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EP3417111A1 - Underlayment element for a mound breakwater, and associated methods for manufacturing an underlayment and a breakwater - Google Patents

Underlayment element for a mound breakwater, and associated methods for manufacturing an underlayment and a breakwater

Info

Publication number
EP3417111A1
EP3417111A1 EP17713340.2A EP17713340A EP3417111A1 EP 3417111 A1 EP3417111 A1 EP 3417111A1 EP 17713340 A EP17713340 A EP 17713340A EP 3417111 A1 EP3417111 A1 EP 3417111A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pads
underlayment
underlayer
core
embankment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP17713340.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3417111B1 (en
Inventor
Albert Koffler
Eric Nicolas SKIERNIEWSKI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP3417111A1 publication Critical patent/EP3417111A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3417111B1 publication Critical patent/EP3417111B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • E02B3/123—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips mainly consisting of stone, concrete or similar stony material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/10—Dams; Dykes; Sluice ways or other structures for dykes, dams, or the like

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to embankment dams, or rip rap, which can be built at sea to stop the marine swell.
  • the invention particularly relates to the underlayer, or filter layer, which is made during the construction of such a dike, prior art
  • embankment dike The materials composing a embankment dike are generally arranged in the form having u3 ⁇ 4 sfc3 ⁇ 4! trapezoid whose base rests on the ground, under water, and dont1 ⁇ 4,!> NRRN 'flat called berm above the water.
  • the core may consist of any material or mixture of materials available on site and making it possible to achieve a large volume at a lower cost, for example materials coming from quarries graduated from 0 to 1 ton or more, or sand or clay [006]
  • the underlayer is an underlay of pebbles placed between the core and the shell blocks. This sublayer must provide two essential functions.
  • the first function is to ensure sufficient impermeability to play a role of granulometric filter that prevents the leakage of fine materials component kernel. This role is essential to prevent the finer elements of the core from crossing the shell, which would cause a general settlement of the dike. It is therefore important that the dimensions of the spaces between the blocks forming the underlayer are controlled.
  • the second function of this sub-layer is to pèi trains a good maintenance of the carapace blocks, offering adaffée roughness. This roughness is calibrated according to the size of the shell blocks to cover the underlayer.
  • the shell which aims to ensure the staB i of the entire embankment dam to resist the swell, is composed of natural rock blocks or, most often, concrete, weighing I p! Y
  • a prepere difficulty is related to the availability of calibrated natural rockfill. Rip-offs may not be available in the area where embankment digging is required. In other cases, available riprap is poorly calibrated or not calibrated at all. This difficulty in having properly calibrated natural stones, in particular for producing the underlayer, can generate significant additional costs.
  • Another difficulty is related to the stability of the underlayer against the swell, during the construction of the dike, between the time when the underlay is built and the moment when the shell blocks are laid.
  • the small size and the lack of nesting of the blocks or stones forming the underlayer makes them indeed unstable.
  • a strong swell arriving before the laying of the carapace can thus destroying part or all of the slope, which generates significant additional costs and delays in the execution of the work.
  • a third difficulty is posed by the planimetry and the roughness defects of the slopes of the slope and the horizontal berm.
  • the underlayer forms a support which must respect strict tolerances established with respect to the size of the carapace blocks.
  • the underlayer must be composed of blocks having heights of the order of H / 6, H / 10 and H / 12.
  • the installation of riprap forming the undercoat, meeting these requirements allocation blocks Differ nt heights, is difficult to achieve under water, even with the assistance of acoustic tools. It is, therefore, generally necessary to proceed, with the assistance of divers, to position adjustments of the underlayment blocks before or during the laying of the carapace blocks, which entails significant costs. Objectives of the invention
  • the present invention aims to overcome these disadvantages of the prior art.
  • the present invention aims to facilitate const uction operations of a breakwater, allowing to achieve an undercoat pre senta a suitable calibration, good stability to withstand the swell and good distribution of blocks of different sizes to ensure the easy and effective installation of shell blocks.
  • an underlayer element for a embankment embankment comprising a plurality of concrete pads, in which, according to the invention, said pads are assembled together by flexible connecting means so as to form a carpet.
  • the underlayment element according to the invention thus makes it possible to form an easy underlayment to be laid on a embankment embankment, and whose components are directly placed in the desired position, without the risk of being displaced by the swell since there can not be isolated extraction of a concrete pad.
  • the underlayer element of the invention may also include the following optional features considered in isolation or in any possible technical combination:
  • the concrete pads are of different sizes which makes it possible to control and adjust the roughness of the underlayment element in order to cover it with the shells.
  • the carpet has a square or rectangular shape
  • said pads are formed of unreinforced concrete.
  • the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an underlayer element as described above, which comprises a step of casting a plurality of concrete pads, during which casting step the Flexible links are secured to the audits. [020] According to an advantageous embodiment, said casting step is performed such that at least one cable, forming part or all of said flexible connection means, passes through said pads to connect them to each other.
  • said casting step is performed on a looped geotextile, so that the loops of said geotextile are taken in the concrete of said pads to connect them to each other.
  • the looped geotextile may constitute the flexible connection means or add to the cables to form, with the cables, the flexible connection means.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a embankment embankment according to one embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic top view of an underlay mat according to one embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 3 is a schematic top view of an underlay mat according to another embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 4 is a partial schematic perspective view of the underlay mat of Figure 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a partial schematic view, in perspective, of the underlay mat of FIG. 3.
  • the finer elements of the material or materials constituting the core 1 1 are interposed between the interstices of the larger blocks, which effectively stops the swell.
  • the core January 1 is covered, on at least one of its faces, by an underlayer 2.
