EP4085229B1 - Solid bullet and method for producing a solid bullet - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a solid projectile for ammunition, preferably with a caliber of less than 13 mm.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing such a solid projectile.

For ecological and health reasons, especially on target ranges, the use of lead as a material for solid projectiles is becoming increasingly unsuitable. The choice of material for solid projectiles thus presents a conflict of interest, particularly between good precision and range, and environmental compatibility. Alternative materials to lead, such as tin, zinc, and copper, have proven less suitable due to their lower density. While this would ensure better environmental compatibility, it would result in significant losses in precision and range. Furthermore, alternative solutions such as solid steel or brass projectiles also have significant disadvantages regarding barrel life and penetration resistance through the firearm barrel. This leads to unfavorable internal ballistics. The pressure during powder combustion is too high, while the resulting muzzle velocity is too low.

Out of US 4,109,581 A solid projectile made of soft iron is known. The projectile has an ogive-shaped front, an adjoining slightly conical driving band that comprises about 1/3 to 1/4 of the projectile length, and a conical tail. According to the projectile... US 4,109,581 Its ballistics, particularly precision and range, have proven to be disadvantageous. Furthermore, the elongated driving band also negatively affects the internal ballistics of the projectile.

WO 94/00730 A1 reveals a soft iron projectile.

US 4,387,492 reveals a soft, hollow-point jacketed bullet.

US 5,686,693 reveals a projectile made of a steel alloy with additives.

DE 295 16 889 U1 discloses a solid projectile for ammunition, made of mild steel, comprising at least a partially cylindrical guide band for guiding the solid projectile in a firearm barrel.

DE 709 576 C discloses a solid projectile for ammunition, made of iron, comprising at least a partially cylindrical guide band for guiding the solid projectile in a firearm barrel.

One object of the present invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, in particular to provide an environmentally and health-compatible solid projectile with improved ballistics, especially precision.

The problem is solved by the subject matter of claims 1 and 9.

This provides a solid projectile for ammunition, particularly with a caliber of less than 13 mm. Caliber is generally defined as a measure of the outer diameter of projectiles or bullets and the inner diameter of a firearm barrel. For example, solid projectiles according to the invention are also used for ammunition with a caliber of less than 7 mm or at most 5.6 mm. In contrast to full metal jacket bullets, which generally consist of a jacket made of a deformable material, such as tombac, and a core arranged therein, particularly a pressed core, which is manufactured separately from the jacket, full metal jacket bullets do not have a separate jacket. In particular, the solid projectile is manufactured from a single piece.

According to the invention, the solid projectile is made of iron. For example, and outside the scope of the claims, the solid projectile is made of iron, in particular soft iron, with a carbon content of more than 0.05%. It has been found that increasing the carbon content increases the hardness and tensile strength of the solid projectile, which has a beneficial effect on the projectile ballistics. The solid projectile is thus an environmentally friendly projectile with improved ballistics. Furthermore, it has been found that the carbon content has a corrosion-inhibiting effect on the solid projectile. In addition, the increased carbon content also helps to limit diffusion between the firearm barrel and the solid projectile when it is fired by a firearm.

According to an exemplary embodiment outside the scope of the claims, the carbon content is in the range of 0.06% to 1.14%, particularly in the range of 0.08% to 0.12%. Such carbon content ranges have proven to be particularly advantageous with regard to ballistics. In particular, it has been found that excessively high carbon contents result in excessively increased brittleness of the solid projectile body, which adversely affects the manufacture and formability of the solid projectile.

In an exemplary embodiment outside the scope of protection of the claims, the solid projectile is made of a material which, in addition to iron, has at least one other transition metal, for example selected from the group containing manganese and copper, in particular to a mass fraction of 0.01% to 1.2% or of 0.3% to 1%.

In a further exemplary embodiment outside the scope of the present invention, the material of the solid projectile can contain at least one further additive selected from the carbon group, the nitrogen group, and/or the oxygen group. For example, the at least one additive can be a metalloid. For example, the at least one additive can have a weight percentage of at least 0.01% to at most 0.48%.

In a further exemplary embodiment outside the scope of protection of the claims, the iron of the solid projectile has a manganese content of 0.01% to 0.8%, in particular of 0.3% to 0.6%.

According to an exemplary further development outside the scope of the claims, the iron has a silicon content of less than 3.5%, in particular less than 0.4% or less than 0.3%.

In a further exemplary embodiment outside the scope of protection of the claims, the iron has a phosphorus content in the range of 0.01% to 0.04%, in particular in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

Furthermore, and outside the scope of protection of the claims, it may be provided that the iron has a sulfur content in the range from 0.01% to 0.04%, particularly in the range of 0.02% to 0.03%.

