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EP2618038A2 - Facility and method for supplying liquid xenon - Google Patents

Facility and method for supplying liquid xenon Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2618038A2
EP2618038A2 EP13151810.2A EP13151810A EP2618038A2 EP 2618038 A2 EP2618038 A2 EP 2618038A2 EP 13151810 A EP13151810 A EP 13151810A EP 2618038 A2 EP2618038 A2 EP 2618038A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
xenon
installation
tank
reservoir
bar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP13151810.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2618038B1 (en
EP2618038A3 (en
Inventor
Elena Aprile
Wan-ting CHEN
Jean-Sébastien Stutzmann
Dominique Thers
Pierre Briend
Fabien Durand
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Nantes
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
IMT Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Nantes
Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines Nantes
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Universite de Nantes, Air Liquide SA, LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines Nantes filed Critical Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Publication of EP2618038A2 publication Critical patent/EP2618038A2/en
Publication of EP2618038A3 publication Critical patent/EP2618038A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2618038B1 publication Critical patent/EP2618038B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C6/00—Methods and apparatus for filling vessels not under pressure with liquefied or solidified gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F17C7/02—Discharging liquefied gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C9/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0261—Details of cold box insulation, housing and internal structure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
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    • F17C2201/0128—Shape spherical or elliptical
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    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/054—Size medium (>1 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
    • F17C2203/0304—Thermal insulations by solid means
    • F17C2203/0329—Foam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/03—Thermal insulations
    • F17C2203/0391—Thermal insulations by vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
    • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
    • F17C2203/0614—Single wall
    • F17C2203/0617—Single wall with one layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
    • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
    • F17C2203/0626—Multiple walls
    • F17C2203/0629—Two walls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0636—Metals
    • F17C2203/0639—Steels
    • F17C2203/0643—Stainless steels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/01—Mounting arrangements
    • F17C2205/0103—Exterior arrangements
    • F17C2205/0111—Boxes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
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    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
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    • F17C2205/0355—Insulation thereof
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    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/016—Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe)
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    • F17C2227/0353—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling using another fluid using cryocooler
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    • F17C2227/0376—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel in wall contact
    • F17C2227/0381—Localisation of heat exchange in or on a vessel in wall contact integrated in the wall
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/05—Improving chemical properties
    • F17C2260/056—Improving fluid characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
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    • F17C2265/01—Purifying the fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
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    • F17C2265/032—Treating the boil-off by recovery
    • F17C2265/036—Treating the boil-off by recovery with heating
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    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
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    • F17C2265/037—Treating the boil-off by recovery with pressurising
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0186—Applications for fluid transport or storage in the air or in space
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
    • F17C2270/0527—Superconductors
    • F17C2270/0536—Magnetic resonance imaging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/42—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/90—Boil-off gas from storage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/36—Xenon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/62—Details of storing a fluid in a tank

