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EP3463069B1 - Appareil pour la détermination de potentiels électriques anormaux dans le myocarde ventriculaire - Google Patents

Appareil pour la détermination de potentiels électriques anormaux dans le myocarde ventriculaire Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3463069B1
EP3463069B1 EP17765492.8A EP17765492A EP3463069B1 EP 3463069 B1 EP3463069 B1 EP 3463069B1 EP 17765492 A EP17765492 A EP 17765492A EP 3463069 B1 EP3463069 B1 EP 3463069B1
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Prior art keywords
catheter
signal
abnormal
ekg
ablation
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3463069A1 (fr
Inventor
Horia Chiriac
Mihaela GRECU
Sorin CORODEANU
Mihai TIBU
Nicoleta LUPU
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Institutul National De Cercetare Dezvoltare Pentru Fizica Tehnica Ift Lasi
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Institutul National De Cercetare Dezvoltare Pentru Fizica Tehnica Ift Lasi
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
    • A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
    • A61B5/6852—Catheters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
    • A61B5/366—Detecting abnormal QRS complex, e.g. widening
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
    • A61B5/363—Detecting tachycardia or bradycardia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283—Invasive
    • A61B5/287—Holders for multiple electrodes, e.g. electrode catheters for electrophysiological study [EPS]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A61B5/347—Detecting the frequency distribution of signals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4848—Monitoring or testing the effects of treatment, e.g. of medication
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
    • A61B5/7253—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms
    • A61B5/7257—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms using Fourier transforms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/74—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means
    • A61B5/7405—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means using sound
    • A61B5/7415—Sound rendering of measured values, e.g. by pitch or volume variation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/74—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means
    • A61B5/742—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means using visual displays
    • A61B5/743—Displaying an image simultaneously with additional graphical information, e.g. symbols, charts, function plots
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2505/00—Evaluating, monitoring or diagnosing in the context of a particular type of medical care
    • A61B2505/05—Surgical care
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
    • A61B5/7264—Classification of physiological signals or data, e.g. using neural networks, statistical classifiers, expert systems or fuzzy systems