In a further exemplary embodiment outside the scope of protection of the claims, the iron has a copper content of less than 0.4%, in particular less than 0.3% or less than 0.25%.

For example, and outside the scope of protection of the claims, the full story may be made of Saarstahl C10C.

The solid projectile according to the invention contains no lead.

Furthermore, the projectile can comprise a prong, particularly one resembling an ogive, a connecting, at least partially cylindrical, guide band for guiding the projectile in a firearm barrel, and a projectile tail connected to the guide band. When the present description refers to prong, front, or tail, this is to be understood in relation to the projectile's longitudinal axis pointing in the direction of flight. The guide band can, for example, be designed to engage with a rifling profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to impart spin to the projectile as it slides along the barrel, thereby stabilizing its trajectory.

For example, the projectile tail has a base that faces a power transmission component, such as a firing pin, of the firearm, and a base that terminates in the tail. The base tapers concavely towards the tail, at least partially. This means that the base need not be completely concave, and in particular, need not taper completely from the driving band to the base. In an alternative embodiment, the base tapers completely concavely from the driving band to the base. In another exemplary embodiment, a substantially cylindrical base section, with a smaller outer diameter than the driving band, connects to the driving band at the rear and to the concave portion of the base at the front. It has been found according to the present invention that, due to the lower density of the iron material compared to standard lead materials, mass losses occur, which, however, can be compensated for by the inventive design with regard to the ballistics and/or precision of the projectile's tail. By providing a projectile base, additional mass is introduced into the solid projectile, the concavity of which has a positive effect on the projectile's ballistics, in particular the The projectile is stabilized during flight without increasing the projectile's resistance to penetration within the gun barrel.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the solid projectile according to the invention, a radius of curvature defining the outer contour of the projectile base lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum projectile outer diameter. For example, the radius of curvature is approximately 0.2 times the maximum projectile outer diameter. The maximum projectile outer diameter is located in the region of the guide band.

According to an exemplary further development of the projectile, the at least partially concave projectile base extends in the longitudinal direction of the projectile by a factor of 0.2 to 0.6, and in particular by a factor of 0.4, of the maximum projectile outer diameter, which may be located, for example, in the area of the driving band. This length of projectile base has been identified as advantageous with regard to providing additional mass and creating an aerodynamically advantageous projectile structure, whose penetration resistance within the firearm barrel is positively influenced.

In another exemplary embodiment of the full story, the floor has an outer diameter in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 times the maximum story outer diameter. Specifically, the outer diameter is approximately 0.8 times the maximum story outer diameter. For example, the concave section of the story base flows directly into the story floor, which is arranged concentrically with respect to the story's longitudinal axis. For example, the floor has a rear end face that is oriented essentially perpendicular to the story's longitudinal axis.

Furthermore, the projectile can comprise a projectile nose, particularly one shaped like an ogive, a connecting, at least partially cylindrical, guide band for guiding the projectile in a firearm barrel, and a projectile tail connected to the guide band. The guide band can, for example, be designed to engage with a rifling profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to guide the projectile during its passage. To impart a spin to the sliding surface within the barrel of a firearm in order to stabilize the projectile's trajectory.

For example, a transition from the rear of the projectile to the guide band is formed by an outer contour projection at which the outer diameter of the solid projectile increases continuously or abruptly. It was found according to the invention that by providing an outer contour projection (viewed from the rear of the projectile) or an outer contour recess (viewed from the nose of the projectile), the phenomenon of the so-called "breathing" of the firearm barrel is ensured. Due to the outer contour projection, a radial expansion of the firearm barrel can be achieved during pressure build-up during the firing process, resulting in a gentle sliding of the solid projectile within the firearm barrel. It was found that the gas produced as a result of combustion within the firearm barrel during firing is forced into an angled annular space formed externally by the inner surface of the firearm barrel and internally by the rear-facing outer contour projection extending from the rear of the projectile into the guide band. This causes the firearm barrel to expand slightly elastically, at least in the radial direction, thus reducing the compression resistance within the firearm barrel. This also reduces the abrasion between the outer surface of the solid projectile and the inner surface of the firearm barrel. and thus the wear. Perpendicular to the projectile's longitudinal axis, i.e., in the radial direction, it is preferred that the outer contour protrusion be less than 0.2 mm deep. The outer contour protrusion can, for example, be straight or concavely curved. Furthermore, the outer contour protrusion can ensure that the solid projectile is movable within a transition fit in the rifling profile. An advantage of the transition fit is the reduction of the insertion resistance. The transition fit also allows for adjustment of the gas leakage, which, depending on the type of solid projectile, is an important factor influencing its accuracy. Additionally, the transition fit can delay the initial insertion process in such a way that the impact, the so-called initial impact, on the solid projectile and the firearm barrel (short-term dynamics) upon firing can be reduced. Reducing the initial impact positively affects the lifespan of the firearm barrel and the precision of the projectile.

