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EP2598755A1 - Method for operating a compressor - Google Patents

Method for operating a compressor

Info

Publication number
EP2598755A1
EP2598755A1 EP11741157.9A EP11741157A EP2598755A1 EP 2598755 A1 EP2598755 A1 EP 2598755A1 EP 11741157 A EP11741157 A EP 11741157A EP 2598755 A1 EP2598755 A1 EP 2598755A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
measurement
pressure
suction pressure
final pressure
pctr
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11741157.9A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2598755B1 (en
Inventor
Georg Winkes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP2598755A1 publication Critical patent/EP2598755A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2598755B1 publication Critical patent/EP2598755B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04D27/02—Surge control
    • F04D27/0207—Surge control by bleeding, bypassing or recycling fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04D27/02—Surge control
    • F04D27/0246—Surge control by varying geometry within the pumps, e.g. by adjusting vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04D27/02—Surge control
    • F04D27/0284—Conjoint control of two or more different functions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a
  • Exceeding the third measured value or an application of the third measured value in comparison with the setpoint opens a bypass valve, so that the final pressure is lowered.
  • surge limit control protects the control of the Bypass valves the compressor from damage caused by the
  • Bypass valve opened unnecessarily, so that the efficiency of the system deteriorates. In the worst case, the valve opens so far that the throughput through the compressor is reduced to an unacceptable minimum and so the usually heavily dependent on the compression process connected
  • the measured values measured also include a measurement of the throughput through the compressor.
  • the invention has set itself the task, a
  • the throughput is measured regularly by means of a differential pressure measurement via a metering orifice and can accordingly also be specified in the physical unit of a pressure and accordingly modified in the same way, particularly dimensionless, as the suction pressure and the final pressure. Basically, but also a different kind
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that, in normal operation, the suction pressure measurement and the
  • the additional map can also be used if there should be a failure of the suction pressure measurement.
  • Minimum setpoint is then formed according to the above approximation for the maximum pressure ratio.
  • the formula for calculation d tute often contains the suction pressure, e.g. in the form V.
  • Suction pressure can be given eg by the following formula:
  • the measurement of the throughput in particular the measurement of the differential pressure fails over a metering orifice, it is useful in the invention, if of the
  • Figure 2 shows the representation of a rule line from the
  • FIG. 3 shows the illustration of an additional characteristic diagram for the surge limit regulator
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the invention
  • FIG. 1 shows a compressor CO with the associated
  • Auxiliary systems and a drive T which is designed here in the manner of a H exertgasexpanders.
  • the compressor CO receives process fluid PF on a suction line SL at a
  • Inlet pressure PA and compresses this to a final pressure PE while he promotes it to a pressure line PL.
  • compressed process fluid PF is cooled after the compressor CO in a heat exchanger CL.
  • Suction line SL of the compressor CO is by means of a
  • Temperature measuring point TT an input temperature TE, by means of a volume measuring point FE via a pressure difference ⁇ a local orifice there a volume flow VF and measured by means of a simple pressure measuring point PAE the input pressure PA.
  • a compromisesleitapparat ELA which is set to the angle of attack.
  • the drive T is speed variable or a trained
  • a quantity regulator MCTR controls the angle of incidence of the inlet guide device ELA by specifying a setpoint value S for the angle of attack.
  • the actual value C for the angle of attack is at the
  • volume controller MCTR transmitted from a position transmitter ZT.
  • the pressure line behind the heat exchanger CL is the
  • Pipe limit control is the control of a bypass valve BV that is designed as a control valve and controls the opening of a bypass BP, the pressure line PL with the
  • Suction line SL closes short over a defined opening when the compressor CO threatens to reach the state of pumping.
  • Figure 2 shows an operating point OP and a control line CTRL as an excerpt from the not fully shown here Control map CTFE.
  • the y-coordinate of the illustrated diagram indicates the ratio of end pressure PE
  • Input pressure PA again and the X coordinate, the ratio of the differential pressure ⁇ on the flow rate measurement to the input pressure PA.
  • the measured ratio of the final pressure PE to the input pressure PA is the basis for determining the setpoint value TV of the surge limit controller PCTR.
  • the actual value AV at the operating point OP is determined by the ratio of the
  • Differential pressure ⁇ formed in relation to the input pressure PA The diagram shown essentially expresses a ratio of the compaction power on the Y-coordinate and the flow rate through the compressor CO on the X-coordinate.
  • the surge limit control PCTR opens the
  • Bypass valve BV when the operating point OP with respect to the flow rate reaches the target value TV or the surge limit line CTRL.
  • the precision of the control can be additionally provided
  • FIG. 3 shows a relationship between the angle of attack as an input quantity and minimum and maximum ratios between end pressures PE and input pressures PA shown in a substitute control characteristic field SCTFE, which is derived from the
  • Pump limit control PCTR is implemented when the measurement of the inlet pressure or the final pressure or the amount fails. On the basis of the measurement of the angle of attack, these minimum and maximum pressure ratios between input and output can be determined and converted according to the sequence shown in FIG. 4 in the method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of the invention
  • a first step at least three measurements are made, in this case the input pressure PA, the final pressure PE and a differential pressure measurement ⁇ carried out to determine the throughput. If these measurements are less than 1) trouble-free (Y), the method goes to step 2), during which the operating point OP is determined by means of a control characteristic diagram CTFE and a nominal value TF based on the difference to the control line CTRL.
  • the setpoint value TV is compared with the pressure difference ⁇ , wherein at a larger value of ⁇ compared to TV in a fourth step, the bypass valve BV remains closed and otherwise opened. If a fault of one of the measurements is present in method step 1), a further measurement d) is used for the evaluation in a replacement control characteristic SCTFE for
  • step 3a Determination of a substitute setpoint ETV.
  • step 3a a comparison is made in the same way as in step 3), here between the final pressure PE and the substitute setpoint TVE. If the final pressure PE be greater, in step 4) a closing of the

