Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
  • A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
  • A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings
  • A01N43/38—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/37—Polymers
  • C11D3/3796—Amphoteric polymers or zwitterionic polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
  • C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
  • C11D3/3935—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts granulated, coated or protected
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
  • C11D3/3951—Bleaching agents combined with specific additives
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
  • D06M13/224—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic acid
  • D06M13/236—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic acid containing halogen atoms
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
  • D06M23/12—Processes in which the treating agent is incorporated in microcapsules

Definitions

• This invention relates in general to encapsulation materials and methods, and in particular to active ingredients releasably encapsulated by amphiphilic materials.
• Encapsulation may be employed for a variety of reasons, including protecting active ingredients from oxidation, preventing volatile losses, preventing chemical reaction or improving the handling characteristics of active ingredients.
• the protective coating or shell is ruptured at the time of desired action of the ingredient. The rupturing of the protective shell is typically brought about through the application of chemical or physical stimuli such as pressure, shear, melting, response solvent action, enzyme attack, chemical reaction or physical disintegration.
• FIG. 1 is a flow chart of one embodiment of the encapsulation of an active ingredient with a copolymer.
• Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an active ingredient being releasably encapsulated in polymer micelles.
• Figure 3 is a bar graph showing the results of a micellar disintegration study.
• Figures 4A and 4B show an active ingredient before and after encapsulation as analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays, as described in Example 2.
• Figures 5A and 5B show electron microscope images of an active ingredient before and after encapsulation, as described in Example 2.
• Figures 6A and 6B show graphs of the particle size distribution of an active ingredient before and after encapsulation, as described in Example 2.
• the present invention relates to a releasable encapsulation composition
• a releasable encapsulation composition comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising an amphiphilic material encapsulating a substance such as an active ingredient.
• the substance is releasable from encapsulation by a change in the amphiphilic material triggered by a change in the environment around the capsule. Changes in the environment around the capsule include, but are not limited to dilution of a liquid in which the capsules are dispersed, and changes in the pH of the liquid.
• the encapsulating materials have well- balanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemical moieties that are useful for encapsulating active ingredients which can be released when desired upon dilution.
• the addition of materials with well-balanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties to an active ingredient results in the encapsulation of the active ingredient via association of the amphiphilic materials onto the active ingredient.
• the association of the material onto the active ingredient may be driven by one or a combination of noncovalent forces such as dipole, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, electrostatic, cation-pi electron interaction, or hydrophobic effects.
• the association of the amphiphilic material will be strong at low liquid content, and as the concentration of liquid increases (dilution), the association weakens which results in the release of the active ingredient.
• the liquid is typically water; however, other liquids could also be used. Suitable liquids include, but are not limited to water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexane, nonane, dodecane, N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide.
• the pH of the mixture can be changed by adding a compound which is more acidic or more basic than the solution with the capsules, causing the release of the active ingredient.
• the amphiphilic material is a material composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions or parts, which in certain embodiments are hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections or blocks. In certain embodiments involving block copolymers or surfactants useful for forming micelles, the amphiphilic material has a hydrophilic- lipophilic balance (HLB) within a range of from about 1 to about 20, or from about 1 1 to about 20, or from about 14 to about 18.
• HLB hydrophilic- lipophilic balance
• the hydrophilic portion anchors the encapsulated substance, and the hydrophobic portion forms a shell wall of the capsule.
• the amphiphilic material is a polymer, and more particularly, a copolymer such as a graft copolymer or a block copolymer.
• the amphiphilic material may be included in one or more of the following classes of materials: a graft copolymer, a modified N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine, a cationic nanoparticle, a diblock or triblock copolymer, an ionic or nonionic surfactant, a low surface energy silica, a Guerbet ester, or a poly(stearyl methacrylate -co- acrylic acid).
• a graft copolymer a modified N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine
• a cationic nanoparticle a diblock or triblock copolymer
• an ionic or nonionic surfactant a low surface energy silica, a Guerbet ester, or a poly(stearyl methacrylate -co- acrylic acid).
