EP3978697A1 - Prefabricated three-dimensional construction module - Google Patents
Prefabricated three-dimensional construction module Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3978697A1 EP3978697A1 EP21200406.3A EP21200406A EP3978697A1 EP 3978697 A1 EP3978697 A1 EP 3978697A1 EP 21200406 A EP21200406 A EP 21200406A EP 3978697 A1 EP3978697 A1 EP 3978697A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- slab
- base
- beams
- module
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
- E04B1/34815—Elements not integrated in a skeleton
- E04B1/3483—Elements not integrated in a skeleton the supporting structure consisting of metal
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/003—Balconies; Decks
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/348—Structures composed of units comprising at least considerable parts of two sides of a room, e.g. box-like or cell-like units closed or in skeleton form
- E04B1/34815—Elements not integrated in a skeleton
- E04B1/34861—Elements not integrated in a skeleton particular arrangement of habitable rooms or their component parts; modular co-ordination
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
- E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
- E04C2003/0473—U- or C-shaped
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
Definitions
- the invention falls within the field of modular prefabricated construction.
- the invention relates to a construction module composed of a self-supporting metal frame mainly manufactured in the factory and assemblable to other modules of the same type on site.
- prefabrication In the field of construction, prefabrication consists of manufacturing and assembling a maximum of constituent elements of a building, for example a facade panel or a framework, outside the site intended to receive it, typically in a workshop or factory. . Prefabrication is therefore opposed to so-called “traditional” construction where all the work is carried out on site (on site). Prefabrication essentially makes it possible to manufacture in series and thus to reduce the costs and delivery times of a construction. However, this is generally done to the detriment of the quality of the final building and its durability.
- Prefabrication also opens the door to modular construction.
- This type of construction consists of constructing a building by assembling, on site, several volumetric modules previously prefabricated in the factory.
- Modular construction therefore differs from “classic” prefabricated construction in that a living space can be made up of several complementary modules arranged in three dimensions.
- a dwelling could be made up of four modules, two modules juxtaposed on the ground, together forming a living space integrating a kitchen and two modules placed on the first two and each defining a bedroom with bathroom, partitions and circulation spaces being provided in the modules.
- Each module is prepared in the workshop, the finishes (floors, kitchen, bathroom, electrical ducts, plumbing, etc.) are already, at least in part, integrated into the modules in the workshop.
- Each module is then transported to site and connected to the other modules.
- the final finishes can be carried out on site, such as exterior facing or the installation of a roof.
- the size of the modules is notably limited by their transportability and the legislation in force in each country. It is generally preferred to avoid transport in exceptional convoy, which limits, in Europe, the size of the modules to 13.7 m long and 2.55 ⁇ 0.5 m wide.
- Transportability also requires that the finished module can be lifted by a crane, which confers structural constraints, depending on the attachment points of the module. It is also important that the module does not become deformed or damaged when moved. It is in fact essential not to damage the structure or the finishes, both interior and exterior. This is why such modules generally have a metal structure, possibly combined with a concrete slab.
- the metal structure is manufactured by welding or bolting conventional IPE and/or UPN beams, the slab can be housed between the base beams. Nevertheless, in this case, the stability of the structure relies solely on the metal structure.
- the invention therefore relates to a building module comprising a parallelepipedic metal framework composed of four beams forming a rectangular base, of four beams forming a rectangular top and of four vertical beams connecting the corners of the top to the corners of the base, characterized by the fact that at least one beam of the base is a hollow metal beam whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height forming an opening facing the interior of the base.
- These hollow metal beams whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height can have a so-called "G" section, that is to say a section comprising a section in "U”, well known to those skilled in the art, extended, parallel to the web of the beam (the bottom of the U), by a rim.
- G-beam can be defined by a fin (upper horizontal segment), a flange (lower horizontal segment), a web (connecting the fin to the sole), and a rim (rising vertically from the sole). This rim can have a variable height.
- the G can optionally be supplemented by an additional blade descending vertically from the fin.
- the configuration in G of the beams of the base makes it possible in particular, when the opening is oriented towards the interior of the base, to optimize the stability of the structure. Indeed, this profile participates in reinforcing the cohesion of the floor slab of the module and of the metal frame by mechanical cooperation between the two, which in particular makes it possible to maintain a constant gap between the beams concerned.
- the beams can grip the slab, but the slab cannot prevent the beams from deforming and moving away from each other without additional means of slab-to-beam attachment.
- a metal parallelepiped framework preferably designates a complete frame, comprising eight corners connected by twelve metal beams corresponding to the 12 edges of the parallelepiped, connected together by welding, bolting and/or riveting or any other suitable means.
- means for fitting the vertical beams into the beams forming the base can be provided, which facilitates both assembly and possible dismantling for recycling at the end of the module's life.
- This frame is said to be self-supporting, c that is to say that the specific rigidity of the constituent elements makes it possible to ensure the stability of the whole of the construction module, in particular during displacements and uprisings of the module.
- Steel beams that do not have a G-profile can be any type of steel beam that provides the required properties to the frame.
- the construction module advantageously comprises a slab arranged at the level of the base, at least partly between the four beams defining the rectangle of the base; the slab represents the floor of the construction module.
- the slab can make it possible to increase the rigidity of the entire metal frame by increasing the mechanical stresses linking the beams of the base of the module to each other.
- the slab is intended to receive the floor finishes, such as, for example, parquet, tiles, possibly with an intermediate screed, or any other type of finish well known to those skilled in the art.
- floor finishes such as, for example, parquet, tiles, possibly with an intermediate screed, or any other type of finish well known to those skilled in the art.
- the slab can occupy substantially the entire surface of the rectangle of the base, with the exception of technical lights, or occupy only part of the rectangle of the base, in particular in a module intended to be placed on another module to ensure communication between stacked modules (stairwell, mezzanine, etc.) .
- the lower and upper surfaces of the slab are parallel to each other and parallel to the surface of the base of the module.
- the slab does not occupy the entire height of the rectangular base, that is to say the height defined by the web of the beams of the base. This is particularly the case when at least part of the slab rests on the edge of the G profile.
- the upper surface of the slab is flush with the base beams, i.e. they are at the same level, which facilitates the installation of the finishing elements of the floor of the module and/or the vertical walls.
- the perimeter beams of the floor slab can be used as a guide for smoothing the concrete, if necessary.
- the slab is a slab based on wood, that is to say comprising wooden joists making it possible to produce a floor, or a wooden floor of the CLT (laminated/cross-linked) type.
- the joists are preferably inserted and fixed, at least at one of their ends, in the beams having a G-shaped profile, the rim serving as the bottom support of the beams. The slab is thus raised above the ground.
- the slab is a concrete slab.
- the concrete slab can for example be cast so as to fill the G profile and so as to form a flat slab whose lower surface rests on the edges of the G profile. The slab is thus raised relative to the ground.
- the slab comprises one or more prefabricated concrete slabs (pre-slabs) inserted into the G-profile on which concrete is then poured so as to possibly overflow into the G-beam thus freezing the assembly.
- pre-slabs prefabricated concrete slabs
- the slab can be formed from a set of slabs inserted into the G profile.
- the concrete slab can be reinforced using a metal reinforcement, preferably a steel reinforcement, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.
- the elevation of the lower surface of the slab in relation to the surface of the base of the module creates a space which can, for example, allow the passage of cables and pipes or a space dedicated to a crawl space.
- At least one stowage sleeve may be provided in the slab of the module to allow the slab to be attached to the lifting means directly or indirectly (at the upper corners of the module to distribute the forces), during the lifting of the module.
- each module Although they can be installed and used in isolation, these modules can be juxtaposed in 3D, ie placed side by side and/or on top of each other, in order to form a larger and more complex construction.
- the interest of modular construction lies in the almost infinite possibilities of arrangement of the modules between them to define a construction.
- the position and function of each module is defined before they are built in the factory.
- Each module although having an identical basic structure, presents a specific configuration and finishes of its positioning in the final construction.
- the majority of finishes are carried out in the factory, which makes it possible to use site equipment in series, without having to move it on site, to work possibly under shelter to avoid weather hazards and to limit the mobility of workers. who therefore do not have to move from site to site. This contributes to the tranquility of local residents who no longer have to suffer months of inconvenience from a construction site and has an overall limited environmental impact compared to traditional construction.
- one or more side walls are exterior or interior walls.