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Control Of Positive-Displacement Air Blowers (AREA)
  • Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating a compressor (CO) comprising the installed measurements: a) suction pressure measurement (PA), b) final pressure measurement (PE), c) throughput measurement (??), wherein by means of a first control characteristic map (CTFE) a target value for a pump surge limiter (PCTR) is determined from one or two of the measured variables, and the pump surge limiter compares the target value to the third measured variable, wherein the pump surge limiter (PCTR) opens a bypass valve (BV) when the measured value falls below or exceeds the target value (TV), such that the final pressure (PE) is lowered or the flow through the compressor is increased. For the purpose of high operational reliability, according to the invention in the event of failure of at least one of the measurements, a further measurement of another physical variable of the compression process, together with a measured variable of the remaining measurements or a modification of said measured variable on the basis of an additional characteristic field, is an input variable for a substitute control characteristic map (SCTFE), from which a maximum value or a minimum value of the disrupted measured variable is determined and is used to form the target value in the first control characteristic map (CTFE), or as a substitute target value (TV) is itself an input variable for the pump surge limiter (PCTR).

Description

Beschreibung description

Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Verdichters Method for operating a compressor

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines The invention relates to a method for operating a

Verdichters mit den installierten Messungen: Compressor with the installed measurements:

a) Saugdruckmessung, b) Enddruckmessung, c) Durchsatzmessung, wobei in einem Normalbetrieb, während dessen die Messungen fehlerfrei ablaufen, mittels eines ersten Regelungskennfeldes aus zweien der gemessenen Größen ein Sollwert für einen a) Suction pressure measurement, b) final pressure measurement, c) throughput measurement, wherein in a normal operation, during which the measurements run without errors, by means of a first control map of two of the measured quantities, a desired value for a

Pumpgrenzregler ermittelt wird, welcher diesen Sollwert mit der dritten Messgröße direkt oder indirekt vergleicht, wobei der Pumpgrenzregler bei einem Unterschreiten oder einem Pump limit is determined, which compares this setpoint with the third measured variable directly or indirectly, the surge limit controller in case of falling below or

Überschreiten des dritten Messwertes oder einer Anwandlung des dritten Messwertes im Vergleich mit dem Sollwert ein Bypassventil öffnet, so dass der Enddruck abgesenkt wird. Exceeding the third measured value or an application of the third measured value in comparison with the setpoint opens a bypass valve, so that the final pressure is lowered.

Bei dem Betrieb eines Verdichters ist darauf zu achten, dass das Verhältnis von Enddruck zu dem Eingangsdruck nicht so hoch wird, dass der Durchsatz durch den Verdichter eine gewisse Mindestmenge unterschreitet. Diese untere Schranke definiert sich im Wesentlichen durch stark ansteigende When operating a compressor, care must be taken to ensure that the ratio of the discharge pressure to the inlet pressure does not become so high that the throughput through the compressor falls below a certain minimum level. This lower bound is essentially defined by steeply rising

Vibrationen der Maschine, die unter anderem durch sogenannte Pumpstöße verursacht werden. Die Fachwelt bezeichnet die Grenze zwischen den regulären Betrieb und diesem sogenannten Pumpen als die Pumpgrenze. Diese Pumpgrenze hängt im Vibrations of the machine caused, inter alia, by so-called pump surges. The experts call the boundary between the regular operation and this so-called pumping as the surge limit. This pumping limit depends on

Wesentlichen von dem Verhältnis zwischen Eingangsdruck und Enddruck ab. Zur Pumpgrenzregelung von Turboverdichtern werden Algorithmen verwendet, die auf Grundlage mehrerer Messwerte laufend den Abstand zur Pumpgrenze ermitteln. Wird dieser zu gering, so öffnet der Regler ein Bypassventil und stellt so einen Mindestabstand zur Pumpgrenze sicher, in dem der Enddruck abgesenkt wird und dementsprechend der Essentially from the relationship between inlet pressure and final pressure. For the surge limit control of turbocompressors algorithms are used, which continuously determine the distance to the surge limit on the basis of several measured values. If this is too low, the controller opens a bypass valve and thus ensures a minimum distance to the pumping limit, in which the final pressure is lowered and, accordingly, the

erforderliche Durchsatz, Massenstrom oder Volumenstrom wieder hergestellt ist. Während des ungestörten Normalbetriebes schützt die sogenannte Pumpgrenzregelung zur Steuerung des Bypassventils den Verdichter vor Schäden, die durch das required throughput, mass flow or volume flow is restored. During undisturbed normal operation, the so-called surge limit control protects the control of the Bypass valves the compressor from damage caused by the

Pumpen verursacht werden würden, wobei bei einem Ausfall eines der beteiligten Messsignale der Schutz der Maschine vor diesen Schäden weiterhin gewährleistet sein muss. Pumping would be caused, in case of failure of one of the measuring signals involved, the protection of the machine must be guaranteed against these damages continue.

