EP2814929B1 - Colour-safe cleaning or washing agent - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to the use of fibers of water-insoluble polyamides as color transfer inhibiting agents in the washing and / or cleaning of textiles and detergents or cleaners containing such fibers.

Detergents and cleaners in addition to the indispensable for the washing and cleaning process ingredients such as surfactants and builders usually other ingredients that can be summarized under the term washing aids and include as different drug groups such as foam regulators, grayness inhibitors, bleach, bleach activators and enzymes. Such auxiliaries also include substances which are intended to prevent dyed textile fabrics from causing a changed color impression after washing. This Farbindrucksveränderung washed, that is, cleaner, textiles may be based on the fact that dye components are removed by the Waschbeziehungsweise cleaning process from the textile ("fade"), on the other hand, from different colored textiles detached dyes on the textile reflected ("discoloration"). The same applies to cleaning hard surfaces. The discoloration aspect may also play a role in undyed laundry items when washed together with colored laundry items. In order to avoid these undesirable side effects of removing dirt from textiles by treatment with usually surfactant-containing aqueous systems, detergents, especially if they are provided as so-called color or colored laundry detergents for colored textiles, contain active ingredients which prevent the detachment of dyes from the textile or At least the deposition of detached, located in the wash liquor to avoid dyes on textiles. However, many of the commonly used - usually water-soluble - polymers have such a high affinity for dyes that they draw them more from the dyed fiber, so that it comes in their use to color loss. In addition, some conventional dye transfer inhibitors perform only with some classes of dyes and can not prevent the transfer of other dye classes.

From the patent application DE 42 35 798 are known copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylimidazole, N-vinylimidazolium compounds or mixtures thereof, other nitrogen-containing, basic ethylenically unsaturated monomers and optionally other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and their use for inhibiting the dye transfer during the washing process. In the patent application DE 196 21 509 are polymers having an average molar mass over 50,000 g / mol of 5 to 20 mol% of N-vinylimidazole or 4-vinylpyridine N-oxide, 95 to 50 mol% of N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-Vinyloxazolidone, methyl-N-vinylimidazole or mixtures thereof and up to 30 mol% of other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers for this purpose. From the international patent application WO 03/062362 For example, water-insoluble substrates carrying polyamides as particulate soil absorber materials are known. The international patent application WO 2009/124908 describes the use of particulate water-insoluble polymers, including polyamide, to prevent the transfer of textile dyes of dyed textiles to undyed or differently colored textiles in their common washing in particular surfactant-containing aqueous solutions. From the international patent application WO 2009/127587 It is known that porous polyamide particles with a certain particle diameter and particle diameter distribution, specific surface area, oil absorption capacity and crystallinity avoid the transfer of textile dyes from dyed textiles to non-dyed or other-colored textiles when they are washed together in particular surfactant-containing aqueous solutions.

Surprisingly, it has been found that a particularly good color transfer inhibition results from the use of water-insoluble polyamides when they are present in the form of fibers with a small fiber diameter.

An object of the invention is therefore the use of fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide, whose average diameter (number average) is not more than 2 microns, to avoid the transfer of textile dyes of dyed textiles on undyed or differently colored textiles in their common washing in particular surfactant-containing aqueous Solutions.

The invention also relates to the aforementioned polyamide fibers per se, insofar as these have basic amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups, wherein on average the content of amino groups outweighs the content of carboxyl groups. Furthermore, the invention relates to fabrics containing these polyamide fibers and in particular consist of these.

In this context, water-insoluble is understood as meaning polyamides whose solubility in water is below 3 g / l, preferably below 1 g / l and in particular below 0.1 g / l at 25 ° C.

As used herein, the term fiber refers to a macroscopically homogeneous and generally flexible body having a high length to width ratio and a small cross section. Fibers are also understood to mean filaments and filament-like structures which are distinguished by a particularly long length. A general overview of fibers is in the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol. 6, pp. 647-755 and pp. 802-839, John Wiley and Sons, New York, (1986 ) to find.

The average diameter (number average) of the polyamide fibers according to the invention or used in the invention, which are in particular nano- and / or mesofibers, is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 1500 nm, particularly preferably in the range of 10 nm to 1000 nm, in particular in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm and especially in the range of 50 nm to 250 nm. Nanofibers or mesofibers are understood here to mean fibers whose diameter is at least not more than 800 nm and generally not more than 500 nm.

The ratio of length to diameter of the polyamide fibers is generally greater than 10, in particular greater than 50 and is generally in the range of 10 to 100,000, preferably in the range of 50 to 50,000 and more preferably in the range of 100 to 10,000.

The polyamide fibers can be used in the form of a sheet. According to preferred embodiments, the sheet is a non-woven or woven fabric. In this context, a fleece is understood as meaning a fabric which contains fibers which are arranged spatially relative to one another completely or predominantly in random form. In contrast, the fibers in fabrics, referred to herein as fabrics, disposed wholly or predominantly regularly with each other, which is generally due to the manufacturing process, particularly weaving.

The nonwovens and wovens may contain one or more groups of polyamide fibers which differ in the dimensions of the fibers, in particular their average diameter, with respect to the polyamides constituting the fibers, in particular their average molecular weights and the nature and the ratio of the monomers which they are constructed, and / or the fact of whether one or more of the polyamide are present in the fibers.

In addition, the webs and fabrics may be constructed solely of the polyamide fibers of the invention or additionally contain conventional fibers known to those skilled in the art. For example, it is possible that they are composed of a mixture of conventional fibers and the polyamide fibers. In addition, the nonwoven webs and webs may contain other components other than fibers which a person skilled in the art would, if appropriate, consider as part of conventional webs and fabrics.

According to a further embodiment, the sheet consists of a flat carrier on which the polyamide fibers of the invention are arranged. The carrier may consist of any material known to those skilled in the art, which can be brought into a flat shape. For example, the backing may be a conventional type of woven or nonwoven fabric, or a solid surface such as a glass sheet, or a polymer-containing or polymer-containing film using as polymers, for example, polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, or cellulose can be. The polyamide fibers can be arranged in any desired manner on the flat support, for example in the form of the previously described nonwovens or woven fabrics. If the fabric according to the invention comprises a flat support, the weight fraction of the polyamide fibers, based on the total weight of the fabric, is typically in the range from 1 to 60%, preferably in the range from 3 to 40% and in particular in the range from 5 to 24%.

The polyamide fibers according to the invention or used according to the invention have a BET surface area in the range of normally 0.01 g / m ² to 200 g / m ² , preferably in the range from 1 to 100 g / m ² , more preferably in the range from 3 to 70 g / m ² and in particular in the range from 5 to 50 g / m ² .

The polyamides from which the polyamide fibers according to the invention or inventively used are formed, generally have a number average molecular weight (M _n ) in the range of 500 g / mol to 100000 g / mol, preferably from 500 g / mol to 75000 g / mol and in particular from 1000 g / mol to 50,000 g / mol. The weight-average molecular weight (M _w ) is usually in the range from 1000 g / mol to 300000 g / mol, preferably from 1500 g / mol to 150000 g / mol and in particular from 2000 g / mol to 100000 g / mol. The polydispersity index M _w / M _n characterizing the molecular weight distribution is typically a number in the range of 1 to 10, preferably in the range of 1.5 to 5 and in particular in the range of 2 to 4.

The polyamides which form the polyamide fibers used according to the invention or according to the invention generally have at least 40 mmol / kg, preferably at least 50 mmol / kg, more preferably at least 75 mmol / kg and in particular at least 100 mmol / kg of basic amino groups. Basic amino groups are understood as meaning those which can be determined by titration with aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.

The polyamides which form the polyamide fibers used according to the invention or according to the invention usually have less than 150, preferably less than 100 mmol / kg, in particular less than 50 mmol / kg and especially less than 40 mmol / kg of free carboxyl groups. Accordingly, the polyamides have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups preferably in such numbers that the content of amino groups outweighs the content of carboxyl groups on average. According to a preferred embodiment, the polyamides forming polyamides have a content of carboxyl groups which is less than 100 meq / kg and at least 5 meq / kg and in particular at least 10 meq / kg below the content of amino groups, with respect to the content of amino groups the units of measurement meq / kg and mmol / kg are synonymous.

In addition, according to one embodiment of the invention, the ratio of terminal amino groups to terminal carboxyl groups of the polyamides is generally at least 0.8, preferably at least 1, more preferably at least 1.2, in particular at least 1.5 and is typically in the range of 0.8 to 2, preferably in the range of 1.2 to 1.9 and in particular in the range of 1 , 5 to 1.8.

The polyamides which form the polyamide fibers used according to the invention or according to the invention consist essentially of aliphatic and optionally cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic structural units, and preferably of aliphatic and optionally cycloaliphatic structural units. The monomer units of which the polyamides are preferably constructed therefore comprise substantially either those derived from aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamines and aliphatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids or those derived from ω-aminocarboxylic acids or their lactams. In addition to these bifunctional monomer units, there may additionally be those which are derived from monomers having further amino or carboxyl groups, such as, for example, triamines or diaminocarboxylic acids.

Another suitable size for characterizing the polyamides is the molar ratio of amino to carboxyl groups, including the derivatized amino and carboxyl groups capable of amide formation, in the entirety of the monomers underlying the polyamides. Typically, this molar ratio is in the range of 0.8: 1 to 15: 1, preferably in the range of 1: 1 to 12: 1, and more preferably in the range of 1.05: 1 to 10: 1.

• Der Gehalt an Aminogruppen des Polyamids PA1 ist wenigstens 10 mmol/kg, insbesondere wenigstens 5 mmol/kg größer als der des Polyamids PA2;
• Das Molekulargewicht M_n des Polyamids PA2 ist wenigstens 1000 g/mol, insbesondere wenigstens 500 g/mol höher als das Molekulargewicht M_n des Polyamids PA1.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers comprise at least two mutually different polyamides PA1 and PA2 which differ in the content of amino groups, in the molecular weight M _n or both. Thus, a preferred polyamide PA1 has a content of amino groups of at least 45 mmol / kg, in particular at least 55 mmol / kg, or a molecular weight M _n in the range of 500 to 25,000 daltons, in particular in the range of 500 to 10,000 daltons, or both. In contrast, a preferred polyamide PA2 has a content of amino groups in the range from 40 to 100 mmol / kg, in particular in the range from 50 to 75 mmol / kg, or a molecular weight M _n in the range from 1000 g / mol to 500000 g / mol, in particular in the range of 1000 g / mol to 50,000 g / mol, or both. In this case, preferably at least one of the following two conditions is fulfilled:

• The content of amino groups of the polyamide PA1 is at least 10 mmol / kg, in particular at least 5 mmol / kg greater than that of the polyamide PA2;
• The molecular weight M _{n of} the polyamide PA2 is at least 1000 g / mol, in particular at least 500 g / mol, higher than the molecular weight M _{n of} the polyamide PA1.