  • the underlayer 2 covers most of the berm 12 and a first inclined plane 13 of the dike 1, as well as a portion of the support 10 located at the foot of the inclined plane 13 of the dike 1.
  • the underlayer 2 is covered, at the berm 12 and the inclined plane 13, by large blocks forming the shell 3.
  • the portion of the underlayer 2 which covers the support 10, at the foot of the inclined plane 13, is also covered with large blocks so as to form a foot abutment 4.
  • the second inclined plane 14 of the dike 1 is formed solely by the core 11, which is covered neither by the underlayer 2 nor by the shell 3.
  • This embodiment of the invention applies to a dike 1 whose inclined plane 13 is subjected to erosion of the swell, while the inclined plane 14 is not subject to it.
  • the sub-layer 2 covers the entire face of the dam 1 Likewise, it is possible to bring the dam known adaptations of man the trade, such as adding, deleting or changing foot stops, adding a EQU 3 ⁇ 4niiement on the berm, etc.
  • the undercoat layer 2 is advantageously produced by depositing on the core 11 one or more elements e sublayer according to the invention, referred to as "underlay mat" in 3 ⁇ 4: p s3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4iè description, which are prefabricated before
  • underlay mat in 3 ⁇ 4: p s3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4iè description, which are prefabricated before
  • carrier in this specification refers to a set of components distributed in two dimensions so as to cover a surface, and assembled to each other so that the assembly remains unaffected. .
  • FIG. 2 is generally rectangular in shape and has 24 studs.
  • the person skilled in the art can, however, easily produce underlay mats of dimensions different, with a different number of pads arranged to form a rectangular or square carpet, or any other form adapted to the needs of a construction site of a embankment embankment.
  • These pads 210 are assembled to each other, preferably by cables 29 (only some of the cables 29 are referenced in Figure 2) through the blocks 210 so as to create a mesh in two dimensions of pads 210.
  • These cables 29 constitute flexible connection means assembling the pads together.
  • the cables 29 crossing each other outside the studs 210 can be assembled together, or pass alternately above and below each other! in a manner of weaving, to ensure the cohesion of the neighboring studs which do not remain attached to the same cables,
  • the assembly of the pads 210 thus forms a continuous belt, wherein each pad 210 is held by the cbiley i jàns a position close to the adjacent pads 210.
  • the cables 29 may, for example, be made of steel, stainless steel or synthetic materials,
  • the underlay mat 21 shown in Figure 2 consists of pads having the form of cubes 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4t / or rectangular parallelepipeds.
  • FIG. 3 shows a carpet 22, according to another possible embodiment, in which the concrete pads 220, which are connected to one another by means of cables 2 passing through the studs 220, have different shapes.
  • cylindrical only some of the pads 220 and cables 29 are referenced in Figure 3.
  • the homp3 ⁇ 4 By petier can imagine many other embodiments, metta3 ⁇ 4
  • FIG. 4 shows a series of pads 210 of the underlay mat 21, connected to each other by a cable 29.
  • FIG. 5 represents a series of pads 220 of the mat of sub-layer 22, connected to each other by a cable 29.
  • the pads 210 or 220 have different sizes. More precisely, the heights of the studs are variable, between a minimum value and a maximum value which are determined according to the size of the shell blocks that will have to be placed on the underlayer 2.
  • the geotextile 28 which has the effect of joining the studs 210 or 220 to the geotextile 28 and connecting the studs to each other, the geotextile 28 then constituting a flexible connection means assembling the studs together so as to form a carpet of undercoat.
  • the filter effect results from the dimensions of the mesh of the geotextile.
  • the filter effect can be doubled by the spacing and the shape of the pads, and by the mesh of the geotextile used.
  • portions of cable 221 are partially integrated in some of the studs 220, allowing these studs 220 to emerge from loops 221 enabling the mat 22 to be hooked up in order to allow lifting.
  • the manufacture of an underlay mat can be done before laying on the dike.
  • the various pads constituting the carpet are cast clink molds, at least one cable being inserted into the studs to refer to each other. Molds adapted to allow the passage of çâ1 ⁇ 4
  • e% may for example be used, as well as shims not shown, intended to maintain the cables so that they pass through the studs to re lubribity, When pouring, the upper surface of studs can be made of flat or rounded form.
  • the studs are formed of unreinforced quion which meets the same manufacturing and quarry criteria as the concrete used for the manufacture of shell blocks, in particular being in accordance with the requirements of standard NF EN 206-1 (normative reference for all structural concretes).
  • NF EN 206-1 node-to-everything
  • the use of the same concrete as that of the carapace blocks makes it possible to optimize the resistance of the dike in the fmss saris necessitating the development of a new concrete formulation.
  • the molds may have different shapes to give the pads the desired forr *.
  • the pads can be cast in flexible molds so as to give the pads forms close to those of natural rock.
  • the molds in which the studs are cast are open downwards, and are placed on a looped geotextile 28, so that the loops of this geotextile are embedded in the concrete of each of the pads.
  • the studs are assembled to the geotextile 28.
  • cable portions 221 are integrated in the pads, during their manufacture, to allow attachment of the underlay mat, to allow its lifting.
  • the underlayment mat After its manufacture, the underlayment mat can be transported, for example by lifting it by the cable portions integrated in the pads, to the construction site of a slope embankment 1. It can then be spread over
  • the underlayer 2 thus formed has components which are all assembled to each other, which allows it to withstand the swell better than the underlays of the prior art, pending the installation of the shell 3.
  • the dimensions of each pad and its position relative to the neighboring pads can be decided according to the need, during the manufacture of the carpet. It is thus very easy to make an underlayer 2 in which the distribution and the Block dimensions provide the ideal roughness characteristics to effectively support the shell 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates mainly to an underlayment element (2) for a mound breakwater (1), comprising a plurality of concrete blocks, characterised in that said blocks are assembled with one another by flexible linking means so as to form a carpet. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such an underlayment element (2) and a method for manufacturing a mound breakwater (1) comprising such an underlayment element (2).

Description

ELEMENT DE SOUS-COUCHE POUR DIGUE À TALUS, ET PROCÉDÉS ASSOCIÉS DE FABRICATION DE SOUS COUCHE ET DE DIGUE  SUSPENSION ELEMENT FOR TALUS DIGES, AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF MAKING SHEET AND DYE

Domaine de l'invention Field of the invention

[001] La présente invention concerne les digues à talus, ou à enrochement, pouvant être construites en mer pour arrêter la houle marine.  [001] The present invention relates to embankment dams, or rip rap, which can be built at sea to stop the marine swell.

