the optical axis of the confocal chromatic sensor is superimposed on the optical axis of the laser beam, for example by means of a beam splitter.
  • the material removal can be determined by each individual shot or laser pulse, even when processing the cornea of a human eye.
  • the device for characterizing the laser beam can be integrated into a laser system.
  • the device can optionally have a device for the automated provision of a test object.
  • several test objects can be kept in stock in the device and / or in the laser system, which are then used and made available for characterizing the laser beam as required.
  • the device and / or the laser system can, for example, have a maintenance shaft from which, for example, used test objects can be removed and / or unused test objects can be reloaded.
  • one or more test objects can also be designed in the form of a film strip and / or in the form of an adjustable and / or rotatable plastic disc, which, by moving and / or rotating or rotating perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam, offer several suitable areas for test points .
  • the plastic disc can be designed in the manner of a CD. This can reduce the maintenance effort for replacing of test objects reduce.
  • several thousand processes for characterizing the laser beam are possible in this way before the test object or objects have to be replaced.
  • the method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing system can further comprise determining an energy parameter of the laser beam.
  • the method can provide a calibration device in a working plane of the laser processing system and apply the calibration device with the laser beam under the same conditions under which the laser beam is intended to be used for processing a processing object, as well as determining a calibration parameter by means of the calibration device in the working level.
  • the method can include providing the calibration device in a control plane outside the working plane and deflecting the laser beam in such a way that the calibration device in the control plane is exposed to the laser beam, as well as determining a control parameter by means of the calibration device in the control plane.
  • the method according to the optional embodiment comprises determining a deviation factor that characterizes a deviation between the calibration parameter and the control parameter, as well as characterizing the laser beam by means of the calibration device in the control plane using the energy parameter and the deviation factor.
  • a device for refractive corneal correction comprises a laser processing system for processing a processing object by means of a laser beam or is designed as such a laser processing system.
  • the laser processing system includes an energy sensor which is designed to determine an energy parameter of the laser beam.
  • the laser processing system comprises a calibration device, which can optionally be arranged in a working plane of the laser machining system and can be acted upon by the laser beam and can be arranged in a control plane outside the working plane and can be acted upon by the laser beam, and a deflection element which can be arranged in the beam path of the laser beam, that the deflecting element deflects the laser beam directed onto the working plane into the control plane.
  • the laser processing system is set up to arrange the calibration device in the working plane and to determine a calibration parameter, the calibration device direction in the control level and to determine a control parameter, to determine a deviation factor that characterizes a deviation between the calibration parameter and the control parameter, and to characterize the laser beam by means of the calibration device in the control level using the energy parameter and the deviation factor.
  • the calibration device is optionally designed as a device for characterizing a laser beam according to an optional embodiment or comprises such a device.
  • a calibration device comprises a test object holder and a measuring device, a test object being provided in the test object holder for characterizing the laser beam.
  • the method for characterizing a laser beam of a laser processing device or a device for refractive corneal correction can therefore optionally be carried out in the working plane and also in the control plane, optionally internally within the laser processing system.
  • the calibration device provided in the control plane is a calibration device which is embodied separately from the calibration device provided in the working plane.
  • two separate calibration devices are used or provided in the control plane and in the working plane. This offers the advantage that the calibration device arranged in the control plane can optionally remain in position and only the calibration device provided in the working plane for treating an eye or machining a processing object has to be removed from the work plane.
  • the calibration devices can optionally be designed similarly or even identically.
  • the same calibration device is used both in the working plane and in the control plane. This offers the advantage that only one calibration device has to be provided. Furthermore, this offers the advantage that deviations between the calibration parameter and the control parameter due to deviations between the two separate calibration devices can be avoided.
  • the determination of the control parameter takes place immediately after the determination of the calibration parameter. This offers the advantage that deviations due to temporal fluctuations in the laser processing system can be minimized.
  • the energy parameter is optionally determined at least during the determination of the calibration parameter and during the determination of the control parameter.
  • the determination of the energy parameter takes place continuously, particularly optionally. This offers the advantage that changes resulting from a deviation in the energy of the laser beam can be recognized and taken into account when comparing the calibration parameter with the control parameter.
  • the deflection of the laser beam takes place exclusively by means of exactly one optical deflection element.
  • the beam path of the laser beam for deflecting from the working plane into the control plane is changed exclusively by means of the deflecting element.
  • the deflecting element can be monitored and / or checked regularly, for example by determining a reflectivity and / or transmittivity of the deflecting element.
  • the laser beam and or another optical Strah treatment can be used for this purpose.
  • the laser processing system is designed to automatically switch the arrangement of the calibration device between the working level and the control level and / or to automatically introduce the deflecting element into the beam path of the laser beam and / or remove it from the beam path.
  • This offers the advantage that only one calibration device is required and, optionally, a calibration and / or a characterization of the laser beam can be carried out in a fully automated manner.
  • the calibration device is optionally designed to provide a measured value that scales linearly with the laser energy.
  • the calibration device can be set up to remove material and / or change the thickness of a test object due to the loading of the load.
  • the material removal and / or the change in thickness optionally scaling linearly with the energy of the laser beam.