- An outer or inner side wall may comprise, at least in part, a wooden structure enclosed by the metal beams of the framework which define said outer or inner side wall. This wooden structure can in particular receive the insulation of the module and can be used to fix the interior finishes and/or the exterior facing.
- the wooden structure may include openings intended to accommodate interior or exterior joinery, such as doors and windows for example.
- the sky of the module can be open, at least partly, for example to form a space of the mezzanine type in the construction, or can be at least partly closed.
- the sky of the module supports a ceiling or a flat roof.
- the elements forming the ceiling and/or roof can be arranged at roof level, that is to say between the beams forming the sky and/or below and/or above.
- This type of construction module allows the erection of a wide range of buildings, from the "stand alone/tiny house” module to mixed buildings, offices and apartments, including individual dwellings, schools or halls. sport. This list is obviously not exhaustive.
- the metal sheet can be perforated before it is folded, preferably using laser cutting techniques.
- all the openings, perforations necessary for example to pass sheaths or cables can be provided and made upstream of the formation of the beam, before the bending of the metal sheet. This makes it possible to obtain a tailor-made beam and to avoid complex and costly perforations on commercial beams.
- the difference in height between the welded blade and the web of the U ensures fluid communication between the inside and the outside of the beam by creating a slot over the entire length of the beam.
- the slab can be made while the metal frame is completely assembled. In other cases, the slab can be made at intermediate stages of the assembly of the beam, for example after assembly of the base of the frame, before the vertical beams and the roof of the frame are assembled .
- facades of the modules in the form of complete sub-assemblies (structure, insulation, techniques, interior and exterior finishes up to the level required before transport). These facades can then be assembled on the metal frame.
- various equipment can also be installed, for example a kitchen, bathroom furniture, a ventilation/heating system, etc.
- a metal parallelepiped frame or frame 1 comprises four lower corners 2 and four upper corners 3 connected by twelve metal beams, four horizontal beams 4 forming a rectangular base 14, four horizontal beams 5 forming a rectangular ceiling 15 and four vertical beams 6 connecting the corners 3 of the sky to the corners 2 of the base, interconnected by welding, bolting and/or riveting.
- the frame is hollow and defines a parallelepipedic volume.
- the frame has a length L and a width l and a height h.
- the base 14 of the frame therefore designates the rectangle formed by the four lower horizontal beams 4 interconnected at the level of the four lower corners 2 of the parallelepiped.
- Top 15 and base 14 preferably have the same dimensions and are superimposed vertically on one another.
- Two opposite beams of the base here for example the two beams defining the length L of the base, are hollow metal beams whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height forming an inward facing opening 14 of the base.
- a G profile of the two opposing beams of the base of the invention is shown in the figure 2 .
- a G-shaped profile designates here the shape of the section of the beam 20 which comprises an upper horizontal segment 21 which can be called a fin, a lower horizontal segment 22 which can be called sole, a vertical segment 23, the web of the beam, connecting the horizontal segments 21 and 22, preferably from their edge, so that the segments 21 and 22 is superimposed.
- the vertical segment 23 therefore extends over the entire height of the beam.
- the three segments 21, 22 and 23 combined correspond to the classic profile of a U-shaped or C-shaped beam (type UPN for example).
- a fourth segment 24, which can be referred to as an edge extends vertically from the lower horizontal segment 22, preferably from its edge opposite to that connected to the segment 23, but not over the entire height of the beam, sparing thus an open access to the interior of the beam.
- the picture 3 represents an alternative G-section.
- the beam 30 has a profile substantially identical to the beam 20 and comprises a fin 31, a flange 32, a core 33, a flange 34.
- a second flange 35 extends vertically, from the upper horizontal segment 31 , preferably from its edge opposite to that connected to the segment 33, but not to the upper edge of the flange 34, thus retaining an opening intended to be oriented towards the inside of the base of a module of the invention.
- G-beams are made of sheet steel.
- the beams can be perforated according to the needs of the assembly of the various elements of the module.
- the metal framework of the invention once assembled, can be treated with a special paint which makes it possible to protect the metal, in particular to protect the metal against rust.
- a paint can be an anti-corrosion paint cured in the oven, as used in the automobile.
- the manufacture of the metal frame represents the first step in the construction of the module of the invention.
- a person skilled in the art knows the techniques for assembling metal beams, which can here be chosen according to the specifications of the final module (size, weight, etc.). Reinforcements can optionally, if necessary, be used at the corners.
- the construction module comprises a floor formed by a concrete slab 41 entirely cast in the frame formed by the beams 4 of the base of the module, the two long beams of which are G-beams 20, so that the upper surface concrete 41 is flush with the fins 21 of the beam, that is to say at the same level, and whose lower face 42 rests on the flanges 24 of the G-beams 20.
- the hollow interior of the beams 20 is completely filled with concrete.
- the concrete slab is raised relative to the base of the module here defined in particular by the flange 22 of the beams. This elevation makes it possible, for example, to provide a crawl space and/or to provide a passage for electrical cables or water pipes.
- a wooden formwork between the flanges 24 can for example be used to pour the level concrete slab.
- the concrete slab 50 may alternatively comprise a prefabricated concrete slab (pre-slab) 51 resting on the edge 24 of the beams with the G profile 20 of the base, without abutting against the web 23 of the beams, and a concrete 52, poured over the entire surface of the pre-slab 51 and to the inside of the beams 20 of the base.
- pre-slab prefabricated concrete slab
- the poured concrete makes it possible to fix, in the mass, the pre-slab to the whole of the frame. He also allows the concrete slab to be stronger than if the module slab was made up of a pre-slab only. This configuration, without deteriorating the quality of the module, makes it possible to reduce the costs linked to the manufacture of the concrete slab.
- the pre-slab also plays the role of formwork for pouring the concrete, which simplifies the implementation of the slab manufacturing step.
- the pre-slab can consist of one element or of several elements, each element covering for example the width of the base and part of its length. The advantage of using several pre-slab elements is to have parts that are less heavy and bulky to handle.
- the concrete slab of the module can also be reinforced using reinforcement according to methods well known to those skilled in the art in order to further reinforce the solidity of the module and to increase the longevity of the concrete slab, and therefore of the module.
- the reinforcements can be housed in the pre-slab and/or in the poured concrete.
- the slab is intended to receive all the interior finishes of the floor of the module, e.g. tiling, parquet, smooth concrete, etc.
- the concrete slab can also incorporate various devices, e.g. an underfloor heating system.
- various devices e.g. an underfloor heating system.
- securing sockets 61 are inserted into the concrete slab and positioned so that the sockets can be secured, for example by means of a strap or cable 62, to the metal framework, preferably at the four corners 3 of the sky of the framework.
- These securing sleeves are used to optimize the lifting of the modules by distributing the stresses linked to the weight of the concrete slab in the metal frame.
- a space is arranged in the module to ensure, once the construction of the module is complete, access to said sockets.
- sockets are provided, but it is possible, depending on the configuration of the module, to provide one or more, depending in particular on the internal configuration of the module (partitions, load distribution, etc.) or its weight.
- the securing sleeves are preferably cast in concrete, to be completely integral with the slab.
- the foundations of the module are complete.
- the module can then be dressed with one or more side walls and equipped with a whole series of elements and equipment according to its final design.
- the module of the invention is only one element among others in a more complex modular construction.
- the position of the module within the construction is determined in advance during the design phase of the construction project, involving in particular, for example, an architect.
- a modular construction 70 (whose roof/terrace is not shown) consists of the horizontal juxtaposition of two modules 71 and 73 on which is placed, perpendicularly, a third module 73, partially covering the modules 71 and 72. together form, for example, a "duplex" type dwelling of about forty square meters and is equipped like a traditional studio, with, for example, a living space comprising a kitchen area and a living room and bathrooms as well as a bedroom on the 'stage. The whole rests on a foundation made before the arrival of the modules on site.
- modules 71 and 72 on the ground floor are juxtaposed by their long side.
- Each module on the ground floor therefore comprises three exterior walls and a large open wall allowing communication between the two modules 71 and 72.
- Module 73 on the floor comprises 4 exterior walls, the two walls of which are in the length are shortened to provide a balcony 79.
- An exterior wall 78 of module 72 is composed of a structure made of a rigid material, here wood.
- This wooden structure typically comprises a succession of vertical beams arranged at regular intervals between the high and low horizontal metal beams of the frame of the box and possibly horizontal lintels.