[002] L'invention concerne en particulier la sous-couche, ou couche de filtre, qui est réalisée lors de la construction d'une telle digue, Art antérieur [002] The invention particularly relates to the underlayer, or filter layer, which is made during the construction of such a dike, prior art

[003] Pour protéger de la houle marine les jrislai!ations portuaires ou les constructions et aménagements du littor¾¾¾fi j eut construire en mer des ouvrages artificiels tels que des digues Parmi ces ouvrages, on connaît notamment les digues à talus, ou digue à enrochement, qui sont généralement construites à l'aide d'enrochements naturels ou artificiels. [003] To protect marine swell the jrislai! Port ations or buildings and facilities of littor¾ ¾ ¾fi I had build offshore artificial structures such as dikes These books, including one knows the breakwater, or dike armourstone, which are usually constructed using natural or artificial rock.

[004] Les matériaux composait une digue à talus sont généralement arrangés sous la forme ayant u¾ sfc¾! en trapèze, dont la base prend appui sur le sol, sous l'eau, et dont¼, !>rnrr'et plat, appelé berme, émerge de l'eau. Une telle digue à talus es! çpmpdsée : [004] The materials composing a embankment dike are generally arranged in the form having u¾ sfc¾! trapezoid whose base rests on the ground, under water, and dont¼,!> NRRN 'flat called berm above the water. Such a embankment embankment es! Answered:

- d'un noyau, de forme trapézoïdale, disposé sur le terrain naturel ou sur un soubassement ; - a ring of trapezoidal shape, disposed on the natural ground or on a base;

d'une sous-couche, composée de cailloux de dimension intermédiaire, an underlay, composed of pebbles of intermediate size,

recouvrant au moins l'une des faces du noyau ; et  covering at least one of the faces of the core; and

d'une carapace, composée de blocs de grande dimension, dénommés bocs de carapace, recouvrant la sous-couche.  of a carapace, composed of large blocks, called shell shells, covering the underlayer.

[005] Le noyau, peut être constitué par tout matériau ou mélange de matériaux disponible sur site et permettant de réaliser un volume important à moindre coût, par exemple des matériaux tout venant de carrière gradués de 0 à 1 tonne ou plus, ou encore du sable ou de l'argile [006] La sous-couche est une sous-couche de cailloux posés entre le noyau et les blocs de carapace. Cette sous-couche doit assurer deux fonctions essentielles. The core may consist of any material or mixture of materials available on site and making it possible to achieve a large volume at a lower cost, for example materials coming from quarries graduated from 0 to 1 ton or more, or sand or clay [006] The underlayer is an underlay of pebbles placed between the core and the shell blocks. This sublayer must provide two essential functions.

[007] La première fonction consiste à assurer une imperméabilité suffisante pour jouer un rôle de filtre granulométrique qui permet de prévenir la fuite des matériaux fins composant le noyau. Ce rôle est essentiel pour éviter que les éléments les plus fins du noyau ne traversent la carapace, ce qui provoquerait un tassement général de la digue. Il importe donc que les dimensions des espaces entre les blocs formant la sous-couche soient maîtrisées.  [007] The first function is to ensure sufficient impermeability to play a role of granulometric filter that prevents the leakage of fine materials component kernel. This role is essential to prevent the finer elements of the core from crossing the shell, which would cause a general settlement of the dike. It is therefore important that the dimensions of the spaces between the blocks forming the underlayer are controlled.

[008] La seconde fonction de cette sous-couche consiste i pèimettre un bon maintien des blocs de carapace, en offrant une rugosité adaffée. Cette rugosité est calibrée en fonction de la taille des blocs de carapace devant recouvrir la sous-couche. [008] The second function of this sub-layer is to pèimettre a good maintenance of the carapace blocks, offering adaffée roughness. This roughness is calibrated according to the size of the shell blocks to cover the underlayer.

[009] La carapace, qui vise à assurer la staB i de l'ensemble de la digue à talus pour résister à la houle, est composée de blocs de roche naturelle ou, le plus souvent, de béton, pesant Je p !y|ieurs tonnes à plusieurs dizaines de tonnes.  [009] The shell, which aims to ensure the staB i of the entire embankment dam to resist the swell, is composed of natural rock blocks or, most often, concrete, weighing I p! Y | tonnes to several tens of tonnes.

Inconvénients de l'ari antérieur Disadvantages of the previous Ari

[010] La construction d'une digue à talus présente plusieurs difficultés majeures.  [010] The construction of a embankment embankment presents several major difficulties.

[011 ] Une prepere difficulté est liée à la disponibilité d'enrochement naturel calibré. En effet, les enrochements peuvent ne pas être disponibles dans la région ou a dig e à talus doit être réalisée. Dans d'autres cas, les enrochements disponibles sont mal calibrés ou ne sont pas calibrés du tout. Cette difficulté à disposer d'enrochements naturels correctement calibrés, notamment pour réaliser la sous-couche, peut générer des surcoûts importants. [011] A prepere difficulty is related to the availability of calibrated natural rockfill. Rip-offs may not be available in the area where embankment digging is required. In other cases, available riprap is poorly calibrated or not calibrated at all. This difficulty in having properly calibrated natural stones, in particular for producing the underlayer, can generate significant additional costs.

[012] Une autre difficulté est liée à la stabilité de la sous-couche face à la houle, pendant la construction de la digue, entre le moment où la sous-couche est construite et le moment où les blocs de carapace sont posés. La petite taille et le manque d'imbrication des blocs ou enrochements formant la sous-couche les rend en effet instables. Une forte houle arrivant avant la pose de la carapace peut ainsi détruire en partie ou en totalité le talus, ce qui génère des surcoûts importants et des retards dans l'exécution des travaux. [012] Another difficulty is related to the stability of the underlayer against the swell, during the construction of the dike, between the time when the underlay is built and the moment when the shell blocks are laid. The small size and the lack of nesting of the blocks or stones forming the underlayer makes them indeed unstable. A strong swell arriving before the laying of the carapace can thus destroying part or all of the slope, which generates significant additional costs and delays in the execution of the work.