  • the calibration device can have a diaphragm arrangement with a diaphragm and a photodetector, by means of which the fluence and / or the intensity of the laser beam can be determined by scanning the laser beam through one or more diaphragm openings of the diaphragm. It can be advantageous if the measurement signal of the photodetector is linear to the energy of the laser beam.
  • the laser beam is deflected into the control plane by means of a deflection element which is introduced into the beam path for this purpose.
  • the deflecting element can be designed as a mirror.
  • the deflecting element can also remain in the beam path and a deflection of the laser beam into the control plane can be achieved by changing its orientation.
  • the laser processing system is designed to move the calibration device independently between the working plane and the control plane, for example with a corresponding translation and / or pivoting device. For example, this change in position takes place in such a way that the length of the optical path of the laser beam to the working plane and to the control plane is the same.
  • 1A to 1D are schematic representations of diaphragm arrangements according to optional embodiments.
  • 2A and 2B show two cross-sectional views of a diaphragm arrangement according to an optional embodiment.
  • FIG 3 shows an explanation of an optional embodiment of the determination of the extent of the laser beam.
  • FIG. 4 shows a processing system according to an optional embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the diaphragm arrangement according to the embodiment from FIG. 2 with further explanations.
  • 6A and 6B show a laser processing system 1000 according to an optional embodiment in two different operating modes for characterizing the laser beam 1002.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show schematic representations of a machining head
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B show a device for characterizing a laser beam according to an optional embodiment.
  • Figure 9 shows a device according to an optional embodiment for
  • Figures 10A to 10C various optional embodiments of test objects.
  • Fig. 1A shows a diagrammatic representation of a diaphragm arrangement 10 according to an optional embodiment in plan view.
  • a diaphragm 12 of the diaphragm arrangement 10 can be seen in particular, in which meh- rere aperture openings 14 are formed.
  • the diaphragm openings 14 include in particular slot-like diaphragm openings 14a, which are each formed in pairs at a predetermined distance 100a and 100b from one another and each have a predetermined width.
  • the aperture openings 14a each have the same thickness and the distances 100a and 100b are also dimensioned the same. According to other embodiments, however, this can be different.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 has a further diaphragm opening 14b, which is designed as a round hole and, according to the embodiment shown, is arranged centrally in the diaphragm 12.
  • the slot-like diaphragm openings 14a are arranged around the central, round diaphragm opening 14b.
  • a photode detector 16 is arranged below the diaphragm 12 (and therefore not visible in FIG. 1A, the photodetector 16 is arranged, the detector surface 16 of which overlaps the diaphragm openings 14.
  • the photodetector 16 has a round detector surface, the circumference of which is never indicated by the dashed line.
  • the photodetector 16 is designed to detect a laser beam, i.e. a working laser beam, and to determine the energy radiated onto the photodetector by the laser beam.
  • the photodetector 16 is therefore designed for the wavelength of the laser beam.
  • the photodetector 16 is optionally also designed for the ultraviolet spectral range or the corresponding wavelength of the working beam.
  • a rasterization of the photodetector 16, i.e. a pixelation, is not absolutely necessary, but it is entirely possible. Rather, it is sufficient that the energy of the laser beam transmitted through one or the aperture openings 14 can be detected by means of the photodetector and the energy can be determined.
  • the photodetector 16 and the diaphragm opening 12 are arranged one above the other in such a way that all the diaphragm openings 14 overlap with the photodetector 16.
  • the energy which is transmitted through each of the diaphragm openings 14 when the respective diaphragm opening 14 is swept over by the laser beam falls on the photodetector 16 and can be detected by the latter.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 has two further diaphragm openings 18 for the aiming laser beam, which likewise are slit-shaped with a predetermined extent or width and are arranged at the predetermined distance 100a from one another. Since the aiming laser beam typically has a different central wavelength than the working laser beam and therefore the photodetector 16 may not be designed to detect the aiming laser beam and / or to determine its energy and / or power, the aperture openings 18 each have a separate targeting detector 20 assigned, which is arranged below the associated aperture 18, as indicated by the dashed line.
  • One of the diaphragm openings 18 extends vertically and has a predetermined width in the horizontal direction, whereas the other diaphragm opening 18 extends horizontally and has a predetermined width in the vertical direction.
  • the diaphragm arrangement enables the laser beam and also the aiming laser beam to be checked, even though these have completely different central wavelengths.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 is dimensioned and designed in such a way that it can be arranged in the working plane of a laser processing system. In particular, it is therefore advantageous to choose the dimensions of the diaphragm arrangement 10 in such a way that it can be positioned in a possibly narrow relationship at the location of the working plane.
  • FIG. 1B shows a diaphragm arrangement 10 according to a further optional embodiment.
  • the diaphragm arrangement according to this optional embodiment has two slit-like or slit-shaped diaphragm openings 14a, which are arranged parallel to one another at a predetermined distance 100a from one another.
  • the aperture openings 14a have a width that is significantly smaller than the mean diameter or the mean extent of the laser beam in the working plane.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 has a further diaphragm opening 14b, which is designed as a round hole and is larger than the laser beam in the working plane, so that the laser beam can be transmitted essentially completely through the round hole-shaped diaphragm opening 14b.
  • the panel arrangement 10 has a arranged under the panel 12- Neten photodetector 16, the laser beam passing through the aperture of the laser beam can detect and detect.
