EP2820705A1 - Sulfates utiles comme matériaux d'électrode - Google Patents
Sulfates utiles comme matériaux d'électrodeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2820705A1 EP2820705A1 EP13714986.0A EP13714986A EP2820705A1 EP 2820705 A1 EP2820705 A1 EP 2820705A1 EP 13714986 A EP13714986 A EP 13714986A EP 2820705 A1 EP2820705 A1 EP 2820705A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- sulfate
- compound
- iron
- oxidation state
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 28
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 172
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L Ferrous fumarate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910009703 Li2Fe2(SO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZRXGCJAFQUBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound OC(O)=O.CC1COC(=O)O1 ZRXGCJAFQUBZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006112 polar polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-4-methylpentanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C(O)=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical class O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical group C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010710 LiFePO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N‐diethylformamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C=O SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000528 Na alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021260 NaFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005910 alkyl carbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous methyl formate Natural products COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RKGLUDFWIKNKMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;sulfate;hydrate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RKGLUDFWIKNKMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- FWFGVMYFCODZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound O.OS(O)(=O)=O FWFGVMYFCODZRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002468 redox effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001174 sulfone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/96—Methods for the preparation of sulfates in general
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sulphate-containing electrode material as an active ingredient, as well as to a process for its production.
- Lithium batteries using an insertion compound are known as the operating basis of the positive electrode, such as Li x CoO 2 (0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) which is used pure or in solid solution with nickel, manganese and / or aluminum.
- the main obstacles to the generalization of this type of electrochemistry are the scarcity of cobalt and the excessively positive potential of the transition oxides, with consequent safety problems for the battery.
- the carbon deposition is carried out at high temperature, under reducing conditions.
- transition elements other than Fe 11 and Mn 11 , the elements Co 11 and Ni 11 being easily reduced to the metallic state. It is the same for Fe m , Mn 111 , Cr m , V m , which are interesting dopants to increase the ionic or electronic conductivity.
- patent application US-2005/0163699 describes the ceramic preparation of compounds A to M b (SO 4 ) c Z d cited above.
- M is Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, (MnMg), (FeZn), or (FeCo).
- M is Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, (MnMg), (FeZn), or (FeCo).
- These compounds are prepared by ceramic means from LiF precursor of Li and sulfate of the element or elements M.
- the most interesting are the compounds which contain Fe, because in addition to their relatively low cost, they are susceptible on the basis of structural and chemical considerations (especially ionocovalence of bonds) to exhibit valuable electrochemical properties in a desirable range of potential to ensure reliable use for high volume applications.
- the red color found in the compounds obtained at different temperatures is due to the O 2+ / Fe 3+ combination in a crystalline mesh such as oxide Fe 2 O 3 . It is also known that the Fe 11 compounds oxidize in air at 200 ° C giving Fe m , and the preparation of Example 2 at 400 ° C in air confirms it.
- the iron-containing compounds which are prepared by ceramics from LiF and iron sulphate according to US-2005/0163699 are therefore not constituted by LiFeSO 4 F. Similarly, it appears that the compounds in which M is Co, Nor are not stable at the temperatures used during the preparation recommended by the ceramic route. It is therefore not plausible that the compounds described in US-2005/0163699 have actually been obtained.
- the international application WO 2010/046608 describes the ionothermal preparation of various polyanionic fluorinated compounds of alkali metal (Li or Na) and of transition metal, said compounds being useful as electrode active material.
- the transition metal is Fe are particularly interesting, because of the high abundance of sources and the non-toxicity of Fe, in particular LiFeSO 4 F with a tavorite structure, NaFeSO 4 F, LiFePO 4 , LiFePO F 4, LiFePO 4 Na 2 Feo.95Mn 0. 5 o F P0 4, LiFe 1-y Mn y SO 4 F. M.
- Ati, et al. [Electrochemistry Communications 13, (201 1) 1280-1283] describe the preparation of a pure compound of formula LiFeSO 4 F with a triplite structure.
- U.S. Patent 5,908,716 discloses sulfate and at least one transition metal compounds and their use as a positive electrode active material. These compounds have the formula A x M y (SO 4 ) z wherein x, y and z are> 0, A is selected from alkali metals, M is a metal, preferably a transition metal.