Definitions

  • Medical systems used in the medical field in general and especially in cardiology provide complex electrical signals which are in many situations difficult to interpret.
  • a particular case is represented by the monitor systems used during ablation interventions, in which the decision regarding the area where the cauterization will be performed is based on the surface real-time electrocardiogram signals and the electrical signal recorded from the electrodes used with the catheter in the analyzed zone, respectively the intracardiac area.
  • the physician makes this estimation based on certain recorded signals characteristics and decides if the respective area must be cauterized or not, keeping track of more instruments simultaneously.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for determining the abnormal electrical potential points which occur in ventricular myocardial tissue, especially in the left ventricle, being able to generate heart rhythm disorders with vital impact.
  • the invention allows a much more exact localization of those points with risk for tachycardia! ventricular arrhythmia, which require ablation. Thus, viable zones in the ventricular mass surviving after a myocardial infarction are recovered/ saved.
  • ventricular tachycardia is common among patients with ventricular scar areas after a myocardial infarction.
  • the electrical signal that passes through the ventricular myocardial affected area is inhomogeneously delayed, creating the ideal conditions for developing abnormal electrical circuits, electrical reentry loop type.
  • myocardial injury myocardial ischemia - myocardial infarction sequelae, valvulopathy, sarcoidosis, congenital cardiac disease, arrhythmogenic ventricular dysplasia
  • the substrate is represented by an inhomogeneous myocardial scar, composed of areas of fibrosis, an obstacle to electrical impulse transmission, and areas of viable myocardium, capable of conducting the electrical impulse slowly, the ideal support for intraventricular reentry ( de Bakker J.M., van Capelle F.J., Janse M.J., et al., Circulation, 1988, 77, p. 589-606 and Haqqani H.M., Marchlinski F.E. Heart Rhythm, 2009, 6, p. S70-S76 ).
  • Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is probably the most complex interventional procedure pertaining to cardiology, and represents a great challenge.
  • the objective of RFA is interrupting the reentrant circuit in its critical slow conducting area ( Desjardins B., Crawford T., Good E. et al., Heart Rhythm, 2009, 6(5), p. 644-651 and Wissner E., Stevenson W.G., Kuck K.H., Eur. Heart J., 2012, 33, p. 1440-1450 )
  • Radiofrequency ablation consists of creating cauterization type point lesions in the critical area of the reentrant circuit. These lesions are made by the tip of an ablation catheter introduced in the heart ( Fig. 1 ), in contact with the area detected as abnormal, the catheter being connected to a radiofrequency current generator with a medium-low frequency of 500 kHz.
  • the lesion is obtained by heating the myocardium to a temperature of a minimum of 50 degrees, sufficiently large to cause irreversible lesion, and is based on the principle of coagulation necrosis.
  • VT has evolved from conventional techniques of bidimensional cartography, in which the mapping of VT could be carried out exclusively during the tachycardia, based on cardiac stimulation maneuvers, the objective being to identify the exit point of the electrical impulse from the reentrant circuit (pacemapping technique), or the slow conduction area of the electrical impulse (entrainment technique), using radioscopic orientation, to modem mapping techniques which permit the identification and the elimination of the arrhythmogenic substrate (the area of low amplitude electrical potential and the presence of abnormal electrograms) outside of the tachycardia, in a stable sinus rhythm, using non-fluoroscopic mapping systems ( Stevenson W.G., Khan H., Sager P. et al., Circulation, 1993, 88, p. 1647-1670 ). Even modern mapping techniques have the disadvantage of the imperfect localization of the scar area, and necessitate long cartography times.
  • Performing an MRI for identifying the zonal and intramural extension of the fibrosis would be of great help in identifying the scar area before the RFA procedure.
  • the disadvantage is that most patients with a structural cardiac disease, needing ablation of VT, already possess an implantable defibrillator (DEF), which makes performing the cardiac MRI before the ablation procedure impossible. For this reason, the operator has no clues as to the extension of the myocardial fibrosis, and the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic localization offers only approximate criteria.
  • DEF implantable defibrillator
  • the ablation of myocardial substrate allows the elimination of non-inducible VT, or with hemodynamic degradation, by analyzing the arrythmogenic substrate, in stable sinus rhythm.
  • myocardium scar areas borderline and normal, are identified by constructing the voltage map of the right or left ventricle using 3D cartography systems, the most widely used being CARTO 3D ( Arenal A., del Castillo S., Gonzalez-Torrecilla E. et al. Circulation 2004, 110, p. 2568-2574 ).
  • the myocardium scar area with microvolt potentials smaller than 0.5-1.5 mV is represented in red
  • the borderline area is represented in yellow-green
  • the myocardium with normal amplitude electrical potential is represented in violet ( fig. 2 ).
  • the technique has multiple disadvantages: it requires constructing a point by point map, it takes a long time, and the insufficient contact of the catheter with the myocardial wall may detect microvolt potentials which could be erroneously interpreted as fibrotic areas ( Aliot E.M., Stevenson W.G., Almendral-Garrote J.M. et al., Heart Rhythm, 2009, 6(6), p. 886-933 and Wijnmaalen A. P., van der Geest R.J., van Huls van Taxis C.F. et al., Eur. Heart J., 2011, 32, p. 104-114 ), and for this reason there is a great concern among the interventional arrhythmologists to improve the method.
  • the ablation catheter is placed within the heart, using radioscopy for visualization.
  • Existing means and techniques for tridimensional cartography (mapping) used in cardiac ablation allow for the creation of a virtual image of the heart cavity, using the magnetic field.
  • the catheter may be precisely placed in a certain area, the abnormal point may be marked on the virtual map, prior ablated points may be marked as well, and it is possible to come back upon the points marked as abnormal at the moment of ablation after the overall analysis has been performed.
  • US2014/0200429 not determines/identifies points with an abnormal electrical potential of the ventricular myocardium by a safer method for the life of the patient, during the normal cardiac activity.
  • US2015/0032171A1 refers to an implanted apparatus that determines scared tissue having an electrode for cardiac pacing, sensing and transmitting an electric pulse to the myocardium during a fibrillation episode.
  • Heart activity is sensed with an electrode to produce a unipolar electrogram waveform and a processor that receives the unipolar electrogram (EGM) waveform and extracts two or more features from the unipolar EGM waveform.
  • EGM unipolar electrogram