  • This aperture arrangement 10 enables the fluence of the laser beam to be determined in the working plane and calibration of the scanner in one process. This can be done, for example, by scanning the laser beam in a straight movement starting from the left over the aperture arrangement, so that the laser beam first passes the left slit-like aperture 14a (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aperture), then passes through the center of the round hole-shaped aperture 14b and in the further course also sweeps over the right slit-shaped aperture 14a. A scan of the laser beam in the opposite direction, i.e. from right to left, is equally suitable. With the laser beam sweeping over the first and / or second slit-like aperture 14a, the size or expansion of the laser beam in the working plane can be determined.
  • the energy or power of the laser beam can be determined on the basis of the laser beam passing centrally through the round hole-shaped aperture 14b, so that the fluence in the working plane can be determined from the determined information.
  • the scanner movement can be calibrated on the basis of the movement across the two slot-like aperture openings 14a, so that the laser beam can be characterized and the scanner can be calibrated in one operation.
  • the diaphragm arrangement can also have two further slot-like diaphragm openings 14a, which are arranged perpendicular to the other two slot-like diaphragm openings 14a (shown in dashed lines). This can be used to determine the extent of the laser beam along the other Dimen sion in the working plane (vertical in the figure) and to calibrate a scanner movement in this direction.
  • Figure 1C shows a diaphragm arrangement 10 according to a further embodiment, which corresponds in large parts of the embodiment shown in Figure 1B, but differs from this in that only a vertically extending, slit-like aperture 14a is designed for determining the extent of the laser beam and instead, a further vertically extending, slit-like aperture 18 is formed for determining the extent of the aiming laser.
  • the slot-like aperture 18 accordingly also overlaps with a Ziella serdetektor 20, so that the beam passing through the aperture 18
  • This target laser beam can be detected and the extent of the target laser beam can be determined in the working plane.
  • This embodiment enables the fluence of the laser beam to be characterized and the aiming laser beam to be referenced with the laser beam in the working plane in one process.
  • FIG. 1 D shows a further optional embodiment of a diaphragm arrangement 10, which is characterized in particular by its simplicity.
  • the Blendenan order 10 has only a single aperture 14, which is designed as a rectangular hole with predetermined dimensions.
  • a photodetector 16 is arranged on which the light of the laser beam passing through the aperture strikes.
  • the aperture 14 is characterized in that it has two opposite, parallel and optionally straight edges.
  • the laser beam can be characterized using a diaphragm arrangement 10 according to this embodiment, for example, by guiding the laser beam in the working plane over the diaphragm arrangement 10 in a straight scan movement in such a way that the laser beam sweeps over the diaphragm opening 14.
  • the sweeping over takes place optionally in such a way that the movement of the laser beam takes place perpendicularly over two opposite edges of the aperture 14 during the scan.
  • a scanning movement can take place horizontally or vertically in the aperture shown.
  • the aperture 14 is dimensioned in such a way that the laser beam is essentially completely transmitted when it passes through the aperture 14 in a centered manner.
  • the energy or power of the laser beam can also be determined by means of the photodetector 16.
  • the fluence of the laser beam in the working plane can also be determined using a diaphragm opening according to this embodiment and the scanner can be calibrated in the same process.
  • a further diaphragm 18 with a photodetector 20 arranged underneath is optional here too possible to calibrate the machining laser beam and the aiming laser beam to each other, as already described above.
  • FIG. 2A shows the panel arrangement 10 according to an optional embodiment in a schematic cross-sectional view along a cross-sectional line A-A ', as shown in FIG. It can be seen here that the panel arrangement has a carrier element 22 on which the panel 12 is arranged at the top.
  • the carrier element 22 supports the aperture 12 in the edge areas and forms a cavity within the carrier element 22 below the aperture 12.
  • the photodetector 16 is arranged in the cavity below the aperture 12, so that the photodetector or the detector surface with the aperture openings above it 14a and 14b overlap.
  • the aperture 14b is selected in terms of shape and size such that that the laser beam can be transmitted essentially completely.
  • the diaphragm openings 14a are significantly smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam along the horizontal direction in FIG. 2A, so that the size of the laser beam can be determined by sweeping over the respective diaphragm opening 14a.
  • FIG. 2B shows a further schematic cross-sectional view along a section line B-B ', as shown in FIG.
  • This cross section cuts the diaphragm openings 18 transversely and a diaphragm opening 14a longitudinally.
  • a target laser detector 20 is arranged below the diaphragm openings 18 on corresponding arms of the support element 22, so that a part of the target laser beam falls on the target laser detector 20 when it passes over the respective diaphragm opening 18 and can be detected by it.
  • the aiming laser detectors 20 or the supporting extensions of the supporting element 22 overlap with the photodetector 16 arranged below.
  • the photodetector 16 is spaced apart from the diaphragm 12, the photodetector is arranged in a set-back position, relative to the diaphragm 12, which is arranged in the working plane for checking the laser beam.
  • This set-back arrangement also offers the advantage that the incident laser beam has a larger diameter and therefore a larger sensor area detects the laser beam, which increases the accuracy and / or reduces the sensitivity to local fluctuations in the sensor sensitivity of the photodetector.
