EP2815995B1 - Insert inserter for flat articles - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a supplement feeder for flat goods according to the preamble of claim 1.

The EP 2 407 400 A1 shows a device for conveying sheets, brochures or the like, which has a Stapelbeladeabschnitt on which a plurality of thin objects, such as sheets, leaflets or the like, stacked and loaded in an up-down direction. The apparatus further comprises a rotating member for extracting and sliding the objects forwardly from the stack, and a member disposed in front of the stack loading portion for holding the drawn-out objects between the rotating member and the restricting member. The apparatus further comprises a movable base supporting the element and a fixed base carrying the movable base vertically movable and an elastic main element fixed between the movable and fixed bases in an elastically deformed state. Further, in the apparatus, there is provided a resilient sub-member fixed between the movable and fixed bases in an elastically deformed state, the elastic sub-member transmitting an elastic negative force to the movable base. Furthermore, a mechanism is provided which adjusts a degree of deformation to change the degrees of elastic deformation of the main and sub elastic members in a non-holding state in which no object is held between the rotary member and the restricting member.

From the DE 1263027 There is known an apparatus for fanning the sheets of a stack of vertically superimposed sheets, which can be used in a gathering machine (collating machine). The device comprises an inclined stack support table on which the stack of sheets rests. In order to fan out the leaves and to carry out preliminary separation of the leaves already in the stacked state, the stack support table is set in oscillation in the shingling direction and perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. The stack support table is elastically mounted for this purpose and indirectly or directly connected to a vibration vibrator. The vibration generator is adjustable to a suitable vibration frequency of eg 50 Hertz. At its output end, the stack support table has a skid-shaped bend, which is slightly obliquely upwards. At this skid-shaped bend is followed by a feed roller and a corresponding thereto retaining roller, between which a gap is formed through which individual sheets of the paper stack can be performed. By virtue of the vibrations transmitted from the vibratory vibrator to the stack support table, the uppermost sheets of the paper stack move in the direction of the gap between the feed roller and the retention roller according to the principle of microwaves. The pulse magnitude and number of vibrations transmitted from the vibratory vibrator to the stack support table are adjustable so that the sheets of paper stack can be fed into the nip in uninterrupted flow and individually passed therethrough. The gap width is adjustable to the paper thickness. The skid-shaped turn at the exit end of the stack support table causes fanning as the sheets emerge, with the uppermost sheet first reaching the nip to be caught by the driven supply roll and pulled through the nip.

From the DE 1 178 444 a device for removing individual sheets from a stack and for transporting the withdrawn sheets is known, which comprises means for receiving the stack in an upwardly inclined position and a conveying device, with each of which the underside of the lowermost sheet of the stack is detected. To facilitate the removal of the lowermost sheet, the stack is shaken by a vibrator which communicates up and down vibrations to the stacking table. The lowermost sheet removed from the stack is carried by the conveyor through a nip.

In these known devices, it has been found that the shaking movement, which leads by vibrators or vibration generator on the stack support table to micro-cracks of the individual sheets. These micro-jumps cause a movement in the direction of the output-side end of the support table, on which for the withdrawal of individual sheets from the stack a discharge device, for example, is arranged in the form of a nip. The micro-cracks can cause goods to jam in the nip. Furthermore, the shaking movement leads to a compression of the stack in the lower area. Jamming of goods in the nip and a compaction of the stack, however, often lead to malfunction in the deduction of leaves, because, for example, several leaves at the same time be passed through the trigger and it comes to double or multiple deductions.
The invention is therefore based on the object to show a recording device for flat goods, which is particularly useful in a supplement feeder and allows reliable separation of the goods when deducted from the stack of goods without it can lead to a compression of the stacked goods in the stack. Another object is to provide a shim feeder with a stacker for a stack of flat goods in which malfunctions in the form of incorrect or multiple prints are largely avoided.

These objects are achieved with a loose-leaf feeder with the features of claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the supplement feeder are indicated in the dependent claims.