According to an exemplary further development of the full story according to the invention, the outer contour projection has an angle of inclination with respect to a longitudinal axis oriented in the longitudinal direction of the full story in the range of 10° to 90°, in particular in the range of 20° to 80°, 30° to 70° or in the range of 40° to 80°.

Furthermore, the projectile can comprise a prong, particularly one resembling an ogive, and an adjoining, at least partially cylindrical, guide band for guiding the projectile in a firearm barrel. The guide band can, for example, be designed to engage with a rifling profile of the firearm barrel, which serves in particular to impart spin to the projectile as it slides along the barrel, thereby stabilizing its trajectory.

For example, a transition from the guide band to the projectile nose is formed by an external contour step, at which the outer diameter of the solid projectile decreases continuously or abruptly. It has been found according to the invention that providing this external contour step results in a gentle sliding of the solid projectile within the firearm barrel. Consequently, abrasion between the outer surface of the solid projectile and the inner surface of the firearm barrel can be reduced. The external contour step can, for example, be straight or concavely curved. Furthermore, the external contour step can ensure that the solid projectile is movable within a transition fit in the bore profile. The transition fit can also be used to adjust the gas leakage, which, depending on the type of solid projectile, is an important factor influencing its accuracy. Additionally, the transition fit can delay the initial press-fit process so that the impact, the so-called initial impact, on the solid projectile and the firearm barrel (short-term dynamics) upon firing can be reduced. The reduction of the initial impact positively influences the service life of the firearm barrel and the precision of the solid projectile.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the solid projectile according to the invention, the outer contour projection from the projectile tail into the guide band and/or the outer contour recess from the guide band into the projectile nose has a radial depth of less than 0.5 mm, in particular less than 0.4 mm, 0.3 mm, or 0.2 mm, measured transversely to the projectile's longitudinal axis. This radial projection of the guide band relative to the projectile tail and/or nose ensures that essentially only the guide band engages in the rifling profile of the firearm barrel or slides along it during firing. In this way, abrasion between the firearm barrel and the outer surface of the solid projectile can be reduced.

The projectile comprises a guide band that is at least partially cylindrical for guiding the projectile in a firearm barrel, in particular for engaging in the rifling of a rifling profile of a firearm barrel.

The rifling profile serves in particular to impart a spin to the solid projectile as it slides along inside the firearm barrel, in order to stabilize the projectile's trajectory.

For example, the at least partially cylindrical guide band has an axial length, measured in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile, in the range of 10 to 100 times the groove/land difference of a firearm barrel. The inventors of the present invention have found that an excessively long cylindrical guide band is less suitable for use with solid iron projectiles. For example, it can be provided that an axial section of the guide band, which deviates from a cylindrical shape, adjoins the projectile's nose, which is particularly ogive-shaped, before the guide band forms the cylindrical guide band section. For example, the cylindrical guide band section can be dimensioned such that a contact ring line is formed between the guide band and the inner surface of the firearm barrel.

The projectile can include a particularly ogive-shaped prow, which has a substantially flat end face oriented along the projectile's longitudinal axis. The flat end face can be produced, for example, by cutting it to length. For instance, the flat end face has a diameter of at least 10%. In particular, it has a flat, flat, frontal end that is at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% of the diameter of the projectile base. Firstly, it has been found that the flat, frontal end has a positive effect on the external ballistics of the projectile, in particular that the projectile flies more stably, thus increasing its accuracy. A further advantage is that less force is required to shape the projectile during the manufacturing process, for example, during the forming process, especially bulk forming.

According to the invention, a solid projectile is provided for ammunition, in particular with a caliber of less than 13 mm. The solid projectile is made of iron.

The projectile comprises a guide band, at least partially cylindrical, for guiding the projectile within a firearm barrel, in particular for engaging with the rifling of the barrel's land profile. The land profile serves, in particular, to impart spin to the projectile as it slides along the barrel, thereby stabilizing its trajectory.

According to the invention, the Vickers hardness in the region of the guide band's outer diameter is at most 150 HV. For example, the production of a solid projectile according to the invention is carried out by providing an iron blank of a specific dimension and Vickers hardness. The inventors of the present invention have found that even with a starting material of an iron blank with a Vickers hardness of 140 HV, production can be carried out in such a way that the Vickers hardness in the region of the guide band's outer diameter is only slightly increased, in particular to a maximum value of 150 HV. It has been found that the machining, in particular movement and/or displacement, of iron material causes a change in the hardness of the solid projectile. However, the aim during the manufacturing process is to perform only as much forming work as necessary, but as little as possible, at least in the region of the guide band. It has been found that the homogeneous hardness distribution, at least in the region of the guide band and a External ballistic advantages can be achieved by locating the projectile center, which is situated close to the projectile's central axis in the axial direction.

