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EP3854889A1 - Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé - Google Patents

Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3854889A1
EP3854889A1 EP20382044.4A EP20382044A EP3854889A1 EP 3854889 A1 EP3854889 A1 EP 3854889A1 EP 20382044 A EP20382044 A EP 20382044A EP 3854889 A1 EP3854889 A1 EP 3854889A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cooling
controlled
sudden
microalloyed steel
liquid coolant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20382044.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
César MAGDALENA RODRÍGUEZ
Juan RODRÍGUEZ ARIAS
Manuel ROMÁN CALDELAS
Francisco LARRUCEA DE LA RICA
Virginia MANSO RODRÍGUEZ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CIE Automotive SA
Original Assignee
CIE Automotive SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CIE Automotive SA filed Critical CIE Automotive SA
Priority to EP20382044.4A priority Critical patent/EP3854889A1/fr
Priority to MX2021000938A priority patent/MX2021000938A/es
Publication of EP3854889A1 publication Critical patent/EP3854889A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/30—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for crankshafts; for camshafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
    • B21J1/06—Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/02—Hardening articles or materials formed by forging or rolling, with no further heating beyond that required for the formation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
    • C21D1/60—Aqueous agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
    • C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/62—Quenching devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/62—Quenching devices
    • C21D1/667—Quenching devices for spray quenching
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/84—Controlled slow cooling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/009—Pearlite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
    • C21D2221/10—Differential treatment of inner with respect to outer regions, e.g. core and periphery, respectively