• amphiphilic material may be one or more of the following:
• non-ionic graft copolymer such as poly(lauiylmethacrylate)-g- polyethylene oxide (PLMA-g-PEG) (50:50, 75:25) or hydrophobically modified starch; a material prepared by modification of N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2- hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine with trimethyl silyl chloride, with epoxy, or with a fluorinated epoxy mixture of poly(dimethyl siloxane)-amine (PDMS-amine) with fluoro trichlorosilane 1% siloxane/N-alkyl emulsion;
• PLMA-g-PEG poly(lauiylmethacrylate)-g- polyethylene oxide
• PDMS-amine fluoro trichlorosilane 1% siloxane/N-alkyl emulsion
• a cationic nanoparticle such as a cationic nanoparticle prepared as described in the US patent 9,000,203 by a sol-gel condensation of 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and tridecafluoro-l,l,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl triethoxysilane.
• a cationic nanoparticle such as a cationic nanoparticle prepared as described in the US patent 9,000,203 by a sol-gel condensation of 3- aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and a non-bioaccumulating fluorosilane such as trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane
• non-ionic triblock polymer obtained by reacting monomethoxy terminated poly ethylene oxide with heptadecane dicarboxylic acid methyl ester
• non-ionic triblock polymer obtained by reacting monohydroxyl terminated poly ethylene oxide with heptadecane dicarboxylic acid such as C19 di- PEG
• a heptadecane carboxylic acid ester salts such as C19 di-acid salts with, Na+, K+, or Ca 2+ ions;
• a tert-octyl phenol derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone such as
• a poly(dimethyl siloxane) derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone or a poly(dimethyl siloxane) derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone; a low surface energy nonionic surfactant, such as isostearic acid- g-PEG;
• a low surface energy graft copolymer such as isostearic acid PEG triblock ester or isostearic acid-ester- co - PEG - methacrylate;
• a low surface energy silica such as isostearic acid ester silica
• a Guerbet ester such as a highly branched tri-isostearic acid citrate ester
• poly(stearyl methacrylate co acrylic acid) such as poly(stearyl methacrylate) - co- acrylic acid (PSMA - co- AA) 80:20;
• non-ionic diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1-bromo octadecane
• nonionic triblock copolymer prepared by reacting di hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1-bromo octadecane
• non-ionic diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with linolenic acid
• non-ionic diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with linoleic acid.
• cationic non-bio accumulating fluoropolymer we mean a fluoropolymer with less than a 6 fluorocarbon chain.
• low surface energy we mean the surface energy is less than about 20 dynes/cm.
• the encapsulated substance can be liquid, solid, gas, or combinations thereof.
• the substance may be an active ingredient; i.e., a component of a chemical product which helps directly in achieving its performance objectives.
• active ingredients are bleach activators, peroxygen compounds, functional polymeric binders (for example isocyanate functional polymer, epoxy functional polymer, amino functional polymer, acrylate functional polymer, carboxyl functional polymer, hydroxyl functional polymer, cyclic carbonate functional polymer, trialkoxy silyl functional polymer).
• the active ingredient may be bleach activator, such as tetraacetylethylene-diamine (TAED),
• nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate NOBS
• peroxygen compounds such as sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, or ⁇ -phthalimido-peroxy-hexanoic acid (PAP).
• the substance may be encapsulated by the amphiphilic material by any suitable method.
• Some encapsulation techniques include, but are not limited to, dispersion, suspension, emulsification, and coating via conventional and electrostatic spray.
• the active ingredient When the active ingredient is a solid or a liquid, it can be mixed in a solution of the amphiphilic material.
• the amphiphilic material forms a coating around the solid or liquid particles.
• the active ingredient can be dissolved in a solvent (such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexane, nonane, dodecane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide) before being mixed into the solution of amphiphilic material.
• a solvent such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexane, nonane, dodecane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide
• the solvent used to dissolve the amphiphilic material should be immiscible with the solvent used to dissolve the active ingredient.
• the active ingredient to be encapsulated is soluble in water (e.g., a water soluble functional polymer binder, such as an amino functional polymer such as polyethylene imine), then an organic solvent is used to dissolve the amphiphilic material, and water to dissolve the active ingredient.
