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EP3455578B1 - Silencieux pour une arme à feu - Google Patents

Silencieux pour une arme à feu Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3455578B1
EP3455578B1 EP16722237.1A EP16722237A EP3455578B1 EP 3455578 B1 EP3455578 B1 EP 3455578B1 EP 16722237 A EP16722237 A EP 16722237A EP 3455578 B1 EP3455578 B1 EP 3455578B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
silencer
insert
end wall
housing
barrel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP16722237.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3455578A1 (fr
Inventor
Oliver Fischer
Robert Hofer
Alexander Haider
Josef CHRISTANDL
Dieter CHRISTANDL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
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Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP3455578A1 publication Critical patent/EP3455578A1/fr
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Publication of EP3455578B1 publication Critical patent/EP3455578B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A21/00—Barrels; Gun tubes; Muzzle attachments; Barrel mounting means
    • F41A21/30—Silencers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A21/00—Barrels; Gun tubes; Muzzle attachments; Barrel mounting means
    • F41A21/28—Gas-expansion chambers; Barrels provided with gas-relieving ports
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A21/00—Barrels; Gun tubes; Muzzle attachments; Barrel mounting means
    • F41A21/32—Muzzle attachments or glands
    • F41A21/325—Mountings for muzzle attachments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41C—SMALLARMS, e.g. PISTOLS, RIFLES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • F41C3/00—Pistols, e.g. revolvers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a silencer for a handgun and a handgun with a silencer according to the invention.
  • handgun is understood to mean handguns, such as recoil-operated weapons, gas-operated weapons, pistols or the like.
  • the invention is described using a handgun as an example, although the present invention is not limited to this and can also be used with long guns.
  • silencers function in such a way that the hot gases escaping from the barrel of the weapon are cooled by the silencer and/or slowed down or relieved by turbulence. It is advantageous here if the silencer is connected to the barrel of the weapon via a thread or the like, so that the silencer is arranged on the barrel in a largely gas-tight manner. This prevents gases from escaping between the barrel and the silencer, which can impair the suppression performance.
  • Mufflers usually have a muffler housing and a muffler insert arranged in the muffler housing.
  • a damper insert known from the prior art is in 1 shown.
  • the damper insert 60 has a rigid structure that includes a plurality of laminations 61 . In the lamellae 61 bores 62 can be arranged.
  • the silencer inserts 60 known from the prior art can have a different rigid structure.
  • a stable material, such as metal must be used for the damper insert 60 .
  • This is accompanied by a high weight of the entire silencer.
  • the silencer mounted in the front end of the weapon therefore leads to a mostly unfavorable shift in the overall center of gravity of the weapon.
  • silencers are known from the prior art that work according to the so-called "wet principle".
  • a silencer which in 2 is shown is from the EP 1 764 577 A1 known.
  • a damping medium 63 in particular water, which partially evaporates as a result of the hot explosion gases flowing past, the explosion gases being cooled to such an extent that the muzzle blast is reduced despite the increase in volume during the evaporation.
  • stable damper inserts as in 1 shown, only appropriate chambers must be provided in which the water 63 is received. Because water has a significantly lower specific weight than steel, for example, the overall weight of the silencer can be reduced.
  • the disadvantage here is that the silencer has to be filled with a new damping medium after just a few shots.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a silencer for a firearm which at least partially avoids the disadvantages known from the prior art and which has a significantly lower weight than the silencers known from the prior art, even without additives to be supplied to the muffler, such as water, achieve the desired damping effect.
  • a silencer is provided for a
  • “Stable” or “stable material” here means that the damper insert has a high specific rigidity and strength despite the high open porosity.
  • silencer according to the invention compared to silencers known from the prior art is that the silencer insert has a significantly lower weight than silencer inserts of the silencers known from the prior art due to the high open porosity.
  • the specific weight of the damper insert according to the invention can even be significantly below the specific weight of water.
  • the overall weight of the silencer can thus be reduced considerably, so that the silencer according to the invention is also suitable for firearms with a movable barrel.
  • a further advantage is that the desired damping performance is also achieved with silencers that are not firmly attached to the barrel of the firearm (for example, the silencer can be attached to the grip of the weapon).
  • the damper insert of the silencer according to the invention has a significantly larger surface area than a damper insert of a silencer known from the prior art.
  • the surface of the damper insert of the silencer according to the invention can be more than 1,000 times larger than the surface of a damper insert of a silencer known from the prior art.