- the iron-based compounds specifically mentioned herein are as follows: Li 3 Fe (SO 4), L ⁇ Fe ⁇ SO ⁇ , Na Fe (SO 4), and the intermediate compositions Li xl Na x2 V y IFE y2 (SO 4) 2 and Li Na xl x2 y2 IFE V y (SO 4). US Pat. No.
- the Li-ion or Na-ion battery technologies are initially assembled in the discharged state, that is to say using an active material at the negative electrode that can not initially release ions.
- alkaline eg electrodes based on graphite, amorphous carbon, Li 4 Ti 5 Oi 2 , etc.
- the active material at the positive electrode must therefore be the alkaline ion source material, i.e. it must be able to release alkaline ions when oxidized.
- the chemical formula of a positive electrode material must therefore initially contain lithium atoms in its structure as well as iron atoms in the +11 oxidation state.
- iron in the +11 oxidation state oxidizes very easily to iron + III.
- the compounds based on iron + III are indeed very stable compounds. It is therefore more difficult to stabilize +11 iron-based phases than iron-based III + phases. It is necessary for this to work in very special conditions and difficult to implement, for example in acidic medium or reducing medium.
- an important criterion for selecting a compound as a cathode active material for a battery operated by alkaline ion (Li or Na) circulation is a high operating potential.
- the reported operating potentials are 3.4 V. Li ° / Li + for LiFePO 4 , 3.6 V vs. Li ° / Li + for Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , 3.6 V vs. Li ° / Li + for LiFeSO 4 F with a tavorite structure, and 3.9V vs. Li ° / Li + for LiFeSO 4 F with triplite structure.
- a sulphate-containing material has an electrochemical potential greater than the phosphate-like material
- a material containing two (SO 4 ) 2 - groups has an electrochemical potential greater than an analogous material containing only a sulfate group
- a material containing a group (SO 4 ) " and an anion F " has an electrochemical potential greater than a similar material containing two groups (SO 4 ) 2 " .
- the inventors have been able to stabilize polyanionic compounds based on sulfate, iron in the +11 oxidation state and alkali metal, and which, surprisingly, make it possible to reach high potentials, even though they do not contain fluorine, which can pose safety problems both in the production and in the use of electrochemical devices.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a new electrode material containing alkali metals and iron in the +11 oxidation state, free of fluorine and which nonetheless has a high operating potential, as well as a process which makes it possible to produce said material reliably, quickly and economically.
- An electrode material according to the present invention is characterized in that it contains, as positive electrode active material, at least one iron sulphate in the +11 oxidation state and the alkali corresponding to the formula (Nai -a b Li) x Fe y (sO 4) z (I) wherein the subscripts a, b, x, y and z are selected so as to ensure the electroneutrality of the compound, where 0 ⁇ a ⁇ l , 0 ⁇ b ⁇ l, l ⁇ x ⁇ 3, l ⁇ y ⁇ 2, l ⁇ z ⁇ 3, and 2 ⁇ (2z-x) / y ⁇ 3 so that at least some of the iron is in the oxidation state +11, excluding the Li 2 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 compound whose use as a positive electrode active ingredient has already been described, in particular in the patent application EP 0 743 692.
- the compounds of formula (I) not containing iron in the +11 oxidation state such as for example NaFe (SO 4 ) 2 and Na Fe (SO 4 ).
- An electrode material of the invention preferably contains at least 50% by weight of compound of formula (I), more preferably at least 80% by weight.
- the electrode material further contains an electronic conduction agent, and optionally a binder.
- the proportion of electronic conduction agent is preferably less than 15% by weight.
- the proportion of binder is preferably less than 10%.
- the sulphates of formula (I) used as active material in an electrode material according to the invention are new, with the exception of the compound Li 2 Fe 2 (SO 4 ), which however has never been obtained by direct synthesis (that is to say other than by reduction of the compound Fe 2 (SO 4 )). They constitute in this respect another object of the invention.
- a sulphate of formula (I) according to the present invention may be prepared by the ceramic route from precursor sulphates, in particular from lithium sulphate, sodium sulphate and iron sulphate.
- the precursors are mixed using amounts corresponding to the stoichiometry of the sulfate of formula (I).
- the precursors may be mixed for example in a mill to promote intimate contact between the precursors.
- the mixture is then subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature between 100 and 350 ° C.
- the sulfate of formula (I) containing iron in the +11 oxidation state, the heat treatment must be carried out under an inert or reducing atmosphere in order to prevent the oxidation of Fe II + to Fe III + .