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an installation for supplying liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or detection system.
  • the subject of the present invention is a method for providing liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or for a cosmic particle detection system.
  • the present invention finds particular application in the field of medical imaging or in the field of astronomical observation (eg dark matter).
  • US2010037656A1 describes an installation for recovering, storing and supplying xenon gas.
  • This installation comprises a tank adapted to contain xenon in the gaseous state.
  • this installation includes components for liquefying xenon downstream of the tank.
  • treating the xenon in the gaseous state requires a large volume of treatment, so a large footprint and large areas in contact with xenon.
  • many components have to be used to pass xenon from the gaseous state to the liquid state upstream of the cryostat, which complicates the installation and lengthens the xenon treatment.
  • the present invention aims to solve, in whole or in part, the problems mentioned above.
  • liquid xenon refers to xenon in the liquid state or in the supercritical fluid state.
  • the term "useful mass” designates the mass of xenon which is necessary for the intended application, for example the operation of a cryostat for an imaging system in the medical field or in the field of observation. astronomical.
  • a useful pressure between 60 bar and 80 bar allows to use a relatively compact tank.
  • a pressure value corresponds to an absolute pressure
  • the overpressure limiting device thus calibrated prevents losses of gaseous xenon when the tank experiences the operating pressure between 60 bar and 80 bar. In other words, this overpressure limiter member does not trip when all the useful mass of xenon is contained in the reservoir in the gaseous state at room temperature.
  • the machine further comprises a supply line which is connected to the reservoir and means for connect the supply line to the cryostat, so that the supply line channels liquid xenon to the cryostat when the system is in operation.
  • the useful mass of xenon is between 10 kg and 10000 kg, preferably between 100 kg and 5000 kg.
  • Such a mass can provide xenon to a small imaging system (medical) or a large imaging system (scientific).
  • the shape and the thickness of the walls of said at least one tank are selected so that said at least one tank withstands stresses of between 0 and 8 MPa.
  • the tank can withstand a pressure of between 60 bar and 80 bar.
  • said at least one reservoir contains a useful mass of xenon of 3000 kg, the useful pressure being equal to 65 bar, and wherein said at least one reservoir preferably has a globally spherical shape or generally cylindrical with an internal diameter of 1700 mm, the walls being of stainless steel and having a constant thickness of 35 mm.
  • such a reservoir may contain a similar volume of liquid xenon and a similar volume of xenon gas.
  • said at least one reservoir has a generally spherical or generally cylindrical shape.
  • the globally spherical shape is optimized for large volumes.
  • the spherical shape minimizes the internal surface of the tank walls, thus minimizing tank bulk.
  • the overall cylindrical shape is optimized for small volumes.
  • the generally cylindrical shape is particularly easy to manufacture, transport and implant.
  • the installation comprises several tanks each having a generally cylindrical shape, the tanks preferably being juxtaposed.
  • Such tanks can store and provide a large useful mass of xenon.
  • the installation comprises several tanks each having a generally cylindrical shape, the tanks preferably being juxtaposed.
  • the tanks make it possible to modulate the useful mass of xenon to be supplied to a cryostat and to vary this useful mass during the service of such a cryostat.
  • the installation further comprises a purification device connected to the respective reservoir and adapted to purify xenon gas, preferably at room temperature, so as to reinject into a respective reservoir xenon having a degree of purity less than 2 ppb, preferably less than 1 ppb.
  • the verbs "to connect”, “to connect”, “to connect”, “to feed” and their derivatives relate to the communication of fluid, that is to say to the flow of fluid, between two elements distant, by means of a direct or indirect link, that is to say by means of none, of one or more component (s) such as a conduct.
  • fluid refers to a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid.
  • such a secondary heat exchanger allows liquid xenon to evaporate and heat up as it flows through the heat pipe to the purification device, while gaseous xenon cools and recondenses as it circulates through the heat exchanger. cooling duct from the purification device.
  • such a primary heat exchanger makes it possible to liquefy so to recondense the gaseous xenon without risk of solidifying it, because the first coil and the cold source are separated by a guard distance.
  • thermally conductive material refers to a material having a thermal conductivity greater than 100 W / m / K. Such a material makes it possible to uniformize the temperature of the block rapidly.
  • the cold source comprises a cryogenic machine, such as a pulsed gas tube, disposed in the block or in contact with the block.
  • a cryogenic machine such as a pulsed gas tube
  • the cold head of the pulsed gas tube is arranged at the minimum distance from the liquefaction coil.
  • the source of cold is a source of cryogenic fluid, which preferably contains substantially liquid nitrogen, the primary heat exchanger further comprising a cooling coil, preferably of stainless steel, which is arranged in the block so as to cool the block by circulation of the cryogenic fluid.
  • a source of cold can cool the block, so effectively liquefy xenon gas.
  • the source of cryogenic fluid comprises a separator flask which is arranged upstream of the first coil.
  • a separator balloon can remove any nitrogen gas at the inlet of the first coil, which allows to accurately measure the amount of cold (frigories) brought to xenon, particularly during a scientific experiment.
  • the primary heat exchanger further comprises servocontrol means for controlling the flow of cryogenic fluid at the pressure prevailing in a respective reservoir.
  • servocontrol means for controlling the flow of cryogenic fluid at the pressure prevailing in a respective reservoir.
  • Such means make it possible to maintain constant the pressure prevailing in the respective reservoir, in particular to maintain it at the useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the gaseous state, typically between atmospheric pressure and approximately 5 bar.
  • Such servocontrol means may for example comprise a pressure sensor installed in the reservoir, a valve with variable shutter and a control member of this valve.
  • the primary heat exchanger further comprises an attenuator member adapted to reduce the xenon gas flow taken from the respective reservoir when the block temperature is below a predetermined threshold.
  • an attenuator member prevents the solidification of xenon in the first coil.
  • the attenuator member may be controlled by an industrial programmable controller.
  • the heating pipe and the cooling pipe are arranged so that their respective flows of xenon are countercurrent.
  • the secondary heat exchanger can operate with high thermal efficiency.
  • the installation further comprises a compressor arranged downstream of the purification device and upstream of the secondary heat exchanger.
  • a compressor makes it possible to compress the xenon gas, thus reducing the volume necessary for its purification.
  • the installation further comprises a manually or automatically adjustable opening valve arranged upstream of the cooling duct so that the pressure prevailing in the cooling duct is greater than the pressure in the duct. reheating.
  • a manually or automatically adjustable opening valve arranged upstream of the cooling duct so that the pressure prevailing in the cooling duct is greater than the pressure in the duct.
  • this reheating device makes it possible to regulate the pressure prevailing inside the respective reservoir, and thus to vary the proportions of xenon gas and liquid xenon, for example during the phases of transfer of the liquid xenon to the cryostat.
  • this heating device can be supplied by the coolant at room temperature, it limits or even avoids the risk of overheating of the tank and therefore the risk of xenon losses by a valve or a safety vent such as a disk a break.
  • the heating device further comprises a gas flowmeter and at least one temperature sensor arranged so as to accurately measure the amount of heat (calories) supplied to the xenon, in particular during a period of time. scientific experiment.
  • the heating device further comprises a non-return valve disposed downstream of the heat transfer coil.
  • a non-return valve limits or even avoids the reflux of moist air in the heat transfer coil.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises at least one layer of thermally insulating material, such as a polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foam, said at least one layer being arranged so as to at least surround the or each tank, said at least one layer being preferably disposed on the outer surface of the or each tank.
  • thermally insulating material such as a polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foam
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises an envelope defining at least one cavity arranged around the or each tank, the cavity being evacuated when the installation is in use.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises a pump arranged to evacuate said at least one cavity.
  • a pump arranged to evacuate said at least one cavity.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises several layers, including at least one layer reflecting the infrared radiation, such as an aluminum film.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises several layers, including at least one layer reflecting the infrared radiation, such as an aluminum film.
  • layers form a multilayer insulation which is compact and which greatly reduces the thermal losses of the reservoir by conduction and by radiation.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises a layer of powdered perlite disposed on the outer surface of the respective reservoir, the perlite being for example evacuated or swept by a stream of nitrogen.
  • a layer of perlite can greatly reduce the thermal losses of the reservoir by conduction.
  • said at least one overpressure limiting member is calibrated to limit the overpressure to a determined value exceeding from 2 to 10 bar, preferably 5 bar, said useful pressure.
  • the method further comprises a step of operating the cryogenic device such that the xenon useful mass comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon and about 50% by volume of gaseous xenon when the pressure in the respective reservoir is between 0.5 bar and 5 bar.
  • the vapors produced by the heat inputs to the tank are recondensed.
  • the pressure is controlled to the value required for use, in particular for the operations of transfer of the tank to the cryostat and the reverse of the cryostat to the tank.
  • the figure 1 illustrates an installation 1 for supplying LXe liquid xenon to a cryostat 2 for an imaging system, not shown, via a supply pipe 3.
  • the installation 1 comprises a reservoir 4 delimiting an internal volume V4 adapted to contain a so-called useful mass of xenon, in the liquid state LXe and in the gaseous state GXe.
  • the reservoir 4 has a generally spherical shape of internal diameter D4 measuring about 1700 mm.
  • the feed pipe 3 is connected to the tank 4 and a connection (not shown) is arranged to connect the supply pipe 3 to the cryostat 2, so that the supply pipe 3 channels liquid xenon LXe towards the cryostat 2 when the installation 1 is in use.
  • the installation 1 further comprises a cryogenic device 10 adapted to condense a xeon flux Xe.11 gaseous.
  • the cryogenic device 10 is connected, respectively by a forward line 11 and a return line 12, to the tank 4 so as to collect xenon gas Xe.11 from the upper part of the tank 4 and to channel a condensed xenon stream Xe. 12 to the tank 4.
  • the outgoing pipe 11 and the return pipe 12 may have a diameter of about 1 cm (3/8 ").
  • the installation 1 comprises thermal insulation equipment arranged to thermally isolate the tank 4.
  • the thermal insulation equipment comprises a layer 14 of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foam, the foam forming a thermally insulating material.
  • the layer 14 is arranged to surround the reservoir 4.
  • the layer 14 is here disposed on the outer surface of the reservoir 4.
  • the layer 14 is arranged to surround the supply line 3.
  • the tank 4 comprises walls 6.
  • the shape and the thickness of the walls 6 of the tank 4 are selected so that the tank 4 supports a useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the gaseous state at a temperature of about 300 K.
  • this useful pressure can be between 60 bar and 80 bar.
  • the useful mass of xenon is about 3000 kg.
  • the useful pressure is about 65 bar.
  • the walls 6 of the tank 4 are made of stainless steel and have a constant thickness E6 of about 35 mm.
  • the shape and the thickness E6 of the walls 6 of the tank 4 are selected so that the tank 4 withstands stresses of between 0 and 8 MPa. Thus, the tank can withstand the working pressure of 65 bar.
  • the cryogenic power of the cryogenic device 10 is selected so that the useful xenon mass comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon and about 50% by volume of gaseous xenon, as shown in FIG. figure 1 when the pressure in the tank 4 is between 1 bar and 2 bar.
  • This pressure corresponds to a service pressure, that is to say when the tank delivers liquid xenon to the cryostat via a supply line 3.
  • a service pressure that is to say when the tank delivers liquid xenon to the cryostat via a supply line 3.
  • the percentages indicated above may vary by plus or minus 15%, when the tank is initially filled before being put into service and at an operating pressure of between 1 bar and 2 bar.
  • the operating percentage of liquid xenon can be vary for example between 5% to 50%, depending on the amount of xenon transferred to the cryostat.
  • the cold source comprises a source of cryogenic fluid, which essentially contains LN2 liquid dinitrogen.
  • the primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises a cooling coil 21, preferably of stainless steel, which is arranged in the block 18 so as to cool the block by circulation of the cryogenic fluid.
  • the minimum distance 21.22 between the liquefaction coil 22 and the cooling coil 21, which here represents the source of cold, is greater than 50 mm.
  • the minimum distance 21.22 makes it possible to prevent the solidification of xenon in the liquefaction coil 22.
  • the layer 14 is arranged so as to surround the block 18, the flow line 11 and the return pipe 12. The layer 14 thus makes it possible to limit the thermal losses by these components.
  • the primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises servo means not shown to control the flow rate of liquid nitrogen to the pressure in the reservoir 4. In other words, when this pressure increases, it can increase the rate of nitrogen liquid; conversely, when this pressure decreases, it is possible to reduce the flow rate of liquid dinitrogen.
  • the servo means here comprise a not shown pressure sensor which is installed in the tank 4, a variable shutter valve not shown and a member, not shown, for controlling this valve.
  • the primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises a not shown attenuator member which is adapted to reduce the flow rate of xenon gas flow Xe.11 when the temperature of the block 18 is below a predetermined threshold.
  • This attenuator element can be controlled by an industrial programmable controller.
  • the installation 1 further comprises an overpressure limiting member 26 which is connected to the reservoir and which is calibrated to limit an overpressure in the reservoir 4 to a value greater than or equal to the working pressure.
  • the overpressure limiter member 26 may be calibrated at a setting pressure of about 70 bar for a working pressure of about 65 bar.
  • the overpressure limiter member 26 releases the xenon gas GXe only when the pressure in the tank 4 exceeds 70 bar, which can occur when the tank is heated to a temperature greater than 300 K.
  • the installation 1 further comprises a purification device 30 which is connected to the tank 4 and which is adapted to purify a xenon gas stream Xe.30, so as to reinject into the tank 4 an ultrapure xenon stream Xe.31 having a degree of purity lower than 2 ppb, or even 1 ppb.
  • a purification device 30 which is connected to the tank 4 and which is adapted to purify a xenon gas stream Xe.30, so as to reinject into the tank 4 an ultrapure xenon stream Xe.31 having a degree of purity lower than 2 ppb, or even 1 ppb.
  • the purification device 30 may be formed by a device marketed under the Oxysorb® reference and comprising a getter.
  • the heating pipe 42 extends between the tank 4 and the purification device 30 at the secondary heat exchanger 40.
  • the cooling pipe 44 extends between the purification device 30 and the tank 4 at the level of the Secondary heat exchanger 40.
  • the heating pipe 42 and the cooling pipe 44 may have a diameter of about 1 cm (3/8 ").
  • the heating pipe 42 is arranged close to the cooling pipe 44, so that the heating pipe 42 and the cooling pipe 44 are thermally coupled, that is to say exchange a amount of heat when the installation 1 is in use.
  • the installation 1 further comprises a compressor, not shown, which is arranged downstream of the purification device 30 and upstream of the secondary heat exchanger 40.
  • the heating line 42 and the cooling line 44 are arranged so that their respective flows of xenon are countercurrent to each other, i.e. in opposite directions.
  • the installation further comprises an adjustable opening valve 46, manually or automatically, and arranged upstream of the cooling pipe 44, so that the pressure prevailing in the cooling pipe 44 is greater than the pressure in the heating pipe 42.
  • the heating pipe 42 withdraws xenon in the gas phase (upper part of the tank 4).
  • the xenon is then reheated in the exchanger 40.
  • the purified xenon circulating in the cooling duct 44 is cooled and then returns in vapor form in the tank 4.
  • the heat-transfer coil 52 is arranged in a low region, in this case at the bottom, of the tank 4 so that the heat-transfer coil 52 is disposed in the liquid xenon LXe when the tank 4 is in service.
  • the installation 1 illustrated in figures 2 and 3 differs from the installation 1 illustrated in figure 1 in particular in that its thermal insulation equipment comprises a housing or an envelope 5 delimiting a cavity arranged around the tank 4. In the example of figures 2 and 3 this cavity is also arranged around other components of the installation 1, in particular around the cryogenic device 10.
  • This cavity is evacuated when the installation 1 is in use, which makes it possible to thermally isolate all the components of the installation 1 that are in the envelope 5, in particular the tank 4 and the cryogenic device 10.
  • thermal insulation equipment may comprise a type 5 enclosure plus a type 14 layer.
  • the installation 1 illustrated in figures 2 and 3 differs from the installation 1 illustrated in figure 1 in particular that the heating pipe 42 takes the xenon in the liquid phase LXe.
  • the xenon is then vaporized and warmed to room temperature in the exchanger 40.
  • the purified xenon flowing in the pipe 44 is cooled and liquefied, then it returns in liquid form in the tank 4.
  • the pressure in the tank 4 can be about 2 bar to 165 K.
  • the xenon is then 50% liquid LXe and 50% gas GXe.
  • LXe liquid xenon can be routed to cryostat 2.
  • Xenon used is recovered from the cryostat 2, in the gaseous or liquid state, by a pipe not shown.
  • the cryogenic device 10 continuously re-condenses the gaseous xenon to maintain the equilibrium of the proportions mentioned above and thus maintain the reservoir 4 at the operating pressure of approximately 2 bar.
  • the purification device 30 purifies the xenon continuously.
  • the cryogenic device 10 is actuated so that the useful mass of xenon comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon LXe and about 50% by volume of xenon gas GXe when the pressure prevailing in the reservoir 4 is about 2 bar.
  • the transfer of liquid xenon from the tank 4 to the cryostat 2 is carried out with a pressure of about 2 bar in the supply line 3; the duration of this transfer can be between 4 hours and 3 days depending on the useful mass of xenon.
  • the recovery of xenon gas or liquid from the cryostat 2 to the tank is carried out at a pressure of about 1 bar in the tank 4; the duration of this recovery can be between 4 h and 3 days depending on the useful mass of xenon.
  • the tank 4 will slowly warm up to room temperature (300 K).
  • the pressure in the tank 4 will increase until it reaches the operating pressure, here 65 bar.
  • the reservoir 4 can support this operating pressure until the cryogenic device 10 is restarted and the temperature of the reservoir 4 is gradually lowered to 165 K.

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Abstract

Cette installation (1) comprend un réservoir (4) adapté pour contenir une masse dite utile de xénon, un dispositif cryogénique (10) adapté pour condenser du xénon gazeux (GXe) et relié au réservoir (4), ainsi qu'un équipement d'isolation thermique agencé pour isoler thermiquement le réservoir (4).

Figure imgaf001
This installation (1) comprises a reservoir (4) adapted to contain a so-called useful mass of xenon, a cryogenic device (10) adapted to condense xenon gas (GXe) and connected to the reservoir (4), as well as an equipment thermal insulation arranged to thermally isolate the tank (4).
Figure imgaf001

Description

La présente invention concerne une installation pour fournir du xénon liquide, en particulier à un cryostat pour système d'imagerie ou système de détection. Par ailleurs, la présente invention a pour objet un procédé, pour fournir du xénon liquide, en particulier à un cryostat pour système d'imagerie ou pour système de détection de particules cosmiques.The present invention relates to an installation for supplying liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or detection system. Moreover, the subject of the present invention is a method for providing liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or for a cosmic particle detection system.

La présente invention trouve notamment application dans le domaine de l'imagerie médicale ou dans le domaine de l'observation astronomique (par exemple de la matière noire).The present invention finds particular application in the field of medical imaging or in the field of astronomical observation (eg dark matter).

US2010037656A1 décrit une installation pour récupérer, stocker et fournir du xénon gazeux. Cette installation comprend un réservoir adapté pour contenir du xénon à l'état gazeux. De plus, cette installation comprend des composants pour liquéfier le xénon en aval du réservoir. US2010037656A1 describes an installation for recovering, storing and supplying xenon gas. This installation comprises a tank adapted to contain xenon in the gaseous state. In addition, this installation includes components for liquefying xenon downstream of the tank.