  • WO2010151181 refers to a late potential detecting system comprising an implantable medical device connected to at least one cardiac lead having implantable electrodes positioned at different sites of a ventricle myocardium.
  • a sampling unit of the implantable medical device records electrogram samples for the different implantable electrodes to get different sample sets.
  • the technical problem consists of accurately determining, on the interior surface of the ventricular myocardium, the points with an abnormal electrical potential, in a short span of time.
  • the proposed solution consists of an apparatus which digitally interprets the acquired signals and automatically acoustically or via light signals, points out the electrical potential which meets the abnormal electrical potential criteria.
  • the decision of treating that specific point by applying the radiofrequency current remains in the hands of the physician, who may also perform, at the same time, a classical, manual interpretation of the signal.
  • the apparatus for determining abnormal electrical potential points found in the ventricular myocardium contains an amplification and analogue filtration module, an analogue to digital signal convertor, a hardware device which contains a microchip for the digital processing, via software, of the signals received from an EKG and from a catheter, a display for displaying the signals received from the EKG, and from the catheter, as well as the abnormal electrical potentials coming from the ventricular myocardium, identified by means of the software.
  • the software analyzes the signal coming from catheter pertaining to the amplitude, duration and synchronization with the QRS complex of the signal coming from the EKG, as well as the spectral fragmentation degree (FFT analysis).
  • the software activates the exclusion condition of eventual artifact signals, the signal being considered normal and the other search intervals being automatically ignored if the level of the signal coming from the catheter is over the established voltage threshold (preferably 1.5 mV), in a search interval up to 50 ms after the beginning of the QRS complex, that is, the Q point. Also, the software activates the condition for detecting an abnormal signal if the level of the signal coming from the catheter has an amplitude over the second established threshold (preferably under 0.5 mV) and is situated in a search interval of 50ms before and up to 100 ms after the end of the QRS complex, that is, the S point.
  • the levels of the voltage thresholds and search intervals may be adjusted on a case by case basis.
  • the apparatus may contain a device to produce an acoustic or luminous signal when the catheter touches a point of abnormal potential on the surface of the heart.
  • the apparatus may be coupled with an EKG and a catheter.
  • the apparatus may contain an EKG and have a connection for a catheter.
  • the apparatus is used in the ablation procedure of the ventricular myocardium, the points of abnormal electrical potential which are detected by the apparatus being able to be ablated as soon as they are detected, or later.
  • the apparatus may be utilized with a 2D or 3D cardiac mapping system, or with any system that permits the cartography and highlighting of the used signals.
  • Apparatus (1) for determining the abnormal electrical potential points occurring in the ventricular myocardium comprises:
  • the apparatus according to the invention is conceived to be connected to the EKG device (3) and to the catheter (4) through known means.
  • the EKG device (3) is necessary to produce the EKG leads of interest utilizing signals coming from the surface electrodes placed on the patient. Recording the surface electrocardiogram is used for QRS complex detection, representing the main deflection of the EKG signal corresponding to ventricular depolarization - the electrical expression of the contraction of the heart pumps. For the detection of the QRS complex, at least one EKG deviation is used.
  • the EKG device (3) may be analogue, according to the block diagram of Fig. 5 , or digital, according to the block diagram of Fig. 6 .
  • the apparatus in a second embodiment, contains the EKG signal measuring device (3) built-in, according to block diagram from Fig. 7 .
  • the apparatus contains the means to connect to the catheter (4).
  • the apparatus integrates an algorithm to detect abnormal intracardiac signals, algorithms which are based on a set of criteria to differentiate between normal and abnormal signals. These differentiation and real time selection criteria consider the following the characteristics of the signal coming from the catheter:
  • the catheter signal corresponding to an area of normal cardiac tissue has an amplitude over 1.5mV, a well-defined duration (is not fragmented, that is, it has an aspect of a biphasic signal, with 1-2 components, and a duration smaller than the QRS complex) and is synchronized to the signal received by the surface electrodes, that is the QRS complex of the EKG signal.
  • the implemented detection algorithm considers all these characteristics, establishes certain search intervals and introduces certain exclusion conditions.
  • the apparatus allows the acquisition (analogue digital conversion) with a sampling rate of 5 kS/s of the two relevant signals, the EKG surface signal and the intracardiac signal from the catheter.
  • the algorithm analyzes the EKG signal and detects the specific QRS complex.
  • a spectral (FFT) analysis is performed, to evaluate the degree of fragmentation.
  • the synchronization of the two signals is analyzed, as follows:
  • the reference for the search intervals of the potential abnormal signals is adjustable, and particular to each case.
  • the characteristics of abnormal intracardiac signal are calculated, displayed and memorized: amplitude of signal, duration of signal, degree of desynchronization (position of maximum point in relation to the end of the QRS complex, that is the S point).
  • the acoustic and/or luminous warning is automatically activated for the intracardiac abnormal signal, for marking the detected area as an ablation point.
  • the apparatus may be used with any, 2D or 3D, mapping system at a cardiac level, as well as any other system that allows cartography and highlighting of signals used, in any system, to perfect determination of abnormal electrical potentials at a myocardial level.
  • the areas of abnormal electrical potential from the myocardium may be identified prior to the ablation procedure.
  • the apparatus may be attached to the conventional mapping catheter, which is fluoroscopically visualized, as well as the tridimensional electro anatomical cartography catheter, both used in procedures of cardiac ablation, because they automatically analyze and interpret electrical potential exclusively, independent of the means of placement of the ablation catheter within the heart.
  • the electrical signal of approximately 200-400 points is analyzed, it is absolutely necessary to sort and define them by the software according to the invention, which has the technical effect of increasing the speed of determination of the ablation points, as well as increasing the accuracy for determining said points, which significantly shortens the procedure time for a ventricular ablation and increases the success rate thereof.