Eine Möglichkeit, um auf einen Signalausfall an den One way to respond to a signal failure at the

Messstellen zu reagieren, ist der Ersatz des gestörten Measuring points to respond is the replacement of the disturbed

Messwertes durch den ungünstigsten denkbaren Messwert - also einen Wert, der eine größere Nähe zur Pumpgrenze ergibt, als es in Wirklichkeit der Fall ist. Somit ist die Maschine weiterhin vor Pumpstößen geschützt, aber es wird Measured value by the most unfavorable conceivable measured value - ie a value which gives a greater proximity to the surge limit than it actually is. Thus, the machine is still protected from surges, but it will

gegebenenfalls das meist als Regelventil ausgebildete possibly the most trained as a control valve

Bypassventil unnötig geöffnet, so dass sich der Wirkungsgrad der Anlage verschlechtert. Schlimmstenfalls öffnet das Ventil so weit, dass sich der Durchsatz durch den Verdichter auf ein inakzeptables Minimum reduziert und so der in der Regel von dem Verdichtungsprozess stark abhängige angeschlossene Bypass valve opened unnecessarily, so that the efficiency of the system deteriorates. In the worst case, the valve opens so far that the throughput through the compressor is reduced to an unacceptable minimum and so the usually heavily dependent on the compression process connected

Prozess nicht mehr aufrecht erhalten werden kann. Neben der zuvor beschriebenen Möglichkeit ist es auch Process can no longer be sustained. Besides the possibility described above, it is also

bekannt, dass der Pumpgrenzregler ein konstantes It is known that the surge limit controller is a constant

Ausgangssignal generiert im Falle einer Störung, welches das Ventil soweit öffnet, dass unter keinen Umständen ein Pumpen auftreten kann. Auch dies führt zu einer negativen Output signal generated in the event of a fault, which opens the valve so far that under any circumstances, a pump can occur. This too leads to a negative

Beeinflussung des angeschlossenen Prozesses. Influencing the connected process.

In der Regel umfassen die gemessenen Messwerte auch eine Messung des Durchsatzes durch den Verdichter. In dem As a rule, the measured values measured also include a measurement of the throughput through the compressor. By doing

Zusammenhang ist es auch bekannt, bei einer Störung, die nicht die Messung der Durchsatzmenge betrifft, den Verdichter auf den Durchsatz einer Minimalmenge einzuregeln, bei welcher ein Pumpen ausgeschlossen ist. In connection with this, it is also known, in the case of a fault, which does not concern the measurement of the flow rate, to regulate the compressor to the throughput of a minimum amount at which pumping is precluded.

Eine weitere bekannte Möglichkeit, einem Störfall bei den Messungen zu begegnen, ist die Vorgabe, dass das Another known way to counteract a fault in the measurements is the requirement that the

Druckverhältnis als konstant und entsprechend dem Pressure ratio as constant and according to the

größtmöglichen zu erwartenden angenommen wird, welches ebenfalls einen großen Abstand zu Pumpgrenze ergibt. Ein Ausfall der Saugdruckmessung lässt sich auf diese Weise nicht beherrschen . expected to be the largest possible, which also gives a large distance to surge limit. One Failure of the suction pressure can not be controlled in this way.

Ausgehend von den Problemen des Standes der Technik hat es sich die Erfindung zur Aufgabe gemacht, eine Based on the problems of the prior art, the invention has set itself the task, a

Rückfallstrategie bei Ausfall einer der vorgenannten Fallback strategy in case of failure of one of the aforementioned

Messungen für den Betrieb eines Verdichters der eingangs genannten Art zu entwickeln, welche trotz eines Höchstmaßes an Sicherheit einen akzeptablen Wirkungsgrad im fortgesetzten Betrieb gewährleistet. To develop measurements for the operation of a compressor of the type mentioned, which ensures an acceptable efficiency in continued operation despite a maximum of safety.

Zur erfindungsgemäßen Lösung der Aufgabe wird ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art mit den Merkmalen des To solve the problem of the invention, a method of the type mentioned above with the features of

kennzeichnenden Teils des Anspruchs 1 vorgeschlagen. characterizing part of claim 1 proposed.

Unter den Messwerten einer Saugdruckmessung oder Among the measured values of a suction pressure measurement or

Enddruckmessung versteht die Erfindung sowohl die gemessenen Parameter in einer für den physikalischen Parameter Final pressure measurement, the invention understands both the measured parameters in one for the physical parameter

charakteristischen Einheit als auch eine Abwandlung dieses Messwertes durch eine Normierung, insbesondere eine characteristic unit as well as a modification of this measured value by normalization, in particular a

Normierung, welche diesen Messwert dimensionslos macht. Normalization, which makes this measurement dimensionless.

