EP4093200A1 - Procédé de réduction d'infections virales véhiculées par les insectes dans des graminées - Google Patents
Procédé de réduction d'infections virales véhiculées par les insectes dans des graminéesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4093200A1 EP4093200A1 EP21701253.3A EP21701253A EP4093200A1 EP 4093200 A1 EP4093200 A1 EP 4093200A1 EP 21701253 A EP21701253 A EP 21701253A EP 4093200 A1 EP4093200 A1 EP 4093200A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- seed
- plant
- cereal
- acibenzolar
- methyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/82—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to methods of reducing insect-vectored viral infections and transmission in plants, in particular grass (Poaceae) plants, more particular cereals, methods of reducing damage to plants caused by viral infection, methods of crop enhancement including methods for improving plant growth, vigour and yield, by application of a seed treatment comprising at least one plant activator, to compositions comprising the combinations and to plant propagation material treated therewith.
- the present invention provides a method of reducing insect-vectored viral infection in a plant, plants of the crops: grass crops including, but not limited to, cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize, rice, sorghum, triticale and related crops); leguminous plants (beans, lentils, peas, soybeans); oil plants (rape, mustard, canola, sunflowers); cucumber plants (marrows, cucumbers, melons); fibre plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute); vegetables (spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, onions, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, paprika); as well as ornamentals (flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees and evergreens, such as conifers, also including transgenic crop plants of the foregoing types.
- grass crops including, but not limited to, cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize, rice, sorghum, triticale
- increasing the yield of a plant means that the yield of a product of the plant is increased by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the combinations according to the present invention. It is preferred that the yield is increased by at least about 0.5%, preferably 1%, more preferably 2%, yet more preferably 4% or more. Even more preferred is an increase in yield of at least about 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% or more.
- an 'improved tolerance to stress factors' means that certain traits are improved qualitatively or quantitatively when compared with the same trait in a control plant which has been grown under the same conditions in the absence of the method of the invention.
- Such traits include, but are not limited to, an increased tolerance and/or resistance to abiotic stress factors which cause sub-optimal growing conditions such as drought (e.g. any stress which leads to a lack of water content in plants, a lack of water uptake potential or a reduction in the water supply to plants), cold exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, UV stress, flooding, increased salinity (e.g. in the soil), increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure and/or limited availability of nutrients (e.g.
- Gemini viruses possess single- stranded circular DNA genomes, falling into three genera, i.e. the leafhopper-transmitted Mastreviruses, such as maize streak virus, MSV; and the whitefly-transmitted Begomoviruses, such as bean golden mosaic virus, BGMV.
- Increased yield of an agricultural plant means that, where it is possible to take a quantitative measurement, the yield of a product of the respective plant is increased by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without application of the present invention. According to the present invention, it is preferred that the yield be increased by at least 0.5%, more preferred at least 1%, even more preferred at least 2%, still more preferred at least 4% , preferably 5% or even more.
- the present invention provides an agrochemical composition
- an agrochemical composition comprising a combination of one or more active component and acibenzolar-S-methyl, in a ratio of 10 to 40 parts of the active component to 1 to 10 parts plant activator, by weight, together with an agrochemically acceptable diluent or carrier.
- plant propagation material is understood to denote all the generative parts of the plant, such as seeds, which can be used for the multiplication of the latter including vegetative plant material such as cuttings. There may be mentioned, as plant propagation material, seeds (in the strict sense), roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, parts of plants.
- the present invention is also applicable for use with a plant propagation material that has already undergone a treatment with a pesticide.
- the propagation material is a seed (e.g. a cereal seed).
- the treatment could vary from a thin film of the formulation containing the combination of the invention on a plant propagation material, such as a seed, where the original size and/or shape are recognizable to a thick film (such as a coating or pelleting with many layers of different materials (such as carriers, for example, clays; different formulations, such as of active ingredients; polymers; and colourants) where the original shape and/or size of the seed is no longer recognisable.