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Claims (5)

  1. Un appareil (1) pour déterminer les points de potentiel électrique anormal du myocarde ventriculaire qui nécessite une ablation, comprenant:
    un module (2) pour l'amplification et le filtrage analogique,
    un convertisseur de signal analogique - numérique (5),
    un dispositif matériel (6), pour le traitement numérique en temps réel des données, au moyen d'un logiciel (7), des signaux reçus d'un dispositif ECG (3) et d'un cathéter (4),
    les potentiels électriques anormaux du myocarde ventriculaire identifiés par le logiciel (7), le logiciel (7) configuré pour analyser le signal reçu du cathéter, respectivement l'amplitude, durée, synchronisation avec un complexe QRS du signal provenant des électrodes de surface ECG, ainsi que la fragmentation spectrale - analyse FFT pour établir les intervalles de recherche et les conditions d'exclusion, activant une condition d'exclusion pour les signaux d'artefacts éventuels, un signal du cathéter (4) étant considéré comme normal et d'autres intervalles de recherche étant automatiquement ignorés si un niveau du signal du cathéter dépasse un premier seuil de tension de 1,5 mV, dans un intervalle de recherche allant jusqu'à 50 ms après le début du complexe QRS, le point Q respectivement,
    et active une condition de détection du signal anormal, si le niveau du signal du cathéter a une amplitude supérieure à un deuxième seuil de tension inférieure à 0,5 mV et est situé dans un intervalle de recherche allant jusqu'à 50 ms avant et jusqu'à 100 ms après la fin du complexe QRS, le point S respectivement; et
    un affichage (8) pour l'affichage des signaux reçus du dispositif ECG (3) et du cathéter (4), et les potentiels électriques anormaux du myocarde ventriculaire.
  2. Appareil (1), selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre un dispositif (9) pour générer un signal lumineux acoustique ou visuel pour marquer le point de potentiel électrique anormal détecté comme un point d'ablation potentiel.
  3. Appareil (1), selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit appareil est configuré à être connecté au dispositif ECG (3) et au cathéter (4).
  4. Appareil (1), selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend le dispositif ECG intégré (3) et une connexion pour le cathéter (4).
  5. Appareil (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, comprenant en outre un système de cartographie 2D ou 3D (10), au niveau cardiaque, ou tout système permettant la cartographie et la mise en évidence des signaux utilisés.
EP17765492.8A 2016-06-07 2017-06-06 Appareil pour la détermination de potentiels électriques anormaux dans le myocarde ventriculaire Active EP3463069B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RO201600415A RO131542B1 (ro) 2016-06-07 2016-06-07 Aparat pentru determinarea potenţialelor electrice anormale de la nivelul miocardului ventricular
PCT/RO2017/000010 WO2017213533A1 (fr) 2016-06-07 2017-06-06 Appareil pour la détermination de potentiels électriques anormaux dans le myocarde ventriculaire

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EP3463069A1 EP3463069A1 (fr) 2019-04-10
EP3463069B1 true EP3463069B1 (fr) 2024-05-29

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US (1) US11344247B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3463069B1 (fr)
CA (1) CA3026961C (fr)
IL (1) IL263567B2 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2017213533A1 (fr)

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CN108523881B (zh) * 2018-01-22 2021-09-03 西安交通大学 一种准确提取qrs内异常电位的方法
US20220047220A1 (en) * 2020-08-17 2022-02-17 Biosense Webster (Israel) Ltd. Real-time assessment of rejection filters during cardiac mapping

Citations (1)

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US9278220B2 (en) * 2013-07-23 2016-03-08 Medtronic, Inc. Identification of healthy versus unhealthy substrate for pacing from a multipolar lead

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US5046504A (en) 1989-02-01 1991-09-10 Corazonix Corporation Method and apparatus for analyzing and interpreting electrocardiograms using spectro-temporal mapping
EP2445581B1 (fr) * 2009-06-26 2020-09-16 St. Jude Medical AB Détection de potentiels tardifs
US9144382B2 (en) 2011-04-07 2015-09-29 The Johns Hopkins University Non-invasive methods and systems for producing cardiac electrogram characteristic maps for use with catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia
US9254093B2 (en) 2013-01-16 2016-02-09 University Of Vermont Methods and systems for minimizing and treating cardiac fibrillation

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9278220B2 (en) * 2013-07-23 2016-03-08 Medtronic, Inc. Identification of healthy versus unhealthy substrate for pacing from a multipolar lead

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RO131542A0 (ro) 2016-12-30
IL263567A (en) 2019-01-31
CA3026961A1 (fr) 2017-12-14
US20190183375A1 (en) 2019-06-20
RO131542B1 (ro) 2020-03-30
WO2017213533A1 (fr) 2017-12-14
EP3463069A1 (fr) 2019-04-10
IL263567B (en) 2022-10-01
IL263567B2 (en) 2023-02-01
US11344247B2 (en) 2022-05-31
CA3026961C (fr) 2023-07-04
WO2017213533A4 (fr) 2018-02-22

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