According to an exemplary further development of the projectile according to the invention, a Vickers hardness in the area of a guide band outer diameter of less than 10%, in particular less than 5% or less than 3%, is greater than a Vickers hardness in the area of a projectile center at the same height with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis.

According to a further aspect outside the scope of protection of the claims, an intermediate is provided for manufacturing a solid story designed according to one of the above descriptions or aspects, in particular lead-free.

The intermediate consists of a preform made of iron, in particular soft iron, especially Saarstahl C10C, with a substantially cylindrical tail section and a concavely tapered front section. The front section can be produced, for example, by forming, especially cold forming, such as pressing. The tail section is designed, for instance, to be further processed into the projectile tail. Furthermore, the front section can be designed to be further processed into the projectile nose, particularly an ogive-shaped nose. The inventors have discovered that the concave front section reduces the deformation forces required to further process the intermediate into a complete projectile. This reduces both manufacturing costs and the hardness changes in the projectile resulting from forming processes, as described above. The preform also makes it possible to easily produce more complex projectile shapes.

According to a further aspect outside the scope of protection of the claims, which can be combined with the preceding aspects and exemplary embodiments, a method for producing an intermediate designed according to the preceding aspect for manufacturing a full story designed according to one of the exemplary embodiments or aspects of the present invention is provided.

First, a cylindrical, preferably lead-free, iron blank is provided. The iron blank has a specific external dimension and hardness, particularly Vickers hardness.

The iron blank is then formed into a concave shape at one end. This can be achieved, for example, by forming, especially cold forming, and especially pressing. During further processing into a complete projectile, the concave end can be further processed into an ogive shape, especially by forming, especially cold forming, and especially pressing.

Adjacent to the front section, a guide band, at least partially cylindrical, is formed to guide the projectile in a firearm barrel. The guide band can be manufactured by forming, in particular cold forming, especially pressing.

If necessary, a projectile tail with a constant or at least partially continuously tapering outer diameter is subsequently formed at the rear of the guide band, optionally including a projectile base that tapers at least partially concavely in the area of the projectile tail. The projectile tail can be manufactured by forming, in particular cold forming, especially pressing.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive method, the projectile is manufactured, in particular formed, such that the iron blank is shortened by less than 20%, in particular less than 15%. Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the diameter of the iron blank increases by a maximum of 25%, in particular by a maximum of 20%. Furthermore, it can be alternatively or additionally provided that the Vickers hardness in the area of a guide band's outer diameter increases by less than 15%, in particular by less than 10%. The inventive manufacturing method for producing an intermediate and/or for producing a projectile ensures that the necessary material deformations of the iron blank can be reduced, resulting in a significantly more homogeneous hardness distribution in the area of the intermediates and/or the full story result in a level of performance that was previously possible using state-of-the-art technology.

Preferred embodiments are given in the dependent claims.

Fig. 1

eine Seitenansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Vollgeschosses;

Fig. 2

eine Seitenansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Intermediats;

Fig. 3

eine Seitenansicht des Vollgeschosses nach Fig. 1, wobei eine Härteverteilung angedeutet ist;

Fig. 4

eine Seitenansicht einer weiteren beispielhaften Ausführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Vollgeschosses;

Fig. 5

eine Schnittansicht gemäß der Linie V-V aus Fig. 4, wobei ein Schusswaffenlauf hinzugefügt ist;

Fig. 6

eine Schnittansicht gemäß der Linie VI-VI aus Fig. 4, wobei ein Schusswaffenlauf hinzugefügt ist;

Fig. 7

eine Seitenansicht eines Rohling zum Herstellen eines erfindungsgemäßen Intermediats und/oder zum Herstellen eines erfindungsgemäßen Vollgeschosses;

Fig. 8

eine Seitenansicht einer beispielhaften Ausführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Intermediats; und

Fig. 9

eine Seitenansicht einer weiteren beispielhaften Ausführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Vollgeschosses.