The insert feeder according to the invention comprises a receiving device with a stacking tray for receiving flat goods in the form of a stack, the stacking tray having a front abutment area, on which the front edge of the stack comes to rest. For guiding and forming the stack, the supplement feeder according to the invention further comprises guiding elements. The guide elements comprise, for example, guide rails which are arranged on the front abutment region of the stacking compartment and form a stop for the front edge of the stack. The guide elements may further comprise a stacking shoe arranged at the trailing edge of the stack, with which the stack is guided in the direction of the front contact area.

In order to prevent adhesion of the goods in the stack and to achieve the best possible loosening of the goods in the stack and thereby to ensure the most uniform withdrawal force when removing individual goods from the stack of goods, at least one component of the guide elements, ie, for example Stacking shoe or the guide rails, coupled to a knocking device, which transmits a discrete knock on the respective guide element. Appropriately, such knocking shocks are transmitted at fixed intervals to at least one component of the guide elements.

By knocking the stacked goods in the stack are loosened and it is an adhesion of the goods due to static friction forces prevented. However, unlike the known prior art devices, the loosening of the goods in the stack of goods does not take place by transmitting continuous vibrations to a stack support, but rather by discrete knocking strokes, which are preferably transmitted to one or more of the guide elements at fixed time intervals. The knocking loosen the goods of the stack over the entire base of the stack evenly on to prevent sticking of the goods to each other without it comes by micro-jumps of goods to a compaction of the stack in the front investment area. As a result, a uniform pull-off force can be ensured, with which the goods can be separated by means of the deduction device isolated from the goods stack. Due to the consistent pull-off force, which is substantially independent of the height of the stack, malfunctions in pulling the goods out of the stack by zero, double or multiple draws can be prevented.

The knocking device, with which the discrete knocking impacts are transmitted to one or the guide elements, expediently has a movable weight, for example a hammer or a piston, which is driven at high speed against the respective guide element. The knock transmitted from the movable piston to the respective guide element is transmitted from the guide element to the stack lying there and leads to the loosening of the goods in the stack. The movable weight of the knocking device can be used to transmit the discrete knocking stroke pneumatically, hydraulically, or even by a cocked spring or an electric motor, such as an electric motor. an electrically driven eccentric motor or a linear motor, are driven.

Preferably, discrete knocking impulses are transferred to the respective guide element at fixed times and at fixed times by means of the knocking device, wherein the set times are expediently equidistant. The equidistant times may, for example, have a time interval of 0.1-10 seconds, in particular 0.5-5 seconds, and preferably about 1 second.

In order to ensure a reliable supply of the goods to be deducted from the stack to a deduction device of the supplement feeder following the receiving device, the receiving device expediently has an inclined base, on which the stack rests, wherein the inclination of the bottom with respect to the horizontal plane is preferably adjustable by means of a pivoting mechanism. However, the bottom of the investor can also be aligned horizontally. In this case, the investor is then installed in an inclined position, for example. In a gathering track, so that the leading edge of the stack can be supported on the thereby inclined to the vertical guide rails.

The baffles preferably include a detachable stacking shoe disposed on the trailing edge of the stack to guide the stack toward the front abutment area. The stacking shoe expediently has a stacking surface which is inclined in the direction of the front bearing region and on which the trailing edge of the lowermost goods of the stack rests in each case. As a result, the stack is shaped and pressed in the direction of the front contact area of the receiving device. The front abutment region of the receiving device has a substantially vertically standing contact surface and an adjoining thereto in the direction of the bottom of the stacking tray inclined surface, which preferably extends parallel to the stacking surface. This allows a flaky stacking of goods in the lower part of the stack of goods. This flaky stacking of goods in the lower stack area leads to a pre-separation of goods and facilitates the isolated withdrawal of goods from the stack by means of a subsequent to the receiving device withdrawal device. The contact surface in the front abutment region of the receiving device is expediently formed by guide elements in the form of guide rails which are substantially perpendicular to the floor and extend upwards.

In a further embodiment of the supplement feeder according to the invention, the knocking device is fastened directly to one of the guide elements. Thus, the knocking device can be directly attached, for example, to a rear side of the stacking shoe. In this embodiment, the knocking device has a housing in which a, for example, pneumatically or hydraulically driven piston is movably arranged. The piston is driven by the drive against a front-side housing wall to transmit a discrete knock on the connected to the piston guide element.