  • the aiming laser detectors 20, on the other hand, are arranged closer to the diaphragm 12 and thus closer to the working plane.
  • the target laser beam typically has a significantly lower power than the working laser beam, no damage to the target laser detectors 20 is to be feared even with an arrangement close to the working plane.
  • FIG. 3A shows a top view of a diaphragm opening 14a and a laser beam 24, the cross-sectional area of which is symbolically represented by a dotted line, which sweeps across the diaphragm opening 14a along a scanning direction 200.
  • the scanning direction 200 runs perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the slit-shaped aperture 14a.
  • the diaphragm opening 14a has a dimension along the scanning direction 200, that is to say a width, which is significantly smaller than the mean diameter of the laser beam 24.
  • the detector signal of the photodetector 16 arranged under the aperture 14a is shown in an exemplary diagram, which is proportional to the transmitted energy.
  • the detector signal is plotted in arbitrary units on the y-axis against the relative position x of the laser beam 24 with respect to the central axis of the diaphragm opening 14a on the x-axis.
  • the detector signal initially rises in the subsequent measuring points until a maximum is reached at position x0, at which the center of the laser beam 24 lies on the central axis of the aperture 14a. If the laser beam is moved further in the scanning direction 200, the detector signal decreases again.
  • the scanning direction In order to reliably determine the extent of the laser beam in the scanning direction, the scanning direction must run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the diaphragm opening 14a.
  • the detector signal therefore follows a curve that is symmetrical about position xO, which is similar to a Gaussian bell curve and corresponds to a folding of the laser beam profile along the scanning direction with the slit width and enables the beam profile to be determined along the dimension of the scanning direction.
  • FIG. 4 shows a laser processing system 30 for refractive surgery of an eye according to an optional embodiment.
  • the laser processing system 30 is designed as a treatment device and is used, for example, to carry out ametropia correction on an eye of a patient (not shown) by means of a method for refractive surgery using a laser beam or processing laser beam 24.
  • the laser processing system 30 has a laser or a laser source 32 which emits the laser beam 24.
  • the laser beam 24 is designed to act on the cornea of an eye in order to change the refractive effect of the cornea.
  • the laser beam 24 or processing beam 24 emitted by the laser 32 along an optical axis A1 falls on a beam splitter 34, which directs the laser beam 24 onto a deflection unit 36 designed as a deflection device 36.
  • the deflection unit 36 has two scanning mirrors 38 and 40, which are arranged in order to thogonal axes are rotatable, so that the deflection unit 36 deflects the laser beam 24 two-dimensionally.
  • An adjustable projection optics 42 focuses the laser beam 24 for processing on the processing object or on or in an eye to be treated.
  • the projection optics 42 have two lenses 44 and 46.
  • the eye to be treated is angeord net for treatment in the working plane 300 so that the laser beam can be focused on it.
  • a diaphragm arrangement 10 is arranged in the working plane 300, by means of which the focused laser beam can be checked.
  • the examination of the laser beam by means of the diaphragm arrangement 10 can first be completed, then the diaphragm arrangement 10 can be removed and then the treatment of the eye in the working plane can be started. In this way, by means of the diaphragm arrangement 10, the laser beam can be examined at the position at which the eye is also processed or treated by means of the laser beam.
  • the laser processing system also has a control unit 48.
  • the control unit 14 optionally determines the position of the focus 50 both perpendicular to the optical axis A1 (through the scanning mirror 38 and 40) and in the direction of the optical axis A1.
  • the control unit 14 also reads a detector 52, which acts as a co-observation unit, for example, and is used to monitor the machining process.
  • the laser processing system 30 can have further sensors and / or detectors, in particular an internal energy sensor or energy detector, which, however, are not shown in the figure.
  • the energy sensor can be arranged behind the beam splitter 38 in order to determine the energy of the energy transmitted through the beam splitter.
  • control unit 48 is connected to the diaphragm arrangement 10 and designed to read out and / or control the photodetector 16 and optionally the target laser detectors 20 in particular. If the diaphragm arrangement 10 is designed and arranged to be movable so that the laser beam can sweep over the diaphragm openings by shifting the diaphragm arrangement 10 in the working plane, it can be advantageous to have a corresponding displacement unit with the control unit 48 is connected and is controlled and / or regulated by this. In the following, a method for checking a laser beam of a laser processing system is described by way of example, but without the claimed embodiments being restricted to this example.
  • the calibration of the laser system or the checking of the laser beam takes place in several steps, which can, however, also be combined in a scan pattern with a sufficiently parameterizable laser control: a) Calibration of the deflection device for generating the scanning movement; b) Determining the diameter of the laser beam and calculating a target value for the fluence of the laser beam in the working plane for this diameter; c) Measurement of the laser energy of the machining laser beam and calculation of the fluence from the independent values of the mean diameter of the laser beam and the energy of the laser beam.
  • FIG. 5 corresponds to a diaphragm arrangement according to the embodiment in FIG.
  • the individual diaphragm openings have been assigned unambiguous designations, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • Step 1) The diaphragm arrangement comprising a diaphragm, a photodetector and two target laser detectors is adjusted in position and orientation in the working plane so that the diaphragm arrangement is positioned in the working plane perpendicular to the direction of incidence of the laser beam.