- the synthesis may for example be carried out under vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere (argon for example).
- a sulphate of formula (I) according to the present invention may also be prepared ionothermally, from the same precursor sulphates mentioned for the ceramic route, in particular from lithium sulphate, sodium sulphate and sulphate of sulphate. iron.
- the precursors are mixed, using amounts corresponding to the stoichiometry of the sulfate of formula (I).
- the mixture of the precursors is then dispersed in an ionic liquid.
- the suspension thus formed is introduced into a reactor, in which it is subjected to a heat treatment for a few hours at a temperature above 100 ° C.
- the maximum temperature is determined by the stability of the ionic liquid used (for example by its decomposition temperature).
- ionic liquid is meant a compound which contains only anions and cations which compensate for their charges, and which is liquid at the temperature of the formation reaction of the compounds of the invention, either pure or in admixture with an additive. .
- the use of an ionic liquid is an inert reaction medium, which prevents the oxidation of iron +11.
- EMI-TFSI 1,3-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide
- a sulphate of formula (I) according to the present invention can also be prepared by "flash sintering", also known under the name SPS which is the acronym for the English expression “Spark Plasma Sintering”, from the same precursor sulphates than those mentioned for the ceramic route, in particular from lithium sulphate, sodium sulphate and iron sulphate.
- the precursors are mixed, using amounts corresponding to the stoichiometry of the sulfate of formula (I).
- the mixture of the precursor sulfates is then placed in a carbon matrix in a flash sintering apparatus (SPS) and the mixture is subjected to rapid heating at temperatures between 100 and 400 ° C for a duration of a few minutes to a few hours. while it is pressed at a pressure above 1 bar.
- SPS flash sintering apparatus
- the precursor sulphates may be hydrated sulphates or dehydrated sulphates.
- the dehydrated sulphates are obtained by simple heat treatment of commercial hydrated sulphates to the dehydration temperature specific to each of them.
- a sulphate of formula (I) in which at least a portion of the iron is in the Fe III + state can also be obtained by chemical or electrochemical oxidation of the analogous sulfate containing only Fe II + according to the general reaction:
- Suitable oxidizing agents mention may in particular be made of NO 2 BF 4 .
- the compound Li 2 Fe II + (SO 4 ) 2 is preferably prepared from Li 2 SO 4 and dehydrated FeSO 4 .
- the dehydrated sulphates are obtained from the commercial products FeSO 4 7H 2 O and Li 2 SO 4 -H 2 O.
- the two precursors, dehydrated or not, are mixed under an inert atmosphere, using amounts corresponding to the stoichiometry of the final material. .
- the mixture is then placed in an inert atmosphere and then subjected to heat treatment at a temperature between 200 ° C and 350 ° C.
- the mixture of the precursors can be carried out using an SPEX type mill, for example for two times 30 minutes.
- the inert atmosphere may be an argon atmosphere or a primary vacuum enclosure.
- the primary vacuum chamber may be a quartz or Pyrex® bulb.
- the heat treatment is carried out at a temperature preferably above 300 ° C.
- the duration of the heat treatment is preferably greater than 12 hours.
- the mixture of precursors subjected to the heat treatment can be in the form of pellets, which promotes the contact between the precursors, the possibility for the species to migrate, and thus obtaining a complete reaction and pure products.
- the compound Na 2 Fe II + (SO 4 ) 2 can be prepared from Na 2 SO 4 and FeSO 4 -7H 2 O.
- the precursors in stoichiometric quantities are mixed under an inert atmosphere.
- the mixture is then placed under an inert atmosphere and then subjected to heat treatment at a temperature between 140 and 300 ° C.
- the inert atmosphere may be nitrogen or argon, for example.
- the heat treatment can be carried out directly on the mixture of precursors in the form of powders.
- the precursors may be mixed by mechanical grinding, for example using an SPEX type mill for 20 minutes.
- the precursors can also be mixed by dissolving the precursors in water and evaporation between 20 ° C. and 100 ° C. with stirring. In this embodiment, it is preferable to work under anoxic conditions, in order to avoid the oxidation of Fe 11+ to Fe III +.
- the process is carried out in an electrochemical cell in which the active material of the positive electrode is the compound Na x > Fe y (SO 4 ) z , the anode is an anode containing lithium, and the electrolyte contains a salt. of lithium.
- the electrochemical cell is subjected to a charge / discharge cycle in the appropriate potential range, for example between 2.0 and 4.2V. Li + / Li °.