• a water soluble functional polymer binder such as an amino functional polymer such as polyethylene imine
• Solid or liquid active ingredients should be sparingly soluble in the liquid used for the solution of the amphiphilic material.
• sparingly soluble we mean the solubility of the solute is less than about 3 g in 100 ml of the liquid.
• Gases can be encapsulated by bubbling the gas through the solution containing the amphiphilic material.
• the capsules can be nanocapsules and/or microcapsules.
• the capsules are typically in the range of about 10 nm to about 500 ⁇ , or about 0.1 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ , or about 1 ⁇ to about 50 ⁇ .
• the capsules are stable at alkaline pH.
• an additional surfactant or co- surfactant
• co-surfactants include, but are not limited to, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, Sodium laureth sulfate, Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, Sodium myreth sulfate, Sodium
• nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate Sodium stearate, Sulfolipid, Benzalkonium chloride, Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide, Cetylpyridinium chloride,
• FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the encapsulation of an active ingredient with an amphiphilic material.
• an active ingredient such as TAED
• a solvent such as hexane.
• amphiphilic material is added.
• the amphiphilic material forms micelles.
• the micelles are deposited onto the active ingredient with the amphiphilic material. Otherwise, the amphiphilic material encapsulates the active ingredient without forming micelles.
• the product can then be isolated in step 120.
• the release rate of the active ingredient from the capsules is controlled by a number of factors.
• One is the amount of amphiphilic material used in step 100. Higher amounts of amphiphilic material in step 100 result in decreased release rates of the active ingredient.
• the release rate of the active ingredient from the capsules is further controlled by the CMC of the amphiphilic material used in step 100. The higher the CMC of the amphiphilic material in step 100, the lower the release rate of the active ingredient.
• the release rate of active ingredient from the capsules is further controlled by the ratio of organic solvents to the active ingredients in step 105. The higher the ratio of organic solvents to the active ingredients in step 105, the lower the release rate of the active ingredient.
• the amphiphilic material is an amphiphilic polymer capable of forming a micelle around the substance when the capsule is dispersed in a liquid.
• the substance is releasable from encapsulation by a change in the association of the micelle onto the substance triggered by a change in the liquid. For example, this may involve the micelle coming apart from the substance, such as by exfoliating rather than solubilizing, when the liquid is diluted or the pH of the liquid is changed.
• exfoliating we mean the amphiphilic material disassociates from the substance.
• solubilizing we meant the dissolution of the amphiphilic material when diluted in the liquid.
• Micelles form only when the concentration of the polymer is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
• capsules have a CMC within a range of from about 0.0001 wt% to about 50 wt%.
• micelles only form when the temperature is above the critical micelle temperature (CMT) (also known as the cloud point or Krafft temperature).
• CMT critical micelle temperature
• the CMT depends on a number of factors including the molecular weight of the polymer, the ratio of the hydrophobic portion to the hydrophilic portion, and functionality of the hydrophilic moiety. In general, the higher the amount of the hydrophobic portion, the higher the critical micelle temperature.
• block copolymers having a number average molecular weight less than 100,000 kD will form micelles.
• amphiphilic polymers forming micelles include, but are not limited to, PEO-PPO-PEO, PEO-PPO, PDMS- PEO-PDMS, PDMS-PEO, C19-diPEG, diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1-bromo octadecane, nonionic triblock copolymer prepared by reacting di hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1-bromo octadecane, C19 dicarboxylic acid salts, tert-octyl phenol derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone, nonyl phenol derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone, and poly(dimethyl siloxane) derivative of sulfonated dichloro diphenyl sulfone.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the encapsulation of an active ingredient in amphiphilic micelles.
• an amphiphilic material 205 is dispersed in a solvent, such as water.
• the amphiphilic material 205 has a hydrophilic segment 210 and a hydrophobic segment 215.
• the hydrophobic segment 215 of the amphiphilic material is adsorbed onto the active ingredient 220.
• the amphiphilic material 205 forms micelles 230 around the active ingredient 220.
• the active ingredient 220 is encapsulated inside a hydrophobic core of the micelle 230 formed by the hydrophobic segment 215 of the amphiphilic material 205.