[013] Une troisième difficulté est posée par la planimétrie et les défauts d'aspérités des pentes du talus et de la berme horizontale. Pour obtenir une bonne stabilité des blocs de carapace, la sous-couche forme un support qui doit respecter des tolérances strictes établies par rapport à la taille des blocs de carapace. À titre d'exemple, pour la pose de blocs de carapace de hauteur H, la sous-couche doit être composée de blocs présentant des hauteurs de l'ordre de H/6, H/10 et H/12. La pose des enrochements formant la sous-couche, respectant ces exigences de répartition de blocs de différ ntés hauteurs, est difficile à réaliser sous l'eau, même avec l'assistance d'outils acoustiques. Il est, en conséquence, généralement nécessaire de procéder, avec l'aide de scaphandriers, à des rectifications de position des blocs de sous-couche avant ou pendant la pose des blocs de carapace, ce qui engendre des coûts importants. Objectifs de l'invention [013] A third difficulty is posed by the planimetry and the roughness defects of the slopes of the slope and the horizontal berm. To obtain a good stability of the carapace blocks, the underlayer forms a support which must respect strict tolerances established with respect to the size of the carapace blocks. For example, for the laying of carapace blocks of height H, the underlayer must be composed of blocks having heights of the order of H / 6, H / 10 and H / 12. The installation of riprap forming the undercoat, meeting these requirements allocation blocks Differ nt heights, is difficult to achieve under water, even with the assistance of acoustic tools. It is, therefore, generally necessary to proceed, with the assistance of divers, to position adjustments of the underlayment blocks before or during the laying of the carapace blocks, which entails significant costs. Objectives of the invention

[014] La présente invention a pour objectif de pallier ces inconvénients de l'art antérieur.  The present invention aims to overcome these disadvantages of the prior art.

[015] En particulier, la présente invention a pour objectif de faciliter les opérations de const uction d'une digue à talus, en permettant de réaliser une sous-couche pr senta un calibrage adapté, une bonne stabilité pour résister à la houle et une bonne répartition des blocs de différentes tailles pour assurer la pose faci¾ et efficace des blocs de carapace. [015] In particular, the present invention aims to facilitate const uction operations of a breakwater, allowing to achieve an undercoat pre senta a suitable calibration, good stability to withstand the swell and good distribution of blocks of different sizes to ensure the easy and effective installation of shell blocks.

Expoll de l'invention Expoll of the invention

[016] Ces objectifs, ainsi que d'autres qui apparaîtront plus clairement par la suite, sont atteints à l'aide d'un élément de sous-couche pour une digue à talus, comprenant une pluralité de plots de béton, dans lequel, selon l'invention, lesdits plots sont assemblés entre eux par des moyens de liaison souples de manière à constituer un tapis.  These objectives, as well as others which will appear more clearly later, are achieved by means of an underlayer element for a embankment embankment, comprising a plurality of concrete pads, in which, according to the invention, said pads are assembled together by flexible connecting means so as to form a carpet.

[017] L'élément de sous-couche selon l'invention permet ainsi de constituer une sous-couche facile à poser sur une digue à talus, et dont les composants sont directement placés dans la position souhaitée, sans risque d'être déplacés par la houle puisqu'il ne peut pas y avoir d'extraction isolée d'un plot de béton. [017] The underlayment element according to the invention thus makes it possible to form an easy underlayment to be laid on a embankment embankment, and whose components are directly placed in the desired position, without the risk of being displaced by the swell since there can not be isolated extraction of a concrete pad.

[018] L'élément de sous couche de l'invention peut également comporter les caractéristiques optionnelles suivantes considérées isolément ou selon toutes les combinaisons techniques possibles : [018] The underlayer element of the invention may also include the following optional features considered in isolation or in any possible technical combination:

les plots de béton sont de tailles différentes ce qui permet de contrôler et d'ajuster la rugosité de l'élément de sous-couche en vue de son recouvrement par les blocs de carapaces.  the concrete pads are of different sizes which makes it possible to control and adjust the roughness of the underlayment element in order to cover it with the shells.

boucle apte à assurer le levage et le transport dudit élément, le tapis présente une forme carrée ou rectangulaire  buckle adapted to ensure the lifting and transport of said element, the carpet has a square or rectangular shape

lesdits plots sont formés de béton non armé.  said pads are formed of unreinforced concrete.

[019] L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication d'un élément de sous-couche tel que décrit ci-dessus, qui comprend une étape de coulage d'une pluralité de plots de béton, au cours de laquelle étape de coulage les moyens de liaison souples sont solidarisés audits plots. [020] Selon un mode de réalisation avantageux, ladite étape de coulage est réalisée de telle sorte qu'au moins un câble, formant partie ou totalité desdits moyens de liaison souple, traverse lesdits plots pour les relier les uns aux autres. [019] The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing an underlayer element as described above, which comprises a step of casting a plurality of concrete pads, during which casting step the Flexible links are secured to the audits. [020] According to an advantageous embodiment, said casting step is performed such that at least one cable, forming part or all of said flexible connection means, passes through said pads to connect them to each other.

[021] Selon un autre mode de réalisation avantageux, ladite étape de coulage est réalisée sur un géotextile bouclé, de telle sorte que les boucles dudit géotextile se prennent dans le béton desdits plots pour les relier les uns aux autres. Le géotextile bouclé peut constituer les moyens de liaison souple ou s'ajouter aux câbles pour former, avec les câbles, les moyens de liaison souple. [021] According to another advantageous embodiment, said casting step is performed on a looped geotextile, so that the loops of said geotextile are taken in the concrete of said pads to connect them to each other. The looped geotextile may constitute the flexible connection means or add to the cables to form, with the cables, the flexible connection means.

l'assemblage entre eux desdits éléments de sous-couche. joining together said underlayment elements.