- This electrochemically is particularly advantageous to access the mixed sulfates of formula ( ⁇ ) (Nai -a b Li) x Fe (SO 4) 2 as described above.
- the process is carried out in an electrochemical cell in which the active material of the positive electrode is the compound Li x > Fe y (SO 4 ) z , the anode is an anode containing sodium, and the electrolyte contains a sodium salt.
- the electrochemical cell is subjected to a charge / discharge cycle in the appropriate potential range, for example, between 2.8 and 4.5V. Na + / Na °.
- This electrochemically is particularly advantageous to access the mixed sulfates of formula ( ⁇ ) (Nai -a b Li) x Fe (SO 4) 2 as described above.
- An electrode material containing the compound (I) according to the invention can be used in various electrochemical devices.
- an electrode material of the invention may be used for the manufacture of electrodes in electrochemical devices operating by circulation of alkaline ions (Li + or Na + ) in the electrolyte, such as in particular batteries, supercapacitors and electrochromic systems.
- An electrode containing an electrode material according to the invention can be prepared by depositing on a current collector a positive electrode composition containing a sulfate of formula (I).
- Said composition preferably further contains an electronic conduction agent, and optionally a binder.
- the sulfate content in said composition is preferably at least equal to 50% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight.
- the content of electronic conduction agent is less than 15% by weight, and the binder content is less than 10%.
- Said electrode composition is obtained by mixing the constituents in the appropriate proportions.
- the mixing can be carried out in particular by mechanical grinding.
- the electronic conduction agent may be, for example, a carbon black, an acetylene black, natural or synthetic graphite or carbon nanotubes.
- the optional binder of the positive electrode is preferably a polymer which has a high modulus of elasticity (of the order of several hundred MPa), and which is stable under the temperature and voltage conditions in which the electrode is intended to work.
- a polymer which has a high modulus of elasticity (of the order of several hundred MPa), and which is stable under the temperature and voltage conditions in which the electrode is intended to work.
- fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl fluoride or polyethylene tetrafluoride
- CMC carboxymethylcelluloses
- copolymers of ethylene and propylene or a mixture of at least two of these polymers.
- the material of the working electrode contains a polymeric binder
- a composition containing the sulfate of formula (I), the binder, a volatile solvent, and optionally an ionic conductive agent to apply said composition on a current collector, and to remove the volatile solvent by drying.
- the volatile solvent may be chosen for example from acetone, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, hexane, and N-methylpyrrolidone.
- the amount of material deposited on the current collector is preferably such that the amount of compound according to the invention is between 0.1 and 200 mg per cm 2 , preferably from 1 to 50 mg per cm 2 .
- the current collector may consist of a grid or sheet of aluminum, titanium, graphite paper or stainless steel.
- An electrode according to the invention can be used in an electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode separated by an electrolyte.
- the electrode according to the invention constitutes the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode may consist of lithium metal or a lithium alloy, sodium metal or a sodium alloy, a transition metal oxide forming by reduction a nanometric dispersion in lithium oxide, or a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal.
- the negative electrode may also be constituted by a material capable of reversibly inserting Li + ions at lower potentials than the positive electrode, preferably less than 1.6 V.
- Examples of such materials are low potential oxides having the general formula Li 1 + y + x / 3 Ti 2-x / 3O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), Li 4+ x Ti 5 Oi 2 (0 ⁇ x ' ⁇ 3), carbon and carbon products from the pyrolysis of organic materials, as well as dicarboxylates.
- Examples of elements that can form alloys with lithium include, for example, Sn and Si.
- Examples of elements that can form alloys with sodium include, for example, Pb.
- the electrolyte advantageously comprises at least one lithium or sodium salt in solution in a polar aprotic liquid solvent, in a solvating polymer optionally plasticized with a liquid solvent or an ionic liquid, or in a gel consisting of an addition-gelled liquid solvent. a solvating or non-solvating polymer.
- the salt of the electrolyte may be chosen from the salts conventionally used in the technical field, in particular the salts of strong acids, such as, for example, the salts having an anion ClO 4 " , BF 4 " , PF 6 " , and salts having an anion perfluoroalkanesulfonate, bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide, bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) methane or tris (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) methane.
- the salts having an anion ClO 4 " , BF 4 " , PF 6 " and salts having an anion perfluoroalkanesulfonate, bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide, bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) methane or tris (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) methane.
