EP2858760A2 - Device and method for focussing pulses - Google Patents
Device and method for focussing pulsesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2858760A2 EP2858760A2 EP13730033.1A EP13730033A EP2858760A2 EP 2858760 A2 EP2858760 A2 EP 2858760A2 EP 13730033 A EP13730033 A EP 13730033A EP 2858760 A2 EP2858760 A2 EP 2858760A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wave
- medium
- signals
- target
- diffuser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
- B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
- B06B3/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
- B06B3/04—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency involving focusing or reflecting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Clinical applications
- A61B8/0833—Clinical applications involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
- A61B8/085—Clinical applications involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures for locating body or organic structures, e.g. tumours, calculi, blood vessels, nodules
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
- A61N7/02—Localised ultrasound hyperthermia
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
- G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K15/00—Acoustics not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
- A61B2017/22005—Effects, e.g. on tissue
- A61B2017/22007—Cavitation or pseudocavitation, i.e. creation of gas bubbles generating a secondary shock wave when collapsing
- A61B2017/22008—Cavitation or pseudocavitation, i.e. creation of gas bubbles generating a secondary shock wave when collapsing used or promoted
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
- A61B17/22012—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves in direct contact with, or very close to, the obstruction or concrement
- A61B2017/22014—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves in direct contact with, or very close to, the obstruction or concrement the ultrasound transducer being outside patient's body; with an ultrasound transmission member; with a wave guide; with a vibrated guide wire
- A61B2017/22015—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves in direct contact with, or very close to, the obstruction or concrement the ultrasound transducer being outside patient's body; with an ultrasound transmission member; with a wave guide; with a vibrated guide wire with details of the transmission member
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
- A61B2017/22027—Features of transducers
- A61B2017/22028—Features of transducers arrays, e.g. phased arrays
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
- A61N2007/0052—Ultrasound therapy using the same transducer for therapy and imaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N7/00—Ultrasound therapy
- A61N2007/0056—Beam shaping elements
- A61N2007/006—Lenses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods and devices for focusing waves. More specifically, it relates to methods and devices for generating high intensity waves at a target point of a target medium, for example acoustic waves for medical applications.
- the invention relates to a pulse focusing device comprising at least transmission means comprising an array of transducers, said transmission means being adapted to cause the array of transducers to transmit into a reflecting cavity, at least one wave focused in at least one target point of a target medium.
- HIFU devices English acronym for High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
- lithotripsy devices have disadvantages because their focal point can not be moved quickly and over a large distance by simple means.
- the document US 2009/0216128 describes an example of a device seeking to solve this problem, the device comprising a reflective cavity of random surface in which it is possible to generate and control waves whose focal point is movable.
- the cavity is further filled with water and provided with a window placed in contact with the target medium to improve the transmission of acoustic waves to the target medium.
- the cavity forms a resonator with a low quality factor and significant losses.
- the intensity of the wave at the target point is therefore low.
- the present invention is intended to overcome these disadvantages.
- a pulse focusing device of the kind in question is characterized in that the reflecting cavity comprises a multi-diffuser medium adapted to cause a multiple diffusion of said wave.
- the quality factor of the resonator formed by the cavity is important while maintaining a high transmission factor between the cavity and the medium.
- This multi-diffuser medium can be considered as an effective medium with adjustable transmission coefficient.
- the position of the target point is easily movable on a large volume.
- the losses of the resonator formed by the cavity are low and the characteristics of this resonator are easily adjustable by the choice of the multi-diffuser medium.
- the transducers used may be of low power and generate high intensity waves at the target point due to the high quality factor of the resonator.
- the number of transducers used can be reduced by generating virtual sources.
- the multi-diffuser medium comprises a plurality of diffusers
- the diffusers are substantially identical to each other;
- each diffuser has at least one transverse dimension substantially between 0.1 and 5 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity;
- each diffuser has at least one dimension transverse substantially between 0.5 and 1 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity;
- the diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium in a non-periodic manner
- the diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium so that their surface density on a section of the reflective cavity is substantially between 2 and 30 diffusers per area equivalent to a square of side equal to ten times the length of wave of the wave in the reflective cavity;
- the acoustic diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium so that their filling density density is between 1% and 30%;
- each acoustic diffuser has a length to width ratio greater than 5;
- the wave is an acoustic wave
- the reflecting cavity contains a liquid
- the reflecting cavity comprises a window at at least one of its ends
- the multi-diffuser medium is placed close to said end;
- the target medium comprises a living tissue;
- the device further comprises a lens placed between the reflecting cavity and the target medium;
- the transmission means are adapted to cause the wave s (t) to transmit to a number K at least equal to 1 of predetermined target points k belonging to the target medium, causing each transducer i of the network to transmit a signal of program :
- the signals ei k (t) are predetermined elementary transmission signals adapted so that, when the transducers i emit signals ei k (t), an impulse wave is generated at the target point k; the transmission means are adapted to emit a wave adapted to generate cavitation bubbles at a target point.
- the subject of the invention is also a method for focusing pulses comprising at least one transmission step during which at least one focused wave is emitted by a transducer array into at least one target point of a target medium. and said wave is passed through a reflective cavity before reaching the target medium, the method being characterized in that during the transmitting step a multiple scattering of said wave is caused by a multi-scattering medium located in the reflective cavity.
- signals ei k (t) are predetermined elementary transmission signals adapted so that, when the transducers i emit signals ei k (t), an impulse wave is generated at the target point k;
- the signals ei k (t) are coded on a number of bits between 1 and 64;
- the signals ei k (t) are coded on 1 bit; the elementary emission signals ei k (t) are determined experimentally during a learning step prior to said transmitting step;
- an ultrasonic pulse signal is transmitted successively at each predetermined target point k, the signals ri k (t) received by each transducer i of the array are sensed from the emission of said ultrasonic pulse signal, and the elementary emission signals ei k (t ) by time reversal of the received signals r ik (t):
- a liquid medium distinct from the target medium, is placed in contact with the reflecting cavity, and said pulsed signal is emitted from said liquid medium;
- an ultrasonic pulse signal is emitted successively at each transducer i of the grating, the signals ri k (t) received at the target point k are picked up from the emission of said ultrasonic pulse signal , and the elementary emission signals ei k (t) are determined by time reversal of the received signals ri k (t):
- a liquid medium distinct from the target medium, is placed in contact with the reflecting cavity, and the signals ri k (t) are picked up in said liquid medium;
- the liquid medium, used during the learning step essentially comprises water, and during the emission step, the target medium in which the wave is focused comprises a living tissue;
- a wave is emitted adapted to generate cavitation bubbles at the target point
- the wave is an acoustic wave
- the emission step is repeated at least once with a rate of between 10 Hz and 1000 Hz.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view illustrating a pulse focusing device according to one embodiment of the invention, for example an acoustic pulse focusing device.
- the waves and pulses mentioned may be waves and / or acoustic, optical or electromagnetic pulses.
- the electromagnetic waves and / or pulses are, for example, waves and / or radio-frequency or terahertz pulses, for example having a central frequency between a few megahertz and a few terahertz.
- the acoustic waves may for example be ultrasonic waves, for example waves and / or pulses having a central frequency which may be between 200 kHz and 100 MHz, for example between 0.5 MHz and 10 MHz.
- All the elements of the pulse focusing device 1 are adapted and chosen by those skilled in the art according to the type and frequency of the waves and / or pulses in question.
- Pulse focusing 1 and focusing method are respectively adapted to the type and frequency of waves and / or pulses chosen by those skilled in the art.
- the pulse focusing device 1 FIG. 1 is intended, for example, to focus pulses in a target medium 2, for example living tissues that can be part of the body of a patient in histotripsy applications, a part of an industrial object in applications. industrial, or other.
- a target medium 2 for example living tissues that can be part of the body of a patient in histotripsy applications, a part of an industrial object in applications. industrial, or other.
- the pulse focusing device 1 is intended to focus pulses in a target region 3 in the target medium 2, this region 3 possibly being three-dimensional.
- the device 1 is adapted to emit waves focused on one or more predetermined target points 4 belonging to the target zone 3.
- the waves are emitted by transmitting and receiving elements, for example an array of transducers 6, which are placed in or attached to a reflecting cavity 7.