- the combination of the invention is adhered to the propagation material, such as a seed.
- the combination of the invention is present on the seed in a pelleted form.
- the seed treatment occurs to an unsown seed, and the term "unsown seed” is meant to include seed at any period between the harvest of the seed and the sowing of the seed in the ground for the purpose of germination and growth of the plant. Treatment to an unsown seed is not meant to include those practices in which the pesticide is applied to the soil but would include any application practice that would target the seed during the sowing/planting process.
- the treated plant propagation material of the present invention can be treated in the same manner as conventional plant propagation material.
- the treated propagation material can be stored, handled, sowed and tilled in the same manner as any other pesticide treated material, such as seeds.
- the treatment occurs before sowing of the seed so that the seed being sown or planted has been pre treated.
- compositions and methods of the present invention may particularly be used for the treatment of any cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize, the latter including field corn, pop corn and corn, rice, sorghum and related crops; sugar cane and turf grasses including, for example, cool-season turf grasses (for example, bluegrasses (Poa L), such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa L.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L); bentgrasses (Agrostis L), such as creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenius Sibth.), velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L) and redtop (Agrostis alba L); fescues (Festuca L), such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
- ryegrasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and annual (Italian) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)) and warm-season turf grasses (for example, Bermudagrasses (Cynodon L. C. Rich), including hybrid and common Bermudagrass; Zoysiagrasses (Zoysia Willd.), St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze); and centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) hack.)).
- imazamox by conventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis) is Clearfield ® summer rape (Canola).
- crops that have been rendered tolerant to herbicides or classes of herbicides by genetic engineering methods include glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant maize varieties commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady ® , Herculex I ® and LibertyLink ® .
- Suitable plants also include plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.
- Suitable plants also include plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances having a selective action, such as the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs, see e.g. European patent application EP 0,392,225).
- PRPs pathogenesis-related proteins
- Examples of such antipathogenic substances and transgenic plants capable of synthesising such antipathogenic substances are known, for example, from European patent applications EP 0,392,225 and EP 0,353,191 and International patent application WO 95/33818.
- the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing insect- vectored viral infection in a cereal plant by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the present invention provides a method of reducing damage to a cereal plant caused by one or more insect-vectored viral infections, in a cereal plant by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the present invention provides a method of increasing the yield of a cereal plant by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the present invention provides a method of improving cereal plant vigour by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the present invention provides a method of increasing the tolerance of cereal plant to abiotic stress by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar- S-methyl.
- the present invention provides a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl, for use in the methods of the present invention, wherein the plant is a cereal plant.
- the present invention provides for the use of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl, in the methods of the present invention, wherein the plant is a cereal plant.
- the present invention provides a kit of parts suitable for use in the methods of the present invention, comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl, for the simultaneous, separate or sequential application to grass, preferably cereal plant propagation material, such as seeds.
- the present invention additionally provides for a plant or plant propagation material treated with a combination of the invention as defined herein.
- compositions and methods of the present invention are particularly suitable for the treatment of plants which are susceptible to damage by insect-vectored viral infections transmitted by leafhoppers , aphids, thirps, planthoppers, whiteflies or other virus-transmitting pest vectors.
- the present invention provides a method of reducing insect- vectored viral infection in a cereal plant by application of a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl, wherein the plant is susceptible to damage by viral infections transmitted by aphids or leafhoppers capable of transmitting BYDV or WDV, in particular Psammotettix alienus (leafhopper); Metopolophium dirhodum (METODR) (rose-grain aphid), Rhopalosiphum padi (RHOPPA) (bird cherry-oat aphid) and /or Sitobion avenae (MACSAV) (english grain aphid).