Cependant, traiter le xénon à l'état gazeux nécessite un grand volume de traitement, donc un encombrement important et de grandes surfaces au contact du xénon. En outre, il faut employer de nombreux composants pour passer le xénon de l'état gazeux à l'état liquide en amont du cryostat, ce qui complexifie l'installation et allonge le traitement du xénon.However, treating the xenon in the gaseous state requires a large volume of treatment, so a large footprint and large areas in contact with xenon. In addition, many components have to be used to pass xenon from the gaseous state to the liquid state upstream of the cryostat, which complicates the installation and lengthens the xenon treatment.

De plus, ces nombreux composants et ces grandes surfaces au contact du xénon gazeux forment des sources de pollution importantes, lesquelles empêchent d'atteindre un niveau de pureté requis en particulier pour les systèmes d'imagerie, en particulier dans le domaine de l'observation astronomique.In addition, these numerous components and large areas in contact with gaseous xenon form important sources of pollution, which prevent reaching a required level of purity especially for imaging systems, particularly in the field of observation astronomical.

La présente invention vise notamment à résoudre, en tout ou partie, les problèmes mentionnés ci-avant.The present invention aims to solve, in whole or in part, the problems mentioned above.

À cet effet, l'invention a pour objet une installation pour fournir du xénon liquide, en particulier à un cryostat pour système d'imagerie ou système de détection, l'installation comprenant au moins :

  • un réservoir délimitant un volume interne adapté pour contenir une masse dite utile de xénon ;
  • un dispositif cryogénique adapté pour condenser du xénon gazeux, le dispositif cryogénique étant relié au réservoir respectif de façon à collecter du xénon gazeux provenant du réservoir respectif et à canaliser le xénon condensé vers le réservoir respectif ; et
  • un équipement d'isolation thermique agencé pour isoler thermiquement au moins ledit au moins un réservoir ;
ledit au moins un réservoir comprenant des parois, l'installation étant caractérisée en ce que la forme et l'épaisseur desdites parois sont sélectionnées de sorte que ledit au moins un réservoir supporte une pression utile développée par la masse utile de xénon à l'état gazeux à une température d'environ 300 K, la pression utile étant comprise entre 60 bar et 80 bar ;
et en ce que l'installation comprend en outre au moins un organe limiteur de surpression relié au réservoir, ledit au moins un organe de surpression étant taré pour limiter une surpression à une valeur supérieure ou égale à ladite pression utile.To this end, the invention relates to an installation for supplying liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or detection system, the installation comprising at least:
  • a reservoir defining an internal volume adapted to contain a so-called useful mass of xenon;
  • a cryogenic device adapted to condense xenon gas, the cryogenic device being connected to the respective reservoir so as to collect xenon gas from the respective reservoir and to channel the condensed xenon to the respective reservoir; and
  • thermal insulation equipment arranged to thermally isolate at least said at least one reservoir;
said at least one tank comprising walls, the installation being characterized in that the shape and the thickness of said walls are selected so that said at least one tank supports a useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the state gaseous at a temperature of about 300 K, the useful pressure being between 60 bar and 80 bar;
and in that the installation further comprises at least one overpressure limiting device connected to the reservoir, said at least one pressure booster being calibrated to limit an overpressure to a value greater than or equal to said operating pressure.

Dans la présente demande, le terme « xénon liquide » désigne le xénon à l'état liquide ou à l'état de fluide supercritique.In the present application, the term "liquid xenon" refers to xenon in the liquid state or in the supercritical fluid state.

Dans la présente demande, le terme « masse utile » désigne la masse de xénon qui est nécessaire à l'application visée, par exemple au fonctionnement d'un cryostat pour système d'imagerie dans le domaine médical ou dans le domaine de l'observation astronomique.In the present application, the term "useful mass" designates the mass of xenon which is necessary for the intended application, for example the operation of a cryostat for an imaging system in the medical field or in the field of observation. astronomical.

Ainsi, une telle installation limite voire évite les pertes de xénon en phase gazeuse (usuellement désigné par le terme anglais « boil-off ») par des organes de sécurité, même en cas d'arrêt de longue durée et de défaillance du dispositif cryogénique, donc lorsque le xénon est entièrement gazeux sous pression élevée. De plus, le dispositif cryogénique permet de recondenser de manière continue les vapeurs de xénon prélevées en partie haute du réservoir. L'installation fournit donc du xénon liquide, ce qui réduit considérablement le volume de traitement en comparaison des installations de l'art antérieur.Thus, such an installation limits or even avoids losses of xenon in the gaseous phase (usually referred to as " boil-off ") by safety devices, even in the event of long-term shutdown and failure of the cryogenic device, therefore when xenon is entirely gaseous under high pressure. In addition, the cryogenic device continuously recondensing the xenon vapors taken in the upper part of the tank. The installation therefore provides liquid xenon, which considerably reduces the processing volume in comparison with the installations of the prior art.

De plus, une pression utile entre 60 bar et 80 bar permet d'employer un réservoir relativement compact.In addition, a useful pressure between 60 bar and 80 bar allows to use a relatively compact tank.

Dans la présente demande, sauf indication contraire, une valeur de pression correspond à une pression absolue.In the present application, unless otherwise indicated, a pressure value corresponds to an absolute pressure.

En outre, l'organe limiteur de surpression ainsi taré permet d'éviter des pertes de xénon gazeux lorsque le réservoir subit la pression utile comprise entre 60 bar et 80 bar. En d'autres termes, cet organe limiteur de surpression ne se déclenche pas lorsque toute la masse utile de xénon est contenue dans le réservoir à l'état gazeux à la température ambiante.In addition, the overpressure limiting device thus calibrated prevents losses of gaseous xenon when the tank experiences the operating pressure between 60 bar and 80 bar. In other words, this overpressure limiter member does not trip when all the useful mass of xenon is contained in the reservoir in the gaseous state at room temperature.

Selon une variante de l'invention, la machine comprend en outre une conduite d'alimentation qui est reliée au réservoir et des moyens pour raccorder la conduite d'alimentation au cryostat, de sorte que la conduite d'alimentation canalise du xénon liquide vers le cryostat lorsque l'installation est en service.According to a variant of the invention, the machine further comprises a supply line which is connected to the reservoir and means for connect the supply line to the cryostat, so that the supply line channels liquid xenon to the cryostat when the system is in operation.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, la masse utile de xénon est comprise entre 10 kg et 10000 kg, de préférence entre 100 kg et 5000 kg.According to one embodiment of the invention, the useful mass of xenon is between 10 kg and 10000 kg, preferably between 100 kg and 5000 kg.

Ainsi, une telle masse permet de fournir du xénon à un système d'imagerie de petite taille (médical) ou à un système d'imagerie de grande taille (scientifique).Thus, such a mass can provide xenon to a small imaging system (medical) or a large imaging system (scientific).

Selon une variante de l'invention, la forme et l'épaisseur des parois dudit au moins un réservoir sont sélectionnées de sorte que ledit au moins un réservoir supporte des contraintes comprises entre 0 à 8 MPa. Ainsi, le réservoir peut supporter une pression comprise entre 60 bar et 80 bar.According to a variant of the invention, the shape and the thickness of the walls of said at least one tank are selected so that said at least one tank withstands stresses of between 0 and 8 MPa. Thus, the tank can withstand a pressure of between 60 bar and 80 bar.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ledit au moins un réservoir contient une masse utile de xénon de 3000 kg, la pression utile étant égale à 65 bar, et dans laquelle ledit au moins un réservoir a de préférence une forme globalement sphérique ou globalement cylindrique avec un diamètre interne de 1700 mm, les parois étant en acier inoxydable et ayant une épaisseur constante de 35 mm.According to one embodiment of the invention, said at least one reservoir contains a useful mass of xenon of 3000 kg, the useful pressure being equal to 65 bar, and wherein said at least one reservoir preferably has a globally spherical shape or generally cylindrical with an internal diameter of 1700 mm, the walls being of stainless steel and having a constant thickness of 35 mm.

Ainsi, une telle masse utile de xénon convient pour de nombreuses applications d'imagerie, voire pour des applications de détection. La forme globalement sphérique est optimisée pour les grands volumes. La forme sphérique minimise la surface interne des parois du réservoir, donc minimise l'encombrement du réservoir. La forme globalement cylindrique est optimisée pour les petits volumes. La forme globalement cylindrique est particulièrement facile à fabriquer, à transporter et à implanter. Un diamètre interne de 1700 mm permet de définir un réservoir relativement compact. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, un quotient ayant :

  • pour dénominateur, le volume interne du réservoir respectif ;
  • pour numérateur, le volume qu'occupe la masse utile de xénon à l'état liquide sous la pression atmosphérique ;
est compris entre 0,4 et 0,6, de préférence égal à 0,5.Thus, such a useful mass of xenon is suitable for many imaging applications, or even for detection applications. The globally spherical shape is optimized for large volumes. The spherical shape minimizes the internal surface of the tank walls, thus minimizing tank bulk. The overall cylindrical shape is optimized for small volumes. The generally cylindrical shape is particularly easy to manufacture, transport and implant. An internal diameter of 1700 mm makes it possible to define a relatively compact reservoir. According to one embodiment of the invention, a quotient having:
  • denominator, the internal volume of the respective reservoir;
  • for numerator, the volume occupied by the useful mass of xenon in the liquid state under atmospheric pressure;
is between 0.4 and 0.6, preferably equal to 0.5.

Ainsi, un tel réservoir peut contenir un volume de xénon liquide et un volume de xénon gazeux similaires.Thus, such a reservoir may contain a similar volume of liquid xenon and a similar volume of xenon gas.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ledit au moins un réservoir a une forme globalement sphérique ou globalement cylindrique.According to one embodiment of the invention, said at least one reservoir has a generally spherical or generally cylindrical shape.

Ainsi, la forme globalement sphérique est optimisée pour les grands volumes. La forme sphérique minimise la surface interne des parois du réservoir, donc minimise l'encombrement du réservoir. La forme globalement cylindrique est optimisée pour les petits volumes. La forme globalement cylindrique est particulièrement facile à fabriquer, à transporter et à implanter.Thus, the globally spherical shape is optimized for large volumes. The spherical shape minimizes the internal surface of the tank walls, thus minimizing tank bulk. The overall cylindrical shape is optimized for small volumes. The generally cylindrical shape is particularly easy to manufacture, transport and implant.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'installation comprend plusieurs réservoirs ayant chacun une forme globalement cylindrique, les réservoirs étant de préférence juxtaposés.According to one embodiment of the invention, the installation comprises several tanks each having a generally cylindrical shape, the tanks preferably being juxtaposed.

Ainsi, de tels réservoirs permettent de stocker et de fournir une importante masse utile de xénon.Thus, such tanks can store and provide a large useful mass of xenon.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'installation comprend plusieurs réservoirs ayant chacun une forme globalement cylindrique, les réservoirs étant de préférence juxtaposés. Ainsi, de tels réservoirs permettent de moduler la masse utile de xénon à fournir à un cryostat et de varier cette masse utile durant le service d'un tel cryostat.According to a variant of the invention, the installation comprises several tanks each having a generally cylindrical shape, the tanks preferably being juxtaposed. Thus, such reservoirs make it possible to modulate the useful mass of xenon to be supplied to a cryostat and to vary this useful mass during the service of such a cryostat.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'installation comprend en outre un dispositif de purification relié au réservoir respectif et adapté pour purifier du xénon gazeux, de préférence à température ambiante, de façon à réinjecter dans un réservoir respectif du xénon ayant un degré de pureté inférieur à 2 ppb, de préférence inférieur à 1 ppb.According to one embodiment of the invention, the installation further comprises a purification device connected to the respective reservoir and adapted to purify xenon gas, preferably at room temperature, so as to reinject into a respective reservoir xenon having a degree of purity less than 2 ppb, preferably less than 1 ppb.