The supplement feeder according to the invention comprises, in addition to the receiving device for the goods stack, a withdrawal device for removing individual goods from the stack. The Discharge device is usually operated cyclically with a predetermined cycle frequency (number of goods deducted from the stack per unit time) to deduct individual goods from the stack. The repetition rate with which the knocking device transmits a discrete knock impact on the guide element is expediently adapted to the cycle frequency of the take-off device and is smaller than this cycle frequency, in particular by a factor of 5 to 10, ie after each withdrawal of 5 to 10 goods from the goods stack a discrete knock is transmitted to the baffle.

Fig. 1:

Schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Beilagenanlegers mit einer Aufnahmevorrichtung in einer ersten Ausführungsform in einer perspektivischen Seitenansicht;

Fig. 2:

Darstellung des Anlegers von Figur 1 mit einer Aufnahmevorrichtung und einer Klopfeinrichtung in einer Stellung, in der diese einen diskreten Klopfstoß auf einen in der Aufnahmevorrichtung abgelegten Güterstapel überträgt;

Fig. 3:

Detailansicht der Schleuse des Anlegers von Figur 1;

Fig. 4:

Draufsicht auf den Anleger von Figur 1;

Fig. 5:

Perspektivische Seitenansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen Anlegers mit einer Aufnahmevorrichtung in einer zweiten Ausführungsform;

Fig. 6:

Aufrissdarstellung einer Klopfeinrichtung für einen erfindungsgemäßen Beilagenanleger in einer ausgefahrenen Stellung (Figur 6a) und einer Grundstellung (Figur 6b);

Fig. 7:

Perspektivische Darstellungen in einer Ansicht von unten eines erfindungsgemäßen Anlegers mit einer Aufnahmevorrichtung in weiteren Ausführungsformen;

Fig. 8:

Diagramm des zeitlichen Verlaufs des Hubs der Klopfeinrichtung für einen erfindungsgemäßen Beilagenanleger.

These and other advantages and features of the supplement feeder according to the invention will become apparent from the embodiments described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. These exemplary embodiments show the use of the side-feed feeder according to the invention as an feeder for flat goods, as used, for example, in collating webs for mailings. However, the application of the supplement feeder according to the invention is not limited to this application, but includes, for example, the use as an investor in other paper-processing machines, such as copiers, printers, fax machines, etc., in which flat goods are received in stack form. The drawings show:

Fig. 1:

Schematic representation of a Beilagenanlegers invention with a receiving device in a first embodiment in a perspective side view;

Fig. 2:

Presentation of the Investor by FIG. 1 with a receiving device and a knocking device in a position in which it transmits a discrete knock on a stacks of goods stored in the receiving device;

3:

Detail view of the lock of the investor of FIG. 1 ;

4:

Top view of the feeder of FIG. 1 ;

Fig. 5:

Perspective side view of an investor according to the invention with a receiving device in a second embodiment;

Fig. 6:

An elevation view of a knocking device for a side dish feeder according to the invention in an extended position ( FIG. 6a ) and a basic position ( FIG. 6b );

Fig. 7:

Perspective representations in a view from below of an investor according to the invention with a receiving device in further embodiments;

Fig. 8:

Diagram of the time course of the stroke of the knocking device for a supplement feeder according to the invention.

This in FIG. 1 schematically illustrated in a side view of an investor according to the invention for flat goods G includes a receiving device with a stacking tray 1 for receiving the goods G in the form of a stack S. In the stacking tray 1, the goods to be processed G are stacked on top of each other. The goods G can be single sheets of paper or cardboard. The goods may also be folded sheets or envelopes. The items G contained in the stacking tray 1 are deposited by the feeder, for example, on a collecting tray, not shown here, in collecting compartments specified therein and then fed to an inserter which then puts the items carried together in a collecting tray into an envelope.

For the withdrawal of individual goods G from the stack S, the feeder comprises a discharge device 20. This contains a conveying element which pulls the lowest material G out of the stack S and transports it along a withdrawal direction a. The conveying element comprises, for example, a driven belt 13, such as e.g. a friction belt or a suction belt, which is guided over rollers 21, 22.