- the wooden structure serves as a support for, from the inside out, an interior finishing facing, a counter-battening, fireproof elements, a layer of insulation, a vapor barrier, a rain barrier, a exterior counter lathing and finally an exterior facing.
- the exterior wall 74 of the module 71 is equipped with a bay window 75, the frame of which is housed in the wooden structure of said wall, to allow entry and exit from the modular construction 70.
- the wall 74 is also equipped with a second window 76.
- Each module is also made up of a ceiling (not shown here) sandwiched between the metal beams defining the top of the frame.
- This ceiling to be differentiated from the roof of the module, allows for example to accommodate the lights and/or part of the electrical connection cables.
- a ceiling can be simply decorative like a false ceiling or include insulation.
- the upper module slab 73 represents the main separation between the two levels. Module 73 being the last of the construction in height, a roof 77 is installed there.
- the modules are mechanically fixed together, at least at the corners, using metal plates.
- These flats have features that facilitate crane operation (upper flats), truck mounting (lower flats) and mechanical assembly (by bolts).
- bolts passed through the holes provided in the G-profile. Fluid passages can also be provided in the lower part of the G-profiles .
- the three modules are assembled airtight and watertight. To do this, the connections to the common junctions of the two modules are made on site. “Connection” means the installation of a watertight and fireproof joint between the junctions and the extension of the exterior cladding.
- the means for connecting the modules also comprise sound absorption means and in particular a material which absorbs vibrations and sounds capable of being propagated via the metal frame of the module.
- the acoustic absorber or insulator is preferably associated with the fixing elements.
- the insulating absorber is of the type plate elastomer (natural rubber, synthetic rubber or a mixture of both).
- the module 73 and the part of the modules 71 and 72 not covered by the slab of the module 73 comprise a flat roof 77, of the warm roof type with a finish in bituminous rolls or EPDM tarpaulin, well known to those skilled in the art.
- the lower roof, installed on the sky of modules 71 and 72 can also be a terrace. In any case, this comes to ensure the tightness of the modular construction.
- the flat roof can be placed in the factory, and the sealing at the roof level between the modules adjusted on site or, the entire roof can be placed after assembling the modules on site.
- the module 73 As the module 73 is assembled vertically from the modules 71 and 72, there is provided a hopper in the ceiling of the lower module and at the corresponding place in the slab of the upper module, in order to allow the installation of a staircase.
- the elevator shafts, stairwells and car parks can be made on site, during foundations and/or after assembly of the modules.
- each module is transported by truck.
- the modules are dimensioned so as to be able to be transported by truck, possibly two by two, that is to say that their cumulative dimensions do not exceed the standards in force relating to the transport of goods.
- the loading and unloading of the modules on the truck can be done using a crane or an appropriate vehicle (e.g. a forklift).
- a crane or an appropriate vehicle e.g. a forklift
- these are craned using four attachment points, which are the four upper corners of the module.
- Craning at 4 gripping points can be facilitated by securing sockets in the concrete slab which, strapped to the metal frame, make it possible to distribute the load linked to the substantial weight of a concrete slab. This therefore makes it possible to avoid the six-point crane traditionally used in modular construction and de facto, to facilitate the movement of the modules and to reduce the associated costs by reducing the handling time.
- the four-point crane coupled with the use of anchor sleeves for the concrete slab, secures the installation of the modules.
- the number of sockets used, and the number of corners connected to the sockets can depend on the interior layout of the module which allows or not to tension the straps between the sockets and the corners.
- the position of one or more securing sleeves can be chosen according to these constraints.
- the modules are then connected together to ensure their cohesion and their airtightness and watertightness (joints of facing, roof, etc.) as well as to ensure their fireproof character.
- Aesthetic finishes such as the construction of a terrace, the facing of the foundations, the installation of an exterior staircase or the installation of a green roof are also carried out on site.
- the finished construction corresponds to the standards of conventional construction, from the point of view of the quality of materials as well as energy performance. Since most of the modules were built in the factory, the ecological impact is more limited and future deconstruction is easier. The construction could also be faster than a traditional construction. Indeed, the construction of the modules in the factory is not subject to the vagaries of the weather, does not require the coordination on site of several trades, and allows the optimization of all the logistical flows (single point of delivery of materials, storage on site, etc.) It is thus possible to save several months compared to traditional construction.
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Abstract
L'invention concerne un module de construction composé d'une ossature autoportante en métal fabriquée principalement en usine et assemblable à d'autres modules de même type sur site. Plus particulièrement, il s'agit d' un module de construction comprenant une ossature parallélépipédique métallique composée de quatre poutres formant une base rectangulaire, de quatre poutres formant un ciel rectangulaire et de quatre poutres verticales reliant les coins du ciel aux coins de la base, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins une poutre de la base est une poutre métallique creuse dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur formant une ouverture tournée vers l'intérieur de la base.The invention relates to a building module made up of a self-supporting metal frame mainly manufactured in the factory and assemblable to other modules of the same type on site. More specifically, it is a construction module comprising a parallelepipedic metal frame composed of four beams forming a rectangular base, four beams forming a rectangular sky and four vertical beams connecting the corners of the sky to the corners of the base, characterized by the fact that at least one beam of the base is a hollow metal beam whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height forming an opening facing inwards from the base.
Description
L'invention s'inscrit dans le domaine de la construction préfabriquée modulaire. L'invention concerne un module de construction composé d'une ossature autoportante en métal fabriquée principalement en usine et assemblable à d'autres modules de même type sur site.The invention falls within the field of modular prefabricated construction. The invention relates to a construction module composed of a self-supporting metal frame mainly manufactured in the factory and assemblable to other modules of the same type on site.
Dans le domaine de la construction, la préfabrication consiste à fabriquer et assembler un maximum d'éléments constitutifs d'un édifice, par exemple un panneau de façade ou une charpente, en dehors du site destiné à le recevoir, typiquement en atelier ou en usine. La préfabrication s'oppose donc à la construction dite « traditionnelle » où l'ensemble des travaux est réalisé à pied d'œuvre (sur site). La préfabrication permet essentiellement de fabriquer en série et ainsi de réduire les coûts et les délais de livraison d'une construction. Néanmoins, cela se fait généralement au détriment de la qualité de l'édifice final et de sa tenue dans le temps.In the field of construction, prefabrication consists of manufacturing and assembling a maximum of constituent elements of a building, for example a facade panel or a framework, outside the site intended to receive it, typically in a workshop or factory. . Prefabrication is therefore opposed to so-called “traditional” construction where all the work is carried out on site (on site). Prefabrication essentially makes it possible to manufacture in series and thus to reduce the costs and delivery times of a construction. However, this is generally done to the detriment of the quality of the final building and its durability.
La préfabrication ouvre également la porte à la construction modulaire. Ce type de construction consiste à construire un édifice en assemblant, à pied d'œuvre, plusieurs modules volumétriques préalablement préfabriqués en usine. La construction modulaire se différencie donc de la construction préfabriquée « classique » par le fait qu'un espace de vie peut être constitué par plusieurs modules complémentaires disposés en trois dimensions. Par exemple, une habitation pourrait être constituée à partir de quatre modules, deux modules juxtaposés au sol, formant ensemble un espace de living intégrant une cuisine et deux modules placés sur les deux premiers et définissant chacun une chambre avec salle de bain, des cloisons et des espaces de circulation étant prévus dans les modules. Chaque module est préparé en atelier, les finitions (sols, cuisine, salle de bain, gaines électriques, plomberie, ...) sont déjà, au moins en partie, intégrées dans les modules en atelier. Chaque module est ensuite transporté sur site et connecté aux autres modules. Les dernières finitions peuvent être réalisées sur site, comme par exemple un parement extérieur ou la pose d'une toiture.Prefabrication also opens the door to modular construction. This type of construction consists of constructing a building by assembling, on site, several volumetric modules previously prefabricated in the factory. Modular construction therefore differs from “classic” prefabricated construction in that a living space can be made up of several complementary modules arranged in three dimensions. For example, a dwelling could be made up of four modules, two modules juxtaposed on the ground, together forming a living space integrating a kitchen and two modules placed on the first two and each defining a bedroom with bathroom, partitions and circulation spaces being provided in the modules. Each module is prepared in the workshop, the finishes (floors, kitchen, bathroom, electrical ducts, plumbing, etc.) are already, at least in part, integrated into the modules in the workshop. Each module is then transported to site and connected to the other modules. The final finishes can be carried out on site, such as exterior facing or the installation of a roof.