- the salt of the electrolyte is a lithium salt. LiClO 4 is particularly preferred.
- the salt of the electrolyte is a sodium salt. NaClO 4 is particularly preferred.
- the liquid solvent is preferably a polar aprotic liquid organic solvent chosen, for example, from linear ethers and cyclic ethers, esters, nitriles, nitro derivatives, amides, sulphones, sulfolanes, alkylsulfamides and partially hydrogenated hydrocarbons.
- Particularly preferred solvents are diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, glyme, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, methyl or ethyl formate, propylene or ethylene carbonate, alkyl carbonates, and the like.
- the electrolyte when it is a polar polymer solvent, it may be chosen from solvating polymers, crosslinked or otherwise, with or without grafted ionic groups.
- a solvating polymer is a polymer which comprises solvating units containing at least one heteroatom selected from sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine.
- solvating polymers examples include polyethers of linear structure, comb or block, forming or not a network, based on poly (ethylene oxide), or copolymers containing the ethylene oxide unit or propylene oxide or allylglycidylether, polyphosphazenes, crosslinked networks based on polyethylene glycol crosslinked by isocyanates or networks obtained by polycondensation and carrying groups that allow the incorporation of crosslinkable groups.
- Block copolymers in which certain blocks carry functions which have redox properties can also be mentioned.
- the above list is not limiting, and all polymers having solvating properties can be used.
- the solvent of the electrolyte may simultaneously comprise an aprotic liquid solvent chosen from the aprotic liquid solvents mentioned above and a polar polymer solvent comprising units containing at least one heteroatom chosen from sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine.
- a polar polymer By way of example of such a polar polymer, mention may be made of polymers which mainly contain units derived from acrylonitrile, vinylidene fluoride, N-vinylpyrrolidone or methyl methacrylate.
- the proportion of aprotic liquid in the solvent can vary from 2% (corresponding to a plasticized solvent) to 98% (corresponding to a gelled solvent).
- the present invention is illustrated by the following exemplary embodiments, to which it is however not limited.
- the synthesis was carried out using dehydrated lithium sulfate and dehydrated Fe sulfate.
- the dehydrated iron sulphate FeSO 4 was obtained by heating in a primary vacuum at 280 ° C. the compound FeSO 4 .H 2 O, itself prepared by dehydration of the commercial compound FeSO 4 .7H 2 O in an ionic liquid EMI-TFSI at 160 ° C.
- the dehydrated lithium sulfate Li 2 SO 4 was obtained by heating in air at 300 ° C. the commercial compound Li 2 SO 4 .H 2 O.
- Li 2 SO 4 and FeSO 4 were mixed and the mixture was subjected to two successive grindings of 30 minutes in an SPEX® mill.
- the mixture of powders thus obtained was then pelletized using a unixial press.
- the pellet was then placed in a quart ampoule, which was sealed under vacuum.
- the ampoule was then placed in an oven and heat treated at 320 ° C for 12 hours.
- the synthesis was carried out using hydrated lithium sulfate and Fe sulfate monohydrate.
- the iron sulfate monohydrate FeSO 4 .H 2 O was obtained by mixing the commercial compound FeSO 4 .7H 2 O with the ionic liquid EMI-TFSI, and bringing this suspension to 140 ° C for two hours. The iron sulphate monohydrate FeSO 4 .H 2 O was then recovered by centrifugation of the suspension, then washed three times with ethyl acetate before being dried under vacuum.
- Li 2 SO 4 .H 2 O is a commercial compound.
- SPS synthesis was performed using dehydrated lithium sulfate and dehydrated iron sulfate.
- the iron sulfate monohydrate FeSO 4 .H 2 O was obtained by mixing the commercial compound FeSO 4 .7H 2 O with the ionic liquid EMI-TFSI, and bringing this suspension to 140 ° C for two hours.
- the iron sulphate monohydrate FeSO 4 .H 2 O was then recovered by centrifugation of the suspension, then washed three times with ethyl acetate before being dried under vacuum.
- This iron sulphate monohydrate FeSO 4 .H 2 O was then dehydrated by heating the powder at 280 ° C. for 8 hours under primary vacuum to obtain anhydrous iron sulphate FeSO 4 .
- Dehydrated lithium sulfate Li 2 SO 4 was prepared by heating commercial lithium sulfate monohydrate at 350 ° C for 5 hours.