The in FIG. 1 Investors continue to have an in FIG. 3 Sluice shown in detail with a lock element 26, which forms a lock gap 27 with the conveying element (belt 13) through which a good G withdrawn from the stack S can be isolated. The sluice element 26 has an obliquely inclined forward surface, which forms for the lower region of the front edge V of the stack S with respect to the conveying surface of the conveying element inclined contact surface and to a wedge-shaped scaling of the goods in the lower area of the stack S leads, as in FIG. 3 shown.

The cradle of the investor of FIG. 1 has a front abutment area 4, on which the front edge V of the stack S comes to rest, and comprises guide elements 2, 8 for guiding and shaping the stack 1 stored in the stack S. In the in FIG. 1 illustrated in the receiving device, the guide elements comprise two substantially vertically standing guide rails 8 and a stacking shoe 2. The cross-sectionally L-shaped guide rails 8 are arranged on the front abutment portion 4 of the receiving device and form a stop for the leading edge V of the upper portion of the stack S. The stack shoe 2 is arranged at the trailing edge of the stack S. The stacking shoe 2 has a stacking surface 2 'inclined in the direction of the front abutment region 4. The trailing edge of the lowermost goods G of the stack S lies on the inclined stacking surface 12 ', whereby the lowermost goods G of the stack S are pressed in the direction of the front abutment region 4. This results in a shaping and guiding of the stack S with a wedge-shaped stack shape in the lower region of the stack, as in FIG. 1 is shown.

The stacking tray 1 further has a bottom 6 which is adjustable in its inclination relative to the horizontal plane and on which the stack S rests. The bottom 6 is formed in the embodiment shown by a pivotable rake 17 or a pivotable plate. The upper strand of the belt 13 extends between the teeth of the rake 17. The bearing surface of the lowermost product G on the conveying surface of the belt 13 can be adjusted by the stacking shoe 12. By lifting the stacking shoe 12 with respect to the conveying surface of the conveying element, the region of the trailing edge H of the stack S is lifted off the conveying surface of the conveying element (belt 13) so that only the front region around the leading edge V of the stack S on the conveying surface of the stack S Strap 13 rests. By raising or lowering the stacking shoe 12 so that the withdrawal force of the conveying element can be changed. To adjust the withdrawal force of the conveying element, the stacking shoe 12 is expediently displaceably arranged on a frame part 16.

To adjust the inclination of the bottom 6 of the rake 17 or the support plate about a pivot axis A is pivotable ( FIG. 4 ) and coupled to a lifting device. The Lifting device comprises an eccentric 14 which is adjustable and fixable in different positions.

By pivoting the rake 17 by means of the eccentric 14, both the withdrawal force of the conveying element can be adjusted to the lowest good and the point of application of the conveying element and adapted to the properties of the goods G. The greater the inclination of the bottom 6 with respect to the conveying surface of the conveying element, the further the point of application of the conveying element is displaced in the direction of the front abutment region 4 of the receiving device. This is particularly advantageous in the processing of thin sheets, which can easily bend when lifted by the stacking shoe 12 in the central region. Due to the pivotable rake 17, the goods G undergo a support which counteracts the bending.

On the back side 2b of the stacking shoe 2, a knocking device 3 is arranged, with which discrete knocking impacts can be transferred to the rear side 2b of the stacking shoe. The knocking device 3 is fastened via a holding rod 15 to a pivotable shaft 19. On the pivotable shaft 19 and the frame part 16 is fixed to which the stacking shoe 2 is slidably disposed via a push rod 23. The shaft 19 is rotatably supported in a bearing 24, wherein the bearings of the bearing 24 are arranged in fixed side parts 25. For clarity, in the drawing of the FIG. 1 the front side panel not shown.

The knocking device 3 contains a cylindrical housing 9 and a weight 5 which can be moved out of the housing 9. The weight 5 can be moved out of the housing 9 at high speed via a drive. The drive for the weight 5 may be, for example, a hydraulic or a pneumatic drive or a motor drive, for example an electric motor or a linear motor. In the presentation of FIG. 1 the weight of the knocking device 3 is shown in the retracted position. The representation of FIG. 2 shows the weight 5 in the extended position. How out FIG. 2 can be seen, abuts the front end of the weight 5 in the extended position on the back 2b of the stacking shoe 2 and therefore transmits when extending the weight 5 from the housing 9 a discrete knock on the back 2b of the stacking shoe 2. After the transmission of a knock on the stacking shoe, the weight 5 is retracted by a backward movement in the housing 9 and brought into its initial position.