The polyamides forming polyamide fibers may be present as linear or branched polymers, which may optionally be additionally crosslinked. According to a first preferred embodiment, the polyamides are branched. The branching points are preferably nitrogen atoms of a tertiary amino group or a doubly substituted amide group. The degree of branching of the polyamides, if branched, is typically in the range of 0.05 mol / kg to 15 mol / kg, preferably in the range of 0.1 mol / kg to 7.5 mol / kg and especially in the range of 0 , 2 mol / kg to 4 mol / kg. According to a second embodiment, the polyamides are linear. According to a third embodiment, the polyamides are crosslinked.

The polyamides forming the polyamide fibers are preferably prepared from monomers which are aliphatic and optionally cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic monomers. It follows that the polyamides consist essentially of aliphatic repeat units and optionally cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic repeat units. This is to be understood that the molecular moieties of the polyamides which connect the functional groups, for example amino groups and in particular carboxamide groups, to one another are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic.

in denenFor the purposes of this invention, preferred polyamides are composed essentially of repeating units of the formulas Ia and / or Ib; if appropriate, they additionally comprise branching units of the formulas II and / or II ',

in which

A is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups, and / or in which 2 linked together CH ₂ - Groups may be replaced together by a C ₅ -C ₇ -cycloalkanediyl group, and groups of the formula (A'-O) _p -A ', wherein A' is C ₂ -C ₄ alkanediyl, and p is an integer in the Range of 1 to 20, wherein the repeating units A'-O may be the same or different, A 'is selected from Alkandiylresten having 2 to 20 C-atoms, wherein 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-adjacent CH ₂ groups may be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups, and / or in which 2 CH ₂ groups linked together may be replaced by a C ₅ -C ₇ -cycloalkanediyl group, B is selected from a covalent bond, alkanediyl radicals having 1 to 20C -Atomen, wherein 2 linked CH ₂ groups together by a C ₅ -C ₇ -Cycloalkandiylgruppe can be replaced, and B 'is selected from Alkandiylresten with 4 to 20 C-atoms.

The repeat units Ia and Ib are generally based on the polymerization of diamines and dicarboxylic acids or aminocarboxylic acids or their lactams, while the repeating units II and II ', if present, usually on a polymerization in the presence of amino compounds having one secondary and two primary amino groups or with one tertiary and three primary amino groups

The term "alkanediyl radical having 2 to 20 carbon atoms" as used herein refers to a bivalent group derived from a straight-chain or branched C ₂ -C ₂₀ alkane, such as methylene, 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl , 1,3-propanediyl, 1,2-butanediyl, 1,3-butanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl, 1,7-heptanediyl, 1,9 Nonanediyl, 1,12-dodecanediyl.

The term "C ₅ -C ₇ cycloalkanediyl group" as used herein refers to a bivalent group derived from a cycloalkane having 5 to 7 C atoms, such as 1,2-cyclopentanediyl, 1,3-cyclopentanediyl, 1,2- Cyclohexanediyl, 1,3-cyclohexanediyl, 1,4-cyclohexanediyl or 1,4-cycloheptanediyl.

In the repeating unit of the formula la, the radical A is preferably selected from C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyl, C ₅ -C ₂₀ -alkanediyl in which 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-adjacent CH ₂ groups are each replaced by NH groups and Groups of the formula (A'-O) _p -A 'wherein A' is 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl or 1,4-butanediyl and p is an integer in the range of 1 until 10 stands.

In this context, the radicals A from the group of C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyls are preferably selected from C ₂ -C ₈ -alkanediyl, especially 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl, 1 , 3-butanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl, 1,7-heptanediyl, 1,6-heptanediyl and 1,8-octanediyl , particularly preferably 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl and 1,7-heptanediyl and in particular the radicals A from the group of the C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyls are 1,6-hexanediyl.

The radicals A from the group of C ₅ -C ₂₀ -alkanediyls, which in each case have NH groups instead of 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-adjacent CH ₂ groups, are in particular selected from radicals of the formula [(C ₂ -C ₈ ) alkanediyl-NH] _o - (C ₃ -C ₈ ) alkanediyl wherein the alkanediyl units are independently selected and o is an integer in the range of from 1 to 10 and preferably from 1 to 6. Specifically, such radicals A are selected from radicals of the formula [(C ₂ -C ₆ ) -alkanediyl-NH] _o - (C ₃ -C ₆ ) -alkanediyl, where o is 1, 2 or 3, more preferably under (C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-NH- (C ₃ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl, for example 1,6-hexanediyl-NH-1,6-hexanediyl or 1,3-propanediyl-NH-1,3-propanediyl, and (C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-NH] ₂ - (C ₃ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl, for example 1,3-propanediyl-NH-1,2-ethanediyl-NH-1,3-propanediyl.

The abovementioned preferred radicals A of the formula (A'-O) _p -A 'are in particular selected from (1,2-propanediyl-O) _q -1,2-propanediyl, (1,2-ethanediyl-O) _q -1 , 2-ethanediyl, wherein each q is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and (C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-O - [(C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-O] _r - (C 2 -C 6) alkanediyl, where r is 1, 2, 3 or 4. Particular preference is given to those radicals A selected from (1,2-propanediyl-O) _q -1,2-propanediyl, where q is 4, 5, 6 or 7 and (C ₃ -C ₅ ) -alkanediyl-O - [( C ₂ -C ₅ ) alkanediyl-O] _r - (C ₃ -C ₅ ) alkanediyl, wherein r is 1, 2 or 3, especially under (1,2-propanediyl-O) _q -1,2-propanediyl with q = 5 or 6, 4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diyl and 4,7,10-trioxatridecane-1,13-diyl.

In the repeating units of the formulas II and II ', the radicals A "are independent preferably selected from one another for the rest A as preferred radicals.

In addition to the abovementioned repeating units, the polyamides may also contain repeating units which differ from those of the formula Ia in that the unit -NH-A-NH- is substituted by a divalent heterocyclyl radical having at least 2 nitrogen atoms in the ring and an optional (C ₁ -C ₁₀ ) -Aminoalkyl substituent, is replaced. The term "heterocyclyl" refers herein to a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or an 8- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic radical of the 2 nitrogen atoms and optionally 1 or 2 further heteroatoms selected from N, O and S as ring atoms, wherein the heterocyclic The residue may be saturated, partially saturated or aromatic. Within the polyamide, the heterocyclic radical is attached either via two ring nitrogen atoms or via a ring nitrogen atom and the nitrogen atom of the optional aminoalkyl group. The heterocyclic radical is therefore preferably derived from heterocycles containing either two secondary amino groups or, if substituted with an aminoalkyl group, a secondary amino group. Examples of such heterocycles are imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, benzimidazole, purine and piperazine.

The said one bivalent heterocyclyl-containing repeating units are preferably selected from monocyclic saturated and partially saturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycles with 2 nitrogens, such as piperazine, and monocyclic partially saturated and aromatic 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycles having 2 nitrogen atoms, the with a (C ₁ -C ₁₀ ) -aminoalkyl group N-substituted, such as N- (3-aminopropyl) imidazole.

In the repeating unit of the formula Ia, the radical B is preferably selected from a covalent bond and C ₁ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyl. In particular, B is selected from C ₁ -C ₇ alkanediyl, especially methylene, 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl, 1,3-butanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 2-methyl 1,2-propanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl and 1,7-heptanediyl, more preferably 1,3-propanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl and 1,6- hexanediyl. Most preferably, B is 1,4-butanediyl.

In the repeating unit of the formula Ib, the radical B 'is preferably selected from C ₄ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyl. In particular, B 'is selected from C ₄ -C ₆ alkanediyl, especially 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl and 1,6-hexanediyl, and more preferably B' is 1,5-pentanediyl.

In addition to the meanings mentioned above for the radical B, B can also be selected from the group of the bivalent C ₆ -C ₁₄ -arylene radicals, ie the group of C ₆ -C ₁₄ -arylenediols which are bivalent mono - or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The C ₆ -C ₁₄ -arylenediyls may be unsubstituted or have 1 or 2 substituents which are C ₁ -C ₄ -alkyl, C _{* 1} -C ₄ -alkoxy and SO ₃ H, in particular C ₁ -C ₂ -alkyl , C ₁ -C ₂ alkoxy and SO ₃ H are selected. Radicals B from the group of C ₆ -C ₁₄ -arylenediyls are preferably selected from C ₆ -C ₁₀ -arylenediyl, especially 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,3-naphthylene , 1,5-naphthylene, 2,6-naphthylene, 2,7-naphthylene and 1,6-naphthylene, which are unsubstituted or have 1 or 2 substituents selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy and SO ₃ H.

According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the polyamide fibers according to the invention comprise at least one polyamide, which is composed essentially of repeating units of the formula Ia, wherein the radicals A are preferably C ₄ -C ₇ alkanediyl, especially 1,6-hexanediyl, and Radicals B are preferably C ₂ -C ₅ -alkanediyl, especially 1,4-butanediyl. Polyamide fibers are particularly preferably PA 6.6, ie a polyamide consisting of repeating units Ia, with A = 1,6-hexanediyl and B = 1,4-butanediyl.

According to further preferred embodiments of the invention, the polyamide fibers according to the invention comprise at least one polyamide which is composed essentially of repeating units of the formula Ib, where the radicals B 'are preferably C ₄ -C ₆ -alkanediyl, especially 1,5-pentanediyl. Polyamide fibers which are particularly preferred are PA 6, ie a polyamide consisting of repeating units Ib with B '= 1,5-pentanediyl.

According to particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, the polyamide fibers according to the invention comprise at least both a polyamide, which is composed essentially of repeating units la, and a polyamide, the is constructed essentially of repeating units Ib, wherein the radicals A, B and B 'preferably have the meanings mentioned in the preceding preferred embodiments. The polyamide fibers preferably include both PA 6.6 and PA 6, or consist, according to a particularly preferred embodiment, of PA 6.6 and PA 6.

The polyamides which form the polyamide fibers can be prepared by the processes known from the prior art for the preparation of polyamides and oligoamides. Particularly suitable for this purpose are polycondensation reactions of monomers which contain primary or secondary amino groups or isocyanate groups and / or carboxyl groups or amide-forming groups derived therefrom. Preference is given to monomers M1 having two or more, in particular two or three, primary amino groups or isocyanate groups, monomers M2 having two or three, in particular two carboxyl groups or amide-forming groups derived therefrom, and monomers M3 which are either compounds having one or two , in particular with a primary amino group or isocyanate group and with one or two, in particular a carboxyl group or a corresponding amide-forming group, or is derived from these compounds lactams. Hereinafter, the monomers M2 and M3 taken together are referred to as amide-forming compounds.

Aliphatic and optionally cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic di- and triamines having two or three, in particular two, primary amino groups are used in particular as monomers M1. Preference is given to monomers M1 selected from diamines of the formula VI

H ₂ NA-NH ₂ (V1)

wherein the bivalent radical A has the meanings described herein, in particular the meanings mentioned herein as preferred. Particularly preferred monomers M1 are diamines V1, wherein A is 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl or 1,7-heptanediyl and especially 1,6-hexanediyl. These preferred monomers M1 are therefore 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,6-diaminohexane or 1,7-diaminoheptane and especially 1,6-diaminohexane.