  • the alignment can be done with typical legal day aids of the processing laser. These are, for example, distance lasers, camera images / video relays and / or distance sensors.
  • Step 2 The laser beam is moved one after the other with a known increment ds over the slits or aperture openings ExH1 and ExH2. This gives an approximately Gaussian curve for each scan over one of the diaphragm openings.
  • the following variables are derived for both diaphragm openings by fitting the known convolution function from the intensity profile or detector signal and diaphragm geometry: center x0, mean diameter d (FWHM).
  • the amplitude A and the offset yO of the detector signal are optionally recorded for consistency checks, but not necessarily used further.
  • Step 5 The mean diameters of the laser beam d (ExH1) and d (ExH2) are compared individually against their tolerance range and default value. A mean value dH is formed for the further calculations. The target fluence Fsoii can be adjusted from the value dH.
  • Step 6) Steps 2-4 are repeated for the vertical using the aperture openings ExV1 and ExV2. This provides the values dV, Offset_Ex_V and gain_V.
  • Step 7) The processing laser beam is guided in a scanner neutral position or a small area around it through the central aperture opening (14b in FIG. 1), which is designed as a round hole, and the transmitted energy is measured. This provides the measured value Eiviess. The measured value can be converted to the actual value of the energy using a sensor-specific calibration factor. This returns the value Eist.
  • Step 8) The actual fluence Fist is calculated from the values of Eist, dH, dV. This is compared with the target fluence Fsoii. If there are deviations between the actual and target fluence, the energy of the processing laser is adjusted and steps 2-7 are repeated with a new setting for the laser energy.
  • Step 9) Determination of the offset of the central aperture ExL (14b in FIG. 1) designed as a round hole by means of an eye tracker in the vertical and horizontal direction and determination of the parameters Offset_Tracker_V, Offset_Tracker_H. Comparison of the offsets with the tolerance ranges specified for them.
  • Step 11 Repeat step 10 for the vertical direction. -> Offset_Vis_V.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B show, in schematic representations, a laser processing system 1000 according to an optional embodiment in two different operating modes for characterizing the laser beam 1002.
  • the laser processing system 1000 has a laser source 1004, which emits the laser beam 1002, which then first runs through a beam shaping device 1006 in which the laser beam 1002 is brought into the desired shape. After the beam shaping device 1006, the laser beam propagates through a deflection device 1008 or scanning device, by means of which the laser beam 1002 can be deflected in such a way that the laser beam 1002 can be moved in a working plane 2000 or in a control plane 2002 in order to carry out the desired machining of a machining object, such as the treatment of an eye.
  • the beam shaping device 1006 is optionally set up to focus the laser beam 1002 into the working plane 2000 or the control plane 2002.
  • a beam splitter 1010 is arranged in the beam path of the laser beam 1002, which branches off a small part of the laser beam 1002 or the laser energy and feeds it to an internal energy sensor 1012.
  • the beam splitter 1010 can, for example, be designed in such a way that it reflects around 10% of the energy of the laser beam and transmits the remaining energy, whereby beam splitters with a different ratio can also be used as long as there is still enough energy for the treatment or processing in the working plane is transmitted.
  • the energy sensor 12 uses the supplied part of the laser beam to determine an energy parameter from which the energy and / or power of the entire laser beam can be derived.
  • the laser processing system is set up to carry out a continuous and / or regular determination of the energy parameter by means of the energy sensor 1012 during the operation of the laser processing system 1000.
  • FIG. 6A shows the laser processing system in a first operating mode for characterizing the laser beam 1002, in which a calibration device 1014 is arranged in the working plane 2000 and determines a calibration parameter for characterizing the laser beam 1002.
  • the calibration parameter enables the fluence of the laser beam 1002 in the working plane 2000 to be determined.
  • FIG. 6B shows the laser processing system 1000 in a second operating mode for characterizing the laser beam 1002, in which the calibration device 1014 is arranged in the control level 2002.
  • the control level 2002 and also the calibration device 1014 are located within the laser processing system 1000.
  • a control parameter is determined in the control level 2002, which is optionally determined in the same way as the calibration parameter with the difference that the Control parameters not in the working level 2000 but in the Control level 2002 is determined.
  • the control parameter makes it possible to determine the fluence of the laser beam 1002 in the control level 2002.
  • the laser beam 1002 is deflected by a deflection element 1016 so that it does not fall on the working plane 2000 but on the control plane 2002.
  • the deflection element 1016 can be designed, for example, as a mirror and can be moved into the beam path of the laser beam 1002 by the laser processing system 1000.
  • the deflecting element can be arranged to be displaceable or pivotable in order to be able to be moved into and out of the beam path. After the determination of the control parameter has been completed, the deflecting element 1016 can be removed from the beam path again, so that the laser beam 1002 can propagate into the working plane again.
  • the determination of the control parameter is carried out immediately after the determination of the calibration parameter in order to minimize the risk of changes in the meantime.
  • the laser processing system 1000 can then determine a deviation factor by means of which the two parameters or measured values based on them, such as the determined fluence values, can be related to one another.
  • the laser processing system 1000 can then carry out a check of the laser beam 1002 by merely determining the control parameter, comparing it with a target value and using the energy parameter to check whether the energy of the laser beam 1002 also corresponds to the target value.