- a seed treatment composition comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl
- WDV Wheat dwarf virus
- MTODR Metopolophium dirhodum
- RHOPPA Rhopalosiphum padi(RHOPPA)
- Sitobion avenae MCSAV
- the present invention provides a method of reducing insect- vectored viral transmission amongst cereal plants by application of a seed treatment comprising acibenzolar-S-methyl, wherein the plant is susceptible to damage by Gemini viral infections transmitted by an aphid or a leafhopper, more specifically, a species selected from Psammotettix alienus; Metopolophium dirhodum (METODR), Rhopalosiphum padi(RHOPPA) and Sitobion avenae (MACSAV).
- the present invention provides a method of reducing damage to a plant caused by one or more viral infections transmitted by aphid or leafhopper, more specifically, a species selected from Psammotettix alienus; Metopolophium dirhodum (METODR), Rhopalosiphum padi (RHOPPA) and Sitobion avenae (MACSAV), by application of a seed treatment comprising acibenzolar-S- methyl.
- a species selected from Psammotettix alienus Metopolophium dirhodum (METODR), Rhopalosiphum padi (RHOPPA) and Sitobion avenae (MACSAV)
- a grower in the management of his crop would use one or more other agronomic chemicals in addition to the combination of the present invention.
- agronomic chemicals include herbicides, pesticides, such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, plant nutrients and plant fertilizers.
- the present invention provides for the use of a composition according to the present invention comprising a plant activator together with one or more active ingredient, such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, plant nutrients or plant fertilizers.
- active ingredient such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, plant nutrients or plant fertilizers.
- Suitable examples of plant nutrients or plant fertilizers are calcium sulfate CaS0 , calcium nitrate Ca(N0 3 ) 2 .4H 2 0, calcium carbonate CaC0 3 , potassium nitrate KN0 3 , magnesium sulfate MgS0 4 , potassium hydrogen phosphate KH 2 P0 4 , manganese sulfate MnS0 4 , copper sulfate CuS0 4 , zinc sulfate ZnS0 4 , nickel chloride NiCI 2 , cobalt sulfate CoS0 , potassium hydroxide KOH, sodium chloride NaCI, boric acid H 3 B0 3 and metal salts thereof, Na 2 Mo04.
- the components of the invention are generally in the form of a formulation containing other customary formulation adjuvants because it allows, for example, less burdensome handling and application.
- the composition comprising the plant activator is a single composition that has been specifically formulated, the composition comprising at least one of the adjuvants customary in formulation technology, such as extenders, e.g., solvents or solid carriers, or surface-active compounds (surfactants).
- extenders e.g., solvents or solid carriers
- surfactants surface-active compounds
- Suitable formulation adjuvants are, for example, solid carriers, solvents, stabilisers, slow-release adjuvants, dyes and optionally surface-active substances (surfactants).
- Suitable carriers and adjuvants in this case include all substances customarily used in crop protection products, especially in products for controlling snails and slugs.
- Suitable adjuvants, such as solvents, solid carriers, surface-active compounds, non-ionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and further adjuvants in the compositions used in accordance with the invention are, for example, the same as those described in EP 0,736,252.
- compositions may comprise from 0.1 to 99 %, in particular 0.1 to 95 %, of the combination and from 1 to 99.9 %, in particular 5 to 99.9 %, of at least one solid or liquid auxiliary.
- the composition may additionally comprise from 0 to 25 %, in particular 0.1 to 20 %, of surfactants (% is in each case per cent by weight). While concentrated compositions are more preferred as commercial goods, the end user generally uses dilute compositions that comprise considerably lower concentrations of the combination.
- Compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.001% to about 99% by weight active ingredients. Suitably, the composition contains from about 0.001% to about 50% by weight active ingredients. More suitably, the composition contains from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight active ingredients.
- the rate of application of the compounds of the present invention may vary within wide limits and depends upon the nature of the soil, the method of application, the target insect pest to be controlled, the prevailing climatic conditions, and other factors governed by the method of application and the time of application.