Further monomers having at least two amino groups for the preparation of the polyamides are also the previously described heterocycles which are either two secondary amine groups, or, if they are substituted by a (C ₁ -C ₁₀ ) -aminoalkyl group, a secondary amino group contain. In the following, such heterocycles are referred to as monomers M1 '. Preferred monomers M1 'are saturated and partially saturated 6-membered rings containing two secondary amino groups as ring members, in particular piperazine, and aromatic 5- or 6-membered rings having one secondary and one tertiary amino group and one N-linked (C ₁ - C ₆ ) -Aminoalkyl group, in particular the N- (C ₁ -C ₆ ) -aminoalkyl-substituted derivatives of imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, benzimidazole, purine and piperazine, especially N- (3-aminopropyl) imidazole.

Aliphatic and optionally cycloaliphatic and / or aromatic dicarboxylic acids and their amide-forming derivatives are used in particular as monomers M2. The amide-forming derivatives are in particular the abovementioned dicarboxylic acids in which one or both carboxyl groups are replaced by ester groups, nitrile groups, carboxylic anhydride groups and carboxylic acid halide groups, preferably carboxylic acid chloride groups. Preference is given to monomers M2 selected from dicarboxylic acids of the formula V2,

HOOC-B-COOH (V2)

and their amide-forming derivatives wherein B is selected from a covalent bond, alkanediyl radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 2 mutually linked CH ₂ groups may be replaced together by a C ₅ -C ₇ cycloalkanediyl group, and arylene which is unsubstituted or has 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy and SO ₃ H.

Particularly preferred monomers M2 are dicarboxylic acids V2 and their amide-forming derivatives in which B is selected from a covalent bond and C ₁ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyl, in particular C ₁ -C ₇ -alkanediyl, especially methylene, 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl, 1,3-butanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl, 1,6-hexanediyl and 1,7- Heptanediyl, more preferably 1,3-propanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediyl and 1,6-hexanediyl. Particularly preferred monomers are dicarboxylic acids V2 and their amide-forming derivatives where B is 1,4-butanediyl. These particularly preferred monomers M2 are accordingly adipic acid and its amide-forming derivatives.

As monomers M3 in particular aliphatic ω-aminocarboxylic acids having 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms and their lactams are used. Preferred monomers M3 are 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid and also their lactams pyrrolidin-2-one, piperidin-2-one and ε-caprolactam. Particularly preferred monomers M3 are 6-aminohexanoic acid, pyrrolidin-2-one, piperidin-2-one and ε-caprolactam, and especially ε-caprolactam.

The polyamides forming the polyamide fibers according to the invention or to be used according to the invention are preferably obtainable by reacting at least one monomer M3, or alternatively by reacting monomers comprising at least one amino compound having 2 primary amino groups and at least one amide-forming compound selected from dicarboxylic acids, their amide-forming derivatives and lactams is selected.

Preferably, the at least one monomer M3, more preferably one or two monomers M3 and in particular a monomer M3, selected from aliphatic ω-aminocarboxylic acids having 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms and their lactams, reacted.

The at least one amino compound having 2 primary amino groups, preferably selected from monomers M1 and more preferably among diamines of the formula VI, is preferably reacted with at least one dicarboxylic acid, in particular selected from dicarboxylic acids of the formula V2 or an amide-forming derivative thereof. The at least one amino compound, based on 1 mol of the at least one dicarboxylic acid, is generally present in an amount of at least 1 mol, preferably of at least 1.05 mol, in particular of more than 1.1 mol and more preferably of more than 1.25 Mol used.

The reactions according to the above preferred embodiment are preferably carried out with one or two different and most preferably with a dicarboxylic acid or an amide-forming derivative thereof. If the reactions with two different dicarboxylic acids or amide-forming derivatives are carried out, the molar ratio is usually in the range of 20: 1 to 1: 1, preferably in the range of 15: 1 to 1: 1 and in particular in the range of 10: 1 to 1: 1.

In the reactions according to the above preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acids are preferably selected from adipic acid or an amide-forming adipic acid derivative and mixtures thereof with another dicarboxylic acid V2 different from it or its amide-forming derivative.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the at least one amino compound having 2 primary amino groups, preferably selected from monomers M1 and more preferably from diamines of the formula V1, reacted with at least one amide-forming compound selected from monomers M3, in particular from lactams of aliphatic ω-aminocarboxylic acids with 4 , 5 or 6 carbon atoms, and their mixtures with monomers M2. In this embodiment, the at least one monomer M3, based on 1 mole of the at least one amino compound, is preferably used in an amount of more than 3 mol, in particular of more than 6 mol and more preferably of more than 12 mol.

The monomers M3 are preferably selected from the lactams of aliphatic ω- (C ₄ -C ₆ ) aminocarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof with one or more dicarboxylic acids or their amide-forming derivatives. In particular, the at least one monomer M3 is caprolactam. If the reactions according to the above preferred embodiment are carried out with a lactam and one or more dicarboxylic acids or their amide-forming derivatives, the molar ratio of lactam to dicarboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acid derivatives is generally in the range from 20: 1 to 1:10, preferably in the range from 15: 1 to 1: 5, and more preferably in the range of 10: 1 to 1: 2.

In the three embodiments described above, the terms monomer M1, diamine of formula V1, amide-forming derivative of a dicarboxylic acid, monomer M2, monomer M3 and lactam have the meanings defined above and in particular the meanings mentioned as preferred.

The reactions according to the latter two preferred embodiments are preferably carried out with an amino compound having 2 primary amino groups, or with two or more different, especially two different amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups. In the case of two or more amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups, the second and all further amino compounds are preferably selected from monomers M1. In this connection, preference is given in particular to those monomers M1 which correspond to the diamines of the formula VI, where the radical A is preferably selected from C ₂ -C ₈ -alkanediyl, such as 1,4-butanediyl, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6 Hexanediyl or 1,7-heptanediyl, [(C ₂ -C ₆ ) -alkanediyl-NH] _o - (C ₃ -C ₆ ) -alkanediyl with independently selected alkanediyl units and o = 1, 2 or 3, such as N, N'-bis (3-aminopropyl) ethylenediamine, and (C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-O - [(C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl-O] _r - (C ₂ -C ₆ ) alkanediyl with r = 1, 2, 3 or 4, such as 4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine or 4,7,10-trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine. If the reactions are carried out with two different amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups, the molar ratio of the two amino compounds is usually in the range from 20: 1 to 1: 1, preferably in the range from 15: 1 to 1: 1 and in particular in the range of 10: 1 to 1: 1. If the reactions are carried out with more than two different amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups, the molar ratio of an amino compound to the sum of all other amino compounds is usually in the range from 1:30 to 1: 1, preferably in the range from 1:20 to 1: 1 and in particular in the range of 1:15 to 1: 2.

in denen V für einen bivalenten aliphatischen Rest und insbesondere für C₂-C₁₀-Alkandiyl steht, W für Wasserstoff oder einen aliphatischen Rest und insbesondere für Wasserstoff oder C₁-C₆-Alkyl steht, T für C₂-C₄-Alkandiyl, insbesondere für 1,2-Ethandiyl, 1,2-Propandiyl, 1,3-Propandiyl, 1,2-Butandiyl, 1,3-Butandiyl, 1,4-Butandiyl oder 2-Methyl-1,2-propandiyl und speziell für 1,2-Ethandiyl oder 1,2-Propandiyl steht, n und k unabhängig voneinander für 0, 1, 2, 3 oder 4 und insbesondere für 0 oder 1 stehen, und m für eine ganze Zahl im Bereich von 1 bis 20 und insbesondere von 3 bis 8 steht.In the reactions according to the latter two preferred embodiments, the amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups are preferably selected from 1,6-diaminohexane and mixtures thereof with at least one further, different diamine V1. Particularly preferred are the amino compounds having 2 primary amino groups selected from 1,6-diaminohexane and mixtures thereof with another, different diamine V1. These reactions can also be carried out in the presence of at least one triamine having three primary amino groups. Preferred triamines are selected from compounds of the formulas V3 and V4,

N- (V-NH ₂ ) ₃ (V ₃ ),

in which V is a bivalent aliphatic radical and in particular C ₂ -C ₁₀ -alkanediyl, W is hydrogen or an aliphatic radical and in particular hydrogen or C ₁ -C ₆ -alkyl, T is C ₂ -C ₄ -alkanediyl in particular for 1,2-ethanediyl, 1,2-propanediyl, 1,3-propanediyl, 1,2-butanediyl, 1,3-butanediyl, 1,4-butanediyl or 2-methyl-1,2-propanediyl and especially is 1,2-ethanediyl or 1,2-propanediyl, n and k are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and in particular 0 or 1, and m is an integer in the range of 1 to 20 and in particular from 3 to 8 stands.

If the reactions are carried out in the presence of at least one triamine having three primary amino groups, the molar ratio of the at least one triamine to the at least one amino compound having two primary amino groups is generally in the range from 1: 1 to 1:50, preferably in the range from 1: 3 to 1:30 and especially in the range of 1:10 to 1:25.

If at least one triamine having three primary amino groups is used in the reactions, preferably only one such triamine is used in combination with one or two, in particular an amino compound having 2 primary amino groups.

The reactions to the polyamides which form the polyamide fibers used according to the invention or according to the invention can be carried out analogously to known processes of the prior art by polycondensation of the bivalent monomers, as described, for example, in "Technische Polymere, Chapter 4: Polyamides", eds. L. Bottenbruch and R. Binsack, 1998, Hanser (Munich, Vienna). The reaction conditions naturally depend on the type and functionality of the monomers used.

A suitable method for the preparation of the polyamides is the thermal polycondensation. In this case, a monomer mixture, which preferably comprises dicarboxylic acids and diamines, at relatively high temperatures, for example in the range of 180 to 350 ° C, in particular from 220 ° C to 300 ° C and generally elevated pressures of 0.8 to 30 bar, in particular 5 to 20 bar, reacted. The reaction can be carried out in bulk, in solution or in suspension. Preferably, the reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent for the reaction. In the case of dicarboxylic acids and diamines in particular water is suitable as a solvent. In this case, the proportion of water in the reaction mixture is usually from 20 to 80, in particular from 30 to 60 percent by mass, with respect to the monomer weight. If a high proportion of water is used for the reaction, which may optionally also be above the upper range limits given above, the polyamides can be obtained in aqueous dispersion in the present case. Such a primary dispersion can be fed directly to one of the spinning processes explained below for the preparation of the polyamide fibers according to the invention. If the monomer mixture comprises lactams and diamines, the preparation of the polyamides preferably takes place by means of hydrolytic polycondensation, which likewise preferably takes place in a temperature range from 180 to 350 ° C., in particular from 220 ° C. to 300 ° C. and pressures from 0.8 to 30 bar, in particular from 5 to 20 bar. In this case, a comparatively small proportion of water of from 1 to 30, in particular from 3 to 12, percent by weight is used with respect to the monomer weight, in which the lactam is generally present in dispersed form. Alternatively, monomer mixtures comprising lactams may be converted to the polyamides by alkaline polymerization with exclusion of water, generally at somewhat lower temperatures. When using monomer combinations comprising amide-forming derivatives of diamines or dicarboxylic acids, such as diisocyanates and dicarboxylic acids, diamines and dicarboxylic acid dichlorides, or diamines and dinitriles, the polycondensation reaction is preferably carried out in solution and optionally in the presence of a catalyst.