Si la construction modulaire permet de rationaliser la production en usine/atelier et de diminuer les coûts en évitant le déplacement d'équipes et de matériel encombrant sur site ainsi que les aléas météorologiques, d'autres problèmes se présentent.If modular construction makes it possible to rationalize production in the factory/workshop and to reduce costs by avoiding the displacement of teams and cumbersome equipment on site as well as the vagaries of the weather, other problems arise.
La dimension des modules est notamment limitée par leur transportabilité et les législations en vigueur dans chaque pays. Il est généralement préféré d'éviter un transport en convoi exceptionnel, ce qui limite, en Europe, la taille des modules à 13.7 m de long et 2.55 ± 0.5 m de large.The size of the modules is notably limited by their transportability and the legislation in force in each country. It is generally preferred to avoid transport in exceptional convoy, which limits, in Europe, the size of the modules to 13.7 m long and 2.55 ± 0.5 m wide.
La transportabilité impose également que le module fini puisse être soulevé par une grue, ce qui confère des contraintes de structure, selon les points d'accroche du module. Il est également important que le module ne se déforme pas et ne s'abime pas lors de son déplacement. Il est en effet essentiel de ne n'abimer ni la structure, ni les finitions, intérieures comme extérieures. C'est pourquoi, de tels modules ont généralement une structure métallique, éventuellement combinée à une dalle en béton. La structure métallique est fabriquée par soudure ou boulonnage de poutre classiques IPE et/ou UPN, la dalle pouvant être logée entre les poutres de la base. Néanmoins, dans ce cas, la stabilité de la structure repose uniquement sur la structure métallique.Transportability also requires that the finished module can be lifted by a crane, which confers structural constraints, depending on the attachment points of the module. It is also important that the module does not become deformed or damaged when moved. It is in fact essential not to damage the structure or the finishes, both interior and exterior. This is why such modules generally have a metal structure, possibly combined with a concrete slab. The metal structure is manufactured by welding or bolting conventional IPE and/or UPN beams, the slab can be housed between the base beams. Nevertheless, in this case, the stability of the structure relies solely on the metal structure.
Il est également essentiel de pouvoir juxtaposer les modules de façon à assurer l'isolation thermique, la résistance au feu requise et l'isolation acoustique requise pour la construction finie, et de façon générale assurer la compliance avec les normes énergétiques en vigueur. Les connexions techniques (électriques, fluidiques) entre modules et avec les réseaux publics doivent également pouvoir être mis en œuvre simplement.It is also essential to be able to juxtapose the modules in such a way as to ensure the thermal insulation, the required fire resistance and the acoustic insulation required for the finished construction, and in general to ensure compliance with the standards. current energy. The technical connections (electrical, fluidic) between modules and with the public networks must also be able to be implemented simply.
La demanderesse a donc jugé nécessaire de proposer une nouvelle méthode de fabrication en usine de modules de construction autoportants, permettant la construction de bâtiments de haute qualité, atteignant les standards de la construction traditionnelle et dont la stabilité est renforcée.The applicant has therefore deemed it necessary to propose a new method of manufacturing self-supporting construction modules in the factory, allowing the construction of high-quality buildings, reaching the standards of traditional construction and whose stability is reinforced.
L'invention concerne donc un module de construction comprenant une ossature parallélépipédique métallique composée de quatre poutres formant une base rectangulaire, de quatre poutres formant un ciel rectangulaire et de quatre poutres verticales reliant les coins du ciel aux coins de la base, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins une poutre de la base est une poutre métallique creuse dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur formant une ouverture tournée vers l'intérieur de la base.The invention therefore relates to a building module comprising a parallelepipedic metal framework composed of four beams forming a rectangular base, of four beams forming a rectangular top and of four vertical beams connecting the corners of the top to the corners of the base, characterized by the fact that at least one beam of the base is a hollow metal beam whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height forming an opening facing the interior of the base.
Ces poutres métalliques creuses dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur peuvent avoir une section dite en « G », c'est-à-dire une section comprenant une section en « U », bien connue de l'homme du métier, prolongée, parallèlement à l'âme de la poutre (le fond du U), par un rebord. Ainsi, en position opérationnelle, le U est couché et le rebord s'étend verticalement de façon à obturer partiellement l'ouverture du U, sur sa partie basse. La poutre en G peu se définir par une ailette (segment horizontal supérieur), une semelle (segment horizontal inférieur), une âme (reliant l'ailette à la semelle), et un rebord (remontant verticalement de la semelle). Ce rebord peut avoir une hauteur variable.These hollow metal beams whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height can have a so-called "G" section, that is to say a section comprising a section in "U", well known to those skilled in the art, extended, parallel to the web of the beam (the bottom of the U), by a rim. Thus, in the operational position, the U is laid down and the rim extends vertically so as to partially block the opening of the U, on its lower part. The G-beam can be defined by a fin (upper horizontal segment), a flange (lower horizontal segment), a web (connecting the fin to the sole), and a rim (rising vertically from the sole). This rim can have a variable height.
Le G peut éventuellement être complété par une lame supplémentaire descendant verticalement de l'ailette.The G can optionally be supplemented by an additional blade descending vertically from the fin.
La configuration en G des poutres de la base permet notamment, lorsque l'ouverture est orientée vers l'intérieur de la base, d'optimiser la stabilité de la structure. En effet, ce profil participe à renforcer la cohésion de la dalle de sol du module et de l'ossature métallique par coopération mécanique entre les deux, ce qui permet notamment de maintenir un écart constant entre les poutres concernées. Avec un profil standard en I ou en U, les poutres peuvent enserrer la dalle, mais la dalle ne peut empêcher les poutres de se déformer et de s'écarter l'une de l'autre sans moyens supplémentaires de fixation dalle-poutre. D'autres avantages de la configuration en G des poutres de la base apparaîtront lors de la description détaillée de l'invention ci-après.The configuration in G of the beams of the base makes it possible in particular, when the opening is oriented towards the interior of the base, to optimize the stability of the structure. Indeed, this profile participates in reinforcing the cohesion of the floor slab of the module and of the metal frame by mechanical cooperation between the two, which in particular makes it possible to maintain a constant gap between the beams concerned. With a standard I or U profile, the beams can grip the slab, but the slab cannot prevent the beams from deforming and moving away from each other without additional means of slab-to-beam attachment. Other advantages of the G configuration of the base beams will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention below.
Une ossature parallélépipédique métallique désigne de préférence un cadre complet, comprenant huit coins reliés par douze poutres métalliques correspondant aux 12 arêtes du parallélépipède, reliées entre elles par soudure, boulonnage et/ou rivetage ou tout autre moyen adapté. Par exemple des moyens d'emboitement des poutres verticales dans les poutres formant la base peuvent être prévues, ce qui facilite à la fois le montage et l'éventuel démantèlement pour recyclage en fin de vie du module.. Cette ossature est dite autoportante, c'est-à-dire que la rigidité propre des éléments constitutifs permet d'assurer la stabilité de l'ensemble du module de construction, notamment lors des déplacements et des soulèvements du module. Les poutres métalliques qui n'ont pas un profil en G peuvent être n'importe quel type de poutres métallique conférant les propriétés requises à l'ossature.A metal parallelepiped framework preferably designates a complete frame, comprising eight corners connected by twelve metal beams corresponding to the 12 edges of the parallelepiped, connected together by welding, bolting and/or riveting or any other suitable means. For example, means for fitting the vertical beams into the beams forming the base can be provided, which facilitates both assembly and possible dismantling for recycling at the end of the module's life. This frame is said to be self-supporting, c that is to say that the specific rigidity of the constituent elements makes it possible to ensure the stability of the whole of the construction module, in particular during displacements and uprisings of the module. Steel beams that do not have a G-profile can be any type of steel beam that provides the required properties to the frame.
Le module de construction comprend avantageusement une dalle agencée au niveau de la base, au moins en partie entre les quatre poutres définissant le rectangle de la base ; la dalle représente le sol du module de construction. La dalle peut permettre d'augmenter la rigidité de l'ensemble de l'ossature métallique en augmentant les contraintes mécaniques liant les poutres de la base du module entre elles.The construction module advantageously comprises a slab arranged at the level of the base, at least partly between the four beams defining the rectangle of the base; the slab represents the floor of the construction module. The slab can make it possible to increase the rigidity of the entire metal frame by increasing the mechanical stresses linking the beams of the base of the module to each other.