Liste des figures List of Figures

[025] L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description suivante de modes de réalisation préférentiels, donnée à titre de simple exemple figuratif et non limitatif, et accompagnée des figures parmi lesquelles :  [025] The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of preferred embodiments, given as a simple figurative and non-limiting example, and accompanied by the figures among which:

- la figure 1 est une vue de coupe schématique d'une digue à talus selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention ; la figure 2 est une vue schématique de dessus d'un tapis de sous- couche selon l'un des modes de réalisation de l'invention ; la figure 3 est une vue schématique de dessus d'un tapis de sous- couche selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention ; la figure 4 est une vue schématique partielle, en perspective, du tapis de sous-couche de la figure 2 ; - Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a embankment embankment according to one embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 is a schematic top view of an underlay mat according to one embodiment of the invention; Figure 3 is a schematic top view of an underlay mat according to another embodiment of the invention; Figure 4 is a partial schematic perspective view of the underlay mat of Figure 2;

la figure 5 est une vue schématique partielle, en perspective, du tapis de sous-couche de la figure 3.  FIG. 5 is a partial schematic view, in perspective, of the underlay mat of FIG. 3.

plus, ou encore du sable ou de l'argile. Les éléments les plus fins du ou des matériaux constituant le noyau 1 1 s'intercalent entre les interstices des blocs plus gros, ce qui permet d'arrêter efficacement la houle. more, or sand or clay. The finer elements of the material or materials constituting the core 1 1 are interposed between the interstices of the larger blocks, which effectively stops the swell.

[028] Le noyau 1 1 est recouvert, sur au moins l'une de ses faces, par une sous- couche 2. Dans le mode de réalisation représenté, la sous-couche 2 couvre la majeure partie de la berme 12 et un premier plan incliné 13 de la digue 1 , ainsi qu'une partie du support 10 située au pied du plan incliné 13 de la digue 1 . [029] La sous-couche 2 est recouverte, au niveau de la berme 12 et du plan incliné 13, par des blocs de grande taille formant la carapace 3. La portion de la sous-couche 2 qui recouvre le support 10, au pied du plan incliné 13, est également recouverte de blocs de grande taille de façon à former une butée de pied 4. [028] The core January 1 is covered, on at least one of its faces, by an underlayer 2. In the embodiment shown, the underlayer 2 covers most of the berm 12 and a first inclined plane 13 of the dike 1, as well as a portion of the support 10 located at the foot of the inclined plane 13 of the dike 1. [029] The underlayer 2 is covered, at the berm 12 and the inclined plane 13, by large blocks forming the shell 3. The portion of the underlayer 2 which covers the support 10, at the foot of the inclined plane 13, is also covered with large blocks so as to form a foot abutment 4.

[030] Dans le mode de réalisation représenté, le second plan incliné 14 de la digue 1 est uniquement constitué par le noyau 11 , qui n'est recouvert ni par la sous-couche 2, ni par la carapace 3. Ce mode de réalisation de l'invention s'applique à une digue 1 dont le plan incliné 13 est soumis à l'érosion de la houle, alors que le plan incliné 14 n'y est pas soumis. Il est bien évidemment possible, dans d'autres modes de réalisation, que la sous-couche 2 recouvre l'intégralité des faces de la digue 1 , De même, il est possible d'apporter à la digue des adaptations connues de l'homme du métier, comme l'ajout, la suppression ou la modification de butées de pied, l'ajout d'un èQû ¾niiement sur la berme, etc. [030] In the embodiment shown, the second inclined plane 14 of the dike 1 is formed solely by the core 11, which is covered neither by the underlayer 2 nor by the shell 3. This embodiment of the invention applies to a dike 1 whose inclined plane 13 is subjected to erosion of the swell, while the inclined plane 14 is not subject to it. It is of course possible, in other embodiments, the sub-layer 2 covers the entire face of the dam 1 Likewise, it is possible to bring the dam known adaptations of man the trade, such as adding, deleting or changing foot stops, adding a EQU ¾niiement on the berm, etc.

Constitution de la sous couche : Constitution of the under layer :

[031 ] La sous-couche 2 est avantageusement réalisée en déposant sur le noyau 11 un ou plusieurs éléments e sous-couche selon l'invention, appelés « tapis de sous-couche » dans l ¾ :p s¾¾iè description, qui sont préfabriqués avant leur installation sur ie noyau 11. Le terme « tapis », dans la présente description, désigne un e emble de composants répartis selon deux dimensions afin de couvrir une surface, et assemblé les uns aux autres de telle façon que l'ensemble reste éf iabjè. [031] The undercoat layer 2 is advantageously produced by depositing on the core 11 one or more elements e sublayer according to the invention, referred to as "underlay mat" in ¾: p s¾¾iè description, which are prefabricated before The term "carpet" in this specification refers to a set of components distributed in two dimensions so as to cover a surface, and assembled to each other so that the assembly remains unaffected. .

[032] n tel tapis de sous-couche 21 selon un premier mode de réalisation, est représenté schématiquement en vue de dessus par la figure 2. Ce tapis de sous- couche 21 est constitué par une pluralité de plots de béton 210 formant des blocs de sous-couche, représentés ici par des formes cubiques et/ou parallélépipédiques (seuls certains des plots 210 sont référencés sur la figure 2), placés à côté et en contact les uns des autres de façon à former un tapis apte à couvrir une surface. Le tapis de sous-couche 21 représenté par la figure 2 est de forme générale rectangulaire et compte 24 plots. L'homme du métier peut cependant facilement réaliser des tapis de sous-couches de dimensions différentes, comptant un nombre différent de plots disposés de façon à former un tapis de forme rectangulaire ou carrée, voire de toute autre forme adaptée aux besoins d'un chantier de construction d'une digue à talus. [032] n such mat of sublayer 21 according to a first embodiment, is shown schematically in plan view in Figure 2. This mat of underlayer 21 is constituted by a plurality of concrete pads 210 forming blocks sub-layer, represented here by cubic and / or parallelepiped shapes (only some of the pads 210 are referenced in Figure 2), placed next to and in contact with each other so as to form a mat capable of covering a surface . The underlay mat 21 shown in FIG. 2 is generally rectangular in shape and has 24 studs. The person skilled in the art can, however, easily produce underlay mats of dimensions different, with a different number of pads arranged to form a rectangular or square carpet, or any other form adapted to the needs of a construction site of a embankment embankment.