The work-up of the crude products obtained in the abovementioned processes is usually carried out by drying and then grinding to a powder or by dissolving it in a moderately polar organic solvent such as, for example, phenols, cresols and benzyl alcohol, the solvent possibly already having regard to its suitability for the fiber spinning process which is to be used subsequently is selected. If an aqueous dispersion of the polyamides is to be used for the spinning process, the abovementioned solutions in organic solvents can be obtained by precipitation with very polar Solvent, such as methanol, water or acetone, and then dispersing in water, further processed. A solution of the polyamides to be used in the spinning process in an organic solvent such as formic acid may also be prepared from the above-mentioned dried and ground raw product or the aforementioned precipitate. The polyamides thus obtained in the form of a solution in organic solvent or an aqueous dispersion can be used directly in fiber spinning processes. The weight-average particle diameter of the polyamides present in aqueous dispersion can be determined by methods known from the prior art, such as sieve analysis or light scattering, and is typically in the range from 1 nm to 50 .mu.m, preferably in the range from 10 nm to 25 .mu.m, and in particular in the range of 20 nm to 10 μm.

For the production of nanofibers and mesofibers, a large number of methods are known to the person skilled in the art, with the electrostatic spinning method ("electrospinning") currently having the greatest significance. In this method, which for example by DH Reneker, HD Chun in Nanotechn: 7 (1996), page 216f , Usually, a polymer melt or a polymer solution is exposed to a high electric field at an edge serving as an electrode. This can be achieved, for example, by extruding the polymer melt or polymer solution in an electric field under low pressure through a cannula connected to one pole of a voltage source. Due to the resulting electrostatic charging of the polymer melt or polymer solution, a material flow directed onto the counter electrode is produced, which solidifies on the way to the counterelectrode. Depending on the electrode geometries, fabrics such as nonwovens or ensembles of ordered fibers are obtained by this method. A detailed description of the electrospinning process can also be found in A. Greiner and J. Wendorff, Angew. Chemistry Int. Ed., 2007, 119, 5770-5805 , This publication also describes the properties of the fibers produced by this process and their possible applications.

Another suitable method for producing fabrics constructed from fibers is the rotor spinning or centrifuge spinning process. In this process, the starting material is introduced as a solution or finely divided dispersion in a field with gravitational forces. This is the fluidized Fiber raw material placed in a container and the container set in rotation, wherein the fiber raw material is discharged by centripetal or centrifugal forces from the container in the form of fibers. The fibers can then be removed by gas flow and combined to form sheets.

The preparation of the polyamide fibers according to the invention or of the invention and of the fabrics containing such fibers according to the invention or used according to the invention can be carried out in any manner known to the person skilled in the art. For this purpose, the above-mentioned electrospinning and rotor spinning processes are particularly suitable.

The electrospinning process with which the polyamide fibers of the invention can generally be obtained directly in the form of sheetlike structures according to the invention or used in accordance with the invention has proven particularly suitable. For this purpose, the polymer threads formed during the electrospinning process are deposited on one of the aforementioned flat carriers or on a treadmill, for example on a polypropylene substrate, wherein a fabric is formed by mixing and intermingling the polymer threads. In this case, it is possible, for example, to carry out the electrospinning method in such a way that at least two spinnerets are arranged at an angle to one another and the polymer threads emerging from the spinneret jets mix and swirl in one another before striking the treadmill.

Methods are preferred which enable the electrostatic spinning of substantially water-insoluble polyamides in the form of solutions in organic solvents or in the form of aqueous dispersions. With regard to the electrostatic spinning of aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions, the international patent applications disclose WO 2006/089522 and WO 2009/074630 suitable procedures. As organic solvents for the production of polyamide solutions for use in the electrospinning process, it is preferred to use polar to very polar organic solvents, in particular formic acid and acetic acid, especially formic acid.

Particular preference is given to the polyamide fibers according to the invention or those used according to the invention and to the invention or according to the invention used fabric produced by electrospinning, which correspond to one of the following two variants.

Variant 1: The formulation in the form of a solution, a colloidal dispersion or a melt of a polyamide or polyamide mixture is placed in an electric field having a thickness of generally between 0.01 to 10 kV / cm, preferably between 1 and 6 kV / cm and in particular between 2 and 4 kV / cm, by being squeezed out of one or more cannulas under low pressure. As soon as the electrical forces exceed the surface tension of the drops at the cannula tip (s), the mass transport takes place in the form of a jet on the opposite electrode. The optionally present solvent evaporates in Zwischenelektrodenräum and the solid of the formulation is then in the form of fibers on the counter electrode. Spinning can be done in both vertical directions (bottom to top and top to bottom) and in horizontal direction.

Variant 2: This variant is carried out with a system comprising a cylinder or a roller, such as the system "Nanospider" Elmarco (Czech Republic). The formulation in the form of a solution, a dispersion or a melt of a polyamide or polyamide mixture is either in a container in which a metal roller rotates permanently, or is metered onto the roller by means of a separate device. The roll can be smooth, structured or provided with metal wires. The roll surface is at least partially permanently covered with a portion of the formulation. The electric field between the roller and the counter electrode, which is usually located above the roller, causes the formulation located on the roller initially liquid jets are formed, which then on the way to the counter electrode, by evaporation of the solvent or Cooling the melt, solidify to polyamide fibers. The desired polyamide fibers contained fabric is formed on a flat support (eg., Polypropylene, polyester or cellulose), which is located between the two electrodes or passes between the two electrodes. The electric field generally has the strength specified in Variant 1. Particularly preferably, the electric field here also has a thickness of about 2 kV / cm to 4 kV / cm. Spinning can be done in both vertical directions (bottom to top and top to bottom) and in horizontal direction.

In an optional subsequent process step, the fibrous webs obtained by the methods of variants 1 and 2 may be treated at temperatures above the melting temperature or glass transition temperature to join the fibers at the cross points. If a formulation in the form of a dispersion is used, the above-mentioned optional process step can also be used to join the juxtapositions of polyamide particles or short polyamide fibers, which are initially formed by electrospinning from the jets, to give polyamide fibers according to the invention.

The polyamide fibers can be added separately to the wash solution, for example as part of a wash additive, as part of a manual or mechanical washing or cleaning process. They are preferably brought into contact with the textile as part of a pretreatment agent in a step preceding the actual washing process, or are furthermore preferably introduced into the washing or cleaning solution as a constituent of a washing or cleaning agent.

An object of the invention is the use of water-insoluble polyamide fibers whose mean diameter is not more than 2 μm as additives in laundry detergent compositions. The polyamide and the fibers thereof have the aforementioned properties, in particular the properties mentioned as preferred or particularly preferred. Also, the use of such polyamide fibers in a laundry pre-treatment step is possible, in which case the polyamide-containing pretreatment agent is preferably not washed out, but remains on the subsequently to be washed textile and passes together with this in the wash liquor.

Another object of the invention is therefore a color-protective washing, washing additive, laundry pre-treatment or cleaning agent containing a dye transfer inhibitor in the form of previously described, consisting of water-insoluble polyamide fibers whose average diameter is not more than 2 microns, in addition to conventional with this component compatible ingredients.

An agent according to the invention preferably contains 0.05% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight of the polyamide fibers. The incorporation into the respective formulation takes place in a manner known per se, wherein the polyamide fibers can be used in the form of the unbonded fibers or in the form of the inventive fabrics. The unbound fibers usually remain in the wash liquor and are separated from the textiles to be washed by being discharged with the wash liquor.

The polyamide fibers contribute to both aspects of color constancy mentioned at the outset, that is, they reduce both discoloration and fading, although the effect of preventing staining, especially when washing white textiles, is most pronounced. Another object of the invention is therefore the use of fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide whose average diameter is not more than 2 microns, to avoid the change in the color impression of textiles in their washing in particular surfactant-containing aqueous solutions. By changing the color impression is by no means the difference between dirty and clean textile to understand, but the color difference between each clean textile before and after the washing process.

Another object of the invention is a process for washing dyed textiles in surfactant-containing aqueous solutions, which is characterized in that one uses a surfactant-containing aqueous solution containing the previously described, consisting of water-insoluble polyamide fibers whose average diameter is not more than 2 microns is, contains. In such a method, it is possible to wash white or undyed textiles together with the dyed textile without the white or undyed textile being dyed. The concentration of the polyamide fibers in the surfactant-containing aqueous solution is preferably 0.025 g / l to 5 g / l, in particular 0.2 g / l to 2.5 g / l.

If desired, an agent according to the invention may, in addition to the abovementioned dye-transfer-inhibiting active ingredient, additionally comprise a known dye transfer inhibitor, then preferably in amounts of from 0.01% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular from 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight. , which in a preferred embodiment of the invention is a polymer of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, vinylpyridine-N-oxide or a copolymer thereof. Are usable both polyvinylpyrrolidones having molecular weights of from 15,000 to 50,000 and polyvinylpyrrolidones having molecular weights of more than 1,000,000, in particular from 1,500,000 to 4,000,000, N-vinylimidazole / N-vinylpyrrolidone copolymers, polyvinyl oxazolidones, polyamine N-oxide polymers, Polyvinyl alcohols and copolymers based on acrylamidoalkenylsulfonic acids. However, it is also possible to use enzymatic systems comprising a peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide or a substance which produces hydrogen peroxide in water. The addition of a mediator compound for the peroxidase, for example an acetosyringone, a phenol derivative or a phenothiazine or phenoxazine, is preferred in this case, with the above-mentioned conventional polymeric color transfer inhibiting agents additionally being able to be used. For use in agents according to the invention, polyvinylpyrrolidone preferably has an average molar mass in the range from 10,000 g / mol to 60,000 g / mol, in particular in the range from 25,000 g / mol to 50,000 g / mol. Among the copolymers, preference is given to those of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylimidazole in a molar ratio of 5: 1 to 1: 1 with an average molar mass in the range from 5,000 g / mol to 50,000 g / mol, in particular 10,000 g / mol to 20,000 g / mol ,

The compositions according to the invention, which may be solid or liquid and may be in the form of homogeneous solutions or suspensions in powdered form, may in principle contain, in addition to the active ingredient used in accordance with the invention, all known ingredients customary in such compositions. The agents according to the invention may in particular be builders, surface-active surfactants, bleaches based on organic and / or inorganic peroxygen compounds, bleach activators, water-miscible organic solvents, enzymes, sequestering agents, electrolytes, pH regulators and other auxiliaries, such as optical brighteners, grayness inhibitors, foam regulators and colorants Contain fragrances. It is also possible according to the invention to apply the polyamide fibers to a flat support, in particular a water-insoluble cloth, or to introduce them, optionally with further customary ingredients of detergents or cleaners, into a bag of water-insoluble but water-permeable material, or from the fibrous form Polyamide a particular sheet-like fabric, such as a fabric or a nonwoven, or other shaped body such as a ball or a cube to produce, and it as an additive or as part of an additive in the Use washing or cleaning process. As an alternative to the last-mentioned embodiment, the fibrous polyamide or a composition containing the same can be introduced in portions into a water-soluble material, for example a polyvinyl alcohol film, in the washing or cleaning process.