Further properties, features and advantages of the invention will be clarified below by describing preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings, which show:

Fig. 1

a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a full story according to the invention;

Fig. 2

a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an intermediate according to the invention;

Fig. 3

a side view of the full floor Fig. 1 , where a hardness distribution is indicated;

Fig. 4

a side view of another exemplary embodiment of a full story according to the invention;

Fig. 5

a sectional view according to line VV from Fig. 4 , with a firearm barrel added;

Fig. 6

a sectional view along line VI-VI from Fig. 4 , with a firearm barrel added;

Fig. 7

a side view of a blank for producing an intermediate according to the invention and/or for producing a full story according to the invention;

Fig. 8

a side view of an exemplary embodiment of an intermediate according to the invention; and

Fig. 9

a side view of another exemplary embodiment of a full story according to the invention.

In the following description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, projectiles according to the invention are generally designated by reference numeral 1 and intermediates generally by reference numeral 100. For the following description of exemplary embodiments outside the scope of the claims, with reference to the figures, intermediate 100 and projectile 1 are made of iron material, in particular a C10C steel with a carbon content of more than 0.05%. The decisive advantage of the material used is its improved environmental compatibility compared to the projectile materials used to date, such as lead.

In Fig. 1 Figure 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the solid projectile 1 according to the invention in side view. A flight direction F is schematically indicated by an arrow and points in Fig. 1 to the right. With regard to the projectile flight direction F, the terms nose, front, and tail are to be understood as referring to the direction of flight F. In principle, solid projectiles 1 according to the invention can be divided into three main sections: a projectile nose 3; a guide band 5 adjoining it; and a projectile tail 7 adjoining the guide band 5. The projectile nose has a substantially ogive-like shape and tapers in The projectile oscillates in the direction of flight F, forming an ogive 9 towards a flat end face 11 pointing in the direction of flight F. Unlike standard, known solid projectiles, where the ogive 9 terminates in a projectile tip, which is created, for example, by forming, the flat end face 11 is formed by cutting the ogive 9 to length. It was found that this flattened ogive area and the resulting flat end face 11 have a positive effect on the external ballistics of the solid projectile 1, and that significantly lower forces are required for the production of the nose-facing projectile ogive, which can be created, for example, by forming.

The ogive 9 terminates at its rear in the guide band 5. Towards the guide band 5, the curvature of the ogive 9 decreases continuously, so that immediately before a transition 13 into the guide band 5, the projectile nose 3 at least approximates a cylindrical shape. The guide band 5 generally serves to guide the solid projectile 1 within a firearm barrel 15 ( Fig. 5, 6 ) to lead and/or to a train-field profile A, B ( Fig. 5, 6 ) of the firearm barrel 15. The guide band 5 defines a maximum outer diameter D _a,max of the solid projectile 1 in the solid projectiles 1 according to the invention. This is achieved, among other things, by the fact that the transition 13 from the guide band 5 to the projectile nose 3 is formed by an outer contour step at which the outer diameter D _a of the solid projectile 1 abruptly decreases. The circumferential outer contour step is in Fig. 1 schematically indicated by the visible edge marked by reference numeral 15. The outer contour recess 15 ensures that essentially only the guide band 5 engages in the rifling profile of the firearm barrel 15. This is demonstrated by the Figs. 4 to 6 Illustrated further below. By minimizing the engagement and/or sliding contact between the solid projectile 1 and the firearm barrel 15 to essentially a preferably narrow-banded guide band 5, the penetration resistance of the solid projectile 1 within the firearm barrel 15 could be reduced.

Furthermore, as is stated in Fig. 1 As shown, the guide band 5 also extends radially from the rear of the projectile tail 7. A transition 17 from the projectile tail 7 into the guide band 5 is formed by an outer contour projection, at which an outer diameter D _a of the The full story 1 is continuously enlarged. This is illustrated by the two visible edges 19, 21, which are axially spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the story, between which the outer contour of the full story 1 continuously widens in the radial direction towards the guide strip 5.

The outer contour origins in the area of transitions 13, 17 can have an angle of inclination with respect to a longitudinal axis of the story oriented in the length of the full story 1 in the range of 10° to 90°, whereby according to Fig. 1 The transition 17 lies in the range of 15° to 45°, while at the transition 13 a 90° outer contour projection is formed from the projectile nose 3 into the guide band 5. Furthermore, the radial depth of the outer contour projection or the outer contour recess, measured perpendicular to the projectile's longitudinal axis, is less than 0.5 mm, in particular approximately 0.2 mm. In addition to the technical effect of reducing the penetration resistance through the firearm barrel 15, the rear outer contour projection from the projectile tail 7 into the guide band 5 has the technical effect of the so-called "breathing" of the firearm barrel 15. This is achieved because, when a firearm is fired, the gas pressure that forms or builds up generates an elastic expansion of the firearm barrel 15, resulting in a smoother glide of the solid projectile 1 within the firearm barrel 15. This means that the penetration resistance is progressively reduced. It was found that the resulting gases are forced into the annular space between the rear outer contour rise in the area of the transition 17 and the firearm barrel 15, thus radially elastically widening the barrel, resulting in less abrasion between the firearm barrel 15 and the solid projectile 1.