- a pre-mix formulation for seed treatment application comprises 0.5 to 99.9 %, especially 1 to 95 %, active ingredient compounds, and 99.5 to 0.1 %, especially 99 to 5 %, of a solid or liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the auxiliaries can be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50 %, especially 0.5 to 40 %, based on the pre-mix formulation.
- a solid or liquid adjuvant including, for example, a solvent such as water
- a seed weight increaser can be any compound or composition which will increase the weight or density of a seed. In terms of amounts, one strives to increase by a sufficient amount to cause rice comprising the weight increaser to promptly settle onto the soil surface when soil-surface rice planting is performed. It will be apparent to skilled persons that the amount will necessarily vary depending on the planting conditions, seed variety and moisture content, and properties of the weight increaser. Examples include iron oxide such as in powder form, iron powder, quartz sand, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and zinc oxide.
- Water-insoluble binders are known in the art and any which are suitable for application to a seed can be used in practicing the present invention. Examples include polyacrylate adhesive, PVAcA eoVA polyacrylate, EVA, polyurethane, and PVAc. A specific example is Mowinyl-Powder DM2072P copolymer of VA, VeoVA, acrylate ester (Nippon Gohsei, Osaka, Japan).
- Water soluble binders are known in the art and any which are suitable for application to a seed can be used in practicing the present invention. Examples include polyvinyl alcohol, CMC, HPMC and PVP. A specific example is PVA1 17S polyvinyl alcohol (Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan).
- compositions according to the invention are efficacious, offering improved emergence and prompt progression through growth stages.
- the composition provides good results for hardness, stability and adhesive properties in the treated seed. Handling properties during the coating process are sufficiently good to be used at a commercial scale.
- the individual components of the composition are preferably mixed together.
- one or more agrochemicals such as those exemplified herein may optionally be provided.
- the seeds are preferably placed in a container and water is sprayed on the seeds to moisten the surface and be available to adhere the powdered composition.
- a portion of the coating composition is added, and the seeds are stirred to distribute the composition and allow it to bind to the seeds.
- the water spraying/composition adding steps are then repeated until all the composition has been added to the seeds.
- the seeds are allowed to dry until the moisture level of the rice is back to the original state. A typical seed moisture level is about 15%.
- seeds could first be treated with one or more agrochemicals before adding the inventive composition. It is also possible that one or more agrochemicals is added as a separate ingredient during the course of applying the inventive composition. Alternatively, after applying the inventive composition one or more agrochemicals may be added in a subsequent step.
- the drying step may be at any suitable temperature and humidity. It is believed drying at room temperature or slightly heated temperature, e.g. 35°C, for about 1 day may provide good results with a minimum of energy inputs.
- a fluidized dryer can be used for the drying step; such machines may be an efficient means to provide warm air.
- Agrochemicals and Active Ingredients Seeds treated with the composition of the invention may further include an agrochemical applied simultaneously or separately.
- agrochemicals can include fungicides, insecticides, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides and/or plant growth regulators. These agents may be provided as formulations comprising, inter alia, carriers, surfactants or application promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation.
- the present invention is also suitable for use with other agrochemicals such as primers and safeners.
- insecticides include thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiodicarb, aldicarb, carbofuran, furadan, fenoxycarb, carbaryl, sevin, ethienocarb, fenobucarb, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, spinosad, spinetoram, lambda- cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, tefluthrin, fipronil, and sulfoxaflor.
- preferred fungicides include azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, ipconazole, cyprodinil, myclobutanil, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (also known as mefenoxam), sedaxane, and penflufen.
- primers and safeners examples include benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cyometrinil, fenclorim, fluxofenim, oxabetrinil and daimuron.
- a particularly preferred mixture according to the invention comprises the active compound metalaxyl-M in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the weight ratio of the two active compounds to one another is between 1000:1 and 1:100, preferably between 625:1 and 1:100, particularly preferably between 125:1 and 1:50 and very particularly preferably between 25:1 and 1:5, where in the ratios here and below Metalaxyl-M is in each case mentioned first.