The compositions according to the invention may comprise one or more surfactants, in particular anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and mixtures thereof, but also cationic, zwitterionic and amphoteric surfactants.

Suitable nonionic surfactants are in particular alkyl glycosides and ethoxylation and / or propoxylation of alkyl glycosides or linear or branched alcohols each having 12 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety and 3 to 20, preferably 4 to 10 alkyl ether groups. Also suitable are ethoxylation and / or propoxylation products of N-alkylamines, vicinal diols, fatty acid esters and fatty acid amides which correspond to said long-chain alcohol derivatives with respect to the alkyl moiety and of alkylphenols having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical.

in der R¹CO für einen aliphatischen Acylrest mit 6 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, R² für Wasserstoff, einen Alkyl- oder Hydroxyalkylrest mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen und [Z] für einen linearen oder verzweigten Polyhydroxyalkylrest mit 3 bis 10 Kohlenstoffatomen und 3 bis 10 Hydroxylgruppen steht.The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary, alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and on average 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as they are usually present in Oxoalkoholresten. In particular, however, alcohol ethoxylates with linear radicals of alcohols of native origin having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for. From coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and on average from 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C ₁₂ -C ₁₄ -alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ -C ₁₁ -alcohols with 7 EO, C ₁₃ -C ₁₅ -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C ₁₂ -C ₁₄ -alcohol with 3 EO and C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ -alcohol with 7 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical means which, for a particular product, may be an integer or a fractional number. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols containing more than 12 EO can also be used become. Examples include (tallow) fatty alcohols with 14 EO, 16 EO, 20 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO. In particular, agents for use in mechanical processes usually extremely low-foam compounds are used. These include, preferably, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ -alkylpolyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol ethers having in each case up to 8 mol of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units in the molecule. However, it is also possible to use other known low-foam nonionic surfactants, such as, for example, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ -alkyl polyethylene glycol-polybutylene glycol ethers having in each case up to 8 mol of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide units in the molecule and end-capped alkylpolyalkylene glycol mixed ethers. Also particularly preferred are the hydroxyl-containing alkoxylated alcohols, as described in the European patent application EP 0 300 305 are described, so-called Hydroxymischether. The nonionic surfactants also include alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x , in which R is a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular 2-methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and G is a Glykoseeinheit with 5 or 6 C-atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is an arbitrary number - which, as a variable to be determined analytically, may also assume fractional values - between 1 and 10; preferably x is 1.2 to 1.4. Also suitable are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula given below,

in the R ¹ CO is an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ^{2 is} hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] is a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups stands.

in der R³ für einen linearen oder verzweigten Alkyl- oder Alkenylrest mit 7 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen, R⁴ für einen linearen, verzweigten oder cyclischen Alkylenrest oder einen Arylenrest mit 2 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatomen und R⁵ für einen linearen, verzweigten oder cyclischen Alkylrest oder einen Arylrest oder einen Oxy-Alkylrest mit 1 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatomen steht, wobei C₁-C₄-Alkyl- oder Phenylreste bevorzugt sind, und [Z] für einen linearen Polyhydroxyalkylrest, dessen Alkylkette mit mindestens zwei Hydroxylgruppen substituiert ist, oder alkoxylierte, vorzugsweise ethoxylierte oder propoxylierte Derivate dieses Restes steht. [Z] wird auch hier vorzugsweise durch reduktive Aminierung eines Zuckers wie Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose, Galactose, Mannose oder Xylose erhalten. Die N-Alkoxy- oder N-Aryloxy-substituierten Verbindungen können dann beispielsweise durch Umsetzung mit Fettsäuremethylestern in Gegenwart eines Alkoxids als Katalysator in die gewünschten Polyhydroxyfettsäureamide überführt werden. Eine weitere Klasse bevorzugt eingesetzter nichtionischer Tenside, die entweder als alleiniges nichtionisches Tensid oder in Kombination mit anderen nichtionischen Tensiden, insbesondere zusammen mit alkoxylierten Fettalkoholen und/oder Alkylglykosiden, eingesetzt werden, sind alkoxylierte, vorzugsweise ethoxylierte oder ethoxylierte und propoxylierte Fettsäurealkylester, vorzugsweise mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen in der Alkylkette, insbesondere Fettsäuremethylester. Auch nichtionische Tenside vom Typ der Aminoxide, beispielsweise N-Kokosalkyl-N,N-dimethylaminoxid und N-Talgalkyl-N,N-dihydroxyethylaminoxid, und der Fettsäurealkanolamide können geeignet sein. Die Menge dieser nichtionischen Tenside beträgt vorzugsweise nicht mehr als die der ethoxylierten Fettalkohole, insbesondere nicht mehr als die Hälfte davon. Als weitere Tenside kommen sogenannte Gemini-Tenside in Betracht. Hierunter werden im Allgemeinen solche Verbindungen verstanden, die zwei hydrophile Gruppen pro Molekül besitzen. Diese Gruppen sind in der Regel durch einen sogenannten "Spacer" voneinander getrennt. Dieser Spacer ist in der Regel eine Kohlenstoffkette, die lang genug sein sollte, dass die hydrophilen Gruppen einen ausreichenden Abstand haben, damit sie unabhängig voneinander agieren können. Derartige Tenside zeichnen sich im Allgemeinen durch eine ungewöhnlich geringe kritische Micellkonzentration und die Fähigkeit, die Oberflächenspannung des Wassers stark zu reduzieren, aus. In Ausnahmefällen werden unter dem Ausdruck Gemini-Tenside nicht nur derartig "dimere", sondern auch entsprechend "trimere" Tenside verstanden. Geeignete Gemini-Tenside sind beispielsweise sulfatierte Hydroxymischether oder Dimeralkohol-bis- und Trimeralkohol-tris-sulfate und -ethersulfate. Endgruppenverschlossene dimere und trimere Mischether zeichnen sich insbesondere durch ihre Bi- und Multifunktionalität aus. So besitzen die genannten endgruppenverschlossenen Tenside gute Netzeigenschaften und sind dabei schaumarm, so dass sie sich insbesondere für den Einsatz in maschinellen Wasch- oder Reinigungsverfahren eignen. Eingesetzt werden können aber auch Gemini-Polyhydroxyfettsäureamide oder Poly-Polyhydroxyfettsäureamide. Geeignet sind auch die Schwefelsäuremonoester der mit 1 bis 6 Mol Ethylenoxid ethoxylierten geradkettigen oder verzweigten C₇-C₂₁-Alkohole, wie 2-Methylverzweigte C₉-C₁₁-Alkohole mit im Durchschnitt 3,5 Mol Ethylenoxid (EO) oder C₁₂-C₁₈-Fettalkohole mit 1 bis 4 EO. Zu den bevorzugten Aniontensiden gehören auch die Salze der Alkylsulfobernsteinsäure, die auch als Sulfosuccinate oder als Sulfobernsteinsäureester bezeichnet werden, und die Monoester und/oder Diester der Sulfobernsteinsäure mit Alkoholen, vorzugsweise Fettalkoholen und insbesondere ethoxylierten Fettalkoholen. Bevorzugte Sulfosuccinate enthalten C₈- bis C₁₈-Fettalkoholreste oder Mischungen aus diesen. Insbesondere bevorzugte Sulfosuccinate enthalten einen Fettalkoholrest, der sich von ethoxylierten Fettalkoholen ableitet, die für sich betrachtet nichtionische Tenside darstellen. Dabei sind wiederum Sulfosuccinate, deren Fettalkohol-Reste sich von ethoxylierten Fettalkoholen mit eingeengter Homologenverteilung ableiten, besonders bevorzugt. Ebenso ist es auch möglich, Alk(en)ylbernsteinsäure mit vorzugsweise 8 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen in der Alk(en)ylkette oder deren Salze einzusetzen. Als weitere anionische Tenside kommen Fettsäure-Derivate von Aminosäuren, beispielsweise von N-Methyltaurin (Tauride) und/oder von N-Methylglycin (Sarkoside) in Betracht. Insbesondere bevorzugt sind dabei die Sarkoside beziehungsweise die Sarkosinate und hier vor allem Sarkosinate von höheren und gegebenenfalls einfach oder mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren wie Oleylsarkosinat. Als weitere anionische Tenside kommen insbesondere Seifen in Betracht. Geeignet sind insbesondere gesättigte Fettsäureseifen, wie die Salze der Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Stearinsäure, hydrierten Erucasäure und Behensäure sowie insbesondere aus natürlichen Fettsäuren, zum Beispiel Kokos-, Palmkern- oder Talgfettsäuren, abgeleitete Seifengemische. Zusammen mit diesen Seifen oder als Ersatzmittel für Seifen können auch die bekannten Alkenylbernsteinsäuresalze eingesetzt werden.The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are preferably derived from reducing sugars having 5 or 6 carbon atoms, in particular from glucose. The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula given below,

in the R ^{3 is} a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{4 is} a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene radical or an arylene radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{5 is} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or a Aryl radical or an oxy-alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl or phenyl radicals are preferred, and [Z] is a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this group. [Z] is also obtained here preferably by reductive amination of a sugar such as glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, for example by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst. Another class of preferred nonionic surfactants used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, in particular together with alkoxylated fatty alcohols and / or alkyl glycosides, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, especially fatty acid methyl ester. Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-cocoalkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallowalkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides may also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, especially not more than half thereof. Other suitable surfactants are so-called gemini surfactants. These are generally understood as meaning those compounds which have two hydrophilic groups per molecule. These groups are usually separated by a so-called "spacer". This spacer is typically a carbon chain that should be long enough for the hydrophilic groups to be spaced sufficiently apart for them to act independently of each other. Such surfactants are generally characterized by an unusually low critical micelle concentration and the ability to greatly reduce the surface tension of the water. In exceptional cases, the term gemini surfactants is not only used to describe such "dimers", but also understood according to "trimeric" surfactants. Suitable gemini surfactants are, for example, sulfated hydroxy mixed ethers or dimer alcohol bis and trimer alcohol tris sulfates and ether sulfates. End-capped dimeric and trimeric mixed ethers are characterized in particular by their bi- and multi-functionality. Thus, the end-capped surfactants mentioned have good wetting properties and are low foaming, so that they are particularly suitable for use in machine washing or cleaning processes. However, it is also possible to use gemini-polyhydroxy fatty acid amides or poly-polyhydroxy fatty acid amides. Also suitable are the sulfuric acid monoesters of straight-chain or branched C ₇ -C ₂₁ -alcohols ethoxylated with from 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched C ₉ -C ₁₁ -alcohols having on average 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) or C ₁₂ - C ₁₈ -fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO. The preferred anionic surfactants also include the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters, and the monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and in particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C ₈ to C ₁₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures of these. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which by themselves are nonionic surfactants. Sulfosuccinates, whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are again particularly preferred. Likewise, it is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof. Suitable further anionic surfactants are fatty acid derivatives of amino acids, for example N-methyltaurine (Tauride) and / or N-methylglycine (sarcosides). Particularly preferred are the sarcosides or the sarcosinates and here especially sarcosinates of higher and optionally monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids such as oleyl sarcosinate. As further anionic surfactants are particularly soaps into consideration. Particularly suitable are saturated fatty acid soaps, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid and, in particular, soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids, for example coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids. Together with these soaps or as a substitute for soaps, it is also possible to use the known alkenylsuccinic acid salts.