Ainsi, un tel dispositif de purification permet d'obtenir et d'entretenir un xénon « ultrapur », ce qui est requis pour les systèmes d'imagerie.Thus, such a purification device makes it possible to obtain and maintain an "ultrapure" xenon, which is required for imaging systems.

Dans la présente demande, les verbes « relier », « connecter », « raccorder », « alimenter » et leurs dérivés se rapportent à la communication de fluide, c'est-à-dire à l'écoulement de fluide, entre deux éléments distants, au moyen d'un lien direct ou indirect, c'est-à-dire par l'intermédiaire d'aucun, d'un ou de plusieurs composant(s) tel(s) qu'une conduite.In the present application, the verbs "to connect", "to connect", "to connect", "to feed" and their derivatives relate to the communication of fluid, that is to say to the flow of fluid, between two elements distant, by means of a direct or indirect link, that is to say by means of none, of one or more component (s) such as a conduct.

Dans la présente demande, le terme « fluide » et ses dérivés désigne un liquide, un gaz ou un fluide supercritique.In the present application, the term "fluid" and its derivatives refers to a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'installation comprend en outre au moins un échangeur thermique secondaire relié d'une part au réservoir respectif et d'autre part au dispositif de purification, l'échangeur thermique secondaire comprenant :

  • une conduite de réchauffage agencée en aval du réservoir respectif et en amont du dispositif de purification ; et
  • une conduite de refroidissement agencée en amont du réservoir respectif et en aval du dispositif de purification, la conduite de refroidissement étant thermiquement couplée à la conduite de réchauffage.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the installation further comprises at least one secondary heat exchanger connected with a to the respective reservoir and secondly to the purification device, the secondary heat exchanger comprising:
  • a heating pipe arranged downstream of the respective reservoir and upstream of the purification device; and
  • a cooling pipe arranged upstream of the respective tank and downstream of the purification device, the cooling pipe being thermally coupled to the heating pipe.

Ainsi, un tel échangeur thermique secondaire permet à du xénon liquide de s'évaporer et de se réchauffer lorsqu'il circule dans la conduite de réchauffage vers le dispositif de purification, pendant que du xénon gazeux refroidit et se recondense lorsqu'il circule dans la conduite de refroidissement en provenance du dispositif de purification.Thus, such a secondary heat exchanger allows liquid xenon to evaporate and heat up as it flows through the heat pipe to the purification device, while gaseous xenon cools and recondenses as it circulates through the heat exchanger. cooling duct from the purification device.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, le dispositif cryogénique comporte au moins un échangeur thermique primaire, l'échangeur thermique primaire comprenant au moins :

  • un bloc en matériau thermiquement conducteur, de préférence en alliage d'aluminium ;
  • une source de froid agencée de façon à refroidir le bloc à une température inférieure ou égale à la température de liquéfaction du xénon ; et
  • un serpentin de liquéfaction, de préférence en acier inoxydable, qui est relié à un réservoir respectif et qui est agencé dans le bloc de façon à liquéfier du xénon prélevé dans le réservoir respectif, la distance minimale entre le serpentin de liquéfaction et la source de froid étant supérieure à 50 mm.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the cryogenic device comprises at least one primary heat exchanger, the primary heat exchanger comprising at least:
  • a block of thermally conductive material, preferably aluminum alloy;
  • a cold source arranged to cool the block to a temperature less than or equal to the liquefaction temperature of xenon; and
  • a liquefaction coil, preferably of stainless steel, which is connected to a respective tank and which is arranged in the block so as to liquefy xenon taken from the respective tank, the minimum distance between the liquefaction coil and the cold source being greater than 50 mm.

Ainsi, un tel échangeur thermique primaire permet de liquéfier donc de recondenser le xénon gazeux sans risque de le solidifier, car le premier serpentin et la source froide sont séparés par une distance de garde.Thus, such a primary heat exchanger makes it possible to liquefy so to recondense the gaseous xenon without risk of solidifying it, because the first coil and the cold source are separated by a guard distance.

Dans la présente demande, le terme « matériau thermiquement conducteur » désigne un matériau présentant une conductivité thermique supérieure à 100 W/m/K. Un tel matériau permet d'uniformiser rapidement la température du bloc.In the present application, the term "thermally conductive material" refers to a material having a thermal conductivity greater than 100 W / m / K. Such a material makes it possible to uniformize the temperature of the block rapidly.

Selon une variante de l'invention, la source de froid comprend une machine cryogénique, telle qu'un tube à gaz pulsé, disposée dans le bloc ou au contact du bloc. Dans cette variante, la tête froide du tube à gaz pulsé est disposée à la distance minimale du serpentin de liquéfaction. Ainsi, une telle machine cryogénique permet de refroidir le bloc, donc de liquéfier le xénon gazeux de manière efficace.According to a variant of the invention, the cold source comprises a cryogenic machine, such as a pulsed gas tube, disposed in the block or in contact with the block. In this variant, the cold head of the pulsed gas tube is arranged at the minimum distance from the liquefaction coil. Thus, such a cryogenic machine makes it possible to cool the block, thus to liquefy gaseous xenon effectively.

Selon une variante de l'invention, la source de froid est une source de fluide cryogénique, qui contient de préférence essentiellement du diazote liquide, l'échangeur thermique primaire comprenant en outre un serpentin de refroidissement, de préférence en acier inoxydable, qui est agencé dans le bloc de façon à refroidir le bloc par circulation du fluide cryogénique. Ainsi, une telle source de froid permet de refroidir le bloc, donc de liquéfier le xénon gazeux de manière efficace.According to a variant of the invention, the source of cold is a source of cryogenic fluid, which preferably contains substantially liquid nitrogen, the primary heat exchanger further comprising a cooling coil, preferably of stainless steel, which is arranged in the block so as to cool the block by circulation of the cryogenic fluid. Thus, such a source of cold can cool the block, so effectively liquefy xenon gas.

Selon une variante de l'invention, la source de fluide cryogénique comprend un ballon séparateur qui est agencé en amont du premier serpentin. Ainsi, un tel ballon séparateur peut supprimer tout azote gazeux à l'entrée du premier serpentin, ce qui permet de mesurer précisément la quantité de froid (frigories) apportée au xénon, en particulier au cours d'une expérience scientifique.According to a variant of the invention, the source of cryogenic fluid comprises a separator flask which is arranged upstream of the first coil. Thus, such a separator balloon can remove any nitrogen gas at the inlet of the first coil, which allows to accurately measure the amount of cold (frigories) brought to xenon, particularly during a scientific experiment.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'échangeur thermique primaire comprend en outre des moyens d'asservissement pour asservir le débit de fluide cryogénique à la pression régnant dans un réservoir respectif. Ainsi, de tels moyens permettent de maintenir constante la pression régnant dans le réservoir respectif, en particulier de la maintenir à la pression utile développée par la masse utile de xénon à l'état gazeux, typiquement entre la pression atmosphérique et environ 5 bar. De tels moyens d'asservissement peuvent par exemple comprendre un capteur de pression installé dans le réservoir, une vanne à obturation variable et un organe de pilotage de cette vanne.According to a variant of the invention, the primary heat exchanger further comprises servocontrol means for controlling the flow of cryogenic fluid at the pressure prevailing in a respective reservoir. Thus, such means make it possible to maintain constant the pressure prevailing in the respective reservoir, in particular to maintain it at the useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the gaseous state, typically between atmospheric pressure and approximately 5 bar. Such servocontrol means may for example comprise a pressure sensor installed in the reservoir, a valve with variable shutter and a control member of this valve.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'échangeur thermique primaire comprend en outre un organe atténuateur adapté pour réduire le débit de xénon gazeux prélevé dans le réservoir respectif lorsque la température du bloc est inférieure à un seuil prédéterminé. Ainsi, un tel organe atténuateur permet d'empêcher la solidification du xénon dans le premier serpentin. Par exemple, l'organe atténuateur peut être commandé par un automate programmable industriel.According to a variant of the invention, the primary heat exchanger further comprises an attenuator member adapted to reduce the xenon gas flow taken from the respective reservoir when the block temperature is below a predetermined threshold. Thus, such an attenuator member prevents the solidification of xenon in the first coil. For example, the attenuator member may be controlled by an industrial programmable controller.

Selon une variante de l'invention, la conduite de réchauffage et la conduite de refroidissement sont agencées de sorte que leurs écoulements respectifs de xénon se font à contre-courant. Ainsi, l'échangeur thermique secondaire peut fonctionner avec une haute efficacité thermique.According to a variant of the invention, the heating pipe and the cooling pipe are arranged so that their respective flows of xenon are countercurrent. Thus, the secondary heat exchanger can operate with high thermal efficiency.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'installation comprend en outre un compresseur agencé en aval du dispositif de purification et en amont de l'échangeur thermique secondaire. Ainsi, un tel compresseur permet de comprimer le xénon gazeux, donc de réduire le volume nécessaire à sa purification.According to a variant of the invention, the installation further comprises a compressor arranged downstream of the purification device and upstream of the secondary heat exchanger. Thus, such a compressor makes it possible to compress the xenon gas, thus reducing the volume necessary for its purification.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'installation comprend en outre une vanne à ouverture réglable manuellement ou automatiquement et agencée en amont de la conduite de refroidissement de sorte que la pression régnant dans la conduite de refroidissement est supérieure à la pression dans la conduite de réchauffage. Ainsi, une telle vanne à ouverture réglable permet la recondensation partielle du Xénon dans le cas où on prélève du xénon liquide.According to a variant of the invention, the installation further comprises a manually or automatically adjustable opening valve arranged upstream of the cooling duct so that the pressure prevailing in the cooling duct is greater than the pressure in the duct. reheating. Thus, such an adjustable opening valve allows partial recondensation of Xenon in the case where liquid xenon is taken.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'installation comprend en outre un dispositif de réchauffage comprenant au moins :

  • un serpentin caloporteur adapté pour la circulation d'un fluide caloporteur, tel que du diazote gazeux à température ambiante, le serpentin caloporteur étant agencé dans une région basse d'un réservoir respectif de sorte que le serpentin caloporteur est disposé dans le xénon liquide lorsque le réservoir respectif est en service ; et
  • une vanne à ouverture variable, agencée de préférence en aval du serpentin caloporteur, de façon à réguler le débit de fluide caloporteur.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the installation further comprises a heating device comprising at least:
  • a heating coil adapted for the circulation of a heat transfer fluid, such as gaseous dinitrogen at ambient temperature, the heat transfer coil being arranged in a lower region of a respective reservoir so that the heat transfer coil is disposed in the liquid xenon when the respective tank is in use; and
  • a variable opening valve, preferably arranged downstream of the heat transfer coil, so as to regulate the flow of heat transfer fluid.