- the transducers 6 may be in any number, ranging from 1 to several hundred, for example a few tens.
- the grating 5 may be a linear array, the transducers being juxtaposed along a longitudinal axis of the grating as on known ultrasound probes.
- the network 5 can also be a two-dimensional network so as to emit three-dimensional focused waves.
- the reflective cavity 7 may be filled with a liquid 10, for example water.
- the reflecting cavity 7 may also be filled with a gas, for example a weakly absorbing gas for the waves and / or the pulses generated by the transducers 6.
- a gas for example a weakly absorbing gas for the waves and / or the pulses generated by the transducers 6.
- the reflective cavity has walls made of a material forming a very reflecting for the waves.
- the walls of the reflecting cavity 7 may for example be made of a metal plate, an optical or electromagnetic mirror or a thin film separating the liquid contained in the cavity of the air outside the cavity so as to realize a very reflective liquid-air interface for waves and / or acoustic pulses.
- the reflective cavity 7 is in contact at one of its ends 7a with the target medium 2, directly or via a lens 9, for example an acoustic, optical or electromagnetic lens. It may for example be provided with a window 7b at said end 7a, the window 7b having a wall transmitting the waves with little loss.
- the reflective cavity 7 may have a general rectangular parallelepiped shape, the transducers 6 of the array being for example located on or near an end 7b of the reflecting cavity 7 which is located opposite the end 7a in contact with the target medium 2.
- the reflective cavity may more generally be in the form of a cylinder, for example a cylinder of revolution or another type of cylinder, extending in a direction of Y cavity extension and having a planar face on the side opposite to the end 7a in contact with the target medium 2.
- the reflective cavity 7 may be irregularly shaped, for example by depressions or bumps in its walls.
- the reflecting cavity 7 further contains a multi-diffuser medium 8 adapted to be traversed by the wave before it arrives at the target medium 2 and to cause a multiple diffusion of the wave.
- the multi-diffuser medium 8 may for example be located near the end 7a of the reflecting cavity 7 in contact with the target medium 2.
- the multi-diffuser medium 8 may for example cover the entirety of a section of the reflective cavity 7, taken perpendicularly to the direction of cavity extension Y.
- the multi-diffuser medium 8 may comprise any number of diffusers 8a, ranging from a few tens to several thousands, for example a few hundred.
- the diffusers 8a are adapted to broadcast the acoustic wave.
- the diffusers 8a are advantageously distributed randomly, or non-periodically, in the multi-diffuser medium, that is to say so that their distribution does not have a periodic structure.
- the extension directions of the acoustic diffusers 8a may for example be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the transducer array and to the direction of extension of the cavity Y.
- the diffusers can be held by frames or be attached to the walls of the reflecting cavity 7 at their ends.
- they may have the shape of balls, grains, cylinders, or any three-dimensional solid and be maintained by a foam, an elastomer or three-dimensional reinforcement so as to be distributed in the three dimensions of the space and form the multi-diffuser medium 8.
- the shape and density of the diffusers 8a as well as the dimensions of the multi-diffuser medium 8 are chosen to allow a maximum multiple diffusion of the wave as well as a good transmission.
- the diffusers 8a may have a surface adapted to strongly reflect the wave, for example a metal, an optical or electromagnetic mirror or a surface having a significant difference in impedance with the middle of the reflective cavity.
- the diffusers 8a may for example have a cross section, substantially between 0.1 and 5 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity, for example between 0.5 and 1 times said wavelength.
- Said cross section is understood to be a section taken perpendicular to their direction of extension, for example perpendicular to their direction of greatest extension.
- the average free diffusion path the average distance between two waves diffusion events
- the average free path of transport the average distance over which the wave loses its initial direction
- the diffusers 8a may for example have a cross section, taken perpendicularly to their direction of extension or according to their smallest section transverse, included in a circle of about 0.8 mm in diameter, and a length of 9 cm, for example in their direction of extension.
- the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their surface density in a cross section of the multi-diffuser medium 8 is substantially between 2 and 30 diffusers per area equivalent to a square of the side equal to ten times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity 7.
- Said cross section is understood to be a section taken perpendicular to the extension direction of the diffusers 8a and / or to a direction of greater extension of the multi-diffuser medium 8.
- the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their surface density, according to a section of the multi-diffuser medium 8 transverse to the extension direction Z of the diffusers 8a, or, for an acoustic wave having a central frequency of the order of 1 MHz, about ten diffusers 8a per square centimeter, for example eighteen acoustic diffusers 8a per square centimeter.
- the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their volume density of filling of the multi-diffuser medium 8 is between 1% and 30%.
- the length of the multi-diffuser medium 8 taken along the direction of propagation of the wave may be a few centimeters, for example two centimeters for an acoustic wave.
- the density of the diffusers 8a may be, for example, about ten diffusers 8a per cubic centimeter and the dimensions of the multi-diffuser medium 8 according to the three directions of space may be a few centimeters.
- a lens 9 can also be placed between the target medium 4 and the reflecting cavity 7.
- the lens 9 may be an acoustic, optical or electromagnetic lens adapted to focus the waves and / or pulses in one or two directions.
- the reflective cavity 7 and the multi-diffuser medium 8 can therefore be adapted to form a resonator with a high quality factor.
- the pressure of the acoustic wave generated by the transducer array can thus be amplified by more than 20 dB by the resonator formed by the reflecting cavity 7 and the multi-wave medium. diffuser 8.
- the power of the pulse generated at the focal point will also be greatly amplified.
- the transducers 6 of the network may be placed on one face of the reflecting cavity 7 opposite the target medium 2 or on a lateral face of the cavity 7c.
- they may be placed on a side face 7c and oriented to emit waves towards the multi-diffuser medium at an angle to the cavity extension direction Y, for example 60 °.
- the transducers 6 are controlled independently of each other by a microcomputer 12 (conventionally provided with user interfaces such as a screen 12a and a keyboard 12b), possibly via a central processing unit CPU and / or a unit equipped with GPU graphics processor which is contained for example in an electronic rack 11 connected by a flexible cable to the transducers 6.
- a microcomputer 12 conventionally provided with user interfaces such as a screen 12a and a keyboard 12b
- CPU and / or a unit equipped with GPU graphics processor which is contained for example in an electronic rack 11 connected by a flexible cable to the transducers 6.
- This electronic rack 11 may comprise, for example
- a memory M1-M6 connected to the analog / digital converter of each transducer 6 and the CPU and / or the unit provided with GPU graphics processor;
- the device may also comprise a digital signal processor or "DSP" (acronym for “digital signal processor”) connected to the CPU.
- DSP digital signal processor
- the device that has just been described operates as follows.
- a matrix of elementary emission signals ei k (t) are first determined such that, to generate a wave s (t) at a target point k, each transducer transmits i of the network 5 an emission signal:
- These elementary emission signals can optionally be determined by calculation (for example by a spatio-temporal inverse filter method), or they can be determined experimentally during a preliminary learning step.
- the target medium 2 is a liquid medium, it may possibly be possible to proceed to the preliminary learning step by successively positioning the ultrasonic wave emitter on the different target points 4 of the target zone 3.
- the medium 2 is a living tissue, for example a body part of a patient or a similar medium comprising a large amount of water, it may be possible to proceed to the learning phase by replacing the medium 2 with a volume of liquid , preferably comprising a majority of water, by successively positioning the ultrasonic wave transmitter at the locations of the different target points 4, identified with respect to the reflecting cavity 7.
- each transducer i of the network sends a signal d 'program
- the waves thus emitted by the transducers 6 of the network have a central frequency which may be in particular between 200 kHz and 100 MHz, for example between 0.5 MHz and 10 MHz.
- the emission step can be repeated with a rate of between 10 Hz and 1000 Hz.
- a depression greater than the cavitation threshold for example -15 MPa, can be generated at the target point 4 by emitting a wave.
- ultrasonic acoustic s (t) (continuous or not).
- the device 1 has been previously described as a pulse focusing device, this device can optionally be used, in addition to focusing or independently thereof, to perform imaging, for example ultrasound imaging as this will now be described.
- the echoes emitted by the target medium 2 are captured. by means of the transducers 6 of the network.