Definitions

  • the present invention falls within the technical field of methods and devices for spray tempering, as well as within the field of thermal treatments for crankshafts and differentiated thermal treatments for the outside and inside of a part, and it refers in particular to a method for controlled cooling of forged parts made of microalloyed steel.
  • Microalloyed steel or HSLA (High-strength low-alloy) steel
  • HSLA High-strength low-alloy steel
  • microalloyed steels have a carbon content between 0.05 % and 0.50 % by weight in order to maintain suitable formability and weldability.
  • Other elements of the alloy include up to 2.0 % manganese and small amounts of copper, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, calcium, rare earth elements, or zirconium. Copper, titanium, vanadium and niobium are also added, in order to increase strength.
  • These elements are intended to alter the microstructure of the carbon steels, which is generally a mixture of ferrite-pearlite, in order to produce a very fine dispersion of carbide alloys in an almost pure ferrite matrix. This eliminates the effect of reducing the toughness caused by the volume fraction of pearlite, while maintaining and increasing the strength of the material by refining the grain size, which, in the case of ferrite, increases the creep stress by 50 % each time the average grain size is halved.
  • microalloyed steels Due to their greater strength and toughness, microalloyed steels usually require between 25 % and 30 % more energy to be formed, compared to carbon steels. However, unlike these carbon steels, they prevent the need to be subjected to heat treatments after being forged, such as tempering, causing an improvement in productivity. These steels are usually used to make elements designed to withstand high stresses or which need a high stress-weight ratio, such as crankshafts.
  • microalloyed steels used in forged crankshafts usually correspond to the qualities referenced in Standard UNE-EN 10267 as 38MnVS6 and 46MnVS6, and have carbon contents usually comprised between 0.34 and 0.49 % of carbon and 1.2 to 1.6 of manganese, the main feature thereof being the use of alloy elements such as niobium, titanium and vanadium in lower amounts, which are able to maintain a very fine grain size after forging, which guarantees the good mechanical features required.
  • the main factor of these factors is the grain refining, a phenomenon based on the fact that at high temperatures precipitates of very small size are present which prevent the austenite grains from growing during the manufacturing process at high temperatures, thereby preventing the worsening of mechanical features such as toughness and ductility.
  • the cooling speed from the final forging temperature is the process factor which affects the final features of the forged parts with microalloyed steels the most, for which reason industrial systems are commonly used which enable microalloyed forging steels to cool freely in air, with help from coolers and combinations of both.
  • This process known as controlled cooling, guarantees that the microstructure and final mechanical features are the ones required.
  • the optimal cooling speed is mostly determined by the content of alloy and residual elements of the steel.
  • the composition By controlling the composition, it is possible to achieve the desired mechanical properties, in a wide range of sections and cooling conditions.
  • the desired mechanical and tough properties can be obtained.
  • the final properties exhibited by a thermally and mechanically processed product are determined by the microstructure at the end of the processing.
  • EP2103696 describes a method for obtaining forged parts with optimal fatigue performance, without needing to temper the entire part, since that would make the subsequent machining of the part difficult.
  • the method is based on cooling a forged part in a controlled manner by means of surface spraying, on the newly-forged part, of a volume of liquid coolant.
  • the objective is, within one same part, to obtain areas wherein the performance in response to the machining is optimal, and areas wherein the fatigue performance is optimal, thus differentiating, within one same part, between the axial portion and the sides, and therefore performing sprays specifically localized on certain points.
  • the European patent with publication number EP3128038 discloses a hot-stamped steel, including a steel base metal with a tempered portion having a hardness corresponding to 85 % or less of the highest cooling hardness; and a coating layer of Zn that is formed in the tempered portion of the base metal.
  • the Zn coating layer includes a solid solution layer including a solid solution phase containing Fe and Zn.
  • US patent with publication number US2012241058 describes a cast iron cast part, in particular a cast crankshaft, having a first layer made of ausferrite, and a second layer, adjoining the interior, made of ausferrite and troostite.
  • microalloyed steels are steels with a low amount of alloy and high strength resulting from the optimisation of the alloy and from a forming followed by a controlled cooling, the end result of which is a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure with mechanical features suitable for the required application.
  • the controlled cooling must always respect the cooling speeds corresponding to the transformations marked on the TTT curve (time-temperature-transformation) corresponding to the quality of steel in question, in order to guarantee the desired transformation.
  • the object of the invention consists of a method for controlled cooling of forged parts made of microalloyed steel wherein, with the aim of accelerating the decrease in temperature of a part to a forging temperature in a controlled manner, the part, previously cooled in open air and at an even higher temperature, is subjected to sudden surface cooling by direct contact with a liquid coolant.
  • a liquid coolant which preferably consists of spraying a volume of water from a plane above the part, achieves sudden cooling of the surface, which induces residual stresses in the vicinity of the outermost surface of the part which contribute to the strengthening thereof, while the inner core is hardly affected, wherein the temperature thereof hardly decreases and the properties thereof are hardly affected.