Ainsi, ce dispositif de réchauffage permet de réguler la pression régnant à l'intérieur du réservoir respectif, donc de varier les proportions de xénon gazeux et de xénon liquide, par exemple pendant les phases de transfert du xenon liquide vers le cryostat. De plus, comme ce dispositif de réchauffage peut être alimenté par le fluide caloporteur à température ambiante, il limite voire évite le risque de surchauffe du réservoir et donc le risque de pertes de xénon par une soupape ou un évent de sécurité tel qu'un disque de rupture.Thus, this reheating device makes it possible to regulate the pressure prevailing inside the respective reservoir, and thus to vary the proportions of xenon gas and liquid xenon, for example during the phases of transfer of the liquid xenon to the cryostat. In addition, since this heating device can be supplied by the coolant at room temperature, it limits or even avoids the risk of overheating of the tank and therefore the risk of xenon losses by a valve or a safety vent such as a disk a break.

Selon une variante de l'invention, le dispositif de réchauffage comprend en outre un débitmètre à gaz et au moins un capteur de température agencés de façon à mesurer précisément la quantité de chaleur (calories) apportée au xénon, en particulier au cours d'une expérience scientifique.According to a variant of the invention, the heating device further comprises a gas flowmeter and at least one temperature sensor arranged so as to accurately measure the amount of heat (calories) supplied to the xenon, in particular during a period of time. scientific experiment.

Selon une variante de l'invention, le dispositif de réchauffage comprend en outre un clapet anti-retour disposé en aval du serpentin caloporteur. Ainsi, un tel clapet anti-retour limite voire évite le reflux d'air humide dans le serpentin caloporteur.According to a variant of the invention, the heating device further comprises a non-return valve disposed downstream of the heat transfer coil. Thus, such a non-return valve limits or even avoids the reflux of moist air in the heat transfer coil.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend au moins une couche en matériau thermiquement isolant, tel qu'une mousse à cellules fermée en polyvinyle de chlorure, ladite au moins une couche étant agencée de façon à entourer au moins le ou chaque réservoir, ladite au moins une couche étant de préférence disposée sur la surface externe du ou de chaque réservoir.According to one embodiment of the invention, the thermal insulation equipment comprises at least one layer of thermally insulating material, such as a polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foam, said at least one layer being arranged so as to at least surround the or each tank, said at least one layer being preferably disposed on the outer surface of the or each tank.

Ainsi, une telle couche réduit fortement les pertes thermiques du réservoir par conduction.Thus, such a layer greatly reduces the thermal losses of the reservoir by conduction.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend une enveloppe délimitant au moins une cavité agencée autour du ou de chaque réservoir, la cavité étant mise sous vide lorsque l'installation est en service.According to one embodiment of the invention, the thermal insulation equipment comprises an envelope defining at least one cavity arranged around the or each tank, the cavity being evacuated when the installation is in use.

Ainsi, une telle cavité permet de réaliser un vide statique autour du réservoir, ce qui réduit fortement les pertes thermiques du réservoir par convection.Thus, such a cavity makes it possible to produce a static vacuum around the tank, which greatly reduces the heat losses of the tank by convection.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend une pompe agencée pour mettre sous vide ladite au moins une cavité. Ainsi, une telle pompe permet de réaliser un vide dynamique autour du réservoir, ce qui réduit considérablement les pertes thermiques du réservoir par convection.According to a variant of the invention, the thermal insulation equipment comprises a pump arranged to evacuate said at least one cavity. Thus, such a pump makes it possible to achieve a dynamic vacuum around the tank, which considerably reduces the thermal losses of the tank by convection.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend plusieurs couches, dont au moins une couche réfléchissant le rayonnement infrarouge, tel qu'un film d'aluminium. Ainsi, de telles couches forment une isolation multicouches qui est compacte et qui réduit fortement les pertes thermiques du réservoir par conduction et par rayonnement.According to a variant of the invention, the thermal insulation equipment comprises several layers, including at least one layer reflecting the infrared radiation, such as an aluminum film. Thus, such layers form a multilayer insulation which is compact and which greatly reduces the thermal losses of the reservoir by conduction and by radiation.

Selon une variante de l'invention, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend une couche de perlite en poudre disposée sur la surface externe du réservoir respectif, la perlite étant par exemple mise sous vide ou balayée par un courant d'azote. Ainsi, une telle couche de perlite permet de réduire fortement les pertes thermiques du réservoir par conduction.According to a variant of the invention, the thermal insulation equipment comprises a layer of powdered perlite disposed on the outer surface of the respective reservoir, the perlite being for example evacuated or swept by a stream of nitrogen. Thus, such a layer of perlite can greatly reduce the thermal losses of the reservoir by conduction.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ledit au moins un organe limiteur de surpression est taré pour limiter la surpression à une valeur déterminée excédant de 2 à 10 bar, de préférence de 5 bar ladite pression utile.According to one embodiment of the invention, said at least one overpressure limiting member is calibrated to limit the overpressure to a determined value exceeding from 2 to 10 bar, preferably 5 bar, said useful pressure.

Ainsi, un tel tarage permet d'assurer la sécurité et la fiabiilité de l'installation et de ses composants.Thus, such calibration ensures the safety and reliability of the installation and its components.

Par ailleurs, la présente invention a pour objet un procédé, pour fournir du xénon liquide, en particulier à un cryostat pour système d'imagerie ou système de détection, le procédé comprenant les étapes :

  • mettre en oeuvre une installation selon l'invention ;
  • actionner le dispositif cryogénique de façon à maintenir dans ledit au moins un réservoir une pression de service comprise entre 0,5 bar et 5 bar ; et
  • canaliser du xénon liquide depuis ledit au moins un réservoir vers le cryostat par une conduite d'alimentation.
Furthermore, the subject of the present invention is a method for supplying liquid xenon, in particular to a cryostat for an imaging system or detection system, the method comprising the steps of:
  • implement an installation according to the invention;
  • operating the cryogenic device so as to maintain in said at least one reservoir a working pressure between 0.5 bar and 5 bar; and
  • channeling liquid xenon from said at least one reservoir to the cryostat via a supply line.

Ainsi, un tel procédé permet de faire fonctionner l'installation en mode normal pour fournir du xénon liquide à un cryostat.Thus, such a method makes it possible to operate the plant in normal mode to supply liquid xenon to a cryostat.

Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, le procédé comprend en outre une étape consistant à actionner le dispositif cryogénique de sorte que la masse utile de xénon comprend environ 50% en volume de xénon liquide et environ 50% en volume de xénon gazeux lorsque la pression régnant dans le réservoir respectif est comprise entre 0,5 bar et 5 bar.According to one embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises a step of operating the cryogenic device such that the xenon useful mass comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon and about 50% by volume of gaseous xenon when the pressure in the respective reservoir is between 0.5 bar and 5 bar.

Ainsi, les vapeurs produites par les entrées de chaleur subies par le réservoir sont recondensées. Il en résulte que la pression est contrôlée à la valeur requise pour l'utilisation, en particulier pour les opérations de transfert du réservoir vers le cryostat et à l'inverse du cryostat vers le réservoir.Thus, the vapors produced by the heat inputs to the tank are recondensed. As a result, the pressure is controlled to the value required for use, in particular for the operations of transfer of the tank to the cryostat and the reverse of the cryostat to the tank.

La présente invention sera bien comprise et ses avantages ressortiront aussi à la lumière de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue schématique en coupe d'une installation conforme à un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention et fonctionnant suivant un procédé conforme à l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe d'une partie d'une installation conforme à un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention et fonctionnant suivant un procédé conforme à l'invention ; et
  • la figure 3 est une vue schématique en coupe d'une partie complémentaire de l'installation de la figure 2.
The present invention will be well understood and its advantages will also emerge in the light of the description which follows, given solely by way of nonlimiting example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of an installation according to a first embodiment of the invention and operating according to a method according to the invention;
  • the figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of a portion of an installation according to a second embodiment of the invention and operating according to a method according to the invention; and
  • the figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a complementary part of the installation of the figure 2 .

La figure 1 illustre une installation 1 pour fournir du xénon liquide LXe à un cryostat 2 pour un système d'imagerie non représenté, via une conduite d'alimentation 3.The figure 1 illustrates an installation 1 for supplying LXe liquid xenon to a cryostat 2 for an imaging system, not shown, via a supply pipe 3.

L'installation 1 comprend un réservoir 4 délimitant un volume interne V4 adapté pour contenir une masse dite utile de xénon, à l'état liquide LXe et à l'état gazeux GXe. Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, le réservoir 4 a une forme globalement sphérique de diamètre interne D4 mesurant environ 1700 mm.The installation 1 comprises a reservoir 4 delimiting an internal volume V4 adapted to contain a so-called useful mass of xenon, in the liquid state LXe and in the gaseous state GXe. In the example of the figure 1 , the reservoir 4 has a generally spherical shape of internal diameter D4 measuring about 1700 mm.

La conduite d'alimentation 3 est reliée au réservoir 4 et un raccord non représentée est agencé pour raccorder la conduite d'alimentation 3 au cryostat 2, de sorte que la conduite d'alimentation 3 canalise du xénon liquide LXe vers le cryostat 2 lorsque l'installation 1 est en service.The feed pipe 3 is connected to the tank 4 and a connection (not shown) is arranged to connect the supply pipe 3 to the cryostat 2, so that the supply pipe 3 channels liquid xenon LXe towards the cryostat 2 when the installation 1 is in use.

L'installation 1 comprend en outre un dispositif cryogénique 10 adapté pour condenser un flux Xe.11 de xénon gazeux. Le dispositif cryogénique 10 est relié, respectivement par une conduite aller 11 et une conduite retour 12, au réservoir 4 de façon à collecter du xénon gazeux Xe.11 provenant de la partie haute du réservoir 4 et à canaliser un flux de xénon condensé Xe.12 vers le réservoir 4. La conduite aller 11 et la conduite retour 12 peuvent avoir un diamètre d'environ 1 cm (3/8").The installation 1 further comprises a cryogenic device 10 adapted to condense a xeon flux Xe.11 gaseous. The cryogenic device 10 is connected, respectively by a forward line 11 and a return line 12, to the tank 4 so as to collect xenon gas Xe.11 from the upper part of the tank 4 and to channel a condensed xenon stream Xe. 12 to the tank 4. The outgoing pipe 11 and the return pipe 12 may have a diameter of about 1 cm (3/8 ").

De plus, l'installation 1 comprend un équipement d'isolation thermique agencé pour isoler thermiquement le réservoir 4. Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend une couche 14 en une mousse à cellules fermée en polyvinyle de chlorure, la mousse formant un matériau thermiquement isolant.In addition, the installation 1 comprises thermal insulation equipment arranged to thermally isolate the tank 4. In the example of the figure 1 , the thermal insulation equipment comprises a layer 14 of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foam, the foam forming a thermally insulating material.

La couche 14 est agencée de façon à entourer le réservoir 4. La couche 14 est ici disposée sur la surface externe du réservoir 4. De plus, la couche 14 est agencée de façon à entourer la conduite d'alimentation 3.The layer 14 is arranged to surround the reservoir 4. The layer 14 is here disposed on the outer surface of the reservoir 4. In addition, the layer 14 is arranged to surround the supply line 3.