The take-off device 20 of the insert feeder pulls cyclically with a predetermined cycle frequency F (corresponding to the deduction rate = number of goods withdrawn per unit time) individual goods G from the stack S and further transports the withdrawn goods in order to store them, for example, in collection compartments a collation. Suitably, the knocking device 3 is controlled so that it transmits a discrete knock on the stacking shoe 2 continuously and at fixed time intervals .DELTA.t. The fixed time intervals are preferably equidistant. In FIG. 8 a diagram is shown showing the stroke of the weight 5 as a function of time. At predetermined discrete times t _1, t _2, t _3, etc., the weight 5 is extended from the housing 9 of the rapping device and pressed against the back side 2b of the pile shoe 2 in order to transmit a discrete knock impact on the stack shoe. 2

The repetition rate f = 1 / .DELTA.t, with which the knocking device 3 transfers discrete knocking impacts to the stacking shoe 2, is expediently smaller than the cycle frequency F with which the removal device 10 withdraws goods G from the stack S. It has proved particularly expedient in this case if the repetition rate f is smaller by a factor of 5 to 10 than the clock frequency F, so that, for example, a discrete knocking impact is transmitted to the stacking shoe 2 after every fifth or every tenth withdrawal of a product.

In FIG. 5 a further embodiment of a receiving device for a supplement feeder according to the invention is shown. In this embodiment, the knocking device 3 is attached directly to the stacking shoe 2. As in FIG. 5 can be seen, in the embodiment shown there, the knocking device 3 is attached to the back 2b of the stacking shoe 2. The knocking device 3 has a housing 9, in which a movable piston is arranged. In the FIGS. 6a and 6b the knocking device 3 is shown in elevation, so that in the interior of the housing 9 slidably arranged piston 5 can be seen. The housing 9 has a first port 9a and a second port 9b, which are each acted upon by compressed air or a hydraulic fluid. By pressing compressed air or a hydraulic fluid into the first port 9a, the piston 5 by a forward movement in the in FIG. 6a shown extended position. By pressing in air pressure or a hydraulic fluid through the second port 9b and simultaneous opening of the first port 9a, the piston 5 by a backward movement back into his in FIG. 6b be brought home position shown. In the in FIG. 6a shown extended position, the front end of the piston 5 abuts against the front end wall 9c of the housing 9, which is attached to the back 2b of the stacking shoe 2. By rapid extension of the movable piston 5 in its extended position, the piston 5 generates a discrete knock on the end wall 9c of the housing 9. This knock is first transferred to the stacking shoe 2 and from there to the stored in the stacking tray 1 goods stack S.

As it has proven particularly useful in this embodiment, when the piston 5 is moved by introducing compressed air or hydraulic fluid at high pressure and at high speed in the forward movement against the end wall 9c of the housing 9 and when the piston 5 in the backward movement with lower air pressure or hydraulic pressure and thus slower returned to its original position. The backward movement of the piston is thus expedient compared to the forward movement, with a discrete knock is transferred to the stack shoe 2, damped and thus slower.

Another embodiment is in the FIGS. 7a and 7b shown. Also in this embodiment, a knocking device 3 is attached to the back side 2b of the stacking shoe 2. The stacking shoe 2 has in this embodiment, a rake-shaped stacking plate 2c. This rake-shaped stacking plate 2c includes a resilient prong 2d. At this resilient tines 2 d, the knocking device 3 is coupled. The knocking device 3 thereby transmits discrete knocking impulses on the resilient tines 2d, whereby this - as in the position of FIG. 7b is pushed against the rear side H of the stack S and thereby transmits the knock to the stack S. A modification of this embodiment is in FIG. 7c shown. In this modified embodiment, the stacking plate 2c contains two resilient prongs 2d, which are in each case connected to the knocking device 3, so that the knocking device 3 can transmit discrete knocking impulses to the resilient prongs 2d and press them against the rear side H of the stack S.