  • a newly-forged part at a high temperature, is deposited in transportation means, generally hung from a hook fastened to a carousel which moves linearly.
  • the part advances in an open space, in direct contact with the surrounding air, such that a first phase of rapid cooling occurs.
  • the part After this cooling by means of air in a controlled atmosphere, the part runs once again though a space with open air during a brief interval of time, then being subsequently introduced into a closed area, known as a sudden cooling chamber, wherein it is subjected to the sudden cooling of the most superficial area thereof, by means of direct contact with the liquid coolant. After said sudden cooling, the part is removed for the subsequent mechanical treatment thereof.
  • the residual stress generated in the part depends on a plurality of factors, among which it is worth noting the quality and composition of the microalloyed steel used, as well as the cooling gradient applied.
  • the higher the elastic limit of the material the greater the range of residual stresses that will be able to be achieved, always taking into account that the elastic limit must not be exceeded in order to prevent unwanted deformations.
  • the gradient or cooling speed it should be noted that the more sudden the cooling from the temperature that it is at before being sprayed with liquid coolant, the greater the residual stress that will be generated, always with the limitation of the material and the mechanical features thereof.
  • This cooling gradient will depend in turn, first, on the range of temperatures to be reached, which will determine the microstructure generated in the steel.
  • the features of the newly-obtained part made of alloyed steel part by means of forging are also a relevant factor for determining the cooling gradient.
  • the volume thereof, the surface exposed to the cooling means, or the geometry of the part, by which certain areas of the surface thereof may be more exposed are also a relevant factor for determining the cooling gradient.
  • cooling gradient there are other determining factors of the cooling gradient, such as the distance at which it is located from the spray nozzle, in the case of liquid spraying, or the distance between two consecutive parts arranged in the transportation means, since they can interfere both with the volume of liquid which impacts the part and with the mutual transmission of heat.
  • the method for controlled cooling of forged parts made of microalloyed steel described is preferably designed for automotive crankshafts forged in microalloyed steel, although it is equally applicable to other types of parts forged in microalloyed steel and intended to be subjected during the useful life thereof to prolonged and high mechanical fatigue.
  • Figure 1 schematically illustrates an installation for performing the method.
  • said method begins after the outlet of a part made of microalloyed steel formed by means of a conventional forging process, at an approximate temperature comprised within the range of 1100-1300 °C.
  • a conveyor element (1) which in this preferred embodiment consists of a conveyor belt provided with a plurality of hooks from which the parts are suspended.
  • the conveyor element (1) moves linearly, putting the part in direct contact with the surrounding open air, such that a first quick cooling to room temperature occurs. Subsequently, the conveyor element (1) moves the part, at a temperature that has already been significantly reduced, to the inside of a closed chamber (2), wherein an atmosphere controlled by means of air currents which are generated and controlled externally is maintained.
  • a second cooling of the part is performed, in this case slowed down, with which the formation in the microalloyed steel of different structures of the ferrite-pearlite is prevented, which is considered as optimal.
  • the set of the coolings in air of the part both in open air and in a controlled atmosphere inside the closed chamber (2), lasts for a total of 17 minutes, decreasing the surface temperature of the part from the forging temperature to a temperature comprised in the range of 350-650 °C.
  • the conveyor element (1) removes the part from the inside of the closed chamber (2) to an open area again in open air, wherein it remains for a period of approximately 4 minutes for a third cooling.
  • the conveyor element (1) introduces the part inside a sudden cooling chamber (3) in order to be subjected to sudden surface cooling by direct contact with a liquid coolant.
  • said contact is produced by means of spraying a volume of water on the steel part from a plane above it.
  • the parts remain inside the sudden cooling chamber (3) for a period of time comprised in the range of 120-180 seconds, during which time the surface temperature thereof descends suddenly from 500-600 °C to 60-70 °C. It has been determined that, after one or two seconds of being subjected to contact with the liquid coolant, the surface temperature of the part decreases to a value comprised in the range of 80-120 °C.
  • the surface of the part is understood as the outermost 3-5 mm thereof.
  • the part thus cooled is removed from the sudden cooling chamber (3) by the conveyor element (1) in order to be transported until it is unloaded in a machining area, wherein it is finally subjected to mechanical transformations, preferably shot blasting.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
EP20382044.4A 2020-01-24 2020-01-24 Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé Withdrawn EP3854889A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20382044.4A EP3854889A1 (fr) 2020-01-24 2020-01-24 Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé
MX2021000938A MX2021000938A (es) 2020-01-24 2021-01-22 Procedimiento de enfriamiento controlado de piezas forjadas de acero microaleado.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20382044.4A EP3854889A1 (fr) 2020-01-24 2020-01-24 Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3854889A1 true EP3854889A1 (fr) 2021-07-28