  • the laser beam 1002 can also be checked when the working plane is not accessible for determining the calibration parameter.
  • the deflecting element 1016 is also arranged outside the beam path, as shown for example in Figure 6A, but in the processing mode the calibration device 1014 is not arranged in the working plane 2000, but a processing object (Not shown).
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show, in schematic representations, a processing head 1020 of a laser processing system 1000 according to an optional one Embodiment in two operating modes for characterizing the laser beam 1002.
  • the processing head 1020 is designed to emit the laser beam 1002 so that it propagates along the optical axis A1 and either enters the working plane 2000 or the control plane 2002.
  • the laser processing system 1000 on the processing head 1020 has an arrangement in order to be able to arrange the calibration device 1014 optionally in the working level 2000 and in the control level 2002 and the deflection element 1016 optionally in or outside the beam path or the optical axis A1 of the laser beam 1002 to be able to position.
  • the arrangement has a drive 1022 and a guide 1024 in order to bring the deflecting element 1016 from a position outside the beam path (FIG. 7A) to a position in the beam path (FIG. 7B) and vice versa.
  • the laser processing system 1000 has a swivel device in order to swivel the calibration device 1014 from the working plane 2000 into the control plane 2002 and vice versa.
  • the calibration device 1014 can be attached to a pivot joint 1026 via an arm 1024, about which the arm 2024 can be pivoted, as indicated by the curved arrow 2004.
  • the arrangement is designed and / or arranged in such a way that the laser beam is not hindered or blocked by the arrangement or one of its components in any of the operating modes.
  • the calibration device 1014 can be pivoted into the control plane and the deflecting element 1015 can be arranged outside the beam path.
  • the calibration or characterization of the laser beam is carried out by means of the calibration device in the working plane (determination of a calibration parameter) without an additional optical element or deflection element.
  • An energy parameter is also determined as a reference value for the internal energy sensor (Eint, 0) according to the calibration procedure and the laser energy is adjusted until the actual fluence Fist_extem is within the tolerances of the target fluence (Ftarget, external).
  • the test is carried out on the same calibration device, but in a control plane within the laser processing device, optionally at a constant working distance based on the aperture of the laser source, and a control parameter is determined.
  • a control parameter is determined.
  • This can be achieved, for example, by a rigid swivel mechanism or by mechanical or magnetic stops.
  • an additional optical element is used as a deflection element, u to direct the laser beam completely to the internal position of the calibration device in the control plane.
  • the additionally introduced deflection element is arranged (in the beam direction) behind the last optical element of the beam path.
  • This determination of the control parameter with an internal fluence measurement is carried out with a fixed energy setting with regard to the energy found in step 1), i.e. at Eint.o, and provides one
  • This value differs from the fixed value Ftarget, externally due to the properties of the additional deflecting element, such as the reflectivity of the deflecting element designed as a mirror. From this a deviation factor is determined with which these effects can be calculated:
  • the calibration interval for determining the deviation factor R (steps 1 & 2) can be set in such a way that no degradation of the additional deflection element affects the calibration accuracy (e.g. by specifying adequate time intervals / number of tests).
  • any degradation of the deflection element can be checked by continuously monitoring the control parameter relative to that of the energy sensor in the laser arm, i.e. the energy parameter: This is optionally done by continuously comparing the measurement signals Fist, internal and Eint .aktueii (cross calibration of the calibration device with the current measured value of the internal energy sensor in the case of a calibration device with continuous measured value).
  • any degradation of the deflecting element can be monitored in a different spectral range than that of the processing laser.
  • a transmission or reflectivity measurement of the deflection element can be carried out regularly. Since degradation in an optical element at this position, i.e. as the last optical element in front of the working plane, can typically result from surface damage on the coated side (from the processing laser) or from contamination, for example from droplets of the rinsing fluid from the refractive operating room, a Degradation also found in a different spectral range become. For example, degradation can take place by means of a lighting device and a camera and / or by using the scanned aiming lasers that are typically present in such systems.
  • FIG. 8A shows, in a schematic representation, a device 3010 for characterizing a laser beam (see FIG. 8B).
  • the device 301 O has a test object holder 3012 which holds a test object 14 in a predetermined position.
  • the test object holder 3012 is designed in such a way that a laser beam can strike a surface on the upper side 3014a of the test object 3014 from the side facing away from the test object holder 3012.
  • a sensor 3016 of a measuring device 3018 (not shown) is arranged below the test object 3014, i.e. on the side facing the test object holder 3012.
  • the measuring device 3018 can also comprise further elements, such as a control and / or evaluation unit.
  • the sensor 3016 is designed as a confocal-chromatic sensor, which is designed and arranged in such a way that it radiates electromagnetic radiation in the visible and / or infrared spectral range via the underside 3014b along the optical axis 3100 of the sensor 3016 into the test object 3014, which in the Hereinafter referred to as measuring light.
  • the incident measuring light is focused in such a way that different wavelengths or different spectral Components with different focal lengths are focused and differ accordingly in their depth of penetration into the test object 3014.
  • the shorter-wave spectral components are focused with a shorter focal length, while the longer-wave components are focused with a longer focal length, although other embodiments may also be suitable.
  • the light cone of the focused measuring light is shown as an example by the dotted line.