Zweckmäßig ist dies beispielsweise bei dem Saugdruck und dem Enddruck, wenn diese auf den Saugdruck normiert werden. Der Durchsatz wird regelmäßig mittels einer Differenzdruckmessung über eine Messblende gemessen und kann dementsprechend auch in der physikalischen Einheit eines Drucks angegeben werden und dementsprechend in gleicher Weise besonders zweckmäßig dimensionslos abgewandelt werden, wie der Saugdruck und der Enddruck. Grundsätzlich ist aber auch eine andersartige This is expedient, for example, in the suction pressure and the final pressure, if these are normalized to the suction pressure. The throughput is measured regularly by means of a differential pressure measurement via a metering orifice and can accordingly also be specified in the physical unit of a pressure and accordingly modified in the same way, particularly dimensionless, as the suction pressure and the final pressure. Basically, but also a different kind

Mengenmessung möglich und die Umsetzung der Erfindung mit nicht normierten oder dimensionsbehafteten gemessen Größen. Der entscheidende Unterschied zu dem bisher im Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren besteht darin, dass hinsichtlich der ausgefallenen Messgröße nicht einfach eine im Quantity measurement possible and the implementation of the invention with non-normalized or dimensioned measured sizes. The decisive difference from the method known hitherto in the prior art is that with regard to the failed measured variable, it is not simply a case of the

Wesentlichen konstante Annahme getroffen wird, sondern dass einerseits eine bereits vorhandene andere Messgröße benutzt wird, um diese mit den noch verbliebenen intakten Messgrößen in einem Ersatzregelalgorithmus bzw. Ersatzregelkennfeld zu einem Sollwert für den Pumpgrenzregler umzusetzen. Dieser Unterschied führt zu einer wesentlich besseren Ausnutzung des möglichen Betriebsbereichs bei gleichzeitig verbessertem Wirkungsgrad gegenüber herkömmlichen Verfahren zum Betrieb von Verdichtern bei dem Ausfall einer der Messstellen, die Einfluss auf die Pumpgrenzregelung haben. Essentially constant assumption is made, but that on the one hand, an existing other measure is used to this with the remaining intact measured variables in a replacement rule algorithm or spare rule map to to implement a setpoint for the surge limit controller. This difference leads to a much better utilization of the possible operating range with simultaneously improved efficiency compared to conventional methods for operating compressors in the event of failure of one of the measuring points, which have an influence on the surge limit control.

Eine bevorzugte Aus führungs form der Erfindung sieht vor, dass im Normalbetrieb aus der Saugdruckmessung und der A preferred embodiment of the invention provides that, in normal operation, the suction pressure measurement and the

Enddruckmessung mittels des ersten Regelungskennfeldes ein Sollwert für den Pumpgrenzregler ermittelt wird, welcher einem Mindestwert für den Durchsatz entspricht. Bevorzugt sind als die weitere Messung der anderen physikalischen Größe des Verdichtungsprozesses die Messung des Anstellwinkels eines Eintrittsleitapparates oder der Drehzahl. Die Variation des Anstellwinkels des Eintrittsleitapparates oder der Final pressure measurement by means of the first control map a setpoint for the surge limit controller is determined, which corresponds to a minimum value for the throughput. Preferred as the further measurement of the other physical size of the compression process, the measurement of the angle of attack Eintrittsleitapparates or the speed. The variation of the angle of attack of Eintrittsleitapparates or the

Drehzahl eignet sich besonders für die ersatzweise Regelung bei ausgefallener Messung des Enddruckes oder des Speed is particularly suitable for the substitute control with failed measurement of the final pressure or

Eingangsdruckes. Einer bestimmten Stellung des Inlet pressure. A specific position of the

Eintrittsleitapparates lässt sich hierbei jeweils ein Eintrittsleitapparates can hereby each one

maximales Verhältnis von Enddruck zu Eintrittsdruck zuordnen. Analoges gilt für die Drehzahl. Auf diese Weise ergibt sich jeweils eine besonders gute Annäherung an die Pumpgrenzlinie für die ersatzweise Regelung. Zweckmäßig ist die Umsetzung des Zusammenhangs zwischen dem maximalen Verhältnis zwischen Enddruck und Eingangsdruck sowie dem Anstellwinkel des Assign maximum ratio of final pressure to inlet pressure. The same applies to the speed. In this way, each results in a particularly good approximation to the surge line for the replacement control. Appropriately, the implementation of the relationship between the maximum ratio between final pressure and inlet pressure and the angle of attack of

Eintrittsleitapparates oder der Drehzahl mittels eines Eintrittsleitapparates or the speed by means of a

Zusatzkennfeldes, dass im Falle einer Störung der Messung des Enddrucks oder des Eingangsdrucks von dem Pumpgrenzregler zur Umsetzung der Größen ineinander herangezogen wird. Zusatzkennfeldes that is used in the case of a disturbance of the measurement of the final pressure or the input pressure of the surge regulator to the implementation of the sizes into each other.