The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments illustrated here.
For example, instead of the stacking shoe 2, the knocking device 3 can also be coupled to other components of the guide elements, for example to the guide rails 8. The discrete knocking impacts are then transferred from the knocking device 3 to these components of the guide elements and from there to the stack S. It is also possible to do several To use knocking devices, which are coupled to different components of the guide elements 2, 8. Although it has proven particularly expedient to direct the discrete knocking impacts on the back side 2b of the stacking shoe 2 in the region of its oblique stacking surface 2a. However, it is also possible to transfer the knocking impacts to another point of the stacking shoe 2.

The movable weight 5 of the tapping device can - as shown here - be designed as a housing in a movable piston or as a knock hammer. The knocking device 3 can also perform another movement instead of a linear movement in order to move the movable weight 5 in the direction of a guide element 2, 8, for example a (partial) circular movement.

Claims (15)

1. Insert feeder for flat goods, comprising a receiving device with a stacking compartment (1) for receiving the goods (G) in the form of a stack (S), and an extracting device (20) for extracting individual goods (G) from the stack (S), wherein the stacking compartment (1) exhibits a front bearing region (4) on which the front edge (V) of the stack (S) comes to bear, and is equipped with guide elements (2, 8) for guiding and shaping the stack (S) which comprise a stacking shoe (2) which is arranged at the rear edge (H) of the stack (S) in order to guide the stack (S) in the direction of the front bearing region (4), characterised in that at least one component of the guide elements (2, 8) and in particular the stacking shoe (2) is coupled with a beating device (3) which delivers a discrete blow to the respective component of the guide element (2, 8).
2. Insert feeder according to claim 1, characterised in that the guide elements (2, 8) comprise guide rails (8) which are arranged at the front bearing region (4) and form a stop for the front edge of the stack (S).
3. Insert feeder according to claim 2, characterised in that the stacking shoe (2) and/or the guide rails (8) is/are coupled with the beating device (3) which delivers a discrete blow to the stacking shoe (2) or the guide rails (8).
4. Insert feeder according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the beating device (3) exhibits a moving weight (5), in particular a moving piston, which is driven at high speed against the guide element or elements (2, 8).
5. Insert feeder according to claim 4, characterised in that the moving weight (5) is driven against a rear side (2b) of the stacking shoe (2).
6. Insert feeder according to claim 4 or 5, characterised in that the moving weight (5) is driven pneumatically, hydraulically or by a tensioned spring or an electric motor, in particular an eccentric motor or linear motor.
7. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the beating device (3) delivers the discrete blow to the guide element or elements (2, 8) at fixed points in time (t1, t2, ...), the fixed points in time (t1, t2, ...) being equidistant.
8. Insert feeder according to claim 7, characterised in that the equidistant points in time at which the beating device (3) delivers a discrete blow to the guide element or elements (2, 8) exhibit a time gap (ΔT) of from 0.1 to 10 seconds and in particular of from 0.5 to 5 seconds and preferably of approximately 1 second from one another.
9. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the stacking shoe (2) has a stacking face (2a) which is inclined in the direction of the front bearing region (4) and on which in each case the rear edge of the lowest goods (G) of the stack (S) rests.
10. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the beating device (3) is fastened to a rear side (2b) of the stacking shoe (2).
11. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the beating device (3) exhibits a housing (9) which is fastened to one of the guide elements (2, 8) and in which a pneumatically or hydraulically or motor driven piston (5) is arranged so as to be able to move.
12. Insert feeder according to claim 11, characterised in that the piston (5) in the housing (9) executes a driven forward movement in order to deliver a discrete blow to the respective guide element (2, 8) and executes a driven rearward movement to reset the piston (5).
13. Insert feeder according to claim 12, wherein the rearward movement is damped in comparison with the forward movement and therefore slower.
14. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the stacking shoe (2) exhibits at least one springy prong (2d) which is coupled with the beating device (3) so that the beating device (3) delivers a discrete blow to the springy prong (2d) and presses this against the stack (S) at high speed.
15. Insert feeder according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the extracting device (20) cyclically extracts a good (G) from the stack (S) at a predetermined cycle frequency (F), the repetition rate (f = 1/ΔT) with which the beating device (3) delivers a discrete blow to the component of the guide element (2, 8) being less than the cycle frequency (F), in particular by a factor of 5 to 10.

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