  • Yet another advantage of the silencer according to the invention is that due to the high open porosity of the material of the silencer insert, there is no first-round pop or first-round pop. The silencer according to the invention thus develops its full damping performance with the first shot.
  • damper inserts can be produced particularly advantageously with these materials which, in addition to the high specific rigidity and strength, also have a high open porosity and open-cell structure and at the same time have a very low specific density.
  • the material of the damper insert can be foamed.
  • metal foams, ceramic foams, carbon foams, or combinations thereof, which are open-cell and have a high open porosity can be used to produce the damper insert. It has proven advantageous if the damper insert has a pore density of between 5 ppi (pores per inch) and 200 ppi, preferably between 10 ppi and 100 ppi.
  • the pores or cavities formed in the damper insert are connected to one another and to the environment in such a way that that the gas expanding in the muffler housing or in the at least one gas expansion chamber is at least partially absorbed by the muffler insert during an expansion phase and is thereby slowed down and/or cooled.
  • the cavities or pores which are connected to one another and to the environment provide an open-cell material structure which has an even higher specific surface area and an even lower specific density, with the expanding gas being able to flow through the damper insert. With the same damping performance, the size and weight of the silencer can be reduced even further. If the size of the muffler remains the same, however, the muffling performance can be increased even further.
  • channels which are open on one or both sides and open into the shot channel are formed in the damper insert.
  • the expanding gases can reach areas of the damper insert that are otherwise "covered” more quickly, so that a more even spread of the gas within the damper insert is ensured.
  • At least some of the channels may be interconnected.
  • the damper insert is detachably arranged in the muffler housing.
  • the damper insert can thus be removed from the muffler housing for cleaning purposes, for example.
  • damper insert is particularly easy to clean under running water or in a conventional dishwasher.
  • the shot channel of the silencer can be formed at least partially in the silencer insert.
  • Exactly one gas expansion chamber can be formed in the muffler housing of the muffler, with exactly one damper insert being arranged in this one gas expansion chamber.
  • a handgun having a silencer according to the invention.
  • the locking flap prevents the hot gas that has entered the silencer housing from escaping between the silencer and the barrel from the silencer housing.
  • the locking mechanism or the locking device is designed in such a way that the locking flap only closes the first opening in a gas-tight manner when the gas escaping from the barrel has been almost completely absorbed by the silencer housing.
  • a silencer with such a locking device can be used in an advantageous manner for firearms in which the silencer is not firmly connected to the barrel.
  • the adjusting means can be arranged in the rear end wall and can be moved in the axial direction relative to the muffler housing, with the adjusting means protruding on the one hand out of the rear end wall and on the other hand protruding into the interior of the muffler housing, with moving the adjusting means causing the closure flap to pivot into the second pivoted position causes.
  • closure flap is assigned a restoring means which is adapted to pivot the closure flap from the second pivoted position into the first pivoted position.
  • the closure flap can thus be pivoted back and forth between the first pivoted position and the second pivoted position with the aid of the adjusting means and the restoring means.
  • the adjusting means is adapted to interact with a front end section, in particular the barrel, breech or a part of the firearm that can be moved axially relative to the grip.
  • the actuating means is moved in the axial direction into the interior of the silencer housing by moving the front end section axially toward the rear end wall of the silencer housing, thereby causing the closure flap to pivot into the second pivoted position.
  • the adjusting means is thereby pressed into the interior of the silencer housing, so that the adjusting means brings the closure flap into the second pivoted position, in which the closure flap is arranged completely outside the firing channel.
  • the barrel, the breech or the part that can be moved axially relative to the grip moves backwards so that the restoring means can bring the locking flap into the first pivoted position, in which the locking flap opens the first opening in the rear end wall sealed gas-tight.
  • the adjusting means is pushed backwards in the axial direction.
  • the adjusting means can include a bolt.
  • the return means may include a return spring.
  • the damper insert 30 is designed in one piece here. However, it can also be configured in several parts. The multi-part configuration is recommended when several separate gas expansion chambers are configured in the muffler housing 20 .
  • the damper insert 30 comprises a material 30b that has a high open porosity and an open cell structure.
  • the damper insert can be made from a metal, in particular aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel, iron or combinations thereof, from a ceramic, from carbon or combinations thereof.