Le réservoir 4 comprend des parois 6. La forme et l'épaisseur des parois 6 du réservoir 4 sont sélectionnées de sorte que le réservoir 4 supporte une pression utile développée par la masse utile de xénon à l'état gazeux à une température d'environ 300 K. Typiquement, cette pression utile peut être comprise entre 60 bar et 80 bar.The tank 4 comprises walls 6. The shape and the thickness of the walls 6 of the tank 4 are selected so that the tank 4 supports a useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the gaseous state at a temperature of about 300 K. Typically, this useful pressure can be between 60 bar and 80 bar.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, la masse utile de xénon est d'environ 3000 kg. Pour stocker le xénon dans des conditions de température variant entre 300 K et 165 K, la pression utile est d'environ 65 bar. Pour le diametre interne D4 d'environ 1700 mm, les parois 6 du réservoir 4 sont en acier inoxydable et ont une épaisseur E6 constante d'environ 35 mm.In the example of the figure 1 , the useful mass of xenon is about 3000 kg. To store xenon under temperature conditions ranging between 300 K and 165 K, the useful pressure is about 65 bar. For the internal diameter D4 of about 1700 mm, the walls 6 of the tank 4 are made of stainless steel and have a constant thickness E6 of about 35 mm.

La forme et l'épaisseur E6 des parois 6 du réservoir 4 sont sélectionnées de sorte que le réservoir 4 supporte des contraintes comprises entre 0 à 8 MPa. Ainsi, le réservoir peut supporter la pression utile de 65 bar.The shape and the thickness E6 of the walls 6 of the tank 4 are selected so that the tank 4 withstands stresses of between 0 and 8 MPa. Thus, the tank can withstand the working pressure of 65 bar.

Pour déterminer le diamètre interne D4 en fonction de la masse utile de xénon, un quotient ayant :

  • pour dénominateur, le volume interne V4 du réservoir 4 ;
  • pour numérateur, le volume qu'occupe la masse utile de xénon à l'état liquide sous la pression atmosphérique (visible à la figure 1) ;
est environ égal à 0,5.To determine the internal diameter D4 as a function of the useful mass of xenon, a quotient having:
  • for denominator, the internal volume V4 of the tank 4;
  • for numerator, the volume occupied by the useful mass of xenon in the liquid state at atmospheric pressure (visible at the figure 1 );
is approximately equal to 0.5.

La puissance cryogénique du dispositif cryogénique 10 est sélectionnée de sorte que la masse utile de xénon comprend environ 50% en volume de xénon liquide et environ 50% en volume de xénon gazeux, comme représenté à la figure 1, lorsque la pression régnant dans le réservoir 4 est comprise entre 1 bar et 2 bar.The cryogenic power of the cryogenic device 10 is selected so that the useful xenon mass comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon and about 50% by volume of gaseous xenon, as shown in FIG. figure 1 when the pressure in the tank 4 is between 1 bar and 2 bar.

Cette pression correspond à une pression de service, c'est-à-dire lorsque le réservoir débite du xénon liquide vers le cryostat via une conduite d'alimentation 3. En fonction de l'application (système d'imagerie médicale ou astronomique), les pourcentages indiqués ci-avant peuvent varier de plus ou moins 15%, lorsque le réservoir est initialement rempli avant sa mise en service et sous une pression de service comprise entre 1 bar et 2 bar. Au cours du service, le pourcentage opératoire de xénon liquide peut varier par exemple entre 5% à 50%, en fonction de la quantité de xénon transférée vers le cryostat.This pressure corresponds to a service pressure, that is to say when the tank delivers liquid xenon to the cryostat via a supply line 3. Depending on the application (medical or astronomical imaging system), the percentages indicated above may vary by plus or minus 15%, when the tank is initially filled before being put into service and at an operating pressure of between 1 bar and 2 bar. During the service, the operating percentage of liquid xenon can be vary for example between 5% to 50%, depending on the amount of xenon transferred to the cryostat.

Le dispositif cryogénique 10 comporte un échangeur thermique primaire 16, lequel comprend :

  • un bloc 18 en alliage d'aluminium de nuance AS07G06 ;
  • une source de froid agencée de façon à refroidir le bloc 18 à une température inférieure ou égale à la température de liquéfaction du xénon ;
  • un serpentin de liquéfaction 22 en acier inoxydable, qui est relié au réservoir 4 et qui est agencé dans le bloc 18 de façon à liquéfier le flux de xénon gazeux Xe.11 prélevé dans le réservoir 4.
The cryogenic device 10 comprises a primary heat exchanger 16, which comprises:
  • a block 18 of aluminum alloy of AS07G06 grade;
  • a cold source arranged to cool the block 18 to a temperature less than or equal to the liquefaction temperature of xenon;
  • a stainless steel liquefaction coil 22, which is connected to the tank 4 and which is arranged in the block 18 so as to liquefy the xenon gas flow Xe.11 taken from the tank 4.

Dans l'exemple de la figure 1, la source de froid comprend une source 20 de fluide cryogénique, qui contient essentiellement du diazote liquide LN2. L'échangeur thermique primaire 16 comprend en outre un serpentin de refroidissement 21, de préférence en acier inoxydable, qui est agencé dans le bloc 18 de façon à refroidir le bloc par circulation du fluide cryogénique.In the example of the figure 1 the cold source comprises a source of cryogenic fluid, which essentially contains LN2 liquid dinitrogen. The primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises a cooling coil 21, preferably of stainless steel, which is arranged in the block 18 so as to cool the block by circulation of the cryogenic fluid.

La distance minimale 21.22 entre le serpentin de liquéfaction 22 et le serpentin de refroidissement 21, qui représente ici la source de froid, est supérieure à 50 mm. La distance minimale 21.22 permet d'éviter la solidification du xénon dans le serpentin de liquéfaction 22.Comme le montre la figure 1, la couche 14 est agencée de façon à entourer le bloc 18, la conduite aller 11 et la conduite retour 12. La couche 14 permet ainsi de limiter les pertes thermiques par ces composants.The minimum distance 21.22 between the liquefaction coil 22 and the cooling coil 21, which here represents the source of cold, is greater than 50 mm. The minimum distance 21.22 makes it possible to prevent the solidification of xenon in the liquefaction coil 22. As shown in FIG. figure 1 the layer 14 is arranged so as to surround the block 18, the flow line 11 and the return pipe 12. The layer 14 thus makes it possible to limit the thermal losses by these components.

L'échangeur thermique primaire 16 comprend en outre des moyens d'asservissement non représentés pour asservir le débit de diazote liquide à la pression régnant dans le réservoir 4. En d'autres termes, lorsque cette pression augmente, on peut augmenter le débit de diazote liquide ; inversement, lorsque cette pression diminue, on peut diminuer le débit de diazote liquide.The primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises servo means not shown to control the flow rate of liquid nitrogen to the pressure in the reservoir 4. In other words, when this pressure increases, it can increase the rate of nitrogen liquid; conversely, when this pressure decreases, it is possible to reduce the flow rate of liquid dinitrogen.

Cette pression peut ainsi être maintenue constante. Les moyens d'asservissement comprennent ici un capteur de pression non représentée qui est installé dans le réservoir 4, une vanne à obturation variable non représentée et un organe, non représenté, de pilotage de cette vanne.This pressure can thus be kept constant. The servo means here comprise a not shown pressure sensor which is installed in the tank 4, a variable shutter valve not shown and a member, not shown, for controlling this valve.

L'échangeur thermique primaire 16 comprend en outre un organe atténuateur non représenté qui est adapté pour réduire le débit du flux de xénon gazeux Xe.11 lorsque la température du bloc 18 est inférieure à un seuil prédéterminé. Cet organe atténuateur peut être commandé par un automate programmable industriel.The primary heat exchanger 16 further comprises a not shown attenuator member which is adapted to reduce the flow rate of xenon gas flow Xe.11 when the temperature of the block 18 is below a predetermined threshold. This attenuator element can be controlled by an industrial programmable controller.

L'installation 1 comprend en outre un organe limiteur de surpression 26 qui est relié au réservoir et qui est taré pour limiter une surpression dans le réservoir 4 à une valeur supérieure ou égale à la pression utile. Par exemple, l'organe limiteur de surpression 26 peut être taré à une pression de tarage d'environ 70 bar pour une pression utile d'environ 65 bar.The installation 1 further comprises an overpressure limiting member 26 which is connected to the reservoir and which is calibrated to limit an overpressure in the reservoir 4 to a value greater than or equal to the working pressure. For example, the overpressure limiter member 26 may be calibrated at a setting pressure of about 70 bar for a working pressure of about 65 bar.

En d'autres termes, l'organe limiteur de surpression 26 laisse échapper le xénon gazeux GXe seulement quand la pression dans le réservoir 4 dépasse 70 bar, ce qui peut survenir lorsque le réservoir est porté à une température supérieure à 300 K.In other words, the overpressure limiter member 26 releases the xenon gas GXe only when the pressure in the tank 4 exceeds 70 bar, which can occur when the tank is heated to a temperature greater than 300 K.

L'installation 1 comprend en outre un dispositif de purification 30 qui est relié au réservoir 4 et qui est adapté pour purifier un flux de xénon gazeux Xe.30, de façon à réinjecter dans le réservoir 4 un flux de xénon ultrapur Xe.31 ayant un degré de pureté inférieur à 2 ppb, voire à 1 ppb.The installation 1 further comprises a purification device 30 which is connected to the tank 4 and which is adapted to purify a xenon gas stream Xe.30, so as to reinject into the tank 4 an ultrapure xenon stream Xe.31 having a degree of purity lower than 2 ppb, or even 1 ppb.

Le dispositif de purification 30 peut être formé par un dispositif commercialisé sous la référence Oxysorb® et comprenant un getter.The purification device 30 may be formed by a device marketed under the Oxysorb® reference and comprising a getter.

Comme le montre la figure 1, l'installation 1 comprend en outre un échangeur thermique secondaire 40 qui est relié d'une part au réservoir 4 et d'autre part au dispositif de purification 30. L'échangeur thermique secondaire 40 comprend :

  • une conduite de réchauffage 42 agencée en aval du réservoir 4 et en amont du dispositif de purification 30 ; et
  • une conduite de refroidissement 44 agencée en amont du réservoir 4 et en aval du dispositif de purification 30, la conduite de refroidissement 44 étant thermiquement couplée à la conduite de réchauffage 42.
As shown in figure 1 , the installation 1 further comprises a secondary heat exchanger 40 which is connected on the one hand to the tank 4 and on the other hand to the purification device 30. The secondary heat exchanger 40 comprises:
  • a heating pipe 42 arranged downstream of the tank 4 and upstream of the purification device 30; and
  • a cooling pipe 44 arranged upstream of the tank 4 and downstream of the purification device 30, the cooling pipe 44 being thermally coupled to the heating pipe 42.

La conduite de réchauffage 42 s'étend entre le réservoir 4 et le dispositif de purification 30 au niveau de l'échangeur thermique secondaire 40. La conduite de refroidissement 44 s'étend entre le dispositif de purification 30 et le réservoir 4 au niveau de l'échangeur thermique secondaire 40. La conduite de réchauffage 42 et la conduite de refroidissement 44 peuvent avoir un diamètre d'environ 1 cm (3/8").The heating pipe 42 extends between the tank 4 and the purification device 30 at the secondary heat exchanger 40. The cooling pipe 44 extends between the purification device 30 and the tank 4 at the level of the Secondary heat exchanger 40. The heating pipe 42 and the cooling pipe 44 may have a diameter of about 1 cm (3/8 ").