La dalle est destinée à recevoir les finitions de sols, comme par exemple, un parquet, du carrelage, avec éventuellement une chape intermédiaire, ou tout autre type de finition bien connue de l'homme du métier.The slab is intended to receive the floor finishes, such as, for example, parquet, tiles, possibly with an intermediate screed, or any other type of finish well known to those skilled in the art.
La dalle peut occuper sensiblement toute la surface du rectangle de la base, à l'exception de lumières techniques, ou occuper une partie seulement du rectangle de la base, notamment dans un module destiné à être placé sur un autre module pour assurer la communication entre les modules superposés (trémie d'escalier, mezzanine...) .The slab can occupy substantially the entire surface of the rectangle of the base, with the exception of technical lights, or occupy only part of the rectangle of the base, in particular in a module intended to be placed on another module to ensure communication between stacked modules (stairwell, mezzanine, etc.) .
De préférence, les surfaces inférieures et supérieures de la dalle sont parallèles entre elles et parallèles à la surface de la base du module.Preferably, the lower and upper surfaces of the slab are parallel to each other and parallel to the surface of the base of the module.
Avantageusement, la dalle n'occupe pas toute la hauteur de la base rectangulaire, c'est-à-dire la hauteur définie par l'âme des poutres de la base. Ceci est notamment le cas lorsqu'au moins une partie de la dalle repose sur le rebord du profil en G.Advantageously, the slab does not occupy the entire height of the rectangular base, that is to say the height defined by the web of the beams of the base. This is particularly the case when at least part of the slab rests on the edge of the G profile.
Avantageusement, la surface supérieure de la dalle est affleurante aux poutres de la base, c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont au même niveau, ce qui permet de faciliter la pose des éléments de finitions du sol du module et/ou des parois verticales.Advantageously, the upper surface of the slab is flush with the base beams, i.e. they are at the same level, which facilitates the installation of the finishing elements of the floor of the module and/or the vertical walls.
Les poutres périphériques de la dalle de sol peuvent servir de guide pour le lissage du béton, le cas échéant.The perimeter beams of the floor slab can be used as a guide for smoothing the concrete, if necessary.
Dans un mode de réalisation, la dalle est une dalle à base de bois, c'est-à-dire comprenant des solives en bois permettant de réaliser un plancher, ou un plancher en bois de type CLT (bois lamellé/croisé). Les solives sont de préférence insérées et fixées, à au moins une de leur extrémité, dans les poutres ayant un profil en G, le rebord servant d'appui bas des poutres. La dalle est ainsi surélevée par rapport au sol.In one embodiment, the slab is a slab based on wood, that is to say comprising wooden joists making it possible to produce a floor, or a wooden floor of the CLT (laminated/cross-linked) type. The joists are preferably inserted and fixed, at least at one of their ends, in the beams having a G-shaped profile, the rim serving as the bottom support of the beams. The slab is thus raised above the ground.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, la dalle est une dalle de béton.In another embodiment, the slab is a concrete slab.
La dalle de béton peut par exemple être coulée de manière à remplir le profil en G et de manière à former une dalle plane dont la surface inférieure repose sur les rebords du profil en G. La dalle est ainsi surélevée par rapport au sol.The concrete slab can for example be cast so as to fill the G profile and so as to form a flat slab whose lower surface rests on the edges of the G profile. The slab is thus raised relative to the ground.
Alternativement, la dalle comprend une ou plusieurs dalles de béton préfabriquées (prédalles) insérées dans le profil en G sur lesquelles du béton est ensuite coulé de manière à éventuellement déborder dans la poutre en G figeant ainsi l'ensemble.Alternatively, the slab comprises one or more prefabricated concrete slabs (pre-slabs) inserted into the G-profile on which concrete is then poured so as to possibly overflow into the G-beam thus freezing the assembly.
Alternativement encore, la dalle peut être formée d'un ensemble de hourdis inséré dans le profil en G.Alternatively again, the slab can be formed from a set of slabs inserted into the G profile.
Avantageusement, la dalle de béton peut être armée à l'aide d'une armature en métal, préférablement d'une armature en acier, de façon bien connue de l'homme du métier.Advantageously, the concrete slab can be reinforced using a metal reinforcement, preferably a steel reinforcement, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.
Dans tous les cas, l'élévation de la surface inférieure de la dalle par rapport à la surface de la base du module, découlant directement du profil en G sur le rebord duquel la dalle s'appuie, créé un espace pouvant, par exemple, permettre le passage des câbles et de la tuyauterie ou un espace dédié à un vide sanitaire.In any case, the elevation of the lower surface of the slab in relation to the surface of the base of the module, arising directly from the G-profile on the edge of which the slab rests, creates a space which can, for example, allow the passage of cables and pipes or a space dedicated to a crawl space.
Au moins une douille d'arrimage peut être ménagée dans la dalle du module pour permettre d'attacher la dalle aux moyens de levage directement ou indirectement (aux coins supérieurs du module pour répartir les forces), lors du soulèvement du module.At least one stowage sleeve may be provided in the slab of the module to allow the slab to be attached to the lifting means directly or indirectly (at the upper corners of the module to distribute the forces), during the lifting of the module.
Bien que pouvant être installés et utilisés isolément, ces modules peuvent être juxtaposés en 3D, c'est-à-dire mis côte à côte et/ou l'un sur l'autre, afin de former une construction plus grande et plus complexe. L'intérêt de la construction modulaire réside dans la quasi-infinité de possibilités d'agencement des modules entre eux pour définir une construction. Dans pareils assemblages, la position et la fonction de chaque module est définie avant la construction de ceux-ci en usine. Chaque module, bien qu'ayant une structure de base identique, présente une configuration et des finitions spécifiques de son positionnement dans la construction finale. De préférence, la majorité des finitions sont réalisées en usine, ce qui permet d'utiliser les équipements de chantier en série, sans avoir à les déplacer sur site, de travailler éventuellement sous abris pour éviter les aléas météorologiques et de limiter la mobilité des travailleurs qui n'ont ainsi pas à se déplacer de chantier en chantier. Cela participe à la tranquillité des riverains qui ne doivent plus souffrir des mois des désagréments d'un chantier et a globalement un impact environnemental limité par rapport à une construction traditionnelle.Although they can be installed and used in isolation, these modules can be juxtaposed in 3D, ie placed side by side and/or on top of each other, in order to form a larger and more complex construction. The interest of modular construction lies in the almost infinite possibilities of arrangement of the modules between them to define a construction. In such assemblies, the position and function of each module is defined before they are built in the factory. Each module, although having an identical basic structure, presents a specific configuration and finishes of its positioning in the final construction. Preferably, the majority of finishes are carried out in the factory, which makes it possible to use site equipment in series, without having to move it on site, to work possibly under shelter to avoid weather hazards and to limit the mobility of workers. who therefore do not have to move from site to site. This contributes to the tranquility of local residents who no longer have to suffer months of inconvenience from a construction site and has an overall limited environmental impact compared to traditional construction.
Selon le positionnement final du module dans l'ensemble de la construction, une ou plusieurs parois latérales sont des murs extérieurs ou intérieurs.Depending on the final positioning of the module in the whole construction, one or more side walls are exterior or interior walls.
Une paroi latérale extérieure ou intérieure peut comprendre, au moins en partie, une structure en bois enserrée par les poutres métalliques de l'ossature qui définissent ladite paroi latérale extérieure ou intérieure. Cette structure en bois peut notamment recevoir l'isolation du module et peut servir à fixer les finitions intérieures et/ou le parement extérieur.An outer or inner side wall may comprise, at least in part, a wooden structure enclosed by the metal beams of the framework which define said outer or inner side wall. This wooden structure can in particular receive the insulation of the module and can be used to fix the interior finishes and/or the exterior facing.
Avantageusement, la structure en bois peut comprendre des ouvertures destinées à accueillir des menuiseries intérieures ou extérieures, comme les portes et les fenêtre par exemple. Selon le positionnement final du module dans l'ensemble de la construction, le ciel du module peut être ouvert, au moins en partie, par exemple pour former un espace de type mezzanine dans la construction, ou peut être au moins en partie fermé.Advantageously, the wooden structure may include openings intended to accommodate interior or exterior joinery, such as doors and windows for example. Depending on the final positioning of the module in the construction as a whole, the sky of the module can be open, at least partly, for example to form a space of the mezzanine type in the construction, or can be at least partly closed.