The rear of the projectile shows, according to Fig. 1 a cylindrical rear section 23 adjoins the guide band 5 or the transition 17. At the rear, a projectile base 27 adjoins the cylindrical rear section 23 and terminates in a base 25, tapering concavely at least in sections towards the base 25. The radius of curvature of the concave section 27 of the projectile base is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 times the maximum projectile outer diameter D _a,max . The at least partially concave projectile base 27 also extends in the longitudinal direction of the projectile 1 around the 0.2 to 0.6 times the maximum projectile outer diameter D _a,max . Furthermore, the projectile base 25 has an outer diameter D _a that is in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 times the maximum projectile outer diameter D _a .

Furthermore, according to the full floor 1 in Fig. 1 It is provided that the axial length of the guide band 5, measured in the longitudinal direction of the solid projectile 1, lies in the range of 10 to 100 times the groove-bore difference of the firearm barrel 15. The groove-bore difference is the difference between the inner diameter D _i in the range of the groove dimension A ( Fig. 6 ) and inner diameter D _i in the area of the field dimension B ( Fig. 6 ) to understand.

In Fig. 2 Figure 1 shows a side view of an intermediate 100 according to the invention for manufacturing a projectile 1. The intermediate 100 consists of a preform 101 with a substantially cylindrical rear section 103 and an adjoining, concavely tapered front section 105. The front section 105 serves to be further formed into the projectile nose 3, which is particularly ogive-shaped. In general, the intermediate 100 and the projectile 1 can be manufactured from a single piece by forming, in particular cold forming, such as pressing. It has been found that by providing an intermediate 100 with a concavely tapered front section 105, the forces required for forming can be reduced. This has improved the ballistics of the projectile 1. Deformations of the material, particularly of the iron blank and/or the Intermediate 100, result in local changes in hardness, which negatively affect ballistics. This determined relationship is discussed with reference to the Figs. 7 to 9 explained.

In Fig. 3 is again the full floor 1 according to Fig. 1 The diagram shows a Vickers hardness distribution schematically indicated by dashed lines, which mark areas of essentially the same Vickers hardness. These areas will be discussed in more detail below: The diagram according to Fig. 3 This should be understood to mean that the percentage change in material hardness according to Vickers was measured on the completed full story 1 compared to an initial hardness according to Vickers of the widened iron blank 200 ( Fig. 7 ), from which initially a product according to the invention Intermediate 100 and subsequently a full story 1 according to the invention was produced.

In the present example, an initial hardness of 140 HV 10/30 was chosen for the iron blank, with a test force of 10 N applied for a loading time of 30 s. The mass of the completed full story 1 is approximately 7.3 g. The dashed areas in the side view of full story 1 indicate increases in hardness with respect to the Vickers hardness, which can be subdivided into local areas of approximately the same hardness. Fig. 3 Areas of essentially the same hardness are assigned the same reference number, which will be discussed in detail below.

The greatest percentage change in hardness, particularly the increase in hardness, was identified on the front and rear faces, indicated by reference numeral 29. In the areas immediately adjacent to the base 25 or the bow end face 11, which are symmetrical with respect to the projectile's central axis M and taper convexly from the respective end face (base 25 or end face 11), increases in hardness of over 40% were measured. In these areas (29), a Vickers hardness of at least 200 HV 10/30 is present. The majority of the projectile, indicated by reference numeral 35, experienced a hardness increase of approximately 10% to 20%, resulting in Vickers hardness values ranging from 150 HV 10/30 to 170 HV 10/30. The smallest changes in hardness were introduced in an elongated, approximately elliptical region 33, which extends over about 2/3 to 3/4 of the axial dimension of the projectile 1 in the area of the projectile's central axis M. In region 33, the increase in hardness is less than 50%, so that Vickers hardnesses of less than 150 HV 10/30 can be measured. Of particular interest for the projectiles 1 according to the present invention is that it was achieved that very small increases in hardness of about 7%, resulting in Vickers hardnesses in the range of about 150 HV 10/30, were generated in the area of the guide band 5 and significantly beyond it in the axial direction, particularly in the cylindrical tail section 23 and in a portion of the ogive 9. Thus, the Vickers hardness is essentially the same in the area of the breech face of the projectile 1 and in the area near the projectile's central axis M (region 33). According to the invention, it was found that the The homogeneous hardness distribution formed has a positive effect on the ballistics and precision of the solid projectile 1.