Dans l'échangeur thermique secondaire 40, la conduite de réchauffage 42 est agencée près de la conduite de refroidissement 44, de sorte que la conduite de réchauffage 42 et la conduite de refroidissement 44 sont thermiquement couplées, c'est-à-dire échangent une quantité de chaleur lorsque l'installation 1 est en service.In the secondary heat exchanger 40, the heating pipe 42 is arranged close to the cooling pipe 44, so that the heating pipe 42 and the cooling pipe 44 are thermally coupled, that is to say exchange a amount of heat when the installation 1 is in use.

L'installation 1 comprend en outre un compresseur non représenté qui est agencé en aval du dispositif de purification 30 et en amont de l'échangeur thermique secondaire 40.The installation 1 further comprises a compressor, not shown, which is arranged downstream of the purification device 30 and upstream of the secondary heat exchanger 40.

La conduite de réchauffage 42 et la conduite de refroidissement 44 sont agencées de sorte que leurs écoulements respectifs de xénon se font à contre-courant l'un de l'autre, c'est-à-dire dans des sens opposés.The heating line 42 and the cooling line 44 are arranged so that their respective flows of xenon are countercurrent to each other, i.e. in opposite directions.

L'installation comprend en outre une vanne à ouverture réglable 46, manuellement ou automatiquement, et agencée en amont de la conduite de refroidissement 44, de sorte que la pression régnant dans la conduite de refroidissement 44 est supérieure à la pression dans la conduite de réchauffage 42.The installation further comprises an adjustable opening valve 46, manually or automatically, and arranged upstream of the cooling pipe 44, so that the pressure prevailing in the cooling pipe 44 is greater than the pressure in the heating pipe 42.

Comme le montre la figure 1, la conduite de réchauffage 42 prélève le xénon en phase gazeuse (partie haute du réservoir 4). Le xénon est ensuite réchauffé dans l'échangeur 40. Ainsi, le xénon purifié circulant dans la conduite de refroidissement 44 est refroidi puis retourne sous forme vapeur dans le réservoir 4.As shown in figure 1 the heating pipe 42 withdraws xenon in the gas phase (upper part of the tank 4). The xenon is then reheated in the exchanger 40. Thus, the purified xenon circulating in the cooling duct 44 is cooled and then returns in vapor form in the tank 4.

Comme le montre la figure 1, en outre, l'installation 1 comprend un dispositif de réchauffage 50 qui comprend :

  • un serpentin caloporteur 52 adapté pour la circulation de diazote gazeux GN2 à température ambiante ; et
  • une vanne à ouverture variable 54, agencée de préférence en aval du serpentin caloporteur 52, de façon à réguler le débit de diazote gazeux GN2 qui circule dans le serpentin caloporteur 52.
As shown in figure 1 in addition, the installation 1 comprises a heating device 50 which comprises:
  • a heating coil 52 adapted for the circulation of gaseous dinitrogen GN2 at room temperature; and
  • a variable-opening valve 54, preferably arranged downstream of the heat-transfer coil 52, so as to regulate the flow rate of gaseous nitrogen GN2 circulating in the heat-transfer coil 52.

Le serpentin caloporteur 52 est agencé dans une région basse, en l'occurrence au fond, du réservoir 4 de sorte que le serpentin caloporteur 52 est disposé dans le xénon liquide LXe lorsque le réservoir 4 est en service.The heat-transfer coil 52 is arranged in a low region, in this case at the bottom, of the tank 4 so that the heat-transfer coil 52 is disposed in the liquid xenon LXe when the tank 4 is in service.

L'installation 1 illustrée aux figures 2 et 3 diffère de l'installation 1 illustrée à la figure 1 notamment en ce que son équipement d'isolation thermique comprend un carter ou une enveloppe 5 délimitant une cavité agencée autour du réservoir 4. Dans l'exemple des figures 2 et 3, cette cavité est aussi agencée autour d'autres composants de l'installation 1, en particulier autour du dispositif cryogénique 10.The installation 1 illustrated in figures 2 and 3 differs from the installation 1 illustrated in figure 1 in particular in that its thermal insulation equipment comprises a housing or an envelope 5 delimiting a cavity arranged around the tank 4. In the example of figures 2 and 3 this cavity is also arranged around other components of the installation 1, in particular around the cryogenic device 10.

Cette cavité est mise sous vide lorsque l'installation 1 est en service, ce qui permet d'isoler thermiquement tous les composants de l'installation 1 qui se trouvent dans l'enveloppe 5, en particulier le réservoir 4 et le dispositif cryogénique 10.This cavity is evacuated when the installation 1 is in use, which makes it possible to thermally isolate all the components of the installation 1 that are in the envelope 5, in particular the tank 4 and the cryogenic device 10.

Dans l'exemple des figures 2 et 3, l'enceinte 5 remplit la fonction d'isolation thermique que la couche 14 remplit dans l'exemple de la figure 1. Néanmoins, selon un autre mode de réalisation, équipement d'isolation thermique peut comprendre une enceinte de type 5 plus une couche de type 14.In the example of figures 2 and 3 , the enclosure 5 fulfills the thermal insulation function that the layer 14 fills in the example of the figure 1 . Nevertheless, according to another embodiment, thermal insulation equipment may comprise a type 5 enclosure plus a type 14 layer.

De plus, comme l'illustrent en détail les figures 2 et 3 :

  • La source 20 comprend un ballon séparateur agencé en amont du premier serpentin 21 . Ce ballon séparateur supprime tout diazote gazeux à l'entrée du premier serpentin 21, ce qui permet de mesurer précisément la quantité de froid (frigories) apportée au xénon.
  • Le dispositif de réchauffage 50 comprend en outre un débitmètre à gaz 56 et au moins un capteur de température 58 agencés de façon à mesurer précisément la quantité de chaleur (calories) apportée au xénon par le diazote gaeux GN2.
  • Le dispositif de réchauffage 50 comprend en outre un clapet anti-retour 59 disposé en aval du serpentin caloporteur 52.
Moreover, as illustrated in detail in figures 2 and 3 :
  • The source 20 comprises a separator tank arranged upstream of the first coil 21. This separator tank removes any gaseous nitrogen at the inlet of the first coil 21, which accurately measures the amount of cold (frigories) brought to xenon.
  • The reheat device 50 further comprises a gas flow meter 56 and at least one temperature sensor 58 arranged to accurately measure the amount of heat (calories) provided to xenon by the gaseous dinitrogen GN2.
  • The heating device 50 further comprises a non-return valve 59 disposed downstream of the heat-transfer coil 52.

Comme le montre la figure 2, l'installation 1 illustrée aux figures 2 et 3 diffère de l'installation 1 illustrée à la figure 1 notamment en ce que la conduite de réchauffage 42 prélève le xenon dans la phase liquide LXe. Le xénon est ensuite vaporisé et réchauffé à température ambiante dans l'échangeur 40. Ainsi, le xénon purifié circulant dans la conduite 44 est refroidi et liquéfié, puis il retourne sous forme liquide dans le réservoir 4.As shown in figure 2 , the installation 1 illustrated in figures 2 and 3 differs from the installation 1 illustrated in figure 1 in particular that the heating pipe 42 takes the xenon in the liquid phase LXe. The xenon is then vaporized and warmed to room temperature in the exchanger 40. Thus, the purified xenon flowing in the pipe 44 is cooled and liquefied, then it returns in liquid form in the tank 4.

En service, la pression dans le réservoir 4 peut être d'environ 2 bar à 165 K. Le xénon se trouve alors à 50% liquide LXe et à 50% gazeux GXe. Le xénon liquide LXe peut être conduit vers le cryostat 2. Le xénon utilisé est récupéré depuis le cryostat 2, à l'état gazeux ou liquide, par une canalisation non représentée.In use, the pressure in the tank 4 can be about 2 bar to 165 K. The xenon is then 50% liquid LXe and 50% gas GXe. LXe liquid xenon can be routed to cryostat 2. Xenon used is recovered from the cryostat 2, in the gaseous or liquid state, by a pipe not shown.

Un procédé conforme à l'invention, pour fournir du xénon liquide LXe au cryostat 2, comprend les étapes :

  • mettre en oeuvre l'installation 1 ;
  • actionner le dispositif cryogénique 10 de façon à maintenir dans le réservoir 4 une pression de service d'environ 2 bar ; et
  • canaliser du xénon liquide LXe depuis le réservoir 4 vers le cryostat 2 par la conduite d'alimentation 3.
A method according to the invention for supplying LXe liquid xenon to cryostat 2 comprises the steps of:
  • implement the installation 1;
  • operating the cryogenic device 10 so as to maintain in the tank 4 an operating pressure of about 2 bar; and
  • channel LXe liquid xenon from the tank 4 to the cryostat 2 via the supply line 3.

Le dispositif cryogénique 10 recondense de manière continue le xénon gazeux pour entretenir l'équilibre des proportions mentionnées ci-avant et donc maintenir le réservoir 4 à la pression de service d'environ 2 bar. En d'autres termes, le dispositif de purification 30 purifie le xénon de manière continue.The cryogenic device 10 continuously re-condenses the gaseous xenon to maintain the equilibrium of the proportions mentioned above and thus maintain the reservoir 4 at the operating pressure of approximately 2 bar. In other words, the purification device 30 purifies the xenon continuously.

Suivant un procédé conforme à l'invention, le dispositif cryogénique 10 est actionné de sorte que la masse utile de xénon comprend environ 50% en volume de xénon liquide LXe et environ 50% en volume de xénon gazeux GXe lorsque la pression régnant dans le réservoir 4 est d'environ 2 bar.According to a method according to the invention, the cryogenic device 10 is actuated so that the useful mass of xenon comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon LXe and about 50% by volume of xenon gas GXe when the pressure prevailing in the reservoir 4 is about 2 bar.

Généralement, le transfert de xénon liquide depuis le réservoir 4 vers le cryostat 2 est effectuée avec une pression d'environ 2 bar dans la conduite d'alimentation 3 ; la durée de ce transfert peut être comprise entre 4 h et 3 jours selon la masse utile de xénon.Generally, the transfer of liquid xenon from the tank 4 to the cryostat 2 is carried out with a pressure of about 2 bar in the supply line 3; the duration of this transfer can be between 4 hours and 3 days depending on the useful mass of xenon.

Généralement, la récupération de xénon gazeux ou liquide depuis le cryostat 2 vers le réservoir est effectuée à une pression d'environ 1 bar dans le réservoir 4 ; la durée de cette récupération peut être comprise entre 4 h et 3 jours selon la masse utile de xénon.Generally, the recovery of xenon gas or liquid from the cryostat 2 to the tank is carried out at a pressure of about 1 bar in the tank 4; the duration of this recovery can be between 4 h and 3 days depending on the useful mass of xenon.

À l'arrêt, par exemple en cas de défaillance d'un composant de l'installation 1 tel que le dispositif cryogénique 10, le réservoir 4 va lentement se réchauffer jusqu'à la température ambiante (300 K). La pression dans le réservoir 4 va augmenter jusqu'à atteindre la pression utile, ici 65 bar. Le réservoir 4 peut supporter cette pression utile jusqu'au redémarrage du dispositif cryogénique 10 et à l'abaissement progressif de la température du réservoir 4 jusqu'à 165 K.At standstill, for example in the event of a failure of a component of the installation 1 such as the cryogenic device 10, the tank 4 will slowly warm up to room temperature (300 K). The pressure in the tank 4 will increase until it reaches the operating pressure, here 65 bar. The reservoir 4 can support this operating pressure until the cryogenic device 10 is restarted and the temperature of the reservoir 4 is gradually lowered to 165 K.

