EP2471967B2

EP2471967B2 - Method for obtaining improved mechanical properties in recycled aluminium castings free of platelet-shaped beta-phases

Info

Publication number: EP2471967B2
Application number: EP10382360.5A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Ana Isabel Fernández Calvo; Andrea Niklas; Ignacio Alfaro Abreu; Iñigo Anza Ortiz de Apodaca
Original assignee: Befesa Aluminio SL; Casa Maristas Azterlan
Current assignee: Befesa Aluminio SL; Casa Maristas Azterlan
Priority date: 2010-12-28
Filing date: 2010-12-28
Publication date: 2025-07-30
Anticipated expiration: 2030-12-28
Also published as: ES2507865T5; WO2012089886A2; WO2012089886A3; EP2471967A1; EP2471967B1; ES2507865T3

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of aluminium alloy castings from recycled aluminium alloys in order to obtain recycled aluminium casting free of platelet-shaped beta-phases. The present invention also relates to aluminium alloy castings obtainable by said process, more particularly, it relates to aluminium alloy castings suitable as components for instance for vehicles, machines and electric applications which are required to have high strength and high elongation values among other properties

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Aluminium alloys are widely used in diverse applications for instance as components in the automotive, aerospace, industrial machines, electric applications etc., because of their excellent mechanical properties as well as other technological properties such as corrosion resistance and reduced hot cracking tendency.
For the manufacturing of aluminium alloys there are basically two different methods which differ in the raw material: the primary production (primary alloy) which is of minerals rich in aluminium (bauxite) and aluminium recycling (secondary alloy) whose raw material is dross and other residues rich in aluminium.
The primary alloy production consists basically in reducing the oxide present in bauxite enhancing the purity of aluminium by electrolysis. The most important drawback of this method is the high quantity of energy (from 14 to 15 Kwh/kg) which is necessary to produce aluminium whereas in the aluminium recycling method the costs are about 0,5-0,75 Kwh/kg, that is lower than 5% of the primary production.
AlSiMg alloys are nowadays one of the most common aluminium castings alloys for high safety parts, such as automotive or aerospace components, which require high mechanical properties. This alloy presents also high ductility due to the low content in impurities and to the addition of elements such as Ti or Sr which refine and modify the microstructure, respectively. AlSiMg alloys are broadly used for castings produced in sand, permanent and investment moulds.
The high content in impurities, especially the high iron content, in secondary alloys (recycled aluminium) is considered as the main disadvantage. The iron content increases in recycled aluminium after each subsequent melting; its elimination or reduction is technically very complex and rather expensive, not being economically feasible.
The microstructure of AlSiMg alloys presents alpha aluminium dendrites and Al-Si eutectic and other intermetallic phases among which the iron-rich ones can be highlighted. Iron is well known for being the most common and detrimental impurity in aluminium alloys for mechanical properties, promoting the appearance of hard and brittle intermetallic iron-rich phases during solidification. The platelet-shaped beta phase (Al₅FeSi) is the most prejudicial since it is well known that ductility and toughness are significantly decreased. Therefore, there has been recently an increasing interest in developing methods for producing improved recycled aluminium alloys in which the formation of the beta phase is reduced and the mechanical properties are thus improved.
Among the different methods mentioned before the chemical neutralization is the most used technique so far. The strategy was based on the inhibition of the platelet morphology by promoting the precipitation of the Al₁₅Fe₃Si₂-type phase with the addition of a neutralizing element (Mn, Cr, Co and Be) and in some case controlling the condition of crystallization.
Other methods are based on the selection of raw materials with low iron content or on dilution with pure primary aluminium. Other methods relate to sweat melting and sedimentation of iron rich intermetallic phases by the so called sludge. However, all these methods result in considerable aluminium losses (about 10%) and are therefore unacceptable.
The patent WO 97/13882 discloses a method for producing iron-containing AlSi-alloys in particular Al-Si-Mn-Fe- alloys. The mechanical properties of aforementioned Al-alloys with iron contents between 0,4 and 2.0 wt.% can be improved by controlling the morphology of the iron containing intermetallic precipitates. The precipitation of platelet-shaped beta phase (β-Al₅FeSi) has been found to be suppressed by a primary precipitation of the hexagonal Al₈Fe₂Si-type phase which is in turn less harmful one. The method comprises further controlling the condition of the crystallization by the addition of one or more elements such as Ti, Zr, Sr, Na and Ba.
In spite of the variety of methods in the state of the art, there is still the necessity of providing a method for obtaining recycled aluminium castings with mechanical properties close to those obtained in primary alloys, but at much lower production costs. The method is based on obtaining free platelet-shaped beta-phases aluminium castings by using recycled aluminium with high iron content.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention which is given in the claims refers to a process for the preparation of an iron containing aluminium alloy casting, hereinafter referred to as the alloy casting of the invention, which is free from primary platelet-shaped beta-phase of the Al₅FeSi-type in the solidified structure presenting the following compositions (amounts expressed in weight percentage, wt.% in respect to the total weight of the alloy):

Si 6.00 - 9.50

Fe 0.15 - 0.60

Mn 0.04 - 0.60

Mg 0.20 - 0.70

Cr 0.01 - 0.60

Ti 0.05 - 0.30

Sr and/or Na 0.001 - 0.25

V 0.00 - 0.60

Cu 0.01 - 0.25

Ni 0.01 - 0.1

Zn 0.01 - 0.1
The iron-containing aluminium alloy casting of the invention presents a composition characterized in that the amount of Mn plus Cr in weight percentage is equal or larger than 50 % of Fe amount.
Alternatively, the iron-containing aluminium alloy casting of the invention presents a composition characterized in that the amount of Mn plus Cr plus V in weight percentage is equal or larger than 50 % of Fe amount.

Figure 1. Table showing the chemical composition of AlSi7Mg alloys with additions of Mn, Cr and V to recycled ingots (Base Composition).
Figure 2: Tensile test casting used to evaluate the mechanical properties.
Figure 3: General view of secondary AlSi7Mg alloy with Mn, Cr and V additions, correctly degasified, not presenting porosity.
Figure 4: Optical micrographs showing iron-rich intermetallic phases: a) platelet-shape β-Al₅FeSi phase in a secondary AlSi7Mg alloy without Mn, Cr or V additions, b) α-phases with globular shape in a secondary AlSi7Mg alloy with Mn, Cr and V additions.
Figure 5: Backscattered electron images and EDX spectrum of three different secondary AlSi7Mg alloy showing the different intermetallic iron rich precipitates (β-Al₅FeSi, α-Al₁₅(Fe,Mn,Cr,V)₃Si₂) depending on the alloying element added (Mn, Cr, V); a) without alloying elements; b