In Fig. 4 Another exemplary embodiment of a full story 1 according to the invention is shown. To avoid repetition, the following description will focus primarily on the differences arising from the preceding embodiments. For example, the full story 1 according to the Figs. 1 and 3 a so-called 9mm bullet, while in Fig. 4 a 13mm projectile is shown. Another significant difference of the solid projectile 1 according to Fig. 4 The difference lies in the fact that transitions 13 and 17 are realized differently: In contrast to Fig. 1, 3 is in the case of the full floor 1 according to Fig. 4 At the front, the transition 13 is formed by an outer contour projection that widens radially outwards from the projectile nose 3 into the guide band 5, at which the outer diameter D _a of the solid projectile 1 continuously increases before the outer contour is defined by the narrow, cylindrical guide band 5 that engages in the rifling dimension A of the firearm barrel 15. At the rear of the guide band 5, the transition 17 from the guide band 5 into the projectile tail 7 is formed by an abrupt retraction of the outer contour, in which the outer diameter D _a abruptly decreases. In contrast to the embodiment according to the Fig. 1, 3 The projectile tail 7 adjoining the guide band 5 at the rear does not include a concave projectile base 27, but rather a chamfered projectile bottom 25, which leads into the elongated cylindrical section 23 of the projectile tail 7 by means of a phase 37 oriented at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile.

Based on the Fig. 5, 6 The different outer diameters D _a of the solid projectile 1 become apparent in the cross-sectional views corresponding to lines VV and VI-VI, in which the firearm barrel 15 is schematically added. The cross-sectional view VV in Fig. 5 is cut along the guide band 5, while the cross-sectional view VI-VI in Fig. 6 The rear section is cut in the area of the cylindrical rear section 23. Schematic and significantly enlarged views are shown in the Fig. 5, 6 The rifling profiles are indicated, with the land profile being indicated by reference numeral B and the rifling profile by reference numeral A. Rifling grooves 39 are arranged on the inner circumference 41 of the firearm barrel 15. which manifest themselves in the form of grooves are identified by reference numeral 39. From a summary of the Figs. 5 and 6 It is evident that the outer diameter D _a in the area of the guide band 5 ( Fig. 5 ) is dimensioned larger than the outer diameter D _a in the area of the cylindrical rear section 23 ( Fig. 6 For the sake of clarity, the radial dimensions of the rifling 39 are larger than they actually are. Furthermore, the radial distances between the solid projectile 1 and the inner circumferential surface of the firearm barrel 41 are also shown enlarged. Fig. 5 It is evident that the narrow cylindrical guide band 5 is designed to essentially replicate the groove dimension A of the inner barrel of the firearm and thus engage with the grooves 39 of the firearm barrel 15. In contrast, the cylindrical rear section 23 essentially replicates the land dimension profile B of the firearm barrel 15 and therefore engages essentially only with the lands 43 arranged between each pair of adjacent grooves 39.

Based on the Figs. 7 to 9 Firstly, the manufacturing process according to the invention is explained, and secondly, the homogeneous hardness distribution according to the invention on the manufactured solid projectile 1 is discussed again. Fig. 7 A cylindrical iron blank 200 is provided, which has a predetermined dimension, for example an axial length of just under 30 millimeters, in particular of 28.55 millimeters, and a diameter of less than 5 millimeters, in particular of about 4.7 millimeters. From the iron blank 200, an intermediate 100 according to the invention is first produced ( Fig. 8 ) formed, in particular by forming, preferably by cold forming. For this purpose, a concavely tapered front section 105 is formed on the front side, preferably by forming, in particular by cold forming.

The pre-compressed body 101 produced in this way is then further processed into a solid projectile 1 according to the invention, which in Fig. 9 The iron blank 200 was also processed in such a way that the intermediate 100 according to Fig. 8 It has undergone a diameter increase of approximately 15% and a length reduction of approximately 5%, so that the intermediate 100, for example, has a length of 27.09 millimeters and a diameter of 5.4 millimeters. The finished full story 1 according to Fig. 9 Starting from the intermediate 100, it was shortened again by about 9%, while the diameter increased again by about 5%, so that the For example, a solid projectile has a length of 24.7 millimeters and a maximum outer diameter D_{_a,max} of 5.66 millimeters. For instance, the 5.56 mm solid projectile 1 has a mass of 3.88 g. Compared to the originally provided iron blank made of C10C material, this represents an overall diameter increase of approximately 20% and an overall length reduction of approximately 13.5%.

The features disclosed in the foregoing description, figures and claims can be important for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments, both individually and in any combination.