Avantageusement, le ciel du module supporte un plafond ou un toit plat. Les éléments formant le plafond et/ou de toit peuvent sont disposés au niveau du toit, c'est-à-dire entre les poutres formant le ciel et/ou en dessous et/ou au-dessus.Advantageously, the sky of the module supports a ceiling or a flat roof. The elements forming the ceiling and/or roof can be arranged at roof level, that is to say between the beams forming the sky and/or below and/or above.
Ce type de modules constructifs permet l'érection d'un large éventail de bâtiments, du module « stand alone/tiny house » jusqu'aux immeubles mixtes, de bureaux et d'appartements en passant par les habitations individuelles, les écoles ou les salles de sport. Cette liste n'est bien évidement pas exhaustive.This type of construction module allows the erection of a wide range of buildings, from the "stand alone/tiny house" module to mixed buildings, offices and apartments, including individual dwellings, schools or halls. sport. This list is obviously not exhaustive.
Des poutres avec un profile en G ne sont pas commerciales et la demanderesse a dû développer leur méthode de fabrication. L'invention concerne donc également une méthode de fabrication d'une poutre de construction métallique creuse dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur L de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur comprenant les étapes de :
- On plie une feuille métallique de manière à obtenir une poutre avec un profil en U de longueur L ;
- On soude au moins une lame de métal de longueur L le long d'un bord du U, la lame étant sensiblement parallèle à l'âme du U mais moins haute.
- A metal sheet is bent so as to obtain a beam with a U-shaped profile of length L;
- At least one strip of metal of length L is welded along one edge of the U, the strip being substantially parallel to the web of the U but less high.
L'invention concerne également une méthode de fabrication d'une poutre de construction métallique creuse dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur L de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur comprenant les étapes de :
- On plie une feuille métallique de manière à obtenir une poutre avec un profil en G.
- A metal sheet is bent so as to obtain a beam with a G profile.
Avantageusement, on peut perforer la feuille métallique avant son pliage, de préférence à l'aide de techniques de découpe laser. Ainsi, toutes les ouvertures, perforations nécessaires par exemple pour passer des gaines ou des câbles peuvent être prévues et réalisées en amont de la formation de la poutre, avant le pliage de la feuille métallique. Cela permet d'obtenir une poutre sur mesure et d'éviter des perforations complexes et couteuses sur des poutres commerciales.Advantageously, the metal sheet can be perforated before it is folded, preferably using laser cutting techniques. Thus, all the openings, perforations necessary for example to pass sheaths or cables can be provided and made upstream of the formation of the beam, before the bending of the metal sheet. This makes it possible to obtain a tailor-made beam and to avoid complex and costly perforations on commercial beams.
La différence de hauteur entre la lame soudée et l'âme du U (le fond du U) permet d'assurer la communication fluidique entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur de la poutre en ménageant une fente sur toute la longueur de la poutre.The difference in height between the welded blade and the web of the U (the bottom of the U) ensures fluid communication between the inside and the outside of the beam by creating a slot over the entire length of the beam.
L'invention concerne finalement également une méthode de fabrication en usine du module de construction de l'invention selon laquelle :
- On assemble les poutres de l'ossature métallique
- On réalise la dalle et
- On applique les finitions.
- We assemble the beams of the metal frame
- We make the slab and
- Finishes are applied.
Dans certains cas, la dalle peut être réalisée alors que l'ossature métallique est complètement assemblée. Dans d'autres cas, la dalle peut être réalisée à des étapes intermédiaires de l'assemblage de la poutre, par exemple après assemblage de la base de l'ossature, avant que les poutres verticales et le ciel de l'ossature ne soient assemblés.In some cases, the slab can be made while the metal frame is completely assembled. In other cases, the slab can be made at intermediate stages of the assembly of the beam, for example after assembly of the base of the frame, before the vertical beams and the roof of the frame are assembled .
On peut également réaliser les façades des modules, sous forme de sous-ensembles complets (structure, isolation, techniques, finition intérieures et extérieures jusqu'au niveau requis avant transport). Ces façades peuvent ensuite être assemblées sur l'ossature métalliques. De plus, on peut également installer des équipements divers, par exemple une cuisine, des meubles de salle de bain, un système de ventilation/chauffage, etc.We can also produce the facades of the modules, in the form of complete sub-assemblies (structure, insulation, techniques, interior and exterior finishes up to the level required before transport). These facades can then be assembled on the metal frame. In addition, various equipment can also be installed, for example a kitchen, bathroom furniture, a ventilation/heating system, etc.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide de la description suivante, en référence au dessin dans lequel :
- La
figure 1 est un schéma en trois dimensions de l'ossature parallélépipédique d'un module selon l'invention ; - La
figure 2 est un schéma en coupe d'une poutre pouvant être utilisée pour former la base de l'ossature d'un module selon l'invention ; - La
figure 3 est un schéma en coupe d'une autre poutre pouvant être utilisée pour former la base de l'ossature d'un module selon l'invention ; - La
figure 4 est une vue en coupe d'une dalle en béton coulé d'un module selon l'invention ; - La
figure 5 est une coupe d'une dalle formée de dalles préfabriquées et d'un béton coulé d'un autre module selon l'invention - La
figure 6 est un schéma en trois dimensions de l'ossature métallique avec une dalle en béton dans laquelle quatre douilles d'arrimages sont ménagées. - La
figure 7 est une vue en 3D d'un duplex formé à partir de trois modules selon l'invention.
- The
figure 1 is a three-dimensional diagram of the parallelepipedal framework of a module according to the invention; - The
is a sectional diagram of a beam that can be used to form the base of the frame of a module according to the invention;picture 2 - The
is a cross-sectional diagram of another beam that can be used to form the base of the frame of a module according to the invention;picture 3 - The
figure 4 is a sectional view of a cast concrete slab of a module according to the invention; - The
figure 5 is a section of a slab formed from precast slabs and a cast concrete of another module according to the invention - The
figure 6 is a three-dimensional diagram of the metal frame with a concrete slab in which four securing sockets are provided. - The
figure 7 is a 3D view of a duplex formed from three modules according to the invention.
En référence à la
La base 14 du cadre désigne donc le rectangle formé par les quatre poutres horizontales inférieures 4 reliées entre elles au niveau des quatre coins inférieurs 2 du parallélépipède. Le ciel 15 et la base 14 ont de préférence les mêmes dimensions et sont superposés à la verticale l'un de l'autre.The
Deux poutres opposées de la base, ici par exemple les deux poutres définissant la longueur L de la base, sont des poutres métalliques creuses dont l'espace intérieur communique avec l'extérieur sur toute la longueur de la poutre et sur une portion de la hauteur formant une ouverture tournée vers l'intérieur 14 de la base.Two opposite beams of the base, here for example the two beams defining the length L of the base, are hollow metal beams whose interior space communicates with the exterior over the entire length of the beam and over a portion of the height forming an inward facing opening 14 of the base.
Ces poutres ont un type de profil qui peut être dit en « G ». Un profil en G des deux poutres opposées de la base de l'invention est illustré sur la
La
De façon générale, les poutres en G sont en tôle d'acier.Generally, G-beams are made of sheet steel.
Les poutres peuvent être perforées selon les besoins de l'assemblage des divers éléments du module.The beams can be perforated according to the needs of the assembly of the various elements of the module.
L'ossature métallique de l'invention, une fois assemblée, peut être traitée avec une peinture spéciale qui permet de protéger le métal, en particulier de protéger le métal contre la rouille. Une telle peinture peut être une peinture anti-corrosion séchée au four, comme utilisée dans l'automobile.The metal framework of the invention, once assembled, can be treated with a special paint which makes it possible to protect the metal, in particular to protect the metal against rust. Such a paint can be an anti-corrosion paint cured in the oven, as used in the automobile.
La fabrication de l'ossature métallique représente la première étape de construction du module de l'invention. L'homme du métier connait les techniques d'assemblage de poutres métalliques, qui peuvent ici être choisies selon les spécifications du module finale (taille, poids, ...). Des renforts peuvent éventuellement, si nécessaire, être utilisés au niveau des angles.The manufacture of the metal frame represents the first step in the construction of the module of the invention. A person skilled in the art knows the techniques for assembling metal beams, which can here be chosen according to the specifications of the final module (size, weight, etc.). Reinforcements can optionally, if necessary, be used at the corners.