  • the high open porosity or open-cell structure can be produced by means of foaming processes known per se. Materials produced in this way have a low density due to pores and cavities and at the same time have a high specific rigidity and strength, as a result of which an extremely low weight of the damper insert is achieved. Due to the high open porosity and open-cell structure of the material, the damper insert has an extremely large surface. For example, damper inserts can be provided in this way, the surface of which is more than 1,000 times larger than the surface of conventional damper inserts. The extremely large surface allows the gases expanding in the expansion chamber of the muffler housing to cool extremely quickly on the one hand and slow down extremely quickly on the other.
  • the expanding gas can flow through the material.
  • channels 31 to be provided in the dampener insert, which open into the firing channel 23 which can be formed in the dampener insert 30 .
  • the channels 31 can also be connected to one another via transverse channels.
  • the gas expanding in the muffler body is forced into the muffler insert, slowing down and cooling the gas.
  • FIG 4 shows a silencer 10 according to the invention with a silencer housing 20 and a silencer insert 30 arranged in the silencer housing 20.
  • the silencer housing 20 has a rear end wall 21a, which faces the barrel of the weapon when the silencer is used as intended. Further, the muffler case 20 has a front end wall 21b opposed to the rear end wall 21a.
  • Openings 22a, 22b are formed in the rear end wall 21a and in the front end wall 21b and are connected to one another via a firing channel 23.
  • the barrel of the weapon can engage in the rear opening 22a.
  • the firing channel 23 itself can be formed in the damper insert 30, i.e. the firing channel 23 leads through the damper insert 30.
  • the silencer 10 according to the invention can also be used for weapons on which the silencer is not firmly connected to the weapon barrel.
  • the silencer according to the invention can also be used for weapons that have a movable weapon barrel or one that runs backwards. Because the gas cools down extremely quickly, it is largely guaranteed, even with guns with a receding gun barrel, that almost no gases escape between the barrel and the silencer.
  • the silencer has a fastening rail 15 on the rear end wall 21a, with which the silencer can be detachably fastened to a grip of the weapon.
  • the gun barrel can thus move independently of the silencer, which is particularly advantageous for guns with a barrel that runs backwards and tilts.
  • the silencer 10 according to the invention can also be attached to the barrel of a weapon that has a receding and tilting barrel. Because of the extremely low specific density of the material of the silencer insert, a particularly light silencer can be provided, which affects the return speed of the barrel and thus the self-loading function of the weapon only insignificantly or not at all.
  • a silencer 10 according to the invention which can be attached to a gun barrel, in particular also to a gun barrel of a firearm that has a receding and tilting barrel, is in figure 5 shown.
  • a damper insert 30 is arranged in the silencer housing 20 , the shot channel 23 also being formed in the damper insert 30 here.
  • the Dampener insert 30 also has a plurality of radially extending channels 31 in order to transport the expanding gas in the gas expansion chamber as quickly as possible to the peripheral areas of the dampener insert.
  • muffler inserts can be manufactured that weigh less than 250 grams down to less than 50 grams. The overall weight of the muffler is thus essentially determined by the muffler housing 20 .
  • the size of the muffler can be significantly reduced while maintaining the muffler properties, which in turn leads to a reduced overall weight of the muffler.
  • the muffler housing 20 can be made of a lighter material, at least in sections, so that the overall weight of the muffler can be reduced even further.
  • the material of the muffler housing 20 does not have to have the stability of the materials of conventional muffler housings because the expanding gas in the gas expansion chamber cools down considerably faster than in conventional mufflers and the pressure also falls considerably faster.
  • FIG. 6 shows in figure (a) a section of a material used for a damper insert which has a pore density of 25 ppi and in figure (b) shows a section of a material 30b for a damper insert according to the invention with a pore density of 90 ppi.
  • the pores or cavities are connected to each other and to the environment in such a way that the expanding gas can flow through the damper insert, so that in the Compared to conventional damper inserts, internal sections of the damper insert that are not visible from the outside also contribute effectively to damping.
  • FIG. 7 shows a silencer not according to the invention with a silencer housing and with a locking device, in figure (a) the entire silencer relative to the front end section of a weapon, in figure (c) the silencer in the area of the rear end wall with the locking device in a first pivoted position, and Figure (b) shows the rear end wall of the muffler housing with a locking device in a second pivoted position.
  • the silencer housing 20 has a first opening 22a in the rear end wall 21a and a second opening 22b in the front end wall 21b, between which a firing channel 23 is formed.
  • a closure device 40 is arranged in the region of the opening 22a in the rear end wall 21a, with which the opening 22a can be closed in a gas-tight manner.
  • the locking device 40 is open so that the projectile can pass through the firing channel 23 unhindered.
