Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
  • F01M9/00—Lubrication means having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01M1/00 - F01M7/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01M—LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
  • F01M9/00—Lubrication means having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01M1/00 - F01M7/00
  • F01M9/02—Lubrication means having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01M1/00 - F01M7/00 having means for introducing additives to lubricant
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2207/028—Overbased salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
  • C10M2207/262—Overbased carboxylic acid salts derived from hydroxy substituted aromatic acids, e.g. salicylates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/52—Base number [TBN]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
  • C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
  • C10N2060/14—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition by boron or a compound containing boron

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method of operating a two-stroke, cross-head, slow speed, compression-ignited (diesel) marine engine that is fuelled with a low sulphur fuel such as liquid natural gas and, in particular, to cylinder lubrication of the engine during operation.
• a low sulphur fuel such as liquid natural gas
• a marine diesel cross-head engine the cylinder liner and the crankcase are lubricated separately using a cylinder oil and a system oil respectively.
• the cylinder oil often referred to as a marine diesel lubricant (or MDCL), lubricates the inner walls of the engine cylinder and the piston ring pack, and controls corrosive and mechanical wear.
• MDCL marine diesel lubricant
• Such engines are usually fuelled by heavy fuel oil or marine distillate fuel. These fuels have a high sulphur and heavy metal content, as well as being of high viscosity and being difficult to handle.
• a heavy fuel oil may have sulphur levels ranging from 50ppm to more than 4.0% by mass.
• the MDCL has to be designed to provide base to neutralise the acids produced as a result of combustion of the sulphur-containing fuel.
• Typical MDCL's may have a total base number of 70 - 100mg KOH/g (ASTM D 2896-98).
• This invention is concerned with using low sulphur fuels such as liquid natural gas (LNG) as the fuel. Since LNG predominantly consists of methane, with the balance made up of other hydrocarbons, the MDCL does not require excess base to neutralise acids. It is, however, still required to provide wear protection and cleanliness to the cylinder liner and piston area of the engine. Low sulphur fuels generally have a sulphur level of 0.5% or less.
• LNG liquid natural gas
• WO 2011/051261-A ('261) generally describes lubricants having a TBN of at least 10mg KOH/g for improving deposit formation in marine diesel engines.
• '261 exemplifies formulations of marine cylinder oils for use in marine diesel engines. However, all examples are conducted at TBN's in excess of 20 and the specification makes no mention of LNG-fuelled engines.
• '261 states that its best examples are Examples 5 and 6, where the lubricant comprises a low BN Ca sulphonate and a high BN Ca phenate.
• a problem in the art is to provide MDCL's for use in a LNG- and similarly fuelled marine cross-head engine where the MDCL has a low base content, but yet is still capable of providing wear protection and cleanliness properties.
• the above problem is met according to the invention by providing an MDCL of TBN less than 20 and having a defined detergent system constitution in combination with a defined phenolic compound.
• the present invention provides a method of operating a two-stroke, cross-head slow-speed compression-ignited engine comprising
• a two-stroke, cross-head slow-speed compression-ignited engine usually has a speed of below 200 rpm, such as, for example, 10-200 rpm or 60-200 rpm.
• MDCL Cylinder Lubricant
• the MDCL has a BN of 20 or less.
• the BN is 15 or less such as in the range from 5 to 15 or 10 to 15.
• the MDCL may comprise 10 - 35, preferably 13 - 30, most preferably 16 - 24, mass% of a concentrate or additive package, the remainder being oil of lubricating viscosity. It preferably includes at least 50, more preferably at least 60, even more preferably at least 70, mass % of oil of lubricating viscosity based on the total mass of MDCL.
• the additive package includes the detergent system defined under the SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION heading above. It may also include one or more dispersants, one or more antiwear agents such as zinc compounds and boron compounds, and one or more pour point depressants.
• This may be any oil suitable for lubricating the cylinder(s) of a marine diesel cross-head engine.
• viscosity may range in viscosity from light distillate mineral oils to heavy lubricating oils. Generally, the viscosity of the oil ranges from 2 to 40 mm 2 /sec, as measured at 100°C.
• Natural oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil); liquid petroleum oils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale also serve as useful base oils.
• Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes)); alkybenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulphides and derivative, analogues and homologues thereof.
• Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified, for example by esterification, etherification, constitute another class of known synthetic lubricating oils. These are exemplified by polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyiso-propylene glycol ether having a molecular weight of 1000 or diphenyl ether of poly-ethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 to 1500); and mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C 3 -C 8 fatty acid esters and C 13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
• polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide
• alkyl and aryl ethers of polyoxyalkylene polymers e
• Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol).
• dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linole
• esters includes dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles oftetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
• Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C 5 to C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol esters such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol.
• Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy- or polyaryloxysilicone oils and silicate oils comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricants; such oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butyl-phenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)disiloxane, poly(methyl)siloxanes and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
• oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)
• Other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid) and polymeric tetrahydrofurans.