Falls die Messung des Enddrucks ausgefallen sein sollte, ergibt sich eine gute Annäherung für das Druckverhältnis, aus welchen der Mengensollwert gebildet wird, aus:  If the measurement of the final pressure should have failed, a good approximation for the pressure ratio, from which the quantity setpoint is formed, results from:

Re)Re)

Das Zusatzkennfeld kann auch herangezogen werden, falls es zu einem Ausfall der Saugdruckmessung kommen sollte. Der The additional map can also be used if there should be a failure of the suction pressure measurement. Of the

Mindestmengensollwert wird dann gemäß der obigen Näherung für das maximale Druckverhältnis gebildet. Die Formel für die Berechnung d twerte enthält oft den Saugdruck, z.B. in der Form V . Eine Abschätzung ohne Verwendung desMinimum setpoint is then formed according to the above approximation for the maximum pressure ratio. The formula for calculation d twerte often contains the suction pressure, e.g. in the form V. An estimate without using the

Saugdrucks kann z.B. durch folgende Formel gegeben werden: Suction pressure can be given eg by the following formula:

Sollte die Messung des Durchsatzes, insbesondere die Messung des Differenzdrucks über eine Messblende ausfallen, ist es in Weiterbildung der Erfindung zweckmäßig, wenn von dem If the measurement of the throughput, in particular the measurement of the differential pressure fails over a metering orifice, it is useful in the invention, if of the

Pumpgrenzregler folgende Gleichung umgesetzt wird: Pump limit regulator is implemented following equation:

1 PE < f (a) oder f (n) wobei S < 1 (Sicherheitsbeiwert) 1 PE < f (a) or f (n) where S <1 (safety coefficient)

Im vorliegenden ist die Erfindung anhand eines speziellen Ausführungsbeispiels unter Bezugnahme auf Zeichnungen zum besseren Verständnis beschrieben, wobei sich dem Fachmann insbesondere aus beliebiger Kombination der Patentansprüche weitere Ausführungsmöglichkeiten der Erfindung ergeben. Es zeigen : Figur 1 eine schematische Darstellung der einzelnen In the present, the invention is described with reference to a specific embodiment with reference to drawings for better understanding, with the skilled person in particular from any combination of the claims further embodiments of the invention. 1 shows a schematic representation of the individual

Komponenten eines Verdichters, wie er mittels des Verfahrens nach der Erfindung geregelt wird,  Components of a compressor as regulated by the method of the invention,

Figur 2 die Darstellung eines Regellinie aus dem  Figure 2 shows the representation of a rule line from the

Linienzug im Regelungskennfeld für einen  Line trace in the control map for one

Pumpgrenzregler im normalen Betrieb,  Surge limit regulator in normal operation,

Figur 3 die Darstellung eines zusätzlichen Kennfeldes für den Pumpgrenzregler, FIG. 3 shows the illustration of an additional characteristic diagram for the surge limit regulator,

Figur 4 ein Flussdiagramm des erfindungsgemäßen FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the invention

Verfahrens. Figur 1 zeigt eine Verdichter CO mit den dazugehörigen Process. Figure 1 shows a compressor CO with the associated

Hilfssystemen und einen Antrieb T, der hier in der Art eines Heißgasexpanders ausgebildet ist. Der Verdichter CO empfängt Prozessfluid PF auf einer Saugleitung SL bei einem Auxiliary systems and a drive T, which is designed here in the manner of a Heißgasexpanders. The compressor CO receives process fluid PF on a suction line SL at a

Eintrittsdruck PA und verdichtet dieses auf einen Enddruck PE während er es auf eine Druckleitung PL fördert. Das  Inlet pressure PA and compresses this to a final pressure PE while he promotes it to a pressure line PL. The

verdichtete Prozessfluid PF wird nach dem Verdichter CO in einem Wärmetauscher CL gekühlt. Eingangsseitig auf der compressed process fluid PF is cooled after the compressor CO in a heat exchanger CL. On the input side on the

Saugleitung SL des Verdichters CO wird mittels einer Suction line SL of the compressor CO is by means of a

Temperaturmessstelle TT eine Eingangstemperatur TE, mittels einer Volumenmessstelle FE über eine Druckdifferenz ΔΡ einer dortigen Messblende ein Volumenstrom VF und mittels einer einfachen Druckmessstelle PAE der Eingangsdruck PA gemessen. Unmittelbar vor dem Eintritt in das Laufrad des Verdichters CO befindet sich noch ein Eintrittsleitapparat ELA, der auf den Anstellwinkel eingestellt ist. Zweckmäßig ist entweder der Antrieb T drehzahlvariabel ausgebildet oder ein  Temperature measuring point TT an input temperature TE, by means of a volume measuring point FE via a pressure difference ΔΡ a local orifice there a volume flow VF and measured by means of a simple pressure measuring point PAE the input pressure PA. Immediately before entering the impeller of the compressor CO is still a Eintrittsleitapparat ELA, which is set to the angle of attack. Suitably, either the drive T is speed variable or a trained