- the signals thus captured are digitized by the C1-C5 samplers and stored in the Ml-M6 memories, then processed by a conventional channel formation technique which achieves reception focusing on the targeted target point (s) 4 during transmission. .
- the processing in question which consists in particular in imposing different delays on the signals picked up and in capturing these signals, can be implemented by a summing circuit S connected to the memories M1-M6 or to the CPU.
- a summing circuit S connected to the memories M1-M6 or to the CPU.
- the non-linear behavior of at least one of the elements traversed by the wave that is to say the target medium 2, the cavity, can be exploited.
- 7 and / or the multi-diffuser medium 8 in practice, it is mainly the target medium 2 which will exhibit a non-linear behavior, the reflective cavity 7 and the multi-diffuser medium 8 preferably having a linear behavior).
- the wave is generated with a sufficient amplitude for harmonic waves of the central frequency fc of the wave to be generated, with a level sufficient to be able to listen to the echoes returning from the target medium 2 at a listening frequency which is an integer multiple of the central emission frequency fc.
- echoes returning from the target medium 2 are heard at a double or triple frequency of the frequency fc.
- This frequency selective listening can be obtained either by the very constitution of the transducers 6, in a manner known per se, or by a frequency filtering of the signals coming from the transducers 6.
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- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
DISPOSITIF ET PROCEDE DE FOCALISATION D ' IMPULSIONS . DEVICE AND METHOD FOR FOCUSING PULSES.
La présente invention est relative aux procédés et aux dispositifs de focalisation d'ondes. Plus précisément, elle est relative aux procédés et aux dispositifs permettant de générer des ondes de forte intensité en un point cible d'un milieu cible, par exemple des ondes acoustiques pour des applications médicales. The present invention relates to methods and devices for focusing waves. More specifically, it relates to methods and devices for generating high intensity waves at a target point of a target medium, for example acoustic waves for medical applications.
Ainsi, l'invention se rapporte à un dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions comprenant au moins des moyens d'émission comportant un réseau de transducteurs, ces moyens d'émission étant adaptés pour faire émettre par le réseau de transducteurs, dans une cavité réfléchissante, au moins une onde focalisée en au moins un point cible d'un milieu cible. Thus, the invention relates to a pulse focusing device comprising at least transmission means comprising an array of transducers, said transmission means being adapted to cause the array of transducers to transmit into a reflecting cavity, at least one wave focused in at least one target point of a target medium.
On connaît des dispositifs permettant d'émettre des ondes, par exemple des ondes ultrasonores focalisées de forte intensité tels que les dispositifs HIFU (acronyme anglo-saxon pour « High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound ») ou les dispositifs de lithotripsie. Ces dispositifs présentent des inconvénients car leur point focal ne peut pas être déplacé rapidement et sur une grande distance par des moyens simples. There are known devices for emitting waves, for example high intensity focused ultrasound waves such as HIFU devices (English acronym for High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) or lithotripsy devices. These devices have disadvantages because their focal point can not be moved quickly and over a large distance by simple means.
Le document US 2009/0216128 décrit un exemple d'un dispositif cherchant à résoudre ce problème, le dispositif comportant une cavité réfléchissante de surface aléatoire dans laquelle il est possible de générer et contrôler des ondes dont le point focal est déplaçable. La cavité est en outre remplie d'eau et munie d'une fenêtre placée en contact avec le milieu cible pour améliorer la transmission des ondes acoustiques vers le milieu cible. The document US 2009/0216128 describes an example of a device seeking to solve this problem, the device comprising a reflective cavity of random surface in which it is possible to generate and control waves whose focal point is movable. The cavity is further filled with water and provided with a window placed in contact with the target medium to improve the transmission of acoustic waves to the target medium.
Cette solution présente cependant des inconvénients. La cavité forme un résonateur avec un faible facteur de qualité et des pertes importantes. L'intensité de l'onde au point cible est donc faible. La présente invention a notamment pour but de pallier ces inconvénients. This solution, however, has disadvantages. The cavity forms a resonator with a low quality factor and significant losses. The intensity of the wave at the target point is therefore low. The present invention is intended to overcome these disadvantages.
A cet effet, selon l'invention, un dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions du genre en question est caractérisé en ce que la cavité réfléchissante comporte un milieu multi-diffuseur adapté pour provoquer une diffusion multiple de ladite onde. For this purpose, according to the invention, a pulse focusing device of the kind in question is characterized in that the reflecting cavity comprises a multi-diffuser medium adapted to cause a multiple diffusion of said wave.
Grâce à ces dispositions, le facteur de qualité du résonateur formé par la cavité est important tout en conservant un facteur élevé de transmission entre la cavité et le milieu. Ces deux caractéristiques font que le dispositif peut générer des ondes et/ou impulsions de forte intensité dans le milieu extérieur. Ce milieu multi- diffuseur peut être considéré comme étant un milieu effectif à coefficient de transmission réglable. La position du point cible est aisément déplaçable sur un grand volume. Les pertes du résonateur formé par la cavité sont faibles et les caractéristiques de ce résonateur sont ajustables aisément par le choix du milieu multi-diffuseur . Les transducteurs utilisés peuvent être de faible puissance et générer des ondes de forte intensité au point cible, du fait du facteur de qualité élevé du résonateur. Le nombre de transducteurs utilisé peut être réduit grâce à la génération de sources virtuelles. With these provisions, the quality factor of the resonator formed by the cavity is important while maintaining a high transmission factor between the cavity and the medium. These two characteristics mean that the device can generate waves and / or pulses of high intensity in the external environment. This multi-diffuser medium can be considered as an effective medium with adjustable transmission coefficient. The position of the target point is easily movable on a large volume. The losses of the resonator formed by the cavity are low and the characteristics of this resonator are easily adjustable by the choice of the multi-diffuser medium. The transducers used may be of low power and generate high intensity waves at the target point due to the high quality factor of the resonator. The number of transducers used can be reduced by generating virtual sources.
Dans des modes de réalisation préférés du dispositif, on peut éventuellement avoir recours en outre à l'une et/ou à l'autre des dispositions suivantes : In preferred embodiments of the device, one or more of the following provisions may also be used:
- le milieu multi-diffuseur comporte une pluralité de diffuseurs ; the multi-diffuser medium comprises a plurality of diffusers;
- les diffuseurs sont sensiblement identiques entre eux ; the diffusers are substantially identical to each other;
- chaque diffuseur possède au moins une dimension transversale comprise sensiblement entre 0.1 et 5 fois la longueur d'onde de l'onde dans la cavité réfléchissante ; each diffuser has at least one transverse dimension substantially between 0.1 and 5 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity;
- chaque diffuseur possède au moins une dimension transversale comprise sensiblement entre 0.5 et 1 fois la longueur d'onde de l'onde dans la cavité réfléchissante ; - each diffuser has at least one dimension transverse substantially between 0.5 and 1 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity;
les diffuseurs sont répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur de façon non-périodique ; the diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium in a non-periodic manner;
- les diffuseurs sont répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur de façon à ce que leur densité surfacique sur une section de la cavité réfléchissante soit comprise sensiblement entre 2 et 30 diffuseurs par surface équivalente à un carré de côté égal à dix fois la longueur d'onde de l'onde dans la cavité réfléchissante ; the diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium so that their surface density on a section of the reflective cavity is substantially between 2 and 30 diffusers per area equivalent to a square of side equal to ten times the length of wave of the wave in the reflective cavity;
- les diffuseurs acoustiques sont répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur de façon à ce que leur densité volumique de remplissage soit comprise entre 1% et 30% ; the acoustic diffusers are distributed in the multi-diffuser medium so that their filling density density is between 1% and 30%;
- chaque diffuseur acoustique a un rapport longueur sur largeur supérieur à 5 ; each acoustic diffuser has a length to width ratio greater than 5;
- l'onde est une onde acoustique ; the wave is an acoustic wave;
- la cavité réfléchissante contient un liquide ; the reflecting cavity contains a liquid;
- la cavité réfléchissante comporte une fenêtre à au moins une de ses extrémités ; the reflecting cavity comprises a window at at least one of its ends;
- le milieu multi-diffuseur est placé à proximité de ladite extrémité ; the multi-diffuser medium is placed close to said end;
- le milieu cible comporte un tissu vivant ; le dispositif comporte en outre une lentille placée entre la cavité réfléchissante et le milieu cible ; the target medium comprises a living tissue; the device further comprises a lens placed between the reflecting cavity and the target medium;
- les moyens d'émission sont adaptés pour faire émettre l'onde s(t) vers un nombre K au moins égal à 1 de points cibles prédéterminés k appartenant au milieu cible, en faisant émettre par chaque transducteur i du réseau un signal d'émission : the transmission means are adapted to cause the wave s (t) to transmit to a number K at least equal to 1 of predetermined target points k belonging to the target medium, causing each transducer i of the network to transmit a signal of program :
K K
Si (t) =∑eik (t) ® s(t) S i (t) = Σe ik (t) s s (t)
k=l k = l
où les signaux eik(t) sont des signaux d'émission élémentaires prédéterminés adaptés pour que, lorsque les transducteurs i émettent des signaux eik(t), on génère une onde impulsionnelle au point cible k ; - les moyens d'émission sont adaptés pour émettre une onde adaptée pour générer des bulles de cavitation en un point cible. wherein the signals ei k (t) are predetermined elementary transmission signals adapted so that, when the transducers i emit signals ei k (t), an impulse wave is generated at the target point k; the transmission means are adapted to emit a wave adapted to generate cavitation bubbles at a target point.