- Li 2 SO 4 and FeSO 4 were mixed and the mixture was subjected to three grindings of 45 minutes in a SPEX® mill. About 300 mg of this mixture was then introduced into a carbon matrix (Mersen 2333) of internal diameter 10 mm, between two carbon sheets (Papyex®). The set was installed in a SPS HPD 10 FCT unit connected to an argon glove box. The powder was then pressed at 50 MPa and subjected to a heat treatment of 20 minutes at 320 ° C. (heating rate 75 ° C./min via a sequence of 1 tap of 1 ms in continuous polarization) under vacuum.
- Example 1 The compound obtained in Example 1 above was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Ka radiation from Cobalt. The diagram is shown in Figure 1 attached.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound of Example 1 above was tested as a positive electrode material in a Swagelok® cell in which the negative electrode is a lithium film, and the two electrodes are separated by a fiberglass separator impregnated with a 1M solution of LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate carbonate PC.
- 100 mg of Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound and 25 mg of Super P® carbon were mixed by mechanical grinding in an SPEX 8000® mill for 19 minutes. A quantity of mixture corresponding to 8 mg of Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 per cm 2 was applied to a stainless steel current collector.
- the electrochemical cell was cycled between 3.2 and 4.5V vs. Li + / Li ° at a rate of C / 20.
- the appended FIG. 2 represents the variation of the potential V (in Volts vs. Li + / Li °) as a function of the insertion rate T of lithium in Li T Fe (SO 4 ) 2 , during the cycling of the cell at a steady state. of C / 20.
- Figures 2 and 3 show that the potential of the Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ couple in Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 is 3.83 V. Li + / Li °. This potential is greater than the potential of the LiFe compound (SO 4 ) F of tavorite structure (whose Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ pair potential is 3.6 V vs. Li + / Li °) even though Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 does not contain fluorine. In addition, this potential of 3.83 V vs. Li + / Li ° corresponds to the highest potential ever reported for the Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ redox couple in an inorganic compound containing no fluorine.
- FIG. 4 represents the variation of the capacitance CP (mAh / g) as a function of the cycling regime C, a regime n C representing the regime allowing to achieve a complete charge in 1 / n hour.
- Example 3 The compound obtained above in Example 3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Ka radiation from Cobalt. The diagram is shown in the appended FIG.
- FIG. 5 shows the brightness of the DRX pattern recorded for the sample prepared in Example 3.
- the star signals a diffraction line attributed to graphite from the graphite matrix used for the synthesis; the pound sign (#) indicates a very small amount of the FeSO 4 precursor that has not completely reacted.
- FIG. 5 The comparison of FIG. 5 with FIG. 1 clearly shows that the same Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 phase is obtained by SPS as that prepared by the ceramic route.
- the Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound of Example 3 above was tested as a positive electrode material in a Swagelok® cell in which the negative electrode is a lithium film, and the two electrodes are separated by a fiberglass separator impregnated with a 1M solution of LiClO 4 in the propylene carbonate carbonate PC.
- 100 mg of Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound and 25 mg of Super P® carbon were mixed by mechanical grinding in an SPEX 8000 mill for 20 minutes. A quantity of mixture corresponding to 8 mg of Li 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 per cm 2 was applied to a stainless steel current collector.
- the electrochemical cell was cycled between 2.8 and 4.5V vs. Li + / Li ° at a rate of C / 20.
- FIG. 6 represents the variation of the potential V (in Volts vs. Li + / Li °) as a function of the lithium insertion rate x in Li x Fe (SO 4 ) 2 , during the cycling of the cell at a steady state. of C / 20.
- the synthesis was carried out using a dehydrated sodium sulfate Na 2 SO 4 and a commercial iron sulphate FeSO 4 .7H 2 O.
- Figure 7 shows that the compound Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 is formed at 120 ° C in an allotropic form a.
- This phase a is perfectly stable up to 180 ° C., at which temperature we begin to observe the appearance of a new group of peaks that will grow at the expense of the diffraction peaks of the ⁇ -Na 2 Fe phase (SO 4 ) 2 up to the temperature of 350 ° C.
- This second group of diffraction peaks is characteristic of the P-Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 phase.
- This second phase P-Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 is stable up to at least 350 ° C.
- the recorded XRD diagram shows the presence of Na 2 SO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 , suggesting the decomposition of Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 between 350 and 500 ° C.