  • the thickness of the test object 3014 can be measured by means of the sensor 3016 by detecting, evaluating and comparing the portions of the measurement light reflected and / or scattered on the lower side 3014b and on the upper side 3014a. Due to the different depths of penetration of the various spectral components, the two reflections or scatters at the top 3014a and bottom 3014b differ, so that the distance between the reflection plane or scattering plane from the sensor 3016 can be determined from the different spectral composition of the two reflections or scatters and from this the thickness of the test object 3014 can be determined.
  • test object 3014 has to be at least partially, ideally almost completely transparent to the measurement light.
  • the test object 3014 is made of PMMA, since PMMA has a suitable transparency for the measurement light and can also be processed by means of UV laser radiation.
  • test point 3020 The point on the test object 3014 that is measured by the sensor 3016 or at which the thickness of the test object 3014 is determined is referred to as the test point 3020.
  • the test object 3014 can at least partially be scanned by means of a relative movement between the test object 3014 and the sensor 3016.
  • the thickness of the test object 3014 is the spatial extent of the test object 3014 parallel to the optical axis 3100. The thickness can vary at different points on the test object 3014.
  • the senor 3016 and / or the test object holder 3012 can be moved in one or preferably two dimensions perpendicular to the optical axis 3100, as indicated by the arrows 3200 and 3300.
  • FIG. 8B shows the device of the embodiment according to FIG. 8A, with a laser beam 3022 additionally being shown, by means of which material is or has been removed from the upper side 3014a of the test object 3014.
  • the laser beam 3022 optionally has a central wavelength in the ultraviolet spectral range, for example 193 nm.
  • the laser beam 3022 is optionally provided by an ArF excimer laser, although other laser sources may also be suitable for providing a suitable laser beam 3022.
  • the laser beam 3022 is incident on the test object 3014 along the optical axis 3102, the optical axis 3102 of the laser beam 3022 being parallel to the optical axis 3100 of the sensor 3016. According to other embodiments, the laser beam can also be incident at a different angle.
  • the test object 3014 consists at least partially of a material which is suitable for at least partially absorbing the laser radiation. This enables material to be removed from the test object 3014 by means of the laser beam 3022.
  • the test object is optionally made of PMMA, since this has a high optical density in the ultraviolet spectral range and is also sufficiently transparent for the measurement light.
  • the thickness of the test object 14 is optionally selected in such a way that the thickness of the test object 14 is sufficient to prevent the laser radiation from penetrating to the sensor 3016 even after material has been removed for characterizing the laser beam 3022. This can prevent damage to the sensor from laser beam 3022.
  • the sufficient position of the test point 3020 in relation to the laser beam 3022 can be checked before the thickness measurement be ensured, for example to the effect that the test object 3014 has been correctly inserted into the sample holder 3012.
  • the thickness of the test object 3014 Due to the material removal by the laser beam 3022, the thickness of the test object 3014 has changed at the machined areas.
  • the change in the thickness can be determined by means of the sensor 3016 in that, for example, the thickness is determined before and after and / or before and during processing with the laser beam 3022. Due to the great sensitivity of the confocal chromatic sensor 16, a change in the thickness of as little as 100 nm or even less can optionally be determined.
  • the material removal by the laser beam 3022 is optionally carried out with a predetermined number of shots or laser pulses for each test point 3020.
  • the material removal per pulse or shot can be determined, since the number of shots or pulses is known, with which the test center 3020 was charged.
  • Different numbers of pulses or shots can also be applied to other test points 3020 in order to obtain further measurement data by comparing the material removal or the change in thickness at the various test points and to be able to determine the change in thickness even more reliably.
  • FIG. 9 shows a further embodiment in which the laser beam (not shown) is characterized during application to the cornea 3024 of a human eye 3026.
  • the cornea 3024 takes over the function of the test object 3014 and is therefore also to be regarded as test object 3014 in the sense of this patent application.
  • the cornea 3024 is refractively corrected by means of the laser beam (not shown), for which purpose the laser beam is incident on the cornea 3024 along the optical axis 3102, as indicated by the arrow 3104.
  • a beam splitter 3028 is arranged on the cornea 3024, which according to this embodiment is tilted by 45 ° to the optical axis 3102, other angles also being possible according to other embodiments.
  • the beam splitter 3028 is optionally almost completely transparent at the central wavelength of the laser beam, so that the laser beam can penetrate through the beam splitter almost unhindered without having to accept significant power losses.
  • the beam splitter 3028 is optionally highly reflective for the wavelengths of the measurement light which is emitted by the confocal-chromatic sensor 3016.
  • the beam splitter 3028 can also be designed as a polarization splitter which brings together differently polarized processing laser and measurement light.
  • the beam splitter 3028 is designed as a reflector that can be folded in at times for the measurement light in order to carry out measurements or characterizations of the laser beam 3022 between individual pulses or pulse sequences of the laser beam 3022.
  • the optical axis 3100 of the sensor 3016 is arranged at the right angle to the optical axis 3102 of the laser beam.
  • the measurement light is directed onto the beam splitter 3028, which deflects the measurement light onto the test point 20 on the cornea 3024, which is processed by the laser beam.