  • the rear opening 22a is closed with the aid of the closure device 40, so that the hot gases that have entered the silencer housing can no longer escape through the rear opening 22a and are thus forced to expand further in the silencer housing and continue to cool there.
  • Figure (b) shows a closure device 40 which is in a second closure position or pivot position S2.
  • the closure device consists of a closure flap 41 and an adjusting means 42 that interacts with the closure flap 41 .
  • the closure flap 41 is arranged inside the silencer housing 20 and can be pivoted about a pivot axis 43 stored.
  • the adjusting means 42 is mounted in the rear end wall 21a in an axially displaceable manner.
  • the actuating means 22 interacts with a front end section 50, for example the breech block 51 of the weapon.
  • FIG (b) the breech block 51 of the weapon is shown in a position before a shot is fired.
  • the locking piece 51 is in contact with the rear end wall 21a of the silencer, so that the locking piece pushes the adjusting means 42 so far into the interior of the silencer housing that the locking flap 41 is brought into the second pivoted position S2, in which the locking flap 41 is completely outside the firing channel 23 is located and thus an unimpeded passage of the projectile through the firing channel 23 is ensured when the shot is fired.
  • the breech block 21 moves back in the axial direction, thereby moving away from the rear end wall 21a of the silencer 10, as shown in figure (c).
  • the adjusting means 42 is released or the adjusting means 42 is no longer pressed against the closing flap 41 by the closing piece 51 .
  • a return means assigned to the closure flap 41 such as a return spring
  • the closure flap 41 is brought from the second pivoted position S2 into the first pivoted position S1, in which the closure flap 41 largely gas-tightly closes the opening 22a in the rear end wall 21a.
  • the actuating means 42 is moved backwards in the axial direction, so that the actuating means 42 partially protrudes from the rear end wall 21a.
  • the closure piece 51 is moved back and the closure flap 41 is thus pivoted from the second pivoted position S2 into the first pivoted position S1 due to the inertia of the closure piece 51 with a certain, albeit minimal, delay which is sufficient for the explosive gases to escape after the shot has been fired, can exit the barrel of the weapon and enter the silencer housing 20 before the closure flap 41 completely closes the rear opening 22a. After the rear opening 22a has been closed by the closing flap 41, no more gas escapes from this opening. Backlogged gases remain inside the muffler where they are cooled and slowed down.
  • the breech 21 moves axially forwards again until it again assumes the position shown in figure (b) and the breech mechanism 40 uncovers the rear opening 22a again.
  • Silencer shown with a closure device 40 can also be used in combination with the aforementioned damper insert.
  • Silencer 10 shown with a locking device 40 is particularly suitable for weapons with a receding barrel in which the silencer cannot be attached to the barrel.
  • the provision of the locking device 40 ensures that almost no more gas that could generate a sound pressure escapes between the silencer and the barrel of the weapon.
  • the closure flap 41 only has to remain closed until the explosion gases have cooled to a predetermined temperature or until the explosion gases have slowed down below a certain speed at which the escaping gases no longer cause any sound pressure.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Helmets And Other Head Coverings (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Silencieux (10) pour une arme de poing, comprenant
    - un boîtier de silencieux (20) comportant une paroi frontale arrière (21), laquelle, lors de l'usage conforme du silencieux, fait face à un canon de l'arme de poing, et une paroi frontale avant (21b) opposée à la paroi frontale arrière (21a), dans lequel une première ouverture (22a) est située dans la paroi frontale arrière (21a) et une seconde ouverture (22b) est située dans la paroi frontale avant (21b), dans lequel un canal de tir (23) s'étend entre les deux ouvertures (22a ; 22b), et
    - au moins un insert amortisseur (30),
    dans lequel au moins une chambre de dilatation de gaz (25) est formée à l'intérieur du boîtier de silencieux (20), laquelle est reliée au canal de tir (23), dans lequel l'au moins un insert amortisseur (30) est disposé dans l'au moins une des au moins une chambre de dilatation de gaz (25), et dans lequel l'au moins un insert amortisseur (30) comportant une matière stable présentant une porosité ouverte élevée, dans lequel la matière de l'insert amortisseur (30) comporte au moins un élément dans le groupe constitué par
    - l'aluminium, le cuivre, le zinc, le nickel, le fer ou leurs combinaisons,
    - la céramique,
    - le carbone, le noir de carbone,
    - et leurs
    combinaisons,
    dans lequel des canaux (31) ouverts sur un côté ou sur les deux côtés, lesquels débouchent dans le canal de tir (23), sont formés dans l'insert amortisseur (30), et
    dans lequel l'insert amortisseur (30) est disposé de manière amovible dans le boîtier de silencieux (20).