- An Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 8, carrying out the heat treatment at 170 ° C for 2 hours.
- FIG. 8 represents the diagram obtained. It shows the characteristic peaks of the a-Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 phase.
- the Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound of Example 9 above was tested as a positive electrode material in a Swagelok cell in which the electrode is an alkali metal film A (lithium or sodium) the two electrodes being separated by a fiberglass separator impregnated with a 1M solution of AC10 4 in propylene carbonate carbonate (PC).
- the electrode is an alkali metal film A (lithium or sodium) the two electrodes being separated by a fiberglass separator impregnated with a 1M solution of AC10 4 in propylene carbonate carbonate (PC).
- 100 mg of Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 compound and 40 mg of carbon were mixed by mechanical grinding in an SPEX 8000® mill for 15 minutes. A quantity of mixture corresponding to 8 mg of sulfate per cm 2 was applied to a stainless steel current collector.
- Figure 9 attached shows the variation of the potential V (V vs. Na + / Na °) depending on the sodium disinsertion T levels in the compound Na T Fe (SO 4) 2, during the cycling of the cell in which the anode is Na and the electrolyte contains NaClO 4 .
- FIG. 10 relates to a cell in which the anode is lithium and the salt of the electrolyte is LiClO 4 .
- Na + ions are extracted from the sulfate Na 2 Fe (SO 4) 2, in conjunction with the oxidation of Fe to Fe + II + III.
- the crude formula of the sulphate observed during this first charge is then Na 2- a'Fe (SO 4 ) 2 , with 0 ⁇ a ' ⁇ 1.
- Li ions are inserted in the host compound Na 2-a Fe (SO 4) 2, replacing the previously extracted Na + ions, and sulfate becomes Na 2-a> b Li > Fe (SO 4 ) 2 , with 0 ⁇ a ' ⁇ l, 0 ⁇ b' ⁇ 1 and l ⁇ 2-a '+ b' ⁇ 2.
- the first discharge / charge cycle therefore causes a partial replacement of Na by Li. Subsequent cycles then cause a disinsertion / insertion of lithium and / or sodium into the sulfate forming the active material of the cathode.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1251854A FR2987498B1 (fr) | 2012-02-29 | 2012-02-29 | Sulfates utiles comme materiaux d'electrode |
| PCT/FR2013/050397 WO2013128115A1 (fr) | 2012-02-29 | 2013-02-27 | Sulfates utiles comme matériaux d'électrode |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2820705A1 true EP2820705A1 (fr) | 2015-01-07 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13714986.0A Withdrawn EP2820705A1 (fr) | 2012-02-29 | 2013-02-27 | Sulfates utiles comme matériaux d'électrode |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150017322A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2820705A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP6228142B2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2987498B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013128115A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20160226069A1 (en) * | 2013-09-11 | 2016-08-04 | The University Of Tokyo | Positive electrode material for sodium ion secondary batteries |
| GB201414959D0 (en) * | 2014-08-22 | 2014-10-08 | Faradion Ltd | Sodium-ion energy storage devices |
| EP3373376B1 (fr) * | 2016-01-06 | 2025-05-21 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Batterie secondaire non aqueuse, matériau actif d'électrode positive pour batteries secondaires non aqueuses et procédé de production associé |
| US11289700B2 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2022-03-29 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | KVOPO4 cathode for sodium ion batteries |
| CN106058251B (zh) * | 2016-08-12 | 2018-05-25 | 中南大学 | 一种钠离子电池正极Na2Fe2(SO4)3@氧化铝复合材料及其制备方法 |
| CN106848236B (zh) * | 2017-02-20 | 2019-04-09 | 中南大学 | 一种用于钠离子电池的硫酸亚铁钠/石墨烯复合正极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN110326136B (zh) * | 2017-09-13 | 2022-07-08 | 辽宁星空钠电电池有限公司 | 一种新型高电位多层碳包覆聚阴离子型钠离子电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
| PL236442B1 (pl) * | 2017-11-27 | 2021-01-11 | Akademia Gorniczo Hutnicza Im Stanislawa Staszica W Krakowie | Sposób otrzymywania materiału na katody dla odwracalnych ogniw sodowych |