[033] Ces plots 210 sont assemblés les uns aux autres, avantageusement par des câbles 29 (seuls certains des câbles 29 sont référencés sur la figure 2) traversant les blocs 210 de façon à créer un maillage dans deux dimensions de plots 210. Ces câbles 29 constituent des moyens de liaison souple assemblant les plots entre eux. De façon avantageuse, les câbles 29 se croisant en dehors de plots 210 peuvent être assemblés les uns aux autres, ou passer alternativement au-dessus et en-dessous les uns des autres! à ¼ manière d'un tissage, pour assurer la cohésion des plots voisins qui rte sint pas solidarisés aux mêmes câbles, [033] These pads 210 are assembled to each other, preferably by cables 29 (only some of the cables 29 are referenced in Figure 2) through the blocks 210 so as to create a mesh in two dimensions of pads 210. These cables 29 constitute flexible connection means assembling the pads together. Advantageously, the cables 29 crossing each other outside the studs 210 can be assembled together, or pass alternately above and below each other! in a manner of weaving, to ensure the cohesion of the neighboring studs which do not remain attached to the same cables,

[034] L'assemblage des plots 210 forme ainsi un tapis continu, dans lequel chaque plot 210 est maintenu par les câbiès i jàns une position voisine des plots 210 adjacents. Les câbles 29 peuvent, par exemple, être en acier, en inox ou en matériaux synthétiques,  [034] The assembly of the pads 210 thus forms a continuous belt, wherein each pad 210 is held by the cbiès i jàns a position close to the adjacent pads 210. The cables 29 may, for example, be made of steel, stainless steel or synthetic materials,

[035] Le tapis de sous-couche 21 représenté par la figure 2 est constitué de plots ayant la forme de cubes ¾¾t/ou de parallélépipèdes rectangles. La figure 3 représente un tapis _d% s >u ¾buche 22 selon un autre mode de réalisation possible, dans lequei !«s plots de béton 220, qui sont reliés les uns aux autres par des câblef 2¾ travërsant les plots 220, présentent des formes cylindriques (seuls certains de plots 220 et des câbles 29 sont référencés sur la figure 3). L'homp¾ By petier peut imaginer de nombreux autres modes de réalisation, metta¾| en œuvre des plots de béton de formes géométriques variées, par exemple cylindriques, coniques, en troncs de cône, carrées, rectangulaires, triangulaire, ou pouvant présenter la forme quelconque d'un enrochement naturel. Il est également possible que des plots de formes différentes soient associés au sein d'un même tapis de sous-couche.  [035] The underlay mat 21 shown in Figure 2 consists of pads having the form of cubes ¾¾t / or rectangular parallelepipeds. FIG. 3 shows a carpet 22, according to another possible embodiment, in which the concrete pads 220, which are connected to one another by means of cables 2 passing through the studs 220, have different shapes. cylindrical (only some of the pads 220 and cables 29 are referenced in Figure 3). The homp¾ By petier can imagine many other embodiments, metta¾ | concrete blocks of various geometrical shapes, for example cylindrical, conical, truncated cone, square, rectangular, triangular, or may have any shape of a natural riprap. It is also possible that pads of different shapes are associated within the same carpet of underlayer.

[036] De façon avantageuse, les différents plots qui sont assemblés au sein d'un même tapis présentent des hauteurs différentes. Ainsi, la figure 4 représente une série de plots 210 du tapis de sous-couche 21 , reliés les uns aux autres par un câble 29. De même, la figure 5 représente une série de plots 220 du tapis de sous-couche 22, reliés les uns aux autres par un câble 29. Sur chacune de ces figures, les plots 210 ou 220 présentent des tailles différentes. Plus précisément, les hauteurs des plots sont variables, entre une valeur minimale et une valeur maximale qui sont déterminées en fonction de la taille des blocs de carapace qui devront être posés sur la sous-couche 2. Ces plots formant des blocs de taille variable, assemblés de préférence en alternant des plots de grande taille et des plots de petite taille, permettent d'obtenir pour la sous-couche 2 la rugosité souhaitée pour maintenir de façon correcte les blocs de carapace qui la recouvriront. [036] Advantageously, the different pads that are assembled within the same carpet have different heights. Thus, FIG. 4 shows a series of pads 210 of the underlay mat 21, connected to each other by a cable 29. Similarly, FIG. 5 represents a series of pads 220 of the mat of sub-layer 22, connected to each other by a cable 29. In each of these figures, the pads 210 or 220 have different sizes. More precisely, the heights of the studs are variable, between a minimum value and a maximum value which are determined according to the size of the shell blocks that will have to be placed on the underlayer 2. These pads forming blocks of variable size, Assembled preferably by alternating large pads and small pads, obtain for the underlayer 2 the desired roughness to properly maintain the shell blocks that cover it.

210 ou 220, ce qui a pour effet de solidariser (es plots 210 ou 220 au géotextile 28 et de relier les plots entre eux. Le géotextile 28 constitue alors un moyen de liaison souple assemblant les plots entre eux de manière à constituer un tapis de sous-couche. 210 or 220, which has the effect of joining the studs 210 or 220 to the geotextile 28 and connecting the studs to each other, the geotextile 28 then constituting a flexible connection means assembling the studs together so as to form a carpet of undercoat.