List of reference symbols

1

Full floor

3

Projectile bow

5

guide belt

7

rear of the bullet

9

Ogive

11

Front surface

13, 17

transition

15

firearm barrel

19, 21

Visible edge

23

Rear section

25

Floor

27

Floor base

29, 31, 33, 35

area of essentially the same hardness

37

phase

39

Train

41

Inner circumference

43

Field

100

Intermediate

101

Pre-compression body

103

Rear section

105

Front section

200

Iron blank

M

central axis

F

Direction of flight

A

train profile

B

Field profile

Claims (12)

1. Solid projectile (1) for ammunition, in particular with a caliber of less than 13 mm, made of iron, comprising an at least partially cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in pulls of a pull-field profile of a firearm barrel (15), characterized in that a Vickers hardness in the region of a driving band outer diameter is at most 150 HV.
2. Solid projectile (1) according to Claim 1, wherein a Vickers hardness in the region of the driving band outer diameter is less than 10%, in particular less than 5% or less than 3%, greater than a Vickers hardness in the region of a projectile center at the same height with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis.
3. Solid projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an in particular ogive-shaped projectile nose (3), an adjoining, at least partially cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in pulls of a pull-field profile of a firearm barrel (15), and a projectile tail (7) adjoining the driving band (5), which projectile tail has a base and a projectile base opening into the base, which projectile base tapers concavely at least partially in the direction of the base, wherein in particular a radius of curvature defining an outer contour of the projectile base lies in the range of 0.1 times to 0.5 times a maximum projectile outer diameter, and/or wherein the at least partially concave projectile base extends in the direction of longitudinal extent of the solid projectile (1) by 0.2 times to 0.6 times a maximum projectile outer diameter, and/or wherein the base has an outer diameter in the range of 0.6 times to 0.9 times a maximum projectile outer diameter.
4. Solid projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an in particular ogive-shaped projectile nose (3), an adjoining, at least partially cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in pulls of a pull-field profile of a firearm barrel (15), and a projectile tail (7) adjoining the driving band (5), wherein a transition from the projectile tail (7) into the driving band (5) is formed by an outer contour projection at which an outer diameter of the solid projectile (1) increases continuously or abruptly.
5. Solid projectile (1) according to Claim 4, wherein the outer contour projection has an angle of inclination with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis oriented in the direction of longitudinal extent of the solid projectile (1) in the range of 10° to 90°.
6. Solid projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an in particular ogive-shaped projectile nose (3), an adjoining, at least partially cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in pulls of a pull-field profile of a firearm barrel (15), wherein a transition from the driving band (5) into the projectile nose (3) is formed by an outer contour recess at which an outer diameter of the solid projectile (1) decreases continuously or abruptly, wherein in particular the outer contour recess has an angle of inclination with respect to a projectile longitudinal axis oriented in the direction of longitudinal extent of the solid projectile (1) in the range of 10° to 90°, and/or wherein the outer contour projection and/or the outer contour recess has a radial depth, dimensioned transversely with respect to the projectile longitudinal axis, of less than 0.5 mm, in particular of less than 0.4 mm, 0.3 mm or 0.2 mm.
7. Solid projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an at least partially cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15), in particular for engaging in pulls of a pull-field profile of a firearm barrel (15), which driving band has an axial length, dimensioned in the direction of longitudinal extent of the solid projectile (1), in the range of 10 times to 100 times a pull/field dimension difference of a firearm barrel (15).
8. Solid projectile (1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an in particular ogive-shaped projectile nose (3) which has a substantially planar end face oriented in the direction of the projectile longitudinal axis, in particular produced by cutting to length.
9. Method for producing a solid projectile (1) formed according to one of Claims 1 to 8, in which method a cylindrical iron blank (200) is provided and the iron blank (200) is cold-formed, in particular pressed, in a front portion (105) into a concavely tapering shape, and a cylindrical driving band (5) for guiding the solid projectile (1) in a firearm barrel (15) is cold-formed, in particular pressed, at least partially adjacent to the front portion (105).
10. Method according to Claim 9, wherein the concave front portion (105) is formed into an ogive shape, in particular cold-formed, in particular pressed.
11. Method according to Claim 9 or 10, wherein a projectile tail (7) with a constant or at least partially continuously tapering outer diameter is formed, in particular deformed, in particular cold-formed, in particular pressed, subsequently to the driving band (5).
12. Method according to Claim 9, 10 or 11, wherein the solid projectile (1) is produced, in particular formed, in such a way that the iron blank (200) is shortened by less than 20%, in particular less than 15%, and/or a diameter of the iron blank increases by at most 25%, in particular by at most 20%, and/or a Vickers hardness in the region of a driving band outer diameter increases by less than 15%, in particular by less than 10%.