• the hydrophilic segment 210 of the amphiphilic material 205 extends radially outward and forms the shell of the micelle 230.
• the micelles 230 come apart and thereby release the active ingredient 220 into the solvent. This can occur, for example, by dilution of the aqueous medium.
• the pH of the solvent can be changed by adding an acidic or basic component, leading to the destruction of the micelles 230.
• Figure 3 illustrates the disintegration of micelles by dilution with water in graphical form.
• the amphiphilic material was a non-ionic diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1-bromo octadecane.
• the surface tension of the water was 37.5 dynes/cm (bar 1).
• the surface tension of the water was 38.1 dynes/cm (bar 2).
• the surface tension of the water was 42.1 dynes/cm (bar 3).
• the surface tension of the water was 54.1 dynes/cm (bar 4).
• the surface tension of water is 70 dynes/cm (bar 5).
• a preferred amphiphilic material is poly(acrylic acid)/ poly(stearyl methacrylate co ⁇ , ⁇ '-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate).
• ⁇ - phthalimido-peroxy-hexanoic acid PAP
• a preferred amphiphilic material is a diblock copolymer prepared by reacting mono hydroxy polyethylene oxide with 1- bromo octadecane.
• the present invention relates to a product including the above-described releasable encapsulation composition, and one or more additional ingredients useful for formulating the product.
• Additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, thickening agents (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone, and carboxyl methyl cellulose), and co-solvents (e.g., glycerol, and 1,2- propylene glycol).
• Some non-limiting examples of categories of products are cleaning products, oxygen delivery products, and personal care products.
• the product may be a cleaning product for consumer or industrial applications, or an oxygen delivery product for wound care.
• amphiphilic material poly(ethylene oxide)-b- octadecane
• Figures 4A-7B show confirmation that TAED is encapsulated in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG) using ED AX (Energy
• ED AX is an x-ray spectroscopic method for determining elemental compositions.
• SEM is an imaging method using electron beam.
• Figure 4A shows the original non- encapsulated TAED
• Figure 4B shows the encapsulated TAED in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG).
• Figures 5A-5B show electron microscope images of TAED encapsulated in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG) at lower magnification.
• Figure 5A shows the original non- encapsulated TAED
• Figure 5B shows the encapsulated TAED in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG).
• the nitrogen content of the non-encapsulated TAED is 20%, while the TAED encapsulated in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG) has a nitrogen content of 5%.
• the very low nitrogen content on the surface of the product confirms that the TAED is coated with nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA- g-PEG).
• Figures 6A-9B show charts of the particle size distribution of TAED.
• Figure 6A shows the particle size distribution of the original non-encapsulated TAED
• Figure 6B shows the particle size distribution of the encapsulated TAED in nonionic amphiphilic graft copolymer (PLMA-g-PEG).
• the non encapsulated TAED had a majority of particles between 20-30 microns.
• poly stearyl methacrylate -co- N,N'-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate was made as follows:
• the contents were heated to 60°C, and the reaction conditions were maintained for 18 hours.
• the flask was slowly cooled to room temperature, and the contents were transferred to a one neck 250 mL flask.
• the solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator to yield the amphiphilic material.
• TAED was coated with poly acrylic acid as described in Example of B of US patent 8193142.
• the third step 15 grams of the surfactant obtained from first step was charged into a 500 mL roundbottom flask and 250 grams of hexane was added. To this mixture, 15 grams of the product obtained from second step was added, and the mixture was mixed over a stir plate for 3 hours. The hexane was removed using rotary evaporator to obtain the encapsulated TAED.

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• 2017
  • 2017-04-08 WO PCT/US2017/026726 patent/WO2017177210A1/en not_active Ceased
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  • 2017-04-08 EP EP17718699.6A patent/EP3440182A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2017-04-08 MX MX2018012291A patent/MX394265B/es unknown
  • 2017-04-08 US US16/091,606 patent/US10952431B2/en active Active
  • 2017-04-08 US US16/091,610 patent/US11375714B2/en active Active
  • 2017-04-08 EP EP17719428.9A patent/EP3439470B1/de active Active

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