[040] Lorsque les moyens de liaison souples des plots 210,220 sont constitués uniquement du géotextile, l'effet de filtre résulte des dimensions de la maille du géotextile. [041] Lorsque les moyens de liaison souples des plots 210,220 comportent un géotextile et un ou des câbles, l'effet de filtre peut être doublement ajusté par l'espacement et la forme des plots, ainsi que par la maille du géotextile utilisé. [040] When the flexible connection means of the pads 210,220 consist solely of geotextile, the filter effect results from the dimensions of the mesh of the geotextile. [041] When the flexible connecting means of the pads 210,220 comprise a geotextile and one or cables, the filter effect can be doubled by the spacing and the shape of the pads, and by the mesh of the geotextile used.

[042] Selon une caractéristique avantageuse, représentée par la figure 5, des portions de câble 221 sont intégrées partiellement dans certains des plots 220 en laissant émerger de ces plots 220 des boucles 221 permettant un accrochage du tapis 22 de sous-couche, afin de permettre son levage. [042] According to an advantageous characteristic, represented by FIG. 5, portions of cable 221 are partially integrated in some of the studs 220, allowing these studs 220 to emerge from loops 221 enabling the mat 22 to be hooked up in order to allow lifting.

La fabrication du tapis de sous-couche The manufacture of the underlay mat

[043] La fabrication d'un tapis de sous-couche peut se faire avant sa pose sur la digue. Les différents plots constituant le tapis sont coulés clins és moules, au moins un câble étant inséré dans les plots afin de les refer lies uns aux autres. Des moules adaptés pour permettre le passage des çâ¼|e% peuvent par exemple être utilisés, ainsi que des cales non représentes, destinées à maintenir les câbles afin qu'ils traversent les plots à er rèi lbuhaité, Lors du coulage, la surface supérieure des plots peut être réalisée de forme plate ou arrondie. De préférence, les plots sont formés de ¾on non armé qui répond aux mêmes critères de fabrication et de quarte que le béton utilisé pour la fabrication des blocs de carapace en étant notamment conforme aux exigences de la norme NF EN 206-1 (référence normative pour tous les bétons de structure). L'utilisation du même béton que celui des blocs de carapace permet d'optimiser la tenue de la digue dans le fëmps saris nécessiter la mise au point d'une nouvelle formulation de béton.  [043] The manufacture of an underlay mat can be done before laying on the dike. The various pads constituting the carpet are cast clink molds, at least one cable being inserted into the studs to refer to each other. Molds adapted to allow the passage of çâ¼ | e% may for example be used, as well as shims not shown, intended to maintain the cables so that they pass through the studs to re lubribity, When pouring, the upper surface of studs can be made of flat or rounded form. Preferably, the studs are formed of unreinforced quion which meets the same manufacturing and quarry criteria as the concrete used for the manufacture of shell blocks, in particular being in accordance with the requirements of standard NF EN 206-1 (normative reference for all structural concretes). The use of the same concrete as that of the carapace blocks makes it possible to optimize the resistance of the dike in the fmss saris necessitating the development of a new concrete formulation.

[044] Les moules peuvent présenter différentes formes afin de donner aux plots la forr* souhaitée. Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, les plots peuvent être coulés dans des moules souples de façon à donner aux plots des formes proches de celles des enrochements naturels.  [044] The molds may have different shapes to give the pads the desired forr *. According to a particular embodiment, the pads can be cast in flexible molds so as to give the pads forms close to those of natural rock.

[045] Selon un mode de réalisation avantageux, les moules dans lesquels sont coulés les plots sont ouverts vers le bas, et sont posés sur un géotextile bouclé 28, de telle sorte que les boucles de ce géotextile se prennent dans le béton de chacun des plots. Ainsi, après la prise du béton, les plots sont assemblés au géotextile 28. [046] De façon avantageuse, des portions de câble 221 sont intégrées dans les plots, lors de leur fabrication, pour permettre un accrochage du tapis de sous- couche, afin de permettre son levage. [045] According to an advantageous embodiment, the molds in which the studs are cast are open downwards, and are placed on a looped geotextile 28, so that the loops of this geotextile are embedded in the concrete of each of the pads. Thus, after the setting of the concrete, the studs are assembled to the geotextile 28. [046] Advantageously, cable portions 221 are integrated in the pads, during their manufacture, to allow attachment of the underlay mat, to allow its lifting.

Fabrication de la digue à talus Manufacture of embankment embankment

[047] Après sa fabrication, le tapis de sous-couche peut être transporté, par exemple en le soulevant par les portions de câble intégrées dans les plots, jusqu'au chantier de construction d'une digue à talus 1. Il peut alors être étalé sur  [047] After its manufacture, the underlayment mat can be transported, for example by lifting it by the cable portions integrated in the pads, to the construction site of a slope embankment 1. It can then be spread over

exemple au pied de la digue pour former une butée de pied 4. example at the foot of the dam to form a toe 4.