  2. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la matière de l'insert amortisseur (30) est expansée.
  3. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'insert amortisseur (30) présente une densité de pores comprise entre 5 ppi (pores par pouce = 0,20 pores/mm) et 200 ppi (7,9 pores/mm), de préférence entre 10 ppi (0,39 pores/mm) et 100 ppi (3,9 pores/mm).
  4. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les pores ou cavités formées dans l'insert amortisseur (30) sont reliées les unes aux autres et à l'environnement de telle sorte que le gaz se dilatant dans le boîtier de silencieux (20) ou dans l'au moins une chambre de dilatation de gaz (25) est au moins partiellement absorbé par l'insert amortisseur (30) pendant la phase de dilatation et est ainsi ralenti et/ou refroidi.
  5. Silencieux selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel au moins certains des canaux (31) sont reliés les uns aux autres.
  6. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le canal de tir (25) est formé au moins partiellement dans l'insert amortisseur (30).
  7. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel exactement une chambre de dilatation de gaz (25) est formée dans le boîtier de silencieux (20) et dans lequel exactement un insert amortisseur (30) est disposé dans ladite chambre de dilatation de gaz (25).
  8. Silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'insert amortisseur (30) est conçu monobloc.
  9. Arme de poing comportant un silencieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
EP16722237.1A 2016-05-12 2016-05-12 Silencieux pour une arme à feu Active EP3455578B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2016/060794 WO2017194150A1 (fr) 2016-05-12 2016-05-12 Silencieux pour une arme à feu

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3455578A1 EP3455578A1 (fr) 2019-03-20
EP3455578B1 true EP3455578B1 (fr) 2022-08-17

Family

ID=55967299

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP16722237.1A Active EP3455578B1 (fr) 2016-05-12 2016-05-12 Silencieux pour une arme à feu

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20190128632A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3455578B1 (fr)
BR (1) BR112018073292B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2017194150A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201808037B (fr)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11268776B1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2022-03-08 F.M. Products Inc Expansion chamber assembly and a method of manufacturing the same
US11092399B2 (en) * 2019-09-05 2021-08-17 Centre Firearms Co., Inc. Monolithic noise suppression device with cooling features
US11353277B2 (en) * 2020-04-22 2022-06-07 Battle Born Supply Co. Sound suppressor
US12449219B2 (en) 2021-08-30 2025-10-21 Maxim Defense Industries, LLC Firearm suppressor and self-torquing feature
USD1069018S1 (en) 2021-10-25 2025-04-01 Maxim Defense Industries, LLC Firearm suppressor core
US12247800B2 (en) 2021-12-17 2025-03-11 Battle Born Supply Co. Heat protective sleeve
USD1080791S1 (en) * 2022-01-14 2025-06-24 Maxim Defense Industries, LLC Firearm suppressor core
US12298096B2 (en) 2022-01-14 2025-05-13 Maxim Defense Industries, LLC Firearm suppressor assembly, and apparatus and method for audible signature reduction of a firearm
USD1057070S1 (en) * 2022-01-14 2025-01-07 Maxim Defense Industries, LLC Firearm suppressor core
US20250075994A1 (en) * 2023-08-31 2025-03-06 Impact, Inc. Firearm accessory system and device
WO2025096038A1 (fr) * 2023-10-31 2025-05-08 Centre Firearms Co., Inc. Dispositif de suppression à porosité volontairement induite pour arme à feu

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999004215A1 (fr) * 1997-07-17 1999-01-28 Ultramet Suppresseur de lueur de depart
AT502653B1 (de) 2005-09-15 2007-05-15 Gaston Glock Schalldämpfer
US8807005B2 (en) * 2012-08-10 2014-08-19 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Firearm suppressor having enhanced thermal management for rapid heat dissipation
US9546838B2 (en) * 2014-06-09 2017-01-17 Emporeum Plastics Corporation Porous matrix sound suppressor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2017194150A1 (fr) 2017-11-16
US20190128632A1 (en) 2019-05-02
EP3455578A1 (fr) 2019-03-20
ZA201808037B (en) 2019-08-28
BR112018073292A2 (pt) 2019-02-19
BR112018073292B1 (pt) 2022-06-28

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