En référence à la
En référence à la
La dalle en béton du module peut également être armée à l'aide de ferraillage suivant les méthodes bien connues de l'homme du métier afin de renforcer d'avantage la solidité du module et d'augmenter la longévité de la dalle en béton, et donc du module. Les armatures peuvent être logées dans la prédalle et/ou dans le béton coulé.The concrete slab of the module can also be reinforced using reinforcement according to methods well known to those skilled in the art in order to further reinforce the solidity of the module and to increase the longevity of the concrete slab, and therefore of the module. The reinforcements can be housed in the pre-slab and/or in the poured concrete.
De façon générale, la dalle est destinée à recevoir l'ensemble des finitions intérieures du sol du module, e.g. un carrelage, un parquet, un béton lissé etc.In general, the slab is intended to receive all the interior finishes of the floor of the module, e.g. tiling, parquet, smooth concrete, etc.
Avantageusement, la dalle en béton peut également intégrer des dispositifs divers, e.g. un système de chauffage par le sol.Advantageously, the concrete slab can also incorporate various devices, e.g. an underfloor heating system.
En référence à la
Ici, quatre douilles sont prévues, mais il est possible, selon la configuration du module d'en prévoir une ou plusieurs, en fonction notamment de la configuration intérieure du module (cloisons, répartition des charges...) ou de son poids.Here, four sockets are provided, but it is possible, depending on the configuration of the module, to provide one or more, depending in particular on the internal configuration of the module (partitions, load distribution, etc.) or its weight.
Les douilles d'arrimage sont de préférence coulées dans le béton, pour être totalement solidaires de la dalle.The securing sleeves are preferably cast in concrete, to be completely integral with the slab.
Une fois que l'ossature est assemblée et que la dalle en béton, comprenant les douilles d'arrimage, est coulée, les fondations du module sont terminées. Le module peut alors être habillé d'une ou plusieurs parois latérales et équipé avec toute une série d'éléments et d'équipements selon sa conception finale. En effet, le module de l'invention n'est qu'un élément parmi d'autres dans une construction modulaire plus complexe. La position du module au sein de la construction est déterminée à l'avance lors de la phase de conception du projet de construction, impliquant notamment par exemple un architecte.Once the frame is assembled and the concrete slab, including the lashing sleeves, is poured, the foundations of the module are complete. The module can then be dressed with one or more side walls and equipped with a whole series of elements and equipment according to its final design. Indeed, the module of the invention is only one element among others in a more complex modular construction. The position of the module within the construction is determined in advance during the design phase of the construction project, involving in particular, for example, an architect.
En référence à la
Les côtés des modules, définis par les quatre poutres verticales et la base et le ciel de l'ossature, sont alors soit laissés ouverts, soit fermés, en totalité ou partiellement par des parois formant un mur extérieur ou une cloison intérieure. Ici, les modules 71 et 72 du rez-de-chaussée sont juxtaposés par leur grand coté. Chaque module du rez-de-chaussée comprend donc trois murs extérieurs et une grande paroi ouverte permettant la communication entre les deux modules 71 et 72. Le module 73 de l'étage comprend quant à lui 4 murs extérieurs dont les deux murs dans la longueur sont raccourcis afin de ménager un balcon 79.The sides of the modules, defined by the four vertical beams and the base and the roof of the frame, are then either left open or closed, in whole or in part, by walls forming an exterior wall or an interior partition. Here,
Par soucis de simplicité, seule une paroi extérieure d'un module est décrite en détail ci-dessous, mais une fabrication similaire est applicable aux autres parois extérieures des modules.For the sake of simplicity, only one outer wall of a module is described in detail below, but similar construction is applicable to the other outer walls of the modules.
Un mur extérieur 78 du module 72 est composé d'une structure en un matériau rigide, ici en bois. Cette structure en bois comprend typiquement une succession de poutres verticales disposées à distance régulière entre les poutres métalliques horizontales hautes et basses de l'ossature du caisson et éventuellement des linteaux horizontaux. La structure en bois sert de support à, de l'intérieur vers l'extérieur, un parement de finition intérieur, un contre-lattage, des éléments ignifuges, une couche d'isolation, un pare-vapeur, un pare-pluie, un contre-lattage extérieur et enfin un parement extérieur.An
Le mur extérieur 74 du module 71 est équipé d'une baie-vitrée 75, dont le châssis est logé dans la structure en bois de ladite paroi, pour permettre d'entrer et de sortir de la construction modulaire 70. Dans cet exemple, le mur 74 est également équipé d'une seconde fenêtre 76.The
Chaque module est également composé d'un plafond (ici non représenté) enserré entres les poutres métalliques définissant le ciel de l'ossature. Ce plafond, à différencier de la toiture du module, permet par exemple d'accueillir les luminaires et/ou une partie des câbles de raccordement électrique. Un plafond peut être simplement décoratif comme un faux-plafond ou comprendre de l'isolation.Each module is also made up of a ceiling (not shown here) sandwiched between the metal beams defining the top of the frame. This ceiling, to be differentiated from the roof of the module, allows for example to accommodate the lights and/or part of the electrical connection cables. A ceiling can be simply decorative like a false ceiling or include insulation.
La dalle du module supérieur 73 représente la séparation principale entre les deux niveaux. Le module 73 étant le dernier de la construction en hauteur, un toit 77 y est installé.The
Afin de garantir une stabilité maximale, les modules sont fixés mécaniquement ensemble, au moins par les coins, à l'aide de plats en métal. Ces plats possèdent des caractéristiques facilitant le grutage (plats supérieurs), la fixation sur camion (plats inférieurs) et l'assemblage mécanique (par boulons). En supplément de la fixation par les coins, l'assemblage des modules côte à côte est également assuré par des boulons passés dans des trous prévus dans le profil en G. Des passages de fluide peuvent aussi être prévus dans la partie inférieure des profils en G.In order to guarantee maximum stability, the modules are mechanically fixed together, at least at the corners, using metal plates. These flats have features that facilitate crane operation (upper flats), truck mounting (lower flats) and mechanical assembly (by bolts). In addition to fixing by the corners, the assembly of the modules side by side is also ensured by bolts passed through the holes provided in the G-profile. Fluid passages can also be provided in the lower part of the G-profiles .
Les trois modules sont assemblés de manière étanche à l'air et à l'eau. Pour ce faire, les raccordements aux jonctions communes des deux modules sont réalisés sur site. Par « raccordement », il faut comprendre l'installation d'un joint étanche et antifeu entre les jonctions et la prolongation du bardage extérieur.The three modules are assembled airtight and watertight. To do this, the connections to the common junctions of the two modules are made on site. “Connection” means the installation of a watertight and fireproof joint between the junctions and the extension of the exterior cladding.
Avantageusement, les moyens de connexion des modules comprennent également des moyens d'absorption acoustique et notamment un matériau absorbant les vibrations et les sons pouvant de propager via l'ossature métallique du module. L'absorbeur ou isolant acoustique est de préférence associé aux éléments de fixation. De préférence, l'absorbeur isolant est de type élastomère en plaque (caoutchouc naturel, caoutchouc synthétique ou un mélange des deux).Advantageously, the means for connecting the modules also comprise sound absorption means and in particular a material which absorbs vibrations and sounds capable of being propagated via the metal frame of the module. The acoustic absorber or insulator is preferably associated with the fixing elements. Preferably, the insulating absorber is of the type plate elastomer (natural rubber, synthetic rubber or a mixture of both).
Le module 73 et la partie des modules 71 et 72 non recouvert par la dalle du module 73 comprennent une toiture plate 77, de type toiture chaude avec une finition en rouleaux bitumineux ou bâche EPDM, bien connus de l'homme du métier. Dans cet exemple, le toit inférieur, installé sur le ciel des modules 71 et 72 peut également être une terrasse. Dans tous les cas, ceci vient assurer l'étanchéité de la construction modulaire. Selon la complexité de la construction, le toit plat peut être placé en usine, et l'étanchéité au niveau de la toiture entre les modules ajustée sur site ou, l'intégralité du toit peut être placée après avoir assemblé les modules sur site.The
Comme le module 73 est assemblé à la verticale des modules 71 et 72, il est prévu une trémie dans le plafond du module inférieur et à l'endroit correspondant dans la dalle du module supérieur, afin de permettre l'installation d'un escalier.As the
Il est possible d'envisager la construction d'un immeuble de plusieurs étages avec les modules de l'invention. Dans ce cas, les cages d'ascenseur, d'escalier et parkings peuvent être réalisés sur site, lors de fondations et/ou après l'assemblage des modules.It is possible to envisage the construction of a building of several floors with the modules of the invention. In this case, the elevator shafts, stairwells and car parks can be made on site, during foundations and/or after assembly of the modules.