Eintrittsleitapparat ELA vorgesehen. Ein Mengenregler MCTR steuert den Anstellwinkel des Eintrittsleitapparates ELA durch Vorgabe eines Sollwertes S für den Anstellwinkel . Der Istwert C für den Anstellwinkel wird an den Eintrittsleitapparat ELA provided. A quantity regulator MCTR controls the angle of incidence of the inlet guide device ELA by specifying a setpoint value S for the angle of attack. The actual value C for the angle of attack is at the

Mengenregler MCTR von einem Stellungsgeber ZT übermittelt. Auf der Druckleitung wird hinter dem Wärmetauscher CL derVolume controller MCTR transmitted from a position transmitter ZT. On the pressure line behind the heat exchanger CL is the

Enddruck PE gemessen mittels einer Druckmessstelle PEE . Die Ergebnisse sämtlicher Messungen werden von einer Regelung CTR erfasst, wobei ein Teil dieser Regelung eine Final pressure PE measured by means of a pressure measuring point PEE. The results of all measurements are recorded by a control CTR, part of this control being a

Pumpgrenzregelung PCTR ist. Entscheidend für die Pipe limit control PCTR is. Decisive for the

Pumpgrenzregelung ist die Ansteuerung eines Bypassventils BV, dass als Regelventil ausgebildet ist und die Öffnung eines Bypasses BP steuert, der die Druckleitung PL mit der Pipe limit control is the control of a bypass valve BV that is designed as a control valve and controls the opening of a bypass BP, the pressure line PL with the

Saugleitung SL über eine definierte Öffnung kurz schließt, wenn der Verdichter CO droht, den Zustand des Pumpens zu erreichen. Suction line SL closes short over a defined opening when the compressor CO threatens to reach the state of pumping.

Figur 2 zeigt eine Betriebspunkt OP und eine Regellinie CTRL als Auszug aus dem hier nicht vollständig dargestellten Regelungskennfeld CTFE. Die Y-Koordinate des dargestellten Diagramms gibt das Verhältnis von Enddruck PE zu Figure 2 shows an operating point OP and a control line CTRL as an excerpt from the not fully shown here Control map CTFE. The y-coordinate of the illustrated diagram indicates the ratio of end pressure PE

Eingangsdruck PA wieder und die X-Koordinate das Verhältnis von dem Differenzdruck ΔΡ an der Durchsatzmessung zu dem Eingangsdruck PA. Das gemessene Verhältnis des Enddrucks PE zu dem Eingangsdruck PA ist Grundlage für die Ermittlung des Sollwertes TV des Pumpgrenzreglers PCTR. Der Istwert AV in dem Betriebspunkt OP wird über das Verhältnis des Input pressure PA again and the X coordinate, the ratio of the differential pressure ΔΡ on the flow rate measurement to the input pressure PA. The measured ratio of the final pressure PE to the input pressure PA is the basis for determining the setpoint value TV of the surge limit controller PCTR. The actual value AV at the operating point OP is determined by the ratio of the

Differenzdrucks ΔΡ im Verhältnis zu dem Eingangsdruck PA gebildet. Das gezeigte Diagramm bringt im Wesentlichen ein Verhältnis der Verdichtungsleistung auf der Y-Koordinate und dem Durchsatz durch den Verdichter CO auf der X-Koordinate zum Ausdruck. Die Pumpgrenzregelung PCTR öffnet das Differential pressure ΔΡ formed in relation to the input pressure PA. The diagram shown essentially expresses a ratio of the compaction power on the Y-coordinate and the flow rate through the compressor CO on the X-coordinate. The surge limit control PCTR opens the

Bypassventil BV, wenn der Betriebspunkt OP hinsichtlich des Durchsatzes den Sollwert TV bzw. die Pumpgrenzlinie CTRL erreicht . Bypass valve BV when the operating point OP with respect to the flow rate reaches the target value TV or the surge limit line CTRL.

Die Präzision der Regelung lässt sich noch zusätzlich The precision of the control can be additionally

verbessern, wenn die X-Koordinate des Regelungskennfeldes improve if the X coordinate of the control map

Ap  Ap

CTFE statt zusätzlich den Temperaturemfluss am CTFE instead of the temperature flow at the

Ap*TE  Ap * TE

Verdichtereingang berücksichtgt mit . Die Regelung Compressor input takes into account. The regulation

sieht nicht voraus, dass der Eingangsdruck PA konstant ist does not foresee that the input pressure PA is constant

Figur 3 zeigt ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Anstellwinkel als Eingangsgröße und minimalen sowie maximalen Verhältnissen zwischen Enddrücken PE und Eingangsdrücken PA dargestellt in einem Ersatzregelungskennfeld SCTFE, welches von der FIG. 3 shows a relationship between the angle of attack as an input quantity and minimum and maximum ratios between end pressures PE and input pressures PA shown in a substitute control characteristic field SCTFE, which is derived from the

Pumpgrenzregelung PCTR umgesetzt wird, wenn die Messung des Eingangsdrucks oder des Enddrucks oder der Menge ausfällt. Anhand der Messung des Anstellwinkels lassen sich diese minimalen und maximalen Druckverhältnisse zwischen Eingang und Ausgang ermitteln und gemäß der in Figur 4 dargestellten Abfolge in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren umsetzen. Pump limit control PCTR is implemented when the measurement of the inlet pressure or the final pressure or the amount fails. On the basis of the measurement of the angle of attack, these minimum and maximum pressure ratios between input and output can be determined and converted according to the sequence shown in FIG. 4 in the method according to the invention.