The anionic surfactants, including soaps, may be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably present in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

Examples of suitable cationic surfactants are mono- and di- (C ₇ -C ₂₅ -alkyl) dimethylammonium compounds and esterquats, in particular quaternary esterified mono-, di- and trialkanolamines which have been esterified with C ₈ -C ₂₂ -carboxylic acids.

Suitable amphoteric surfactants are, for example, alkylbetaines, alkylamidbetaines, aminopropionates, aminoglycinates and amphoteric imidazolium compounds.

Surfactants are present in detergents according to the invention in proportions of preferably from 5% by weight to 50% by weight, in particular from 8% by weight to 30% by weight.

An agent according to the invention preferably contains at least one water-soluble and / or water-insoluble, organic and / or inorganic builder. The water-soluble organic builder substances include polycarboxylic acids, in particular citric acid and sugar acids, monomeric and polymeric aminopolycarboxylic acids, in particular methylglycinediacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and polyaspartic acid, polyphosphonic acids, in particular aminotris (methylenephosphonic acid), ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylenephosphonic acid) and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, polymeric hydroxy compounds such as dextrin and also polymeric (poly) carboxylic acids, in particular the polycarboxylates obtainable by oxidation of polysaccharides or dextrins, polymeric acrylic acids, methacrylic acids, maleic acids and copolymers thereof, which may also contain polymerized small amounts of polymerizable substances without carboxylic acid functionality. The molecular weight of the homopolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids is generally between 3,000 g / mol and 200,000 g / mol, that of the copolymers between 2,000 g / mol and 200,000 g / mol, preferably 30,000 g / mol to 120,000 g / mol, in each case based on the free acid. A particularly preferred acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer has a molecular weight of 30,000 g / mol to 100,000 g / mol. Commercially available products are, for example, Sokalan® CP 5, CP 10 and PA 30 from BASF. Suitable, though less preferred Compounds of this class are copolymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers, such as vinylmethyl ethers, vinyl esters, ethylene, propylene and styrene, in which the proportion of the acid is at least 50% by weight. Terpolymers which contain two unsaturated acids and / or salts thereof as monomers and also vinyl alcohol and / or an esterified vinyl alcohol or a carbohydrate as the third monomer may be used as water-soluble organic builder substances, the first acidic monomer being selected from a monoethylenically unsaturated C ₃ - C ₈ carboxylic acid and preferably from a C ₃ -C ₄ monocarboxylic acid, in particular from (meth) acrylic acid, derived and the second acidic monomer is a derivative of a C ₄ -C ₈ dicarboxylic acid, with maleic acid being particularly preferred, and / or a derivative of an allylsulfonic acid substituted in the 2-position with an alkyl or aryl radical. The organic builder substances can be used, in particular for the preparation of liquid agents, in the form of aqueous solutions, preferably in the form of 30 to 50 percent by weight aqueous solutions. All of the acids mentioned are generally used in the form of their water-soluble salts, in particular their alkali metal salts.

Such organic builders may, if desired, be included in the compositions in amounts of up to 40% by weight, in particular up to 25% by weight, and preferably from 1% by weight to 8% by weight. Quantities close to the stated upper limit are preferably used in paste-form or liquid, in particular water-containing, agents according to the invention.

Suitable water-soluble inorganic builder materials are, in particular, alkali metal silicates, alkali metal carbonates and alkali metal phosphates, which may be in the form of their alkaline, neutral or acidic sodium or potassium salts. Examples of these are trisodium phosphate, tetrasodium diphosphate, disodium dihydrogen diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate, so-called sodium hexametaphosphate, oligomeric trisodium phosphate with degrees of oligomerization of from 5 to 1000, in particular from 5 to 50, and the corresponding potassium salts or mixtures of sodium and potassium salts. Crystalline or amorphous alkali metal aluminosilicates, in amounts of up to 50% by weight, preferably not more than 40% by weight, and in liquid agents, in particular from 1% by weight to 5% by weight, are particularly suitable as water-insoluble, water-dispersible inorganic builder materials. used. Among these are the crystalline sodium aluminosilicates in detergent grade, especially zeolite A, P and optionally X, alone or in mixtures, for example in the form of a co-crystallizate from zeolites A and X (Vegobond® AX, a commercial product of Condea Augusta SpA). Amounts near the above upper limit are preferably used in solid, particulate agents. In particular, suitable aluminosilicates have no particles with a particle size greater than 30 .mu.m and preferably consist of at least 80% by weight of particles having a size of less than 10 .mu.m. Their calcium binding capacity, according to the information of the German Patent DE 24 12 837 can be determined, is usually in the range of 100 to 200 mg CaO per gram.

Suitable substitutes or partial substitutes for the said aluminosilicate are crystalline alkali silicates which may be present alone or in a mixture with amorphous silicates. The alkali metal silicates useful as builders in the compositions according to the invention preferably have a molar ratio of alkali metal oxide to SiO ₂ below 0.95, in particular from 1: 1.1 to 1:12, and may be present in amorphous or crystalline form. Preferred alkali metal silicates are the sodium silicates, in particular the amorphous sodium silicates, with a molar ratio of Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 2.8. The crystalline silicates which may be present alone or in admixture with amorphous silicates, are crystalline layer silicates with the general formula Na ₂ Si _x O y are used _{2x + 1} H ₂ O, in which x, the so-called module, a number from 1.9 to 22, in particular 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 33 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Preferred crystalline phyllosilicates are those in which x in the abovementioned general formula assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates (Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ y H ₂ O) are preferred. Also prepared from amorphous alkali silicates, practically anhydrous crystalline alkali silicates of the abovementioned general formula in which x is a number from 1.9 to 2.1, can be used in inventive compositions. In a further preferred embodiment of the composition according to the invention, a crystalline sodium layer silicate with a modulus of 2 to 3 is used, as can be prepared from sand and soda. Crystalline sodium silicates with a modulus in the range from 1.9 to 3.5 are used in a further preferred embodiment of compositions according to the invention. Crystalline layer-form silicates of formula (I) given above are sold by Clariant GmbH under the trade name Na-SKS, eg. Na-SKS-1 (Na ₂ Si ₂₂ O ₄₅ xH ₂ O, Kenyaite), Na-SKS-2 (Na ₂ Si ₁₄ O ₂₉ xH ₂ O, magadiite), Na-SKS-3 (Na ₂ Si ₈ O ₁₇ xH ₂ O) or Na-SKS-4 (Na ₂ Si ₄ O ₉ xH ₂ O, Makatite). Of these, especially Na-SKS-5 (α-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ), Na-SKS-7 (β-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ , Natrosilit), Na-SKS-9 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ 3H ₂ O), Na-SKS-10 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ 3H ₂ O, kanemite), Na-SKS-11 (t-Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ) and Na-SKS-13 (NaHSi ₂ O ₅ ), but especially Na-SKS-6 (δ- Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ ). In a preferred embodiment of the composition according to the invention, a granular compound of crystalline phyllosilicate and citrate, of crystalline phyllosilicate and of the above-mentioned (co-) polymeric polycarboxylic acid, or of alkali silicate and alkali metal carbonate, as it is commercially available, for example, under the name Nabion® 15 ,

Builder substances are preferably present in the compositions according to the invention in amounts of up to 75% by weight, in particular 5% by weight to 50% by weight.

As for the use in agents according to the invention suitable peroxygen compounds are in particular organic peracids or pers acid salts of organic acids, such as phthalimidopercaproic acid, perbenzoic acid or salts of diperdodecanedioic acid, hydrogen peroxide and under the washing conditions hydrogen peroxide donating inorganic salts, which include perborate, percarbonate, persilicate and / or persulfate Caroat belong into consideration. If solid peroxygen compounds are to be used, they can be used in the form of powders or granules, which can also be enveloped in a manner known in principle. If an agent according to the invention contains peroxygen compounds, they are present in amounts of preferably up to 50% by weight, in particular from 5% by weight to 30% by weight. The addition of small amounts of known bleach stabilizers such as phosphonates, borates or metaborates and metasilicates and magnesium salts such as magnesium sulfate may be useful.

As bleach activators, it is possible to use compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the stated C atom number and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preference is given to polyacylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl or Isononanoyloxybenzolsulfonat (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate, 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran and enol esters, and also acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or mixtures thereof (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfruktose, tetraacetylxylose and octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, optionally N-alkylated glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N-benzoylcaprolactam. The hydrophilic substituted acyl acetals and the acyl lactams are also preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used. Such bleach activators can, in particular in the presence of the abovementioned hydrogen peroxide-producing bleach, in the usual amount range, preferably in amounts of from 0.5 wt .-% to 10 wt .-%, in particular 1 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, based on However, total agent, be included, missing when using percarboxylic acid as the sole bleach, preferably completely.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, sulfone imines and / or bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes may also be present as so-called bleach catalysts.

Suitable enzymes which can be used in the compositions are those from the class of amylases, proteases, lipases, cutinases, pullulanases, hemicellulases, cellulases, oxidases, laccases and peroxidases and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable are from fungi or bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus lentus, Streptomyces griseus, Humicola lanuginosa, Humicola insolens, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas cepacia or Coprinus cinereus derived enzymatic agents. The enzymes may be adsorbed to carriers and / or embedded in encapsulants to protect against premature inactivation. They are preferably present in the detergents or cleaners according to the invention in amounts of up to 5% by weight, in particular from 0.2% by weight to 4% by weight. If the agent of the invention contains protease, it preferably has a proteolytic activity in the range of about 100 PE / g to about 10,000 PE / g, in particular 300 PE / g to 8000 PE / g. If several enzymes are to be used in the agent according to the invention, this can be achieved by incorporation of the two or more separate or in a known manner separately formulated enzymes or be carried out by two or more enzymes synthesized together in a granule.