Lorsque l'entièreté des modules composant une construction modulaire est terminé en usine, lesdits modules doivent être transportés sur site. A cette fin, chaque module est transporté par camion. De préférence, les modules sont dimensionnés de manière à pouvoir être transportés par camion, éventuellement deux par deux, c'est-à-dire que leurs dimensions cumulées ne dépassent pas les normes en vigueur liées au transport de marchandise.When all the modules making up a modular construction are finished in the factory, said modules must be transported to the site. To this end, each module is transported by truck. Preferably, the modules are dimensioned so as to be able to be transported by truck, possibly two by two, that is to say that their cumulative dimensions do not exceed the standards in force relating to the transport of goods.
Le chargement et le déchargement des modules sur le camion peut se faire à l'aide d'une grue ou d'un véhicule approprié (e.g. un chariot élévateur). Dans le cas d'un grutage des modules, ceux-ci sont grutés à l'aide de quatre points d'accroche, qui sont les quatre coins supérieurs du module.The loading and unloading of the modules on the truck can be done using a crane or an appropriate vehicle (e.g. a forklift). In the case of crane modules, these are craned using four attachment points, which are the four upper corners of the module.
Le grutage en 4 points de préhension peut être facilité par des douilles d'arrimage dans la dalle de béton qui, sanglées à l'ossature métallique, permettent de distribuer la charge liée au poids conséquent d'une dalle en béton. Cela permet donc d'éviter le grutage en six points traditionnellement utilisé dans la construction modulaire et de facto, de faciliter le déplacement des modules et réduire les coûts associés en réduisant le temps de manutention. De plus, le grutage en quatre points, couplé à l'utilisation des douilles d'arrimage de la dalle en béton sécurise l'installation des modules. Le nombre de douilles utilisées, et le nombre de coins reliés aux douilles peut dépendre de l'aménagement intérieur du module qui permet ou pas de tendre des sangles entre les douilles et les coins. Avantageusement, la position d'une ou plusieurs douilles d'arrimage peut être choisie en fonction de ces contraintes. Une fois convoyé sur site, chaque module est installé, par grutage, à leur position déterminée lors de la phase de conception de manière à former la construction finale.Craning at 4 gripping points can be facilitated by securing sockets in the concrete slab which, strapped to the metal frame, make it possible to distribute the load linked to the substantial weight of a concrete slab. This therefore makes it possible to avoid the six-point crane traditionally used in modular construction and de facto, to facilitate the movement of the modules and to reduce the associated costs by reducing the handling time. In addition, the four-point crane, coupled with the use of anchor sleeves for the concrete slab, secures the installation of the modules. The number of sockets used, and the number of corners connected to the sockets can depend on the interior layout of the module which allows or not to tension the straps between the sockets and the corners. Advantageously, the position of one or more securing sleeves can be chosen according to these constraints. Once transported to the site, each module is installed, by crane, in their position determined during the design phase so as to form the final construction.
Une fois les modules positionnés sur le site, les finitions structurelles, techniques et esthétiques qui n'ont pas pu être terminées en usine sont réalisées.Once the modules are positioned on site, the structural, technical and aesthetic finishes that could not be finished in the factory are carried out.
Comme pour l'exemple de la
Les raccordements techniques liés aux arrivées d'eaux claires et à l'évacuation des eaux grises, les raccordements électriques, etc. sont réalisés. Eventuellement, un toit est posé si besoin.The technical connections related to the arrivals of clear water and the evacuation of gray water, the electrical connections, etc. are realized. Eventually, a roof is put up if necessary.
Les finitions à vocation esthétiques telles que la construction d'une terrasse, le parement des fondations, l'installation d'un escalier extérieur ou l'installation d'une toiture verte sont également réalisées sur site.Aesthetic finishes such as the construction of a terrace, the facing of the foundations, the installation of an exterior staircase or the installation of a green roof are also carried out on site.
La construction finie correspond aux standards de la construction classique, du point de vue de la qualité des matériaux aussi bien de des performances énergétiques. La construction des modules ayant en majeure partie été réalisée en usine, l'impact écologique est plus limité et la déconstruction future facilitée. La construction a également pu être plus rapide qu'une construction traditionnelle. En effet, la construction des modules en usine n'est pas soumise aux aléas météorologiques, ne requière pas la coordination sur chantier de plusieurs corps de métier, et permet l'optimisation de tous les flux logistiques (point unique de livraison des matériaux, stockage sur place, etc.) Il est ainsi possible de gagner plusieurs mois par rapport à la construction traditionnelle.The finished construction corresponds to the standards of conventional construction, from the point of view of the quality of materials as well as energy performance. Since most of the modules were built in the factory, the ecological impact is more limited and future deconstruction is easier. The construction could also be faster than a traditional construction. Indeed, the construction of the modules in the factory is not subject to the vagaries of the weather, does not require the coordination on site of several trades, and allows the optimization of all the logistical flows (single point of delivery of materials, storage on site, etc.) It is thus possible to save several months compared to traditional construction.
Claims (15)
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE20205682A BE1028666B1 (en) | 2020-10-01 | 2020-10-01 | Prefabricated three-dimensional constructive module |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3978697A1 true EP3978697A1 (en) | 2022-04-06 |
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| EP21200406.3A Withdrawn EP3978697A1 (en) | 2020-10-01 | 2021-10-01 | Prefabricated three-dimensional construction module |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US12091872B2 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2024-09-17 | Sano Development Limited | Hybrid building system, building and method |
| GB2638400A (en) * | 2024-02-20 | 2025-08-27 | Sano Development Ltd | Modular building assembly |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4443992A (en) * | 1980-10-13 | 1984-04-24 | Mordechai Shechter | Method of prefabricated construction, and building structure constructed in accordance with such method |
| WO2002060614A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | Innowork Oy | A method for manufacturing box girder, a box girder and a constructional part therefor |
| US20060168901A1 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2006-08-03 | John Window | Vertical alignment and levelling of modular building units |
| US20110162320A1 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2011-07-07 | Smorgon Steel Litesteel Products Pty Ltd | Beam |
| US20160222649A1 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2016-08-04 | Urbantainer Co., Ltd. | Container module for construction having fireproof floor slab and structure including the same |
| JP2017166123A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-21 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Steel beam and column-beam joint structure |
-
2020
- 2020-10-01 BE BE20205682A patent/BE1028666B1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2021
- 2021-10-01 EP EP21200406.3A patent/EP3978697A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4443992A (en) * | 1980-10-13 | 1984-04-24 | Mordechai Shechter | Method of prefabricated construction, and building structure constructed in accordance with such method |
| WO2002060614A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | Innowork Oy | A method for manufacturing box girder, a box girder and a constructional part therefor |
| US20060168901A1 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2006-08-03 | John Window | Vertical alignment and levelling of modular building units |
| US20110162320A1 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2011-07-07 | Smorgon Steel Litesteel Products Pty Ltd | Beam |
| US20160222649A1 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2016-08-04 | Urbantainer Co., Ltd. | Container module for construction having fireproof floor slab and structure including the same |
| JP2017166123A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-21 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Steel beam and column-beam joint structure |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US12091872B2 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2024-09-17 | Sano Development Limited | Hybrid building system, building and method |
| US12180730B2 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2024-12-31 | Sano Development Limited | Hybrid building system, building and method |
| US12180731B2 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2024-12-31 | Sano Development Limited | Hybrid building system, building and method |
| US12203281B2 (en) | 2021-05-20 | 2025-01-21 | Sano Development Limited | Hybrid building system, building and method |
| GB2638400A (en) * | 2024-02-20 | 2025-08-27 | Sano Development Ltd | Modular building assembly |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE1028666B1 (en) | 2022-05-02 |
| BE1028666A1 (en) | 2022-04-26 |
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