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé de focalisation d'impulsions comprenant au moins une étape d'émission au cours de laquelle on fait émettre par un réseau de transducteurs au moins une onde focalisée en au moins un point cible d'un milieu cible, et on fait passer ladite onde dans une cavité réfléchissante avant d'atteindre le milieu cible, le procédé étant caractérisé en ce que au cours de l'étape d'émission on provoque une diffusion multiple de ladite onde par un milieu multi- diffuseur situé dans la cavité réfléchissante. The subject of the invention is also a method for focusing pulses comprising at least one transmission step during which at least one focused wave is emitted by a transducer array into at least one target point of a target medium. and said wave is passed through a reflective cavity before reaching the target medium, the method being characterized in that during the transmitting step a multiple scattering of said wave is caused by a multi-scattering medium located in the reflective cavity.
Dans des modes de réalisation préférés du procédé, on peut éventuellement avoir recours en outre à l'une et /ou à l'autre des dispositions suivantes : In preferred embodiments of the method, one or more of the following may also be used:
- au cours de l'étape d'émission, on émet l'onde s(t) vers un nombre K au moins égal à 1 de points cibles prédéterminés k appartenant au milieu cible, en faisant émettre par chaque transducteur i du réseau un signal d'émission : si (t) =∑eik (t) ® s(t) during the transmission step, the wave s (t) is transmitted to a number K at least equal to 1 of predetermined target points k belonging to the target medium, causing each transducer i of the network to transmit a signal of issue: s i (t) = Σe ik (t) ® s (t)
k=l k = l
où les signaux eik(t) sont des signaux d'émission élémentaires prédéterminés adaptés pour que, lorsque les transducteurs i émettent des signaux eik(t), on génère une onde impulsionnelle au point cible k ; wherein the signals ei k (t) are predetermined elementary transmission signals adapted so that, when the transducers i emit signals ei k (t), an impulse wave is generated at the target point k;
- les signaux eik(t) sont codés sur un nombre de bits compris entre 1 et 64 ; the signals ei k (t) are coded on a number of bits between 1 and 64;
- les signaux eik(t) sont codés sur 1 bit ; - les signaux d'émission élémentaires eik(t) sont déterminés expérimentalement au cours d'une étape d'apprentissage, préalable à ladite étape d'émission ; the signals ei k (t) are coded on 1 bit; the elementary emission signals ei k (t) are determined experimentally during a learning step prior to said transmitting step;
au cours de l'étape d'apprentissage, on fait émettre un signal impulsionnel ultrasonore successivement au niveau de chaque point cible prédéterminé k, on fait capter les signaux rik(t) reçus par chaque transducteur i du réseau à partir de l'émission dudit signal impulsionnel ultrasonore, et on détermine les signaux d'émission élémentaires eik(t) par retournement temporel des signaux reçus rik ( t ) : during the learning step, an ultrasonic pulse signal is transmitted successively at each predetermined target point k, the signals ri k (t) received by each transducer i of the array are sensed from the emission of said ultrasonic pulse signal, and the elementary emission signals ei k (t ) by time reversal of the received signals r ik (t):
eik(t) = rik(-t) ; e ik (t) = r ik (-t);
- au cours de l'étape d'apprentissage, on place un milieu liquide, distinct du milieu cible, au contact de la cavité réfléchissante, et on fait émettre ledit signal impulsionnel à partir dudit milieu liquide ; during the learning step, a liquid medium, distinct from the target medium, is placed in contact with the reflecting cavity, and said pulsed signal is emitted from said liquid medium;
- pour un point cible prédéterminé k, on fait émettre un signal impulsionnel ultrasonore successivement au niveau de chaque transducteur i du réseau, on fait capter les signaux rik(t) reçus au point cible k à partir de l'émission dudit signal impulsionnel ultrasonore, et on détermine les signaux d'émission élémentaires eik(t) par retournement temporel des signaux reçus rik(t) : for a predetermined target point k, an ultrasonic pulse signal is emitted successively at each transducer i of the grating, the signals ri k (t) received at the target point k are picked up from the emission of said ultrasonic pulse signal , and the elementary emission signals ei k (t) are determined by time reversal of the received signals ri k (t):
eik(t) = rik(-t) ; e ik (t) = r ik (-t);
- au cours de l'étape d'apprentissage, on place un milieu liquide, distinct du milieu cible, au contact de la cavité réfléchissante, et on capte les signaux rik(t) dans ledit milieu liquide ; during the learning step, a liquid medium, distinct from the target medium, is placed in contact with the reflecting cavity, and the signals ri k (t) are picked up in said liquid medium;
- le milieu liquide, utilisé au cours de l'étape d'apprentissage, comprend essentiellement de l'eau, et au cours de l'étape d'émission, le milieu cible dans lequel on focalise l'onde comporte un tissu vivant ; the liquid medium, used during the learning step, essentially comprises water, and during the emission step, the target medium in which the wave is focused comprises a living tissue;
- les signaux d'émission élémentaires eik(t) sont déterminés par le calcul ; the elementary emission signals ei k (t) are determined by the calculation;
- au cours de l'étape d'émission on émet une onde adaptée pour générer des bulles de cavitation au point cible ; during the emission step, a wave is emitted adapted to generate cavitation bubbles at the target point;
- l'onde est une onde acoustique ; the wave is an acoustic wave;
- l'étape d'émission est réitérée au moins une fois avec une cadence comprise entre 10 Hz et 1000 Hz. D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront au cours de la description suivante d'une de ses formes de réalisation, donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en regard du dessin joint. the emission step is repeated at least once with a rate of between 10 Hz and 1000 Hz. Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of one of its embodiments, given by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the attached drawing.
Sur le dessin, la figure 1 est une vue schématique illustrant un dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, par exemple un dispositif de focalisation d'impulsion acoustiques. In the drawing, Figure 1 is a schematic view illustrating a pulse focusing device according to one embodiment of the invention, for example an acoustic pulse focusing device.
Suivant les modes de réalisation de l'invention, les ondes et les impulsions mentionnés pourront être des ondes et/ou des impulsions acoustiques, optiques ou électromagnétiques . According to the embodiments of the invention, the waves and pulses mentioned may be waves and / or acoustic, optical or electromagnetic pulses.
Les ondes et/ou impulsions électromagnétiques sont par exemple des ondes et/ou impulsions radiofréquences ou térahertz, par exemple présentant une fréquence centrale comprise entre quelques mégahertz et quelques térahertz. The electromagnetic waves and / or pulses are, for example, waves and / or radio-frequency or terahertz pulses, for example having a central frequency between a few megahertz and a few terahertz.
Les ondes acoustiques peuvent par exemple être des ondes ultrasonores, par exemple des ondes et/ou impulsions présentant une fréquence centrale pouvant être comprise entre 200kHz et 100 Mhz, par exemple entre 0.5 Mhz et 10 Mhz . The acoustic waves may for example be ultrasonic waves, for example waves and / or pulses having a central frequency which may be between 200 kHz and 100 MHz, for example between 0.5 MHz and 10 MHz.