  • the light reflected and / or scattered at the test point 3020 or cornea 3024 is also reflected by the beam splitter and thrown back to the sensor 3016.
  • the sensor 3016 can then detect the reflected measurement light.
  • the measuring device 3018 which in addition to the sensor also has a control and evaluation unit 3032, uses the data determined by the sensor to determine the change in the thickness of the cornea 3024 at the test point 3020 and can characterize the laser beam based on this.
  • the senor 3016 is positioned to the side of the incident laser beam 3022 in order to be able to measure test points 3020 processed by the laser beam 3022 without the light from sensor 3016 and laser beam 3022 having to be superimposed by means of optical components by
  • the axes 3100 and 3102 form an angle in order to intersect on a test point 3020, or without overlap, in that the sensor 3016 is successively shifted laterally in order to measure a test point 3020 previously processed by the laser beam 3022.
  • the measuring device is also connected to a control device (not shown) of the laser source and, using the data from the characterization of the laser beam, can intervene in the laser source in a regulating and / or controlling manner, for example to increase the power of the laser beam and / or reduce.
  • FIGS. 10A to 10C show, in schematic representations, various optional embodiments for providing test objects 3014.
  • the substrate 3034 can be formed as a flexible film, for example.
  • Such an embodiment enables, for example, an automated supply of test objects 3014 to the test object holder in that the substrate 3034 is moved, for example, over rollers.
  • the test object 3014 itself is designed as a film 36.
  • different parts of the film can be used as test locations 3020.
  • the film 3036 should be selected to be of sufficient thickness to prevent the laser beam 3022 from penetrating through the film 3036 and the laser beam from falling on a sensor 3016 that may be arranged under the film.
  • the test object 3014 is designed in the form of a disk 3036, the disk being significantly larger than a single test point 3020 the exposure to the laser beam can be selected so that a large number of test points 3020 can be accommodated on the test object 3014 or on the pane 3028, optionally more than 1000 test points 3020.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

Dans ses modes de réalisation, l'invention concerne un procédé pour caractériser un faisceau laser (24) d'un système d'usinage par laser (30). Le procédé comprend les étapes consistant : a) à fournir un ensemble écran (10) comportant plusieurs ouvertures d'écran (14) dans un plan de travail (300) du système d'usinage par laser (30), de manière que les ouvertures d'écran (14) s'étendent dans le plan de travail (300) ; b) à balayer l'ensemble écran (10) au moyen du faisceau laser (24) le long d'une direction de balayage (200) parallèlement au plan de travail (300), de manière que le faisceau laser (24) balaie au moins partiellement les ouvertures d'écran (14) ; c) à déterminer une énergie du faisceau laser (24) respectivement transmise à travers les ouvertures d'écran (14) pendant le processus de balayage, et d) à déterminer la dilatation du faisceau laser (24) le long de la direction de balayage (200) au moyen de l'énergie du faisceau laser (24) transmise à travers une première ouverture d'écran (14a) de la pluralité d'ouvertures d'écran (14), et à déterminer un paramètre d'énergie du faisceau laser (24) au moyen de l'énergie du faisceau laser (24) transmise à travers une deuxième ouverture d'écran (14b) de la pluralité d'ouvertures d'écran (14). La première ouverture d'écran (14a) présente une dilatation prédéfinie le long de la direction de balayage (200) qui est inférieure au diamètre moyen du faisceau laser (24) dans le plan de travail (300). De plus, une deuxième ouverture d'écran (14b) présente une dilatation qui est supérieure au faisceau laser (24) dans le plan de travail (300) et conçue pour transmettre le faisceau laser (24) sensiblement dans sa totalité.
EP20768562.9A 2019-09-10 2020-09-07 Procédé pour caractériser un faisceau laser d'un système d'usinage par laser, ensemble écran et système d'usinage par laser Pending EP4027959A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102019124258.4A DE102019124258A1 (de) 2019-09-10 2019-09-10 Verfahren zur Charakterisierung eines Laserstrahls eines Laserbearbeitungssystems, Blendenanordnung und Laserbearbeitungssystem
DE102019124166.9A DE102019124166A1 (de) 2019-09-10 2019-09-10 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur automatisierten Charakterisierung eines Laserstrahls
DE102019124164.2A DE102019124164A1 (de) 2019-09-10 2019-09-10 Laserbearbeitungssystem und Verfahren zur Charakterisierung eines Laserstrahls eines Laserbearbeitungssystems
PCT/EP2020/074984 WO2021048071A1 (fr) 2019-09-10 2020-09-07 Procédé pour caractériser un faisceau laser d'un système d'usinage par laser, ensemble écran et système d'usinage par laser

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EP (1) EP4027959A1 (fr)
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FI20245313A1 (en) * 2024-03-18 2025-09-19 Icare Finland Oy Method and system for measuring eye property value
CN118759051A (zh) * 2024-06-11 2024-10-11 西安交通大学 基于声发射再平衡Mel倒谱的激光冲击强化质量在线监测方法
CN119747894B (zh) * 2025-01-10 2025-11-21 浙江庆鑫科技有限公司 一种ic芯片激光烧蚀印刷设备

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US20220296418A1 (en) 2022-09-22
US12016798B2 (en) 2024-06-25
WO2021048071A1 (fr) 2021-03-18

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