Claims (15)

Installation (1) pour fournir du xénon liquide (LXe), en particulier à un cryostat (2) pour système d'imagerie ou système de détection, l'installation (1) comprenant au moins : - un réservoir (4) délimitant un volume interne (V4) adapté pour contenir une masse dite utile de xénon ; - un dispositif cryogénique (10) adapté pour condenser du xénon gazeux (GXe), le dispositif cryogénique (10) étant relié au réservoir respectif (4) de façon à collecter du xénon gazeux (GXe) provenant du réservoir respectif (4) et à canaliser le xénon condensé vers le réservoir respectif (4) ; et - un équipement d'isolation thermique agencé pour isoler thermiquement au moins ledit au moins un réservoir (14) ; ledit au moins un réservoir (4) comprenant des parois (6), l'installation (1) étant caractérisée en ce que la forme et l'épaisseur (E6) desdites parois (6) sont sélectionnées de sorte que ledit au moins un réservoir (4) supporte une pression utile développée par la masse utile de xénon à l'état gazeux à une température d'environ 300 K, la pression utile étant comprise entre 60 bar et 80 bar ;
et en ce que l'installation (1) comprend en outre au moins un organe limiteur de surpression relié au réservoir (4), ledit au moins un organe de surpression étant taré pour limiter une surpression à une valeur supérieure ou égale à ladite pression utile.Installation (1) for supplying liquid xenon (LXe), in particular to a cryostat (2) for an imaging system or detection system, the installation (1) comprising at least: a reservoir (4) delimiting an internal volume (V4) adapted to contain a so-called useful mass of xenon; a cryogenic device (10) adapted to condense gaseous xenon (GXe), the cryogenic device (10) being connected to the respective reservoir (4) so as to collect gaseous xenon (GXe) from the respective reservoir (4) and to channel the condensed xenon to the respective reservoir (4); and thermal insulation equipment arranged to thermally isolate at least said at least one reservoir (14); said at least one tank (4) comprising walls (6), the plant (1) being characterized in that the shape and the thickness (E6) of said walls (6) are selected so that said at least one tank (4) supports a useful pressure developed by the useful mass of xenon in the gaseous state at a temperature of about 300 K, the useful pressure being between 60 bar and 80 bar;
and in that the installation (1) furthermore comprises at least one overpressure limiting element connected to the reservoir (4), said at least one pressure booster being calibrated to limit an overpressure to a value greater than or equal to said useful pressure. . Installation (1) selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la masse utile de xénon est comprise entre 10 kg et 10000 kg, de préférence entre 100 kg et 5000 kg.Installation (1) according to claim 1, wherein the useful mass of xenon is between 10 kg and 10000 kg, preferably between 100 kg and 5000 kg. Installation (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans laquelle ledit au moins un réservoir (4) contient une masse utile de xénon de 3000 kg, la pression utile étant égale à 65 bar, et ledit au moins un réservoir (4) ayant de préférence une forme globalement sphérique ou globalement cylindrique avec un diamètre interne de 1700 mm, les parois (6) étant en acier inoxydable et ayant une épaisseur (E6) constante de 35 mm.Installation (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one tank (4) contains a useful mass of xenon of 3000 kg, the useful pressure being equal to 65 bar, and said at least one tank (4) having preferably a generally spherical or generally cylindrical shape with an internal diameter of 1700 mm, the walls (6) being made of stainless steel and having a constant thickness (E6) of 35 mm. Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle un quotient ayant : • pour dénominateur, le volume interne (V4) du réservoir respectif (4) ; • pour numérateur, le volume qu'occupe la masse utile de xénon à l'état liquide sous la pression atmosphérique ; est compris entre 0,4 et 0,6, de préférence égal à 0,5.Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a quotient having: • for denominator, the internal volume (V4) of the respective reservoir (4); • for numerator, the volume occupied by the useful mass of xenon in the liquid state at atmospheric pressure; is between 0.4 and 0.6, preferably equal to 0.5. Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit au moins un réservoir (4) a une forme globalement sphérique ou globalement cylindrique.Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one reservoir (4) has a generally spherical or generally cylindrical shape. Installation selon la revendication 5, comprenant plusieurs réservoirs ayant chacun une forme globalement cylindrique, les réservoirs étant de préférence juxtaposés.Installation according to claim 5, comprising several tanks each having a generally cylindrical shape, the tanks preferably being juxtaposed. Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant en outre un dispositif de purification (30) relié au réservoir respectif (4) et adapté pour purifier du xénon gazeux (GXe), de préférence à température ambiante, de façon à réinjecter dans un réservoir respectif (4) du xénon ayant un degré de pureté inférieur à 2 ppb, de préférence inférieur à 1 ppb.Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising a purification device (30) connected to the respective reservoir (4) and adapted to purify xenon gas (GXe), preferably at room temperature, so as to reinject in a respective reservoir (4) xenon having a degree of purity less than 2 ppb, preferably less than 1 ppb. Installation (1) selon la revendication 7, comprenant en outre au moins un échangeur thermique secondaire (40) relié d'une part au réservoir respectif (4) et d'autre part au dispositif de purification (30), l'échangeur thermique secondaire (40) comprenant : - une conduite de réchauffage (42) agencée en aval du réservoir respectif (4) et en amont du dispositif de purification (30) ; et - une conduite de refroidissement (44) agencée en amont du réservoir respectif (4) et en aval du dispositif de purification (30), la conduite de refroidissement (44) étant thermiquement couplée à la conduite de réchauffage (42). Installation (1) according to claim 7, further comprising at least one secondary heat exchanger (40) connected on the one hand to the respective reservoir (4) and on the other hand to the purification device (30), the secondary heat exchanger (40) comprising: - a heating pipe (42) arranged downstream of the respective reservoir (4) and upstream of the purification device (30); and - A cooling pipe (44) arranged upstream of the respective tank (4) and downstream of the purification device (30), the cooling pipe (44) being thermally coupled to the heating pipe (42). Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle le dispositif cryogénique (10) comporte au moins un échangeur thermique primaire (16), l'échangeur thermique primaire (16) comprenant au moins : - un bloc (18) en matériau thermiquement conducteur, de préférence en alliage d'aluminium ; - une source de froid agencée de façon à refroidir le bloc (18) à une température inférieure ou égale à la température de liquéfaction du xénon ; et ; - un serpentin de liquéfaction (22), de préférence en acier inoxydable, qui est relié à un réservoir respectif (4) et qui est agencé dans le bloc (18) de façon à liquéfier du xénon prélevé dans le réservoir respectif (4), la distance minimale (21.22) entre le serpentin de liquéfaction (22) et la source de froid (21) étant supérieure à 50 mm. Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the cryogenic device (10) comprises at least one primary heat exchanger (16), the primary heat exchanger (16) comprising at least: - A block (18) of thermally conductive material, preferably aluminum alloy; - A cold source arranged to cool the block (18) to a temperature less than or equal to the liquefaction temperature of xenon; and; - a liquefaction coil (22), preferably of stainless steel, which is connected to a respective tank (4) and which is arranged in the block (18) so as to liquefy xenon taken from the respective tank (4), the minimum distance (21.22) between the liquefaction coil (22) and the cold source (21) being greater than 50 mm. Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant en outre un dispositif de réchauffage (50) comprenant au moins : - un serpentin caloporteur (52) adapté pour la circulation d'un fluide caloporteur, tel que du diazote gazeux (GN2) à température ambiante, le serpentin caloporteur (52) étant agencé dans une région basse d'un réservoir respectif (4) de sorte que le serpentin caloporteur (52) est disposé dans le xénon liquide (LXe) lorsque le réservoir respectif (4) est en service ; et - une vanne à ouverture variable (54), agencée de préférence en aval du serpentin caloporteur (52), de façon à réguler le débit de fluide caloporteur. Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising a heating device (50) comprising at least: a heat-transfer coil (52) adapted for the circulation of a heat-transfer fluid, such as nitrogen gas (GN2) at ambient temperature, the heat-transfer coil (52) being arranged in a low region of a respective reservoir (4) of so that the heat-exchange coil (52) is disposed in the liquid xenon (LXe) when the respective tank (4) is in use; and - A variable opening valve (54), preferably arranged downstream of the heat transfer coil (52), so as to regulate the flow of heat transfer fluid. Installation (1) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend au moins une couche (14) en matériau thermiquement isolant, tel qu'une mousse à cellules fermée en polyvinyle de chlorure, ladite au moins une couche (14) étant agencée de façon à entourer au moins le ou chaque réservoir (4), ladite au moins une couche (14) étant de préférence disposée sur la surface externe du ou de chaque réservoir (4).Installation (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the thermal insulation equipment comprises at least one layer (14) of thermally insulating material, such as closed cell polyvinyl chloride foam, said at least one a layer (14) being arranged to surround at least the or each tank (4), said at least one layer (14) being preferably disposed on the outer surface of the or each tank (4). Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle l'équipement d'isolation thermique comprend une enveloppe délimitant au moins une cavité agencée autour du ou de chaque réservoir, la cavité étant mise sous vide lorsque l'installation est en service.Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the thermal insulation equipment comprises an envelope defining at least one cavity arranged around the or each tank, the cavity being evacuated when the installation is in use. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit au moins un organe limiteur de surpression est taré pour limiter la surpression à une valeur déterminée excédant de 2 à 10 bar, de préférence de 5 bar, ladite pression utile.Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one overpressure limiting member is calibrated to limit the overpressure to a determined value exceeding 2 to 10 bar, preferably 5 bar, said pressure. Procédé, pour fournir du xénon liquide (LXe), en particulier à un cryostat (2) pour système d'imagerie ou système de détection, le procédé comprenant les étapes : - mettre en oeuvre une installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes ; - actionner le dispositif cryogénique (10) de façon à maintenir dans ledit au moins un réservoir (4) une pression de service comprise entre 0,5 bar et 5 bar ; et - canaliser du xénon liquide (LXe) depuis ledit au moins un réservoir (4) vers le cryostat (2) par une conduite d'alimentation (3). A method for providing liquid xenon (LXe), in particular to a cryostat (2) for an imaging system or detection system, the method comprising the steps of: implementing an installation according to one of the preceding claims; operating the cryogenic device (10) so as to maintain in said at least one reservoir (4) a working pressure of between 0.5 bar and 5 bar; and - Channeling liquid xenon (LXe) from said at least one tank (4) to the cryostat (2) via a supply line (3). Procédé selon la revendication 14, comprenant en outre une étape consistant à actionner le dispositif cryogénique (10) de sorte que la masse utile de xénon comprend environ 50% en volume de xénon liquide (LXe) et environ 50% en volume de xénon gazeux (GXe) lorsque la pression régnant dans le réservoir respectif (4) est comprise entre 0,5 bar et 5 bar.The method of claim 14, further comprising a step of operating the cryogenic device (10) such that the xenon payload comprises about 50% by volume of liquid xenon (LXe) and about 50% by volume of gaseous xenon ( GXe) when the pressure in the respective tank (4) is between 0.5 bar and 5 bar.
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FR2986061A1 (en) 2013-07-26
EP2618038B1 (en) 2023-11-22
EP2618038A3 (en) 2018-04-11
FR2986061B1 (en) 2019-12-06

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