Tous les éléments du dispositif 1 de focalisation d'impulsions sont adaptés et choisis par l'homme du métier en fonction du type et de la fréquence des ondes et/ou impulsions en question. All the elements of the pulse focusing device 1 are adapted and chosen by those skilled in the art according to the type and frequency of the waves and / or pulses in question.
Ainsi, par exemple, les éléments d'émission et de réception, les fenêtres de transmission, la cavité réfléchissante et autres éléments réfléchissants, le milieu diffuseurs et les diffuseurs, les lentilles et les éléments de focalisation et tout autre élément employé dans le dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions 1 et le procédé de focalisation sont adaptés respectivement au type et à la fréquence des ondes et/ou des impulsions choisies par l'homme du métier. Thus, for example, the transmitting and receiving elements, the transmission windows, the reflective cavity and other reflective elements, the medium of the diffusers and the diffusers, the lenses and the focusing elements and any other element used in the transmission device. Pulse focusing 1 and focusing method are respectively adapted to the type and frequency of waves and / or pulses chosen by those skilled in the art.
Le dispositif 1 de focalisation d'impulsions représenté sur la figure 1 est destiné par exemple à focaliser des impulsions dans un milieu cible 2, par exemple des tissus vivants pouvant faire partie du corps d'un patient dans des applications d 'histotripsie, une partie d'un objet industriel dans des applications industrielles, ou autre. The pulse focusing device 1 FIG. 1 is intended, for example, to focus pulses in a target medium 2, for example living tissues that can be part of the body of a patient in histotripsy applications, a part of an industrial object in applications. industrial, or other.
Plus précisément, le dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions 1 est destiné à focaliser des impulsions dans une région cible 3 dans le milieu cible 2, cette région 3 pouvant le cas échéant être à trois dimensions. More specifically, the pulse focusing device 1 is intended to focus pulses in a target region 3 in the target medium 2, this region 3 possibly being three-dimensional.
A cet effet, le dispositif 1 est adapté pour émettre des ondes focalisées sur un ou plusieurs points cibles 4 prédéterminés appartenant à la zone cible 3. For this purpose, the device 1 is adapted to emit waves focused on one or more predetermined target points 4 belonging to the target zone 3.
Les ondes sont émises par des éléments d'émission et de réception, par exemple un réseau 5 de transducteurs 6, qui sont placés dans, ou fixés sur, une cavité réfléchissante 7. The waves are emitted by transmitting and receiving elements, for example an array of transducers 6, which are placed in or attached to a reflecting cavity 7.
Les transducteurs 6 peuvent être en nombre quelconque, allant de 1 à plusieurs centaines, par exemple de quelques dizaines. The transducers 6 may be in any number, ranging from 1 to several hundred, for example a few tens.
Le réseau 5 peut être un réseau linéaire, les transducteurs étant juxtaposés le long d'un axe longitudinal de réseau comme sur des sondes échographiques connues . The grating 5 may be a linear array, the transducers being juxtaposed along a longitudinal axis of the grating as on known ultrasound probes.
Le réseau 5 peut également être un réseau bidimensionnel de façon pouvoir émettre des ondes focalisées tridimensionnelles. The network 5 can also be a two-dimensional network so as to emit three-dimensional focused waves.
La cavité réfléchissante 7 peut être remplie d'un liquide 10, par exemple de l'eau. The reflective cavity 7 may be filled with a liquid 10, for example water.
La cavité réfléchissante 7 peut également être remplie d'un gaz, par exemple un gaz absorbant faiblement les ondes et/ou les impulsions générées par les transducteurs 6. The reflecting cavity 7 may also be filled with a gas, for example a weakly absorbing gas for the waves and / or the pulses generated by the transducers 6.
La cavité réfléchissante comporte des parois constituées d'un matériau formant une interface très réfléchissant pour les ondes. Les parois de la cavité réfléchissante 7 peuvent par exemple être constituées d'une plaque de métal, d'un miroir optique ou électromagnétique ou d'un film fin séparant le liquide contenu dans la cavité de l'air extérieur à la cavité de façon à réaliser une interface liquide-air très réfléchissante pour des ondes et/ou impulsions acoustiques. The reflective cavity has walls made of a material forming a very reflecting for the waves. The walls of the reflecting cavity 7 may for example be made of a metal plate, an optical or electromagnetic mirror or a thin film separating the liquid contained in the cavity of the air outside the cavity so as to realize a very reflective liquid-air interface for waves and / or acoustic pulses.
La cavité réfléchissante 7 est en contact au niveau de l'une de ses extrémités 7a avec le milieu cible 2, directement ou par l'intermédiaire d'une lentille 9, par exemple une lentille acoustique, optique ou électromagnétique. Elle peut par exemple être munie d'une fenêtre 7b au niveau de ladite extrémité 7a, la fenêtre 7b comportant une paroi transmettant les ondes avec peu de pertes. The reflective cavity 7 is in contact at one of its ends 7a with the target medium 2, directly or via a lens 9, for example an acoustic, optical or electromagnetic lens. It may for example be provided with a window 7b at said end 7a, the window 7b having a wall transmitting the waves with little loss.
La cavité réfléchissante 7 peut présenter une forme générale de parallélépipède rectangle, les transducteurs 6 du réseau étant par exemple situés sur ou à proximité d'une extrémité 7b de la cavité réfléchissante 7 qui est située à l'opposé de l'extrémité 7a en contact avec le milieu cible 2. The reflective cavity 7 may have a general rectangular parallelepiped shape, the transducers 6 of the array being for example located on or near an end 7b of the reflecting cavity 7 which is located opposite the end 7a in contact with the target medium 2.
La cavité réfléchissante peut plus généralement présenter la forme d'un cylindre, par exemple un cylindre de révolution ou un autre type de cylindre, s 'étendant selon une direction d'extension de cavité Y et possédant une face plane du côté opposée à l'extrémité 7a en contact avec le milieu cible 2. The reflective cavity may more generally be in the form of a cylinder, for example a cylinder of revolution or another type of cylinder, extending in a direction of Y cavity extension and having a planar face on the side opposite to the end 7a in contact with the target medium 2.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, la cavité réfléchissante 7 peut être de forme irrégulière, par exemple grâce à des enfoncements ou des bosses pratiqués dans ses parois. In another embodiment, the reflective cavity 7 may be irregularly shaped, for example by depressions or bumps in its walls.
La cavité réfléchissante 7 contient en outre un milieu multi-diffuseur 8 adapté pour être traversé par l'onde avant que celle-ci parvienne au milieu cible 2 et pour provoquer une diffusion multiple de l'onde. Le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 peut par exemple être situé à proximité de l'extrémité 7a de la cavité réfléchissante 7 en contact avec le milieu cible 2. The reflecting cavity 7 further contains a multi-diffuser medium 8 adapted to be traversed by the wave before it arrives at the target medium 2 and to cause a multiple diffusion of the wave. The multi-diffuser medium 8 may for example be located near the end 7a of the reflecting cavity 7 in contact with the target medium 2.
Le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 peut par exemple couvrir l'intégralité d'une section de la cavité réfléchissante 7, prise perpendiculairement à la direction d'extension de cavité Y. The multi-diffuser medium 8 may for example cover the entirety of a section of the reflective cavity 7, taken perpendicularly to the direction of cavity extension Y.
Le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 peut comporter un nombre quelconque de diffuseurs 8a, allant de quelques dizaines à plusieurs milliers, par exemple quelques centaines . The multi-diffuser medium 8 may comprise any number of diffusers 8a, ranging from a few tens to several thousands, for example a few hundred.
Les diffuseurs 8a sont adaptés pour diffuser l'onde acoustique . The diffusers 8a are adapted to broadcast the acoustic wave.
Les diffuseurs 8a sont avantageusement répartis de façon aléatoire, ou non-périodique, dans le milieu multi- diffuseur, c'est-à-dire de façon à ce que leur répartition ne présente pas de structure périodique. The diffusers 8a are advantageously distributed randomly, or non-periodically, in the multi-diffuser medium, that is to say so that their distribution does not have a periodic structure.
Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, ils présentent une forme générale de tige verticale s 'étendant selon une direction d'extension Z d'une extrémité inférieure à une extrémité supérieure. In the example of Figure 1, they have a general shape of vertical rod extending in an extension direction Z from a lower end to an upper end.
Les directions d'extension des diffuseurs acoustiques 8a peuvent par exemple être parallèles entre elles et perpendiculaires à l'axe longitudinal du réseau de transducteurs et à la direction d'extension de la cavité Y. The extension directions of the acoustic diffusers 8a may for example be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the transducer array and to the direction of extension of the cavity Y.
Les diffuseurs peuvent être maintenus par des armatures ou être fixés aux parois de la cavité réfléchissante 7 à leurs extrémités. The diffusers can be held by frames or be attached to the walls of the reflecting cavity 7 at their ends.
En variante, ils peuvent présenter la forme de billes, de grains, de cylindres, ou de n'importe quel solide tridimensionnel et être maintenu par une mousse, un élastomère ou des armatures tridimensionnelles de façon à être répartis dans les trois dimensions de l'espace et former le milieu multi-diffuseur 8. Alternatively, they may have the shape of balls, grains, cylinders, or any three-dimensional solid and be maintained by a foam, an elastomer or three-dimensional reinforcement so as to be distributed in the three dimensions of the space and form the multi-diffuser medium 8.
La forme et la densité des diffuseurs 8a ainsi que les dimensions du milieu multi-diffuseur 8 sont choisies pour permettre une diffusion multiple maximale de l'onde ainsi qu'une bonne transmission. The shape and density of the diffusers 8a as well as the dimensions of the multi-diffuser medium 8 are chosen to allow a maximum multiple diffusion of the wave as well as a good transmission.
Les diffuseurs 8a peuvent présenter une surface adaptée pour réfléchir fortement l'onde, par exemple un métal, un miroir optique ou électromagnétique ou une surface présentant une différence d'impédance importante avec le milieu de la cavité réfléchissante. The diffusers 8a may have a surface adapted to strongly reflect the wave, for example a metal, an optical or electromagnetic mirror or a surface having a significant difference in impedance with the middle of the reflective cavity.
Les diffuseurs 8a peuvent par exemple avoir une section transversale, comprise sensiblement entre 0.1 et 5 fois la longueur d'onde de l'onde dans la cavité réfléchissante, par exemple entre 0.5 et 1 fois ladite longueur d'onde. The diffusers 8a may for example have a cross section, substantially between 0.1 and 5 times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity, for example between 0.5 and 1 times said wavelength.
Ladite section transversale est entendue comme étant une section prise perpendiculairement à leur direction d'extension, par exemple perpendiculairement à leur direction de plus grande extension. Said cross section is understood to be a section taken perpendicular to their direction of extension, for example perpendicular to their direction of greatest extension.
Ainsi, le libre parcours moyen de diffusion, la distance moyenne entre deux événements de diffusion de l'onde, peut être minimisé et le libre parcours moyen de transport, la distance moyenne sur laquelle l'onde perd sa direction initiale, peut être maximisé. A titre d'exemple non-limitatif, pour une onde acoustique présentant une fréquence centrale de l'ordre de 1 MHz, les diffuseurs 8a peuvent par exemple présenter une section transversale, prise perpendiculairement à leur direction d'extension ou suivant leur plus petite section transversale, comprise dans un cercle d'environ 0.8 mm de diamètre, et une longueur de 9 cm, par exemple suivant leur direction d'extension. Thus, the average free diffusion path, the average distance between two waves diffusion events, can be minimized and the average free path of transport, the average distance over which the wave loses its initial direction, can be maximized. By way of nonlimiting example, for an acoustic wave having a central frequency of the order of 1 MHz, the diffusers 8a may for example have a cross section, taken perpendicularly to their direction of extension or according to their smallest section transverse, included in a circle of about 0.8 mm in diameter, and a length of 9 cm, for example in their direction of extension.
De même, les diffuseurs 8a peuvent être répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 de façon à ce que leur densité surfacique selon une section transversale du milieu multi-diffuseur 8 soit comprise sensiblement entre 2 et 30 diffuseurs par surface équivalent à un carré de côté égal à dix fois la longueur d'onde de l'onde dans la cavité réfléchissante 7. Similarly, the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their surface density in a cross section of the multi-diffuser medium 8 is substantially between 2 and 30 diffusers per area equivalent to a square of the side equal to ten times the wavelength of the wave in the reflective cavity 7.
Ladite section transversale est entendue comme étant une section prise perpendiculairement à la direction d'extension des diffuseurs 8a et/ou à une direction de plus grande extension du milieu multi-diffuseur 8. Said cross section is understood to be a section taken perpendicular to the extension direction of the diffusers 8a and / or to a direction of greater extension of the multi-diffuser medium 8.
Toujours à titre d'exemple, les diffuseurs 8a peuvent être répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 de façon à ce que leur densité surfacique, selon une section du milieu multi-diffuseur 8 transversale à la direction d'extension Z des diffuseurs 8a, soit, pour une onde acoustique présentant une fréquence centrale de l'ordre de 1 MHz, une dizaine de diffuseurs 8a par centimètres carrés, par exemple dix-huit diffuseurs acoustiques 8a par centimètres carrés. Still as an example, the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their surface density, according to a section of the multi-diffuser medium 8 transverse to the extension direction Z of the diffusers 8a, or, for an acoustic wave having a central frequency of the order of 1 MHz, about ten diffusers 8a per square centimeter, for example eighteen acoustic diffusers 8a per square centimeter.
Dans le cas d'un milieu multi-diffuseur tridimensionnel, les diffuseurs 8a peuvent être répartis dans le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 de façon à ce que leur densité volumique de remplissage du milieu multi-diffuseur 8 soit comprise entre 1% et 30%. In the case of a three-dimensional multi-diffuser medium, the diffusers 8a can be distributed in the multi-diffuser medium 8 so that their volume density of filling of the multi-diffuser medium 8 is between 1% and 30%.
Enfin, la longueur du milieu multi-diffuseur 8, prise suivant la direction de propagation de l'onde, peut être de quelques centimètres, par exemple deux centimètres pour une onde acoustique. Finally, the length of the multi-diffuser medium 8, taken along the direction of propagation of the wave, may be a few centimeters, for example two centimeters for an acoustic wave.
Dans le cas d'un milieu multi-diffuseur 8 tridimensionnel, la densité volumique des diffuseurs 8a pourra être par exemple d'une dizaine de diffuseurs 8a par centimètres cube et les dimensions du milieu multi- diffuseur 8 suivant les trois directions de l'espace pourront être de quelques centimètres. In the case of a three-dimensional multi-diffuser medium 8, the density of the diffusers 8a may be, for example, about ten diffusers 8a per cubic centimeter and the dimensions of the multi-diffuser medium 8 according to the three directions of space may be a few centimeters.
Bien entendu, d'autres formes générales de la cavité réfléchissante 7, du milieu multi-diffuseur 8 et/ou des diffuseurs 8a peuvent être envisagées. Of course, other general shapes of the reflecting cavity 7, the multi-diffuser medium 8 and / or the diffusers 8a can be envisaged.
Une lentille 9 peut également être placée entre le milieu cible 4 et la cavité réfléchissante 7. Selon le mode de réalisation de l'invention, la lentille 9 pourra être une lentille acoustique, optique ou électromagnétique adaptée pour focaliser les ondes et/ou impulsions selon une ou deux directions. A lens 9 can also be placed between the target medium 4 and the reflecting cavity 7. According to the embodiment of the invention, the lens 9 may be an acoustic, optical or electromagnetic lens adapted to focus the waves and / or pulses in one or two directions.
Dans certains modes de réalisation, la cavité réfléchissante 7 et le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 peuvent donc être adaptés pour former un résonateur avec un facteur de qualité élevé. In some embodiments, the reflective cavity 7 and the multi-diffuser medium 8 can therefore be adapted to form a resonator with a high quality factor.
Dans un mode de réalisation où l'onde est une onde acoustique, la pression de l'onde acoustique générée par le réseau de transducteurs peut ainsi être amplifiée de plus de 20 dB par le résonateur formé par la cavité réfléchissante 7 et le milieu multi-diffuseur 8. In an embodiment where the wave is an acoustic wave, the pressure of the acoustic wave generated by the transducer array can thus be amplified by more than 20 dB by the resonator formed by the reflecting cavity 7 and the multi-wave medium. diffuser 8.