• Unrefined, refined and re-refined oils can be used in lubricants of the present invention.
• Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
• a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation; or ester oil obtained directly from esterification and used without further treatment, are unrefined oils.
• Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils except that the oil is further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties.
• Many such purification techniques such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration and percolation, are known to those skilled in the art.
• Re-refined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to provide refined oils but that begin with oil that has already been used in service. Such re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and are often subjected to additional processing using techniques for removing spent additives and oil breakdown products.
• the oil of lubricating viscosity in the lubricant used in this invention comprises 50 mass % or more of the lubricant. Preferably, it comprises 60, such as 70, 80 or 90, mass % or more of the lubricant.
• the detergent additive system comprises (A) one or more metal detergents each having a surfactant group selected from phenate, salicylate and sulphonate; or (B) at least one complex metal detergent containing two or more different surfactant soap groups selected from phenate, salicylate and sulphonate.
• the metal may, for example, be an alkaline earth metal, preferably calcium.
• one or more metal detergents having one surfactant group may be present with the complex detergent(s).
• complex or hybrid detergent is meant a detergent prepared from a mixture of more than one metal surfactant, such as a calcium alkyl phenate and a calcium alkyl salicylate.
• Such a complex detergent is a hybrid material in which the surfactant groups, for example phenate and salicylate, are incorporated during the overbasing process. Examples of complex detergents are described in the art (see, for example, WO 97/46643 , WO 97/46644 , WO 97/46645 , WO 97/46646 and WO 97/46647 ).
• (B) there may be mentioned (i) a complex metal phenate/sulphonate detergent or a complex metal phenate, salicylate and sulphonate detergent and, optionally, (ii) one or more individual phenate, sulphonate or salicylate detergents.
• hydrocarbyl groups in surfactants for use in accordance with the invention are aliphatic groups, preferably alkyl or alkylene groups, especially alkyl groups, which may be linear or branched.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the surfactants should be at least sufficient to impact the desired oil-solubility.
• the alkyl groups include from 5 to 100, preferably from 9 to 40, carbon atoms. Where there is more than one alkyl group, the average number of carbon atoms in all of the alkyl groups is preferably at least 9 to ensure adequate oil-solubility.
• the detergents may be non-sulphurized or sulphurized, and may be chemically modified and/or contain additional substituents. Suitable sulphurizing processes are well known to those skilled in the art.
• the detergents may be borated, using borating processes well known to those skilled in the art.
• the detergents in the detergent system may be low base number (LBN), medium base number (MBN) or high base number (HBN), where the meanings of those numbers are set out in the table below.
• LBN low base number
• MBN medium base number
• HBN high base number
• the complex detergents generally have BN's in the range 300 to 420 mg KOH/g.
• the invention employs distilled or hydrogenated-distilled cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL).
• Distilled CNSL is a mixture of biodegradable meta-hydrocarbl substituted phenols, where the hydrocarbyl group is linear and unsaturated, including cardanol. Catalytic hydrogenation of distilled CNSL gives rise to a mixture of meta-hydrocarbyl substituted phenols, predominantly rich in 3-pentadecylphenol.
• the marine two stroke engine is operated by igniting a minor charge of liquid hydrocarbon fuel such as diesel, marine distillate fuel (MDO), marine gas oil (MGO), heavy fuel oil (HFO).
• a major charge of a low sulphur content fuel (e.g. having less than 0.1 mass % of atoms of sulphur) is then applied.
• the low sulphur content fuel may, for example be a gaseous fuel such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG), or a liquid fuel such as fuel derived from bio matter, e.g. palm oil.
• a set of MDCL's was formulated, each having a BN of 10 and containing a Zn/B part package (formulated to deliver approx. 100ppm B, 0.2% Zn and approximately 470ppm N).
• the members of the set comprised a base oil and detergent system of the following calcium detergents, identified by the indicated codes: Codes LBN Sul: Ca Sulfonate ofBI 0.4 HBN Sul: Ca Sulfonate of BI 22 MBN Phe: Ca Phenate of BI 1.8 HBN Phe: Ca Phenate of BI 2.9 HBN Sal: Ca Salicylate of BI 7.8 HBN Complex (3): Ca Sulfonate/ Phenate/ Salicylate of BI 10 HBN Complex (2): Ca Sulfonate/ Phenate of BI 18 LBN, MBN and HBN represents low, medium and high BN respectively;
• a characteristic structural feature of the alkylphenol materials used in the invention is meta hydrocarbyl-substitution of the aromatic ring where the substituent is attached to the ring at its first (C1) carbon atom.
• This structural feature is not available by chemical alkyl phenol synthesis such as the Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenol with olefins. The latter typically gives mixtures of ortho and para alkyl phenols (but only around 1 % of meta alkyl phenols), and where attachment of the alkyl group to the aromatic ring is at the second (C2) or higher carbon atom.