Among the solvents according to the invention, in particular when they are in liquid or pasty form, organic solvents which can be used in addition to water include alcohols having 1 to 4 C atoms, in particular methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and tert-butanol, diols having 2 to 4 C -Atomen, in particular ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof and derived from the classes of compounds mentioned ether. Such water-miscible solvents are preferably present in the compositions according to the invention in amounts of not more than 30% by weight, in particular from 6% by weight to 20% by weight.

In order to establish a desired pH, which does not result from the mixture of the other components, the compositions according to the invention can contain system- and environmentally compatible acids, in particular citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid and / or adipic acid. but also mineral acids, in particular sulfuric acid, or bases, in particular ammonium or alkali metal hydroxides. Such pH regulators are present in the compositions according to the invention in amounts of preferably not more than 20% by weight, in particular from 1.2% by weight to 17% by weight.

Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping suspended from the textile fiber dirt suspended in the fleet. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example starch, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or of cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Also, water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are suitable for this purpose. Furthermore, other than the above-mentioned starch derivatives can be used, for example aldehyde starches. Preference is given to using cellulose ethers, such as carboxymethylcellulose (Na salt), methylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcellulose and mixed ethers, such as methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, methylcarboxymethylcellulose and mixtures thereof, for example in amounts of from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the compositions.

Detergents according to the invention may contain, for example, derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts as optical brighteners, although they are preferably free of optical brighteners for use as color detergents. Suitable salts are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid or compounds of similar construction which, instead of the morpholino Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Further, brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyrene type may be present, for example, the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) -diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) -diphenyl, or 4 - (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl). Mixtures of the aforementioned optical brightener can be used.

In particular, when used in mechanical processes, it may be advantageous to add conventional foam inhibitors to the compositions. As foam inhibitors are, for example, soaps of natural or synthetic origin, which have a high proportion of C ₁₈ -C ₂₄ fatty acids. Suitable non-surfactant foam inhibitors are, for example, organopolysiloxanes and mixtures thereof with microfine, optionally silanized silica and paraffins, waxes, microcrystalline waxes and mixtures thereof with silanated silicic acid or bis-fatty acid alkylenediamides. It is also advantageous to use mixtures of various foam inhibitors, for example those of silicones, paraffins or waxes. The foam inhibitors, in particular silicone- and / or paraffin-containing foam inhibitors, are preferably bound to a granular, water-soluble or dispersible carrier substance. In particular, mixtures of paraffins and bistearylethylenediamide are preferred.

The preparation of solid compositions according to the invention presents no difficulties and can be carried out in a known manner, for example by spray-drying or granulation, enzymes and possibly other thermally sensitive ingredients such as, for example, bleaching agents optionally being added separately later. For the preparation of compositions according to the invention having an increased bulk density, in particular in the range from 650 g / l to 950 g / l, a process comprising an extrusion step is preferred.

For the production of compositions according to the invention in tablet form, which are single-phase or multiphase, monochrome or multicolor and in particular from a layer or from can consist of several, in particular of two layers, it is preferably such that all components - optionally one layer - mixed together in a mixer and the mixture by means of conventional tablet presses, such as eccentric or rotary presses, with pressing forces in the range of about 50 to 100 kN, preferably compressed at 60 to 70 kN. Particularly in the case of multilayer tablets, it can be advantageous if at least one layer is pre-compressed. This is preferably carried out at pressing forces between 5 and 20 kN, in particular at 10 to 15 kN. This gives fracture-resistant, yet sufficiently rapidly soluble tablets under application conditions with fracture and flexural strengths of normally 100 to 200 N, but preferably above 150 N. Preferably, a tablet produced in this way has a weight of 10 g to 50 g, in particular 15 g up to 40 g. The spatial form of the tablets is arbitrary and can be round, oval or angular, with intermediate forms are also possible. Corners and edges are advantageously rounded. Round tablets preferably have a diameter of 30 mm to 40 mm. In particular, the size of rectangular or cuboid-shaped tablets, which are introduced predominantly via the metering device, for example the dishwasher, is dependent on the geometry and the volume of this metering device. Exemplary preferred embodiments have a base area of (20 to 30 mm) x (34 to 40 mm), in particular of 26x36 mm or 24x38 mm.

Liquid or pasty compositions of the invention in the form of conventional solvents, in particular water, containing solutions are usually prepared by simply mixing the ingredients that can be added in bulk or as a solution in an automatic mixer.

Examples Example 1: Methods for Determining Analytical Key Figures a) Determination of the proportion of basic amino groups in the polyamides (AEG)

The accurately weighed sample was dissolved in a phenol / methanol mixture and titrated potentiometrically with hydrochloric acid solution (0.02 N). The number of titratable amino groups was calculated from the consumption up to the inflection point of the titration curve and a corresponding blank value of the pure solvent.

b) Determination of the proportion of carboxyl end groups in the polyamides (CEG)

Depending on the expected amount of carboxyl end groups, samples of 0.8 to 2.0 g of polyamide were each dissolved in 25 ml of benzyl alcohol at reflux. After complete dissolution of the samples, 0.5 ml of cresol red was added in each case. By visual titration with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol (0.5 N), the amount of terminal carboxyl groups was determined, with the color change from yellow to violet serving for end point determination. To correct the values determined, a blank value was determined analogously to the above procedure, with the difference that no polyamide sample was added.

c) Determination of specific BET surface areas

The BET method determinations were carried out with the Autosorb Automated Gas Sorption (Quantachrome) apparatus using nitrogen as the adsorbate. The activation temperature was in the range of 80 to 120 ° C and the adsorption of nitrogen was at its boiling point (77 K).

Example 2: Preparation of polyamides Polymer A:

• AEG = 80 mmol/kg
• CEG = 45 mmol/kg

A polyamide 6, prepared from caprolactam, which is regulated with an addition of hexamethylenediamine and gives the following end group balances:

• AEG = 80 mmol / kg
• CEG = 45 mmol / kg

Polymer B:

• AEG = 100 mmol/kg
• CEG = 36 mmol/kg

A polyamide 6.6, prepared from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, which is regulated with an excess of hexamethylenediamine and gives the following end group balances:

• AEG = 100 mmol / kg
• CEG = 36 mmol / kg

Polymer C:

• AEG = 1700 mmol/kg
• CEG = 9 mmol/kg

400.0 g of caprolactam, 85.71 g of aqueous hexamethylenediamine solution (71.4 wt .-%) and 16.0 g of water were weighed into a pressure reactor. The kettle was purged several times with nitrogen, then sealed and heated to 270 ° C outside temperature (about 260 ° C internal temperature). The reaction was maintained at about 260 ° C internal temperature and 16 bar for 15 minutes, the pressure then relaxed within one hour to ambient pressure and then postcondensed for 120 minutes with nitrogen flow flushing at 260 ° C internal temperature. Finally, the polymer was extended by applying a nitrogen overpressure from the reactor.

• AEG = 1700 mmol / kg
• CEG = 9 mmol / kg

Polymer D:

• AEG = 43 mmol/kg
• CEG = 45 mmol/kg

A polyamide 6.6, prepared from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, wherein the components were used in an equimolar ratio, which has the following end group balances:

• AEG = 43 mmol / kg
• CEG = 45 mmol / kg

Example 3: Production of polyamide particles

The preparation of the polyamide particles was carried out by Kryomahlung the dried in vacuo at 80 ° C for 3 days polymers A, B, C and D in a laboratory centrifugal mill. The mean particle size (weight average particle diameter) of the polyamide powder obtained was about 220 μm.

• AEG = 40 mmol/kg
• CEG = 35 mmol/kg

Porous particles of polymer E (= polyamide 12, Vestamid® L1670 from Evonik) were prepared by precipitation (see WO2009 / 127587 ). Polyamide 12 was dissolved in phenol and by intensive mixing of ethanol / ethylene glycol / glycerol (analogous to the description of the WO2009 / 127587 ) like. The analysis of the end group balance showed:

• AEG = 40 mmol / kg
• CEG = 35 mmol / kg

The average particle size of the porous particles of the polymer E was determined to be 26 μm, the BET surface area was 9 m ² / g.

Example 4: Production of polyamide nonwovens a) Nonwoven made of polymer A (= FA)

For the preparation of the web, a solution of 6.02 g of polymer A in 264 g of formic acid (98-100%, p.a.) was used (2.2 wt .-% solution). The polymer A used had a proportion of AEG of 87 mmol / kg and a proportion of CEG of 48 meq / kg.

The solution of the polymer A was spun with the Nanospider apparatus from Elmarco according to the aforementioned variant 2. The solution used was in a container in which a spinning electrode (roller) permanently rotated. The spinning electrode in this case was an electrode based on metal wires. Part of the formulation was consistently on the surface of the wires. The electric field between the roller and the counter electrode (above the roller) caused that first liquid jets formed from the formulation, which then auf loose or solidify existing solvent the way to the counter electrode. The desired fleece of polyamide nanofibres was formed on a polypropylene support, which passed between the two electrodes.

• Temperatur: 24°C
• Rel. Luftfeuchte: 28 %
• Spannung: 82 kV
• Spinnelektrode: 12-Draht-Elektrode
• Elektrodenabstand: 20 cm
• Elektroden-Spin: 23 Hz
• Vorschub des Trägersubstrats: 19 Hz

The following parameters were used:

• Temperature: 24 ° C
• Rel. Humidity: 28%
• Voltage: 82 kV
• Spinning electrode: 12-wire electrode
• Electrode distance: 20 cm
• Electrode spin: 23 Hz
• Feed of the carrier substrate: 19 Hz

A nonwoven fabric consisting of polymer A was produced on the polypropylene support. Electron microscopic analysis of the web revealed that it was composed of fibers with a mean diameter of 160 ± 30 nm.

b) nonwoven made of polymer B (= FB), fleece made of polymer D (= FD)

For the preparation of the web a solution of 6.02 g of polymer B or of 6.05 g of polymer D in 264 g of formic acid (98-100%, p.a.) was used (2.2 wt .-% solution).

The solution of the polymer was spun with the Nanospider apparatus of Elmarco according to the aforementioned variant 2. The solution used was in a container in which a spinning electrode (roller) permanently rotated. The spinning electrode in this case was an electrode based on metal wires. Part of the formulation was consistently on the surface of the wires. The electric field between the roller and the counter electrode (above the roller) caused the formulation to form liquid jets, which then lose or solidify the solvent present on the way to the counter electrode. The desired fleece of polyamide nanofibres was formed on a polypropylene support, which passed between the two electrodes.