| CN108023083A (zh) * | 2017-12-04 | 2018-05-11 | 惠州亿纬锂能股份有限公司 | 一种提升电池高温储存性能和过充安全性能的方法 |
| CN110931784B (zh) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-11-24 | 苏州大学 | 铁基钠离子电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN111063871B (zh) * | 2019-12-09 | 2020-11-24 | 苏州大学 | 一种钠离子全电池及其制备方法 |
| WO2021114401A1 (fr) * | 2019-12-09 | 2021-06-17 | 苏州大学 | Matériau positif de batterie sodium-ion à base de fer, son procédé de fabrication et batterie pleine sodium-ion |
| US11688853B2 (en) | 2021-01-13 | 2023-06-27 | Nrgtek, Inc. | Metal-free high-voltage cathodes for secondary lithium-ion and alkali-ion batteries |
| CN114792788A (zh) * | 2022-04-08 | 2022-07-26 | 江苏众钠能源科技有限公司 | 一种钠离子全电池及其制备方法 |
| CN115849454B (zh) * | 2022-11-22 | 2023-07-11 | 湖北万润新能源科技股份有限公司 | 硫酸亚铁钠正极材料的制备方法 |
| CN116093314A (zh) * | 2023-03-21 | 2023-05-09 | 蜂巢能源科技股份有限公司 | 一种铁基钠离子正极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN116154154B (zh) * | 2023-04-13 | 2023-07-04 | 深圳珈钠能源科技有限公司 | 纯相聚阴离子型硫酸盐钠离子电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN116435487B (zh) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-01-19 | 深圳先进技术研究院 | 一种NaxFe3-0.5x(SO4)3@C正极材料的制备方法和应用 |
| CN116598448B (zh) * | 2023-05-06 | 2025-04-15 | 浙江中哲新能源有限公司 | 一种聚阴离子型硫酸盐正极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN117326595B (zh) * | 2023-09-15 | 2024-04-19 | 广东钠壹新能源科技有限公司 | 一种硫酸铁钠正极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN118380548B (zh) * | 2024-06-25 | 2024-09-20 | 江苏中兴派能电池有限公司 | 硫酸亚铁钠正极极片及制备方法、钠离子电池和用电装置 |
| CN119252891B (zh) * | 2024-09-27 | 2025-11-18 | 孝感楚能新能源创新科技有限公司 | 硫酸铁钠正极材料及其制备方法和正极极片、钠离子电池 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2175856C (fr) * | 1995-05-18 | 2000-01-18 | Hajime Arai | Materiau servant a la production des electrodes positives des batteries au lithium, mode de fabrication et batteries au lithium utilisant ce materiau |
| JP3436292B2 (ja) * | 1995-05-18 | 2003-08-11 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | リチウム電池用正極材料、その製造方法及びそれを用いたリチウム電池 |
| JP4001947B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-21 | 2007-10-31 | ソニー株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
| JPH10116628A (ja) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-05-06 | Hitachi Ltd | リチウム二次電池 |
| US5908716A (en) * | 1997-04-15 | 1999-06-01 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Lithium--containing sulfates, method of preparation and uses thereof |
| CA2270771A1 (fr) * | 1999-04-30 | 2000-10-30 | Hydro-Quebec | Nouveaux materiaux d'electrode presentant une conductivite de surface elevee |
| US7087348B2 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2006-08-08 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Coated electrode particles for composite electrodes and electrochemical cells |
| US20050163699A1 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-07-28 | Jeremy Barker | Fluorosulfate-based electrode active materials and method of making the same |
| EP1880436B1 (fr) * | 2005-04-22 | 2017-07-19 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Systeme de batterie aux ions lithium contenant un materiau a haute capacite irreversible |
| US9590245B2 (en) * | 2008-10-23 | 2017-03-07 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Method for producing inorganic compounds |
| GB201201717D0 (en) * | 2012-02-01 | 2012-03-14 | Faradion Ltd | Sulfate electrodes |
-
2012
- 2012-02-29 FR FR1251854A patent/FR2987498B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-02-27 JP JP2014559277A patent/JP6228142B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-02-27 US US14/378,699 patent/US20150017322A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-02-27 WO PCT/FR2013/050397 patent/WO2013128115A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-02-27 EP EP13714986.0A patent/EP2820705A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
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| None * |
| See also references of WO2013128115A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150017322A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
| FR2987498B1 (fr) | 2017-08-11 |
| JP2015515084A (ja) | 2015-05-21 |
| WO2013128115A1 (fr) | 2013-09-06 |
| JP6228142B2 (ja) | 2017-11-08 |
| FR2987498A1 (fr) | 2013-08-30 |
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