Figur 4 zeigt ein Ablaufdiagramm des erfindungsgemäße FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of the invention

Verfahrens. In dem Ablaufdiagramm der Figur 4 ist das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren in vier aufeinander folgende Process. In the flowchart of Figure 4 is the inventive method in four consecutive

Schritte gegliedert, wobei in einem ersten Schritt mindestens drei Messungen erfolgen, vorliegend der Eingangsdruck PA, der Enddruck PE und eine zur Ermittlung des Durchsatzes erfolgte Differenzdruckmessung ΔΡ. Sind diese Messungen unter 1) störungsfrei (Y) , geht das Verfahren über in Schritt 2), währenddessen anhand eines Regelungskennfeldes CTFE mittels der Messungen der Betriebspunkt OP bestimmt wird und anhand der Differenz zu der Regellinie CTRL einen Sollwert TF. In dem darauffolgenden Schritt 3) wird der Sollwert TV mit der Druckdifferenz ΔΡ verglichen, wobei bei einem größeren Wert von ΔΡ gegenüber TV in einem vierten Schritt das Bypassventil BV geschlossen bleibt und anderenfalls geöffnet wird. Sollte im Verfahrensschritt 1) eine Störung einer der Messungen vorliegen, wird eine weitere Messung d) zur Auswertung in einem Ersatzregelungskennfeld SCTFE herangezogen zur Structured steps, wherein in a first step, at least three measurements are made, in this case the input pressure PA, the final pressure PE and a differential pressure measurement ΔΡ carried out to determine the throughput. If these measurements are less than 1) trouble-free (Y), the method goes to step 2), during which the operating point OP is determined by means of a control characteristic diagram CTFE and a nominal value TF based on the difference to the control line CTRL. In the subsequent step 3), the setpoint value TV is compared with the pressure difference ΔΡ, wherein at a larger value of ΔΡ compared to TV in a fourth step, the bypass valve BV remains closed and otherwise opened. If a fault of one of the measurements is present in method step 1), a further measurement d) is used for the evaluation in a replacement control characteristic SCTFE for

Ermittlung eines Ersatzsollwertes ETV. In dem darauffolgenden Schritt 3a) wird in gleicher Weise, wie in Schritt 3) ein Vergleich durchgeführt, hier zwischen dem Enddruck PE und dem Ersatzsollwert TVE . Sollte der Enddruck PE größer sein, erfolgt im Verfahrensschritt 4) ein Verschließen des Determination of a substitute setpoint ETV. In the subsequent step 3a), a comparison is made in the same way as in step 3), here between the final pressure PE and the substitute setpoint TVE. If the final pressure PE be greater, in step 4) a closing of the