• Temperatur: 24°C
• Rel. Luftfeuchte: 30 %
• Spannung: 82 kV
• Spinnelektrode: 12-Draht-Elektrode
• Elektrodenabstand: 20 cm
• Elektroden-Spin: 24 Hz
• Vorschub des Trägersubstrats: 19 Hz

The following parameters were used:

• Temperature: 24 ° C
• Rel. Humidity: 30%
• Voltage: 82 kV
• Spinning electrode: 12-wire electrode
• Electrode distance: 20 cm
• Electrode spin: 24 Hz
• Feed of the carrier substrate: 19 Hz

A non-woven consisting of the corresponding polymer was produced on the polypropylene support. Electron microscopic analysis of the nonwoven showed that in both cases it was composed of fibers with an average diameter of 140 ± 40 nm.

c) fleece of fibers consisting of a mixture of polymer B and polymer C (= FC)

First of all, 20% by weight solutions in formic acid (98-100%, p.a.) of the above-described Polymer B and Polymer C were prepared. For the preparation of the nonwoven, a mixture of 225 g of the polymer B solution and 25 g of the polymer C solution (weight ratio of polymer B to polymer C of 9: 1) was used.

The mixture was spun with the Elmarco Nanospider apparatus as previously described.

• Temperatur: 24°C
• Rel. Luftfeuchte: 35 %
• Spannung: 82 kV
• Spinnelektrode: 6-Draht-Elektrode
• Elektrodenabstand: 25 cm
• Elektroden-Spin: 47 Hz
• Vorschub des Trägersubstrats: manuell

The following parameters were used:

• Temperature: 24 ° C
• Rel. Humidity: 35%
• Voltage: 82 kV
• Spinning electrode: 6-wire electrode
• Electrode distance: 25 cm
• Electrode spin: 47 Hz
• Feed of the carrier substrate: manually

The thus prepared nonwoven fabric (= FC), which was located on the polypropylene substrate, had a BET surface area of 7 m ² / g. Electron microscopic analysis of the web revealed that it was composed of fibers with a mean diameter of 140 ± 30 nm.

d) fleece made of polymer E (= FE)

For the preparation of the web, a solution of 6.02 g of polymer E in 264 g of formic acid (98-100%, p.a.) was used (2.2 wt .-% solution).

The solution of polymer E was spun with the Nanospider apparatus from Elmarco according to variant 2 above. The solution used was in a container in which a spinning electrode (roller) permanently rotated. The spinning electrode in this case was an electrode based on metal wires. Part of the formulation was consistently on the surface of the wires. The electric field between the roller and the counter electrode (above the roller) caused the formulation to form liquid jets, which then lose or solidify the solvent present on the way to the counter electrode. The desired fleece of polyamide nanofibres was formed on a polypropylene support, which passed between the two electrodes.

• Temperatur: 24°C
• Rel. Luftfeuchte: 31 %
• Spannung: 82 kV
• Spinnelektrode: 12-Draht-Elektrode
• Elektrodenabstand: 20 cm
• Elektroden-Spin: 23 Hz
• Vorschub des Trägersubstrats: 19 Hz

The following parameters were used:

• Temperature: 24 ° C
• Rel. Humidity: 31%
• Voltage: 82 kV
• Spinning electrode: 12-wire electrode
• Electrode distance: 20 cm
• Electrode spin: 23 Hz
• Feed of the carrier substrate: 19 Hz

A non-woven made of polymer E was produced on the polypropylene support. Electron microscopic analysis of the web revealed that it was composed of fibers with a mean diameter of 135 ± 35 nm.

Example 4: Color transfer inhibition

From a color transfer inhibitor-free liquid detergent W1 (5 g / l), a wash liquor was produced to which the color textiles listed in the table below were added and with the white textile pieces (6 cm x 16 cm) made of cotton (Krefelder standard) or polyamide (EMPA 406 ) were treated at 60 ° C for 30 minutes. In addition, otherwise identical wash liquors containing, in addition to the agent W1, the polyamide fiber webs FA, FB, FC, FD or FE prepared as described above (each 2.5 g / l) or, for comparison, the particulate polyamides A, B, C prepared as described above , D or E in the same amount, tested under the same conditions. The bleeding of the white accompanying textiles was evaluated according to DIN EN ISO 105-A04 on a scale from 1 (strong staining) to 5 (no staining). The results are given in the table below. base polymer W1 ¹⁾ + FE + E ¹⁾ + FA + A ¹⁾ AEG / mmol / kg - 40 40 80 80 CEG / mmol / kg - 35 35 45 45 BET / m ² / g - 8th 9 19 16 washing tests color textile cotton 0.5 g EMPA 134 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.8 2.0 cotton 0.3 g EMPA 131 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.4 polyamide 0.5 g EMPA 134 3.0 3.6 3.2 4.4 3.5 polyamide 0.3 g EMPA 131 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.9 1.9 polyamide 1 g AISE 41-30 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.5 Base polymer + FD + D ¹⁾ + FB + B ¹⁾ + FC + C ¹⁾ AEG / mmol / kg 43 43 100 100 about 260 1700 CEG / mmol / kg 45 45 36 36 about 33 9 BET / m ² / g nb nb 15 13 7 nb washing tests color textile cotton 0.5 g EMPA 134 2.6 2.0 2.9 1.9 4.4 3.6 cotton 0.3 g EMPA 131 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.3 4.9 4.5 polyamide 0.5 g EMPA 134 3.9 3.2 4.3 3.3 4.6 4.0 polyamide 0.3 g EMPA 131 3.0 1.8 3.6 1.8 4.3 3.1 polyamide 1 g AISE 41-30 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.6 4.6 3.8 ¹⁾ = Comparative Example
nb = not determined

It can be seen that compared to the detergent without addition of the polyamides and the detergent with the addition of polyamides in particulate form, the white textiles were less stained during washing with the addition of polyamide nonwovens. This effect is enhanced when polyamide nonwovens are used which have a higher proportion of amino end groups.

Claims (14)

1. A detergent, washing additive composition, laundry pretreatment composition or cleaner, comprising a color transfer inhibitor in the form of fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide, the average diameter of which is not more than 2 µm, as well as customary ingredients compatible with this constituent.
2. The composition according to claim 1, which comprises 0.05% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 0.1 % by weight to 5% by weight, of the polyamide fibers.
3. The use of fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide, the average diameter of which is not more than 2 µm, as additives in textile detergent compositions.
4. The use of fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide, the average diameter of which is not more than 2 µm, for avoiding the transfer of textile dyes from colored textiles to uncolored or differently colored textiles during their combined washing in in particular surfactant-containing aqueous solutions, or for avoiding the change in the color impression of textiles during their washing in in particular surfactant-containing aqueous solutions.
5. A method for washing colored textiles in surfactant-containing aqueous solutions, wherein a surfactant-containing aqueous solution is used which comprises fibers consisting of water-insoluble polyamide, the average diameter of which is not more than 2 µm.
6. The composition, use or method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the polyamide fibers are present in the form of a sheet material, in particular a nonwoven or woven.
7. The composition, use or method according to any one of the preceding claims, where the polyamide fibers have at least one, in particular at least 2, 3 or 4, of the following features i) to iv):

   i) the average diameter of the polyamide fibers is in the range from 10 nm to 1000 nm;

   ii) the polyamide fibers have a BET surface area in the range from 0.5 to 50 g/m²;

   iii) the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups and a content of amino groups of at least 40 mmol/kg;

   iv) the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups, where content of carboxyl groups have which is less than 100 meq/kg and at least 10 meq/kg is below the content of amino groups.
8. The composition, use or method according to any one of the preceding claims, where the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers are selected from polymers which are essentially composed of the following repeat units la and lb,

   

   

   in which

   A is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nonadjacent CH₂ groups can be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups and/or in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and groups of the formula (A'-O)_p-A', in which A' is C₂-C₄-alkanediyl, and p is an integer in the range from 1 to 20, where the repeat units A'-O can be identical or different,

   B is selected from a covalent bond, alkanediyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and

   B' is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
9. The composition, use or method according to any one of the preceding claims, where the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers are obtainable by reacting

   a) at least one amino compound which has 2 primary amino groups, in particular selected from compounds of the formula V1,
   
           H₂N-A-NH₂     (V1)
   
   in which A is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 2 to 20 carbon atoms in which 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nonadjacent CH₂ groups can be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups, and/or in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and groups of the formula (A"-O)_p-A", in which A" is C₂-C₄-alkanediyl and p is an integer in the range from 1 to 20, where the repeat units A"-O can be identical or different,
   with

   b) at least one amide-forming compound which is selected from dicarboxylic acids, their amide-forming derivatives and lactams, in particular selected from dicarboxylic acids of the formula V2
   
           HOOC-B-COOH     (V2)
   
   and amide-forming derivatives thereof, in which
   B is selected from a covalent bond and alkanediyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group.
10. A polyamide fiber of water-insoluble polyamides which have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups, where, on average, the content of amino groups outweighs the content of carboxyl groups, wherein the average diameter of the polyamide fibers is not more than 2 µm.
11. The polyamide fiber according to claim 10, where the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers are selected from polymers which are essentially composed of the following repeat units la and Ib,

    

    

    in which

    A is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nonadjacent CH₂ groups can be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups and/or in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and groups of the formula (A'-O)_p-A', in which A' is C₂-C₄-alkanediyl, and p is an integer in the range from 1 to 20, where the repeat units A'-O can be identical or different,

    B is selected from a covalent bond, alkanediyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and

    B' is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
12. The polyamide fiber according to claim 10, where the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers are obtainable by reacting

    a) at least one amino compound which has 2 primary amino groups, in particular selected from compounds of the formula V1,
    
            H₂N-A-NH₂     (V1)
    
    in which A is selected from alkanediyl radicals having 2 to 20 carbon atoms in which 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nonadjacent CH₂ groups can be replaced by a corresponding number of NH groups, and/or in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group, and groups of the formula (A"-O)_p-A", in which A" is C₂-C₄-alkanediyl and p is an integer in the range from 1 to 20, where the repeat units A"-O can be identical or different,
    with

    b) at least one amide-forming compound which is selected from dicarboxylic acids, their amide-forming derivatives and lactams, in particular selected from dicarboxylic acids of the formula V2
    
            HOOC-B-COOH     (V2)
    
    and amide-forming derivatives thereof, in which
    B is selected from a covalent bond and alkanediyl radicals having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which 2 joined together CH₂ groups can be jointly replaced by a C₅-C₇-cycloalkanediyl group.
13. The polyamide fiber according to any one of claims 10 to 12 which has at least one, in particular at least 2, 3 or 4 of the following features i) to iv):

    i) the average diameter of the polyamide fibers is in the range from 10 nm to 1000 nm;

    ii) the polyamide fibers have a BET surface area in the range from 0.5 to 50 g/m²;

    iii) the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups and a content of amino groups of at least 40 mmol/kg;

    iv) the polyamides forming the polyamide fibers have amino groups and optionally carboxyl groups, where content of carboxyl groups have which is less than 100 meq/kg and at least 10 meq/kg is below the content of amino groups.
14. A sheet material comprising the polyamide fibers according to any one of claims 10 to 13, in particular in the form of a nonwoven or woven or arranged on a flat support.