Dans un mode de réalisation où l'onde est une onde optique ou électromagnétique, la puissance de l'impulsion générée au point focal sera également fortement amplifiée. In an embodiment where the wave is an optical or electromagnetic wave, the power of the pulse generated at the focal point will also be greatly amplified.
Les transducteurs 6 du réseau peuvent être placés sur une face de la cavité réfléchissante 7 opposée au milieu cible 2 ou sur une face latérale de la cavité 7c. The transducers 6 of the network may be placed on one face of the reflecting cavity 7 opposite the target medium 2 or on a lateral face of the cavity 7c.
En variante, ils peuvent être placés sur une face latérale 7c et orientés de façon à émettre des ondes, vers le milieu multi-diffuseur , avec un certain angle par rapport à la direction d'extension de cavité Y, par exemple 60° . Alternatively, they may be placed on a side face 7c and oriented to emit waves towards the multi-diffuser medium at an angle to the cavity extension direction Y, for example 60 °.
Les transducteurs 6 sont commandés indépendamment les uns des autres par un micro-ordinateur 12 (classiquement doté d'interfaces utilisateur tels qu'un écran 12a et un clavier 12b) , éventuellement par l'intermédiaire d'une unité centrale CPU et/ou d'une unité munie de processeur graphiques GPU qui est contenue par exemple dans une baie électronique 11 reliée par un câble souple aux transducteurs 6. The transducers 6 are controlled independently of each other by a microcomputer 12 (conventionally provided with user interfaces such as a screen 12a and a keyboard 12b), possibly via a central processing unit CPU and / or a unit equipped with GPU graphics processor which is contained for example in an electronic rack 11 connected by a flexible cable to the transducers 6.
Cette baie électronique 11 peut comprendre par exemple This electronic rack 11 may comprise, for example
- un convertisseur analogique/digital C1-C5 relié à chaque transducteur 6 ; an analog / digital converter C1-C5 connected to each transducer 6;
une mémoire M1-M6 reliée au convertisseur analogique/digital de chaque transducteur 6 et à l'unité centrale CPU et/ou l'unité munie de processeur graphiques GPU; a memory M1-M6 connected to the analog / digital converter of each transducer 6 and the CPU and / or the unit provided with GPU graphics processor;
et une mémoire générale M reliée à l'unité centrale CPU. and a general memory M connected to the CPU.
Le dispositif peut également comporter un processeur de signal numérique ou "DSP" (acronyme anglo- saxon de "digital signal processor") relié à l'unité centrale CPU. The device may also comprise a digital signal processor or "DSP" (acronym for "digital signal processor") connected to the CPU.
Le dispositif qui vient d'être décrit fonctionne comme suit . The device that has just been described operates as follows.
Préalablement à toute opération de focalisation, on détermine d'abord une matrice de signaux d'émission élémentaire eik(t) qui sont tels que, pour générer une onde s(t) en un point cible k, on fasse émettre par chaque transducteur i du réseau 5 un signal d'émission: Prior to any focusing operation, a matrix of elementary emission signals ei k (t) are first determined such that, to generate a wave s (t) at a target point k, each transducer transmits i of the network 5 an emission signal:
Si(t)=eik(t) ®s(t) . If (t) = e ik (t) ®s (t).
Ces signaux d'émission élémentaires peuvent éventuellement être déterminés par le calcul (par exemple par une méthode de filtre inverse spatio-temporel), ou ils peuvent être déterminés expérimentalement au cours d'une étape préliminaire d'apprentissage. These elementary emission signals can optionally be determined by calculation (for example by a spatio-temporal inverse filter method), or they can be determined experimentally during a preliminary learning step.
Au cours de cette étape d'apprentissage, on peut avantageusement faire émettre un signal impulsionnel ultrasonore par un émetteur tel qu'un hydrophone successivement au niveau de chaque point cible k, et on fait capter les signaux rik(t) reçus par chaque transducteur i du réseau 5 à partir de l'émission dudit signal impulsionnel ultrasonore. Les signaux rik(t) sont convertis par les convertisseurs analogiques/digitaux et mémorisés dans les mémoires reliées à l'unité centrale CPU, qui calcule alors les signaux d'émission élémentaire eik(t) par retournement temporel desdits signaux reçus : eik(t) = rik(-t) . During this learning step, it is advantageous to transmit an ultrasonic pulse signal by an emitter such as a hydrophone successively at each target point k, and the signals r ik (t) received by each transducer are captured. i of the network 5 from the emission of said ultrasonic pulse signal. The signals ri k (t) are converted by the analog / digital converters and stored in the memories connected to the central processing unit CPU, which then calculates the elementary transmission signals ei k (t) by time reversal of said received signals: e ik (t) = r ik (-t).
Si le milieu cible 2 est un milieu liquide, il peut éventuellement être possible de procéder à l'étape préliminaire d'apprentissage en positionnant successivement l'émetteur d'onde ultrasonore sur les différents points cibles 4 de la zone cible 3. Si le milieu 2 est un tissu vivant, par exemple une partie du corps d'un patient ou un milieu similaire comprenant une grande quantité d'eau, il peut être possible de procéder à la phase d'apprentissage en remplaçant le milieu 2 par un volume de liquide, comprenant de préférence une majorité d'eau, en positionnant successivement l'émetteur d'onde ultrasonore aux emplacements des différents points cibles 4, repérés par rapport à la cavité réfléchissante 7. If the target medium 2 is a liquid medium, it may possibly be possible to proceed to the preliminary learning step by successively positioning the ultrasonic wave emitter on the different target points 4 of the target zone 3. If the medium 2 is a living tissue, for example a body part of a patient or a similar medium comprising a large amount of water, it may be possible to proceed to the learning phase by replacing the medium 2 with a volume of liquid , preferably comprising a majority of water, by successively positioning the ultrasonic wave transmitter at the locations of the different target points 4, identified with respect to the reflecting cavity 7.
En mettant à profit le principe de réciprocité spatiale, on peut aussi déterminer les signaux eik(t) en plaçant successivement un ou plusieurs hydrophones aux points cibles k dans le milieu liquide susmentionné. Pour chaque position k de 1 ' hydrophone, on fait émettre successivement une impulsion ultrasonore par chaque transducteur i, et on capte les signaux rik(t) par 1 ' hydrophone . On en déduit ensuite les signaux eik(t) par retournement temporel : By taking advantage of the principle of spatial reciprocity, it is also possible to determine the signals ei k (t) by successively placing one or more hydrophones at the target points k in the aforementioned liquid medium. For each position k of the hydrophone, an ultrasonic pulse is emitted successively by each transducer i, and the signals r ik (t) are picked up by the hydrophone. We then deduce the signals ei k (t) by time reversal:
eik(t) = rik(-t) . e ik (t) = r ik (-t).
Lorsqu'on veut ensuite émettre une ou plusieurs ondes focalisées sur un point cible k prédéterminés appartenant à la zone cible 3, on place la cavité réfléchissante 7 au contact du milieu cible, et on fait émettre par chaque transducteur i du réseau, un signal d'émission When it is then desired to emit one or more waves focussed on a predetermined target point k belonging to the target zone 3, the reflective cavity 7 is placed in contact with the target medium, and each transducer i of the network sends a signal d 'program
Si(t)=eik(t) ®s(t) . If (t) = e ik (t) ®s (t).
En variante, il est également possible de générer une onde s(t) focalisée en un nombre K supérieur à 1 de points cibles 4 de la zone cible 3, en faisant émettre par chaque transducteur i du réseau 5 un signal d'émission κ In a variant, it is also possible to generate a wave s (t) focused in a number K greater than 1 of target points 4 of the target zone 3, causing each transducer i of the network 5 to transmit a transmission signal. κ
si {t) = j eik {t) ® s{t) . s i {t) = e ik j {t) ® s {t).
k=l k = l
Les ondes ainsi émises par les transducteurs 6 du réseau présentent une fréquence centrale qui peut être comprise notamment entre 200kHz et 100 Mhz, par exemple entre 0.5 Mhz et 10 Mhz. The waves thus emitted by the transducers 6 of the network have a central frequency which may be in particular between 200 kHz and 100 MHz, for example between 0.5 MHz and 10 MHz.