[051] La sous-couche 2 ainsi formée présente des composants qui sont tous assemblés les uns aux autres, ce qui lui permet de résister à la houle mieux que les sous-couches de l'art antérieur, en attendant la pose de la carapace 3. De plus, les dimensions de chaque plot et sa position par rapport aux plots voisins peuvent être décidées en fonction du besoin, lors de la fabrication du tapis. Il est ainsi très facile de réaliser une sous-couche 2 dans laquelle la répartition et les dimensions des blocs assurent les caractéristiques de rugosité idéales pour supporter efficacement la carapace 4. [051] The underlayer 2 thus formed has components which are all assembled to each other, which allows it to withstand the swell better than the underlays of the prior art, pending the installation of the shell 3. In addition, the dimensions of each pad and its position relative to the neighboring pads can be decided according to the need, during the manufacture of the carpet. It is thus very easy to make an underlayer 2 in which the distribution and the Block dimensions provide the ideal roughness characteristics to effectively support the shell 4.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS 1. Élément de sous-couche pour une digue à talus (1 ), comprenant une pluralité de plots de béton (210, 220), caractérisé en ce que lesdits plots (210, 220) sont assemblés entre eux par des moyens de liaison souples de manière à constituer un tapis (21 , 22). 1. Underlayment element for a embankment embankment (1), comprising a plurality of concrete pads (210, 220), characterized in that said pads (210, 220) are assembled together by flexible connection means to form a carpet (21, 22). 2. Élément de sous-couche selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que les plots de béton (210,220) sont de tailles différentes.  2. underlayment element according to claim 1, characterized in that the concrete pads (210,220) are of different sizes. 3. Élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens d liaison souples comprennent au moins un câble (29) traversant.. lèfdifs flots (210, 220) en formant un maillage à deux dimensions de plots (210.220). 3. sublayer element according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said flexible connecting means to comprise at least one cable (29) passing through .. lèfdifs waves (210, 220) forming a two-dimensional mesh of studs (210.220). 4. Élément de sous-couche selon la revendication 3. caractérisé en ce que les dits moyens de liaison souples comprennent une pluralités de câbles (29) traversant îes plots (210,220) et se croisant en dehors desdits plots (210,220).  4. Element of underlayer according to claim 3. characterized in that said flexible connection means comprise a plurality of cables (29) passing through the pads (210,220) and intersecting outside said pads (210,220). 5. Élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3 et 4, caractérisé en ce qu'au jm¾ns une partie des plots (210,220) sont en appui de contact surfaçJ |¾e¾s':W is avec les autres. 5. Element of underlayer according to any one of claims 3 and 4, characterized in that jm¾ns a portion of the pads (210,220) are in contact contact surface contact : W is with others. 6. Élément de soux-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications précède nt|s, i caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de liaison souples comprennent υη géotextile bouclé (28) solidarisé auxdits plots (210, 220), les boudes dudit géotextile (28) étant prises dans le béton de chacun desdits pïôlf (210, 220).  6. Soux-layer element according to any one of the preceding claims nt, i characterized in that said flexible connection means comprise υη looped geotextile (28) secured to said pads (210, 220), said geotextile said slats ( 28) being made in the concrete of each of said píolf (210, 220). 7. Élément de sous-couche selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que les dimensions de la maille du géotextile définissent l'effet de filtre souhaité. 7. Underlayment element according to claim 6, characterized in that the dimensions of the mesh of the geotextile define the desired filter effect. 8. Élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins une portion de câbles (221 ) intégrée partiellement dans un plot (210,220) en laissant émerger dudit plot (210,220) une boucle apte à assurer le levage et le transport dudit élément. 8. Element of underlayer according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least a portion of cables (221) partially integrated in a stud (210,220) by letting emerge from said stud (210,220) a loop adapted to ensure the lifting and transport of said element. 9. Élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit tapis (21 , 22) présente une forme carrée ou rectangulaire. 9. Underlayment element according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said belt (21, 22) has a square or rectangular shape. 10. Élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lesdits plots (210, 220) sont formés de béton non armé.  10. Element of underlayer according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said pads (210, 220) are formed of unreinforced concrete. 11. Procédé de fabrication d'un élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape de  11. A method of manufacturing an underlayment element according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it comprises a step of une étape de fabrication d'un noyau (1 1 );  a step of manufacturing a core (1 1); une étape de recouvrement d'au moins une partie de la surface dudit noyau (1 1 ) par une sous-couche (2) ;  a step of covering at least a portion of the surface of said core (1 1) with an underlayer (2); une étape de recouvrement d'au moins une partie de ladite sous- couche (2) par des blocs formant une carapace (3) ; caractérisé en ce que ladite étape de recouvrement d'au moins une partie de la surface dudit noyau (11 ) par une sous-couche (2) comprend le positionnement sur ledit noyau (11 ) d'au moins un élément de sous-couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10. a step of covering at least a portion of said sub-layer (2) with blocks forming a shell (3); characterized in that said step of covering at least a portion of the surface of said core (11) with an underlayer (2) comprises positioning on said core (11) at least one underlayment element according to any of claims 1 to 10. 16. Procédé de fabrication d'une digue à talus (1 ) selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que ladite étape de recouvrement d'au moins une partie de la surface dudit noyau (11 ) par une sous-couche (2) comprend le positionnement sur ledit noyau (11 ) d'au moins deux éléments de sous- couche selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, et l'assemblage entre eux desdits éléments de sous-couche. 16. A method of manufacturing a embankment embankment (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that said step of covering at least a portion of the surface of said core (11) with an underlayer (2) comprises positioning on said core (11) at least two sub-layer elements according to any one of claims 1 to 10, and the assembly therebetween said sub-layer elements.
EP17713340.2A 2016-02-15 2017-02-14 Use of an underlayment element for a mound breakwater, and associated method for manufacturing a breakwater Active EP3417111B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR1600253A FR3047750A1 (en) 2016-02-15 2016-02-15 ARTIFICIAL UNDERCOAT FOR CARAPACE DE DIGUE
PCT/FR2017/050334 WO2017140980A1 (en) 2016-02-15 2017-02-14 Underlayment element for a mound breakwater, and associated methods for manufacturing an underlayment and a breakwater

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KR102426108B1 (en) * 2020-02-06 2022-07-27 주식회사 무성건설 Prefabricated Covering Block for Breakwater
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DE1634159A1 (en) * 1967-02-22 1971-03-18 Fritz Schleith Mat for bank reinforcements
NL6717542A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-06-24
NL169911C (en) * 1972-10-06 1982-09-01 Aannemers Comb Zinkwerke ZINC PIECE WITH FIXED BALLAST.
DE3200184A1 (en) * 1982-01-07 1983-07-14 Heinz 2120 Lüneburg Krebber Assembled hinged concrete slabs made up of small elements
GB2152564A (en) * 1984-01-05 1985-08-07 Edgar Gerald Wise Revetments
US6106194A (en) * 1997-11-20 2000-08-22 Submar, Inc. Placement device for underwater mats and method
DE102009048608A1 (en) * 2009-10-08 2011-04-14 Semen Sladkov Dike is provided with banks where flat cover plate is formed, where plate is rectangular and has steel parts, casing and bottom of steel sheet finished with holes

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