- a further particularly preferred mixture according to the invention comprises the active compound Fludioxonil in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- a further particularly preferred mixture according to the invention comprises the active compound Thiamethoxam in combination with Acibenzolar-S-methyl.
- the weight ratio of the two active compounds to one another is between 1000:1 and 1:100, preferably between 625:1 and 1:100, particularly preferably between 125:1 and 1:50 and very particularly preferably between 25:1 and 1:5, where in the ratios here and below Thiamethoxam is in each case mentioned first.
- the combinations can be as follows:
- ASM Acibenzolar-S-methyl
- the Sunflower plant propagation material can comprise sunflower seeds.
- the virus can be Cucumber mosaic virus, Pelargonium zonate spot virus, Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus; Sunflower mild mosaic virus; Sunflower mosaic virus; Sunflower necrosis virus, Tobacco streak virus; Sunflower ringspot virus; and Tobacco ringspot virus.
- Said salicylic acid analogue can comprise acibenzolar, acibenzolar-S-methyl or probenazole, preferably acibenzolar-S-methyl, preferably in an amount of from 1 to 10, preferably of from 2 to 5 ml / 150.000 seeds.
- the seed treatment composition can consist essentially of an effective amount of at acibenzolar-S- methyl, and a carrier or diluent, or a premix for application of the seed treatment in a solid or liquid form, wherein a second and third active ingredients can preferably be present in a range of ratios by weight of from 1:1 to 1:50.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20152689 | 2020-01-20 | ||
| EP20152715 | 2020-01-20 | ||
| PCT/EP2021/050848 WO2021148330A1 (fr) | 2020-01-20 | 2021-01-15 | Procédé de réduction d'infections virales véhiculées par les insectes dans des graminées |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4093200A1 true EP4093200A1 (fr) | 2022-11-30 |
Family
ID=74205830
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21701253.3A Withdrawn EP4093200A1 (fr) | 2020-01-20 | 2021-01-15 | Procédé de réduction d'infections virales véhiculées par les insectes dans des graminées |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4093200A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021148330A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025215137A1 (fr) * | 2024-04-11 | 2025-10-16 | Syngenta Crop Protection Ag | Composition comprenant de l'isocycloséram et de l'acibenzolar-s-méthyle |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1340685C (fr) | 1988-07-29 | 1999-07-27 | Frederick Meins | Sequences d'adn codant des polypeptides possedant une activite de beta-1,3-glucanase |
| ES2199931T3 (es) | 1989-03-24 | 2004-03-01 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Plantas transgenicas resistentes a enfermedades. |
| US5639949A (en) | 1990-08-20 | 1997-06-17 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Genes for the synthesis of antipathogenic substances |
| TW344649B (en) | 1995-04-05 | 1998-11-11 | Novartis Ag | Pesticidal composition |
| US6406690B1 (en) | 1995-04-17 | 2002-06-18 | Minrav Industries Ltd. | Bacillus firmus CNCM I-1582 or Bacillus cereus CNCM I-1562 for controlling nematodes |
| WO2008020998A2 (fr) | 2006-08-08 | 2008-02-21 | Bayer Cropscience Lp | Procédé pour améliorer la croissance des plantes par réduction des infections virales |
| PT2563149T (pt) | 2010-04-30 | 2016-11-15 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Um método para reduzir infecções virais transmitidas por insetos |
| US9770028B1 (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2017-09-26 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Method of improving turfgrass abiotic stress tolerance |
| SG11201702869SA (en) * | 2014-11-03 | 2017-05-30 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Method for improving turfgrass abiotic stress tolerance |
-
2021
- 2021-01-15 EP EP21701253.3A patent/EP4093200A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2021-01-15 WO PCT/EP2021/050848 patent/WO2021148330A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2021148330A1 (fr) | 2021-07-29 |
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