De plus, l'étape d'émission peut être réitérée avec une cadence comprise entre 10 Hz et 1000 Hz. In addition, the emission step can be repeated with a rate of between 10 Hz and 1000 Hz.
Dans un mode de réalisation employant des ondes acoustiques, on peut générer des bulles de cavitation au point cible 4. Pour cela, une dépression supérieure au seuil de cavitation, par exemple -15 MPa, peut être générée au point cible 4 en émettant une onde acoustique ultrasonore s(t) (en continu ou non) . In one embodiment using acoustic waves, it is possible to generate cavitation bubbles at the target point 4. For this, a depression greater than the cavitation threshold, for example -15 MPa, can be generated at the target point 4 by emitting a wave. ultrasonic acoustic s (t) (continuous or not).
Bien que le dispositif 1 ait été décrit précédemment comme un dispositif de focalisation d'impulsions, ce dispositif peut le cas échéant être utilisé, en plus de la focalisation où indépendamment de celle-ci, pour réaliser une imagerie, par exemple une imagerie ultrasonore comme cela va maintenant être décrit. Although the device 1 has been previously described as a pulse focusing device, this device can optionally be used, in addition to focusing or independently thereof, to perform imaging, for example ultrasound imaging as this will now be described.
Lorsqu'il s'agit de réaliser une imagerie, par exemple une imagerie ultrasonore, après chaque émission d'onde acoustique focalisée sur un ou plusieurs des points cibles 4 de la zone cible 3, on fait capter les échos émis par le milieu cible 2, au moyen des transducteurs 6 du réseau. Les signaux ainsi captés sont numérisés par les échantillonneurs C1-C5 et mémorisés dans les mémoires Ml- M6, puis traités par une technique classique de formation de voies qui réalise une focalisation en réception sur le ou les points cibles 4 visés lors de l'émission. When it comes to performing imaging, for example ultrasound imaging, after each acoustic wave emission focused on one or more of the target points 4 of the target zone 3, the echoes emitted by the target medium 2 are captured. by means of the transducers 6 of the network. The signals thus captured are digitized by the C1-C5 samplers and stored in the Ml-M6 memories, then processed by a conventional channel formation technique which achieves reception focusing on the targeted target point (s) 4 during transmission. .
Les traitements en question, qui consistent notamment à imposer des retards différents aux signaux captés et à capter ces signaux, peuvent être mis en œuvre par un circuit sommateur S relié aux mémoires M1-M6 ou au CPU. Avantageusement, au cours de cette étape de réception d'échos, on peut mettre à profit le comportement non linéaire de l'un au moins des éléments traversés par l'onde, c'est-à-dire le milieu cible 2, la cavité réfléchissante 7 et/ou le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 (en pratique, c'est principalement le milieu cible 2 qui présentera un comportement non linéaire, la cavité réfléchissante 7 et le milieu multi-diffuseur 8 présentant de préférence un comportement linéaire) . En effet, on génère l'onde avec une amplitude suffisante pour que des ondes harmoniques de la fréquence centrale fc de l'onde soient générées, avec un niveau suffisant pour pouvoir écouter les échos revenant du milieu cible 2 à une fréquence d'écoute qui est un multiple entier de la fréquence centrale d'émission fc. The processing in question, which consists in particular in imposing different delays on the signals picked up and in capturing these signals, can be implemented by a summing circuit S connected to the memories M1-M6 or to the CPU. Advantageously, during this echo-receiving step, the non-linear behavior of at least one of the elements traversed by the wave, that is to say the target medium 2, the cavity, can be exploited. 7 and / or the multi-diffuser medium 8 (in practice, it is mainly the target medium 2 which will exhibit a non-linear behavior, the reflective cavity 7 and the multi-diffuser medium 8 preferably having a linear behavior). Indeed, the wave is generated with a sufficient amplitude for harmonic waves of the central frequency fc of the wave to be generated, with a level sufficient to be able to listen to the echoes returning from the target medium 2 at a listening frequency which is an integer multiple of the central emission frequency fc.
Avantageusement, on écoute ainsi les échos revenant du milieu cible 2 à une fréquence double ou triple de la fréquence fc. Advantageously, echoes returning from the target medium 2 are heard at a double or triple frequency of the frequency fc.
Cette écoute sélective en fréquence peut être obtenue soit par la constitution même des transducteurs 6, de façon connue en soi, soit par un filtrage en fréquence des signaux provenant des transducteurs 6. This frequency selective listening can be obtained either by the very constitution of the transducers 6, in a manner known per se, or by a frequency filtering of the signals coming from the transducers 6.
Grâce à cette écoute à une fréquence différente de la fréquence fc, on s'affranchit de toute perturbation de l'écoute par l'onde elle-même. Thanks to this listening at a frequency different from the frequency fc, one is freed from any disturbance of the listening by the wave itself.
On notera que le procédé et le dispositif selon l'invention seraient également utilisables pour des applications de nettoyage de précision par ultrasons ou de soudure aux ultrasons. It should be noted that the method and the device according to the invention could also be used for ultrasonic precision cleaning or ultrasonic welding applications.
Claims
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| FR1255251A FR2991807B1 (en) | 2012-06-06 | 2012-06-06 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR FOCUSING PULSES |
| PCT/FR2013/051259 WO2013182800A2 (en) | 2012-06-06 | 2013-06-04 | Device and method for focusing pulses |
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| US20140100459A1 (en) | 2012-10-05 | 2014-04-10 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Bubble-induced color doppler feedback during histotripsy |
| US11432900B2 (en) | 2013-07-03 | 2022-09-06 | Histosonics, Inc. | Articulating arm limiter for cavitational ultrasound therapy system |
| US10780298B2 (en) | 2013-08-22 | 2020-09-22 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Histotripsy using very short monopolar ultrasound pulses |
| FR3027161B1 (en) | 2014-10-09 | 2017-05-12 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | METHOD FOR GENERATING HIGH POWER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION |
| US10736603B2 (en) * | 2015-04-02 | 2020-08-11 | Cardiawave | Method and apparatus for treating valvular disease |
| ES2948135T3 (en) | 2015-06-24 | 2023-08-31 | Univ Michigan Regents | Histotripsy therapy systems for the treatment of brain tissue |
| FI127711B (en) * | 2016-05-13 | 2018-12-31 | Altum Tech Oy | Method of cleaning a device |
| WO2018057580A1 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | SonaCare Medical, LLC | System, apparatus and method for high-intensity focused ultrasound (hifu) and/or ultrasound delivery while protecting critical structures |
| ES2774069T3 (en) | 2017-02-17 | 2020-07-16 | Cardiawave | System for the safe insonification of living tissues |
| CN120324803A (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2025-07-18 | 希斯托索尼克斯公司 | Histotripsy system and method |
| EP4096782A4 (en) | 2020-01-28 | 2024-02-14 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR IMMUNOSENSITIZATION BY HISTOTRIPSY |
| AU2021332372A1 (en) | 2020-08-27 | 2023-03-16 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Ultrasound transducer with transmit-receive capability for histotripsy |
| EP4052665A1 (en) * | 2021-03-04 | 2022-09-07 | Storz Medical AG | Diffuser for a shockwave transducer |
| EP4608504A1 (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2025-09-03 | Histosonics, Inc. | Histotripsy systems and methods |
| AU2024257180A1 (en) | 2023-04-20 | 2025-09-18 | Histosonics, Inc. | Histotripsy systems and associated methods including user interfaces and workflows for treatment planning and therapy |
| CN117335919B (en) * | 2023-12-01 | 2024-03-08 | 深圳市安卫普科技有限公司 | Ultrasonic probe and recording shielding device using same |
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| CA2874836A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
| WO2013182800A3 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
| WO2013182800A2 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
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| CN104684658A (en) | 2015-06-03 |
| IL236056B (en) | 2019-09-26 |
| FR2991807B1 (en) | 2014-08-29 |
| JP2015519963A (en) | 2015-07-16 |
| US20150151141A1 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
| IL236056A0 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
| IN2014DN10263A (en) | 2015-08-07 |
| FR2991807A1 (en) | 2013-12-13 |
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