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EP20382044.4A Withdrawn EP3854889A1 (fr) 2020-01-24 2020-01-24 Procédé de refroidissement contrôlé de pièces forgées en acier microalloyé

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EP (1) EP3854889A1 (fr)
MX (1) MX2021000938A (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114210911A (zh) * 2021-11-08 2022-03-22 德清恒富机械有限公司 轴承零件锻后智能控冷方法及装备

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH11293390A (ja) * 1998-04-10 1999-10-26 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 高強度快削非調質鋼材
CN1554781A (zh) * 2003-12-26 2004-12-15 东风汽车有限公司 非调质钢发动机曲轴锻造后冷却方法
JP2007000883A (ja) * 2005-06-22 2007-01-11 Sanyo Special Steel Co Ltd 熱間鍛造によるハブ鍛造品の製造方法
EP2103696A1 (fr) 2006-12-28 2009-09-23 JFE Steel Corporation Procédé de refroidissement d'un élément forgé à chaud, appareil pour celui-ci, et procédé pour fabriquer un élément forgé à chaud
CN102586558A (zh) * 2011-01-05 2012-07-18 南京工程学院 一种提高非调质钢锻件韧性的制造工艺
US20120241058A1 (en) 2009-10-05 2012-09-27 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Cast iron cast part and method for production thereof
CN202671601U (zh) * 2012-06-07 2013-01-16 四川豪特石油设备有限公司 一体化控温冷却设备
EP3128038A1 (fr) 2014-03-31 2017-02-08 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Matériau d'acier d'estampage à chaud

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH11293390A (ja) * 1998-04-10 1999-10-26 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 高強度快削非調質鋼材
CN1554781A (zh) * 2003-12-26 2004-12-15 东风汽车有限公司 非调质钢发动机曲轴锻造后冷却方法
JP2007000883A (ja) * 2005-06-22 2007-01-11 Sanyo Special Steel Co Ltd 熱間鍛造によるハブ鍛造品の製造方法
EP2103696A1 (fr) 2006-12-28 2009-09-23 JFE Steel Corporation Procédé de refroidissement d'un élément forgé à chaud, appareil pour celui-ci, et procédé pour fabriquer un élément forgé à chaud
US20120241058A1 (en) 2009-10-05 2012-09-27 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Cast iron cast part and method for production thereof
CN102586558A (zh) * 2011-01-05 2012-07-18 南京工程学院 一种提高非调质钢锻件韧性的制造工艺
CN202671601U (zh) * 2012-06-07 2013-01-16 四川豪特石油设备有限公司 一体化控温冷却设备
EP3128038A1 (fr) 2014-03-31 2017-02-08 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Matériau d'acier d'estampage à chaud

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Heat Treating of Irons and Steels", 1 January 2014, ASM INTERNATIONAL, ISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9, article H. TAHIRA ET AL: "Forge and Direct Heat Treatment Processes and Technologies", pages: 241 - 252, XP055707470, DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005994 *
KAYNAR AHMET ET AL: "Investigation on the behaviour of medium carbon and vanadium microalloyed steels by hot forging test", MATERIALS AND DESIGN, vol. 51, 13 May 2013 (2013-05-13), pages 819 - 825, XP028676089, ISSN: 0261-3069, DOI: 10.1016/J.MATDES.2013.04.102 *
PIOTR SKUBISZ ET AL: "Automated Determination and On-Line Correction of Emissivity Coefficient in Controlled Cooling of Drop Forgings", GETTERING AND DEFECT ENGINEERING IN SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY XIV ; SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE XIVTH INTERNATIONAL BIANNUAL MEETING ON GETTERING AND DEFECT ENGINEERING IN SEMICONDUCTOR, (GADEST2011), SEPTEMBER 25 - 30, 2011, LOIPERSDORF (FÜRSTENFELD), A, vol. 177, 1 July 2011 (2011-07-01), CH, pages 76 - 83, XP055707465, ISSN: 1012-0394, ISBN: 978-3-03785-232-3, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.177.76 *
WEIJUN HUI ET AL: "Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Vanadium-Microalloyed Medium-Carbon Steel by Optimizing Post-Forging Cooling Conditions", MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES., vol. 31, no. 6, 25 April 2016 (2016-04-25), US, pages 770 - 775, XP055707972, ISSN: 1042-6914, DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2015.1070416 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114210911A (zh) * 2021-11-08 2022-03-22 德清恒富机械有限公司 轴承零件锻后智能控冷方法及装备

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