• Cardanol the product obtained by distilling technical CNSL, typically contains 3-pentadecylphenol (3 %); 3-(8-pentadecenyl) phenol (34-36 %); 3-(8, 11-pentadecadienyl) phenol (21-22 %); and 3-(8, 11, 14-pentadecatrienyl) phenol (40-41 %), plus a small amount of 5-(pentadecyl) resorcinol (c. 10 %), also referred to as cardol.
• Technical CNSL contains mainly cardanol plus some polymerized material. Cardanol may therefore be expressed as containing significant amounts of meta-linear hydrocarbyl substituted phenol, where the hydrocarbyl group has the formula C 15 H 25-31 and is attached to the aromatic ring at its first carbon atom (C1).
• both cardanol and technical CNSL contain significant quantities of material having long linear unsaturated side chains and only small quantities of material with long linear saturated side chains.
• the present invention preferably employs material where a major proportion, preferably all of the phenol, contains material with long linear saturated side chains.
• Such latter material is obtainable by hydrogenating cardanol; a preferred example is 3-(pentadecyl) phenol, where the pentadecyl group is linear and is attached to the aromatic ring at its first carbon atom. It may constitute 50 or more, 60 or more, 70 or more, 80 or more, or 90 or more, mass % of additive compound (A). It may contain small quantities of 3-(pentadecyl) resorcinol together with hydrogenated distilled cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), ex Sigma Aldrich.
• MDCL's for use in comparison or reference tests, were made comprising the detergent, without hydrogenated distilled CNSL, and hydrogenated distilled CNSL, without detergent.
• PC Panel Coker High Temperature Detergency Test
• HT HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
• Komatsu Hot Test for High Temperature Resistance, 330°C, 16 hours
• the Panel Coker Test involves splashing the MDCL onto a heated test panel to see if it degrades and leaves any deposits that might affect engine performance.
• the test uses a panel coker tester (model PK-S) supplied by Yoshida Kagaku Kikai Co, Osaka, Japan.
• the test starts by heating the MDCL to a temperature of 100°C through an oil bath.
• a test panel made of aluminium alloy, which has been cleaned using acetone and heptane and weighed, is placed above the MDCL and heated to 320°C using an electric heating element.
• a splasher splashes the MDCL onto the heated test panel in a discontinuous mode: the splasher splashes the MDCL for 15 seconds and then stops for 45 seconds.
• the discontinuous splashing takes place over 1 hour, after which the test is stopped, everything is allowed to cool down, and then the aluminium test panel is weighed and rated visually.
• the difference in weight of the aluminium test panel before and after the test, expressed in mg, is the weight of deposits.
• This test is used for simulating the ability of MDCL to prevent deposit formation on pistons.
• the panel is also rated by an electronic optical rater using a Video-Cotateur from ADDS, for discolouration caused by MDCL deposits. The higher the merit rating, the cleaner the panel.
• the HFRR or High Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test is a computer-controlled reciprocating oscillatory friction and wear test system for the wear testing of lubricants under boundary lubrication conditions.
• An electromagnetic vibrator oscillates a steel ball over a small amplitude while pressing it with a load of 10N against a stationary steel disc.
• the lower, fixed disc is heated electrically and is fixed below the MDCL.
• the temperature is ramped from 80°C to 380°C in 15 minutes.
• the friction coefficient is measured vs. temperature.
• the friction coefficient decreases with increase in temperature due to the viscosity decrease of the MDCL, until a temperature at which oil film breakdown begins. At this point, the friction coefficient begins to increase again.
• the temperature at which the friction coefficient is a minimum is measured; the higher this temperature, the better the MDCL is at protecting the cylinder liner against scuffing wear.
• the Hot Tube Test evaluates the high temperature stability of a lubricant. Oil droplets are pushed up by air inside a heated narrow glass capillary tube and the thin film oxidative stability of the MDCL is measured by the degree of lacquer formation on the glass tube, the resulting colour of the tube being rated on a scale of 0-10. A rating of 0 refers to heavy deposit formation and a rating of 10 means a clean glass tube at the end of the test. The method is described in SAE paper 840262. The level of lacquer formation in the tube reflects the high temperature stability of the MDCL and its tendency during service to form deposits in high temperature areas of the engine.
• the KHTT results are expressed as mass of deposits forming, a lower value indicating a better performance.
• the PC results are expressed as mass of deposits formed in g, a lower value indicating a better performance.

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• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• 2013
  • 2013-05-13 EP EP13167474.9A patent/EP2703477A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-06-05 KR KR1020130064401A patent/KR20130137546A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-06-07 JP JP2013120888A patent/JP2013253244A/ja not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-06-07 CA CA2818538A patent/CA2818538A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-06-07 CN CN201310225317.0A patent/CN103484206A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-06-07 AU AU2013206212A patent/AU2013206212B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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