Bypassventils BV, anderenfalls ein Öffnen. Bypass valves BV, otherwise an opening.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Verdichters (CO) mit den installierten Messungen Method for operating a compressor (CO) with the installed measurements a) Saugdruckmessung (PA) ,  a) suction pressure measurement (PA), b) Enddruckmessung (PE) ,  b) final pressure measurement (PE), c) Durchsatzmessung (ΔΡ) ,  c) throughput measurement (ΔΡ), wobei in einem Normalbetrieb, während dessen die  wherein in a normal operation during which the Messungen fehlerfrei ablaufen, mittels eines ersten Regelungskennfeldes (CTFE) aus einer oder zweien der gemessenen Größen ein Sollwert für einen  Measurements are carried out without errors, a setpoint value for one from one or two of the measured quantities by means of a first control characteristic field (CTFE) Pumpgrenzregler (PCTR) ermittelt wird, welcher diesen mit der dritten Messgröße direkt oder indirekt  Pump limit controller (PCTR) is determined, which this with the third measured variable directly or indirectly vergleicht, wobei der Pumpgrenzregler (PCTR) bei einem Unterschreiten oder einem Überschreiten des  compares, wherein the surge limit controller (PCTR) when falling below or exceeding the Sollwertes (TV) ein Bypassventil (BV) öffnet, so dass der Enddruck (PE) abgesenkt oder der Durchfluss durch den Verdichter erhöht wird,  Setpoint (TV) opens a bypass valve (BV) so that the final pressure (PE) is lowered or the flow through the compressor is increased, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass  characterized in that bei Ausfall mindestens einer der Messungen  if at least one of the measurements fails a) Saugdruckmessung (PA) ,  a) suction pressure measurement (PA), b) Enddruckmessung (PE)oder  b) final pressure measurement (PE) or c) Durchsatzmessung (ΔΡ) , eine weitere Messung einer anderen physikalischen Größe des Verdichtungsprozesses zusammen mit einer Messgröße der verbleibenden  c) Throughput measurement (ΔΡ), a further measurement of a different physical size of the compression process together with a measure of the remaining Messungen oder einer Abwandlung dieser Messgröße auf der Grundlage eines Zusatzkennfeldes Eingangsgröße für ein Ersatzregelungskennfeld (SCTFE) ist, aus welchem ein Maximalwert oder ein Minimalwert der gestörten Messgröße ermittelt wird, welcher zur Bildung des Sollwertes im ersten Regelungskennfeld (CTFE)  Measurements or a modification of this measurand on the basis of an additional characteristic input variable for a substitute control characteristic field (SCTFE) is, from which a maximum value or a minimum value of the disturbed measured variable is determined, which is used to form the setpoint in the first control characteristic field (CTFE). herangezogen wird oder selber als Ersatzsollwert (TV) Eingangsgröße für den Pumpgrenzregler (PCTR) ist. or used as a substitute setpoint (TV) input for the surge limit regulator (PCTR). 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, 2. The method according to claim 1, wobei in einem Normalbetrieb mittels des ersten  wherein in a normal mode by means of the first Regelungskennfeldes (CTFE) aus dem Saugdruck (PA) und dem Enddruck (PE) der Sollwert (TV) für den  Control curve (CTFE) from the suction pressure (PA) and the final pressure (PE) of the setpoint (TV) for the Pumpgrenzregler (PCTR) ermittelt wird, welcher einen Mindestwert für den Durchsatz entspricht, wobei der Pumpgrenzregler bei einem Unterschreiten des  Pump limit controller (PCTR) is determined, which corresponds to a minimum value for the flow rate, wherein the surge limit controller falls below the Mindestwertes für den Durchsatz das Bypassventil (BV) öffnet .  Minimum value for the throughput opens the bypass valve (BV). 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wobei die weitere Messung die Messung des  the further measurement being the measurement of the Anstellwinkels ( ) eines Eintrittsleitapparates (ELA) ist .  Anstellwinkels () an inlet guide (ELA) is. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wobei die weitere Messung die Messung der Drehzahl (n) des Antriebs (T) ist.  wherein the further measurement is the measurement of the speed (n) of the drive (T). 5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, 5. The method according to claim 3, wobei bei einem Ausfall der Messung des Saugdrucks (PA) oder der Messung des Endrucks (PE) die weitere Messung der anderen physikalischen Größe die Messung des  wherein in case of failure of the measurement of the suction pressure (PA) or the measurement of the end pressure (PE), the further measurement of the other physical quantity is the measurement of the Anstellwinkels ( ) des Eintrittsleitapparates (ELA) ist und der maximale Enddruck (PE) oder das maximale  Angle of attack () of the inlet guide (ELA) is and the maximum final pressure (PE) or the maximum Verhältnis von Saugdruck (PA) zu Enddruck (PE) sich aus der Eingabe des Anstellwinkels ( ) in das  Ratio of suction pressure (PA) to ultimate pressure (PE) resulting from the entry of the angle of attack () in the Zusatzkennfeld ergibt.  Additional map results. 6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, 6. The method according to claim 4, wobei bei einem Ausfall der Messung des Saugdrucks (PA) oder der Messung des Endrucks (PE) die weitere Messung der anderen physikalischen Größe die Messung der  wherein in case of failure of the measurement of the suction pressure (PA) or the measurement of the end pressure (PE), the further measurement of the other physical quantity, the measurement of Drehzahl (n) des Antriebs (T) ist und der maximale Enddruck (PE) oder das maximale Verhältnis von  Speed (n) of the drive (T) is and the maximum final pressure (PE) or the maximum ratio of Saugdruck (PA) zu Enddruck (PE) sich aus der Eingabe der Drehzahl (n) in das Zusatzkennfeld ergibt. Verfahren nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei der Saugdruck (PA) und/oder der Enddruck (PE) und/oder der Durchsatz (Δρ) als Eingangsgröße eines Kennfeldes auf eine Prozessgröße, insbesondere den Saugdruck (PA) , normiert sind. Suction pressure (PA) to final pressure (PE) resulting from the input of the speed (n) in the additional map. Method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the suction pressure (PA) and / or the final pressure (PE) and / or the flow rate (Δρ) as an input variable of a characteristic field to a process variable, in particular the suction pressure (PA) are normalized. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, Method according to one of claims 3 to 5, wobei bei einem Ausfall der Messung des Enddrucks :PE: oder des Saugdrucks (PA) gilt: in case of failure of the final pressure measurement: PE: or of the suction pressure (PA): mit :  With : a= Anstellwinkels Eintrittsleitapparate (ELA)  a = angle of incidence inlet diffuser (ELA) n= Drehzahl Antrieb (T)  n = speed drive (T) Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, Method according to claim 6, wobei bei einem Ausfall der Messung des Saugdrucks (PA) außerdem gilt:  in case of a failure of the measurement of the suction pressure (PA) also applies: =f ( ) oder f (n) 10. Verfahren nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, wobei bei einem Ausfall der Messung des = f () or f (n) 10. The method according to at least one of claims 3 to 5, wherein in case of failure of the measurement of Durchsatzes (Δρ) vom Regler das Druckverhältnis gemäß: Flow rate (Δρ) from the regulator the pressure ratio according to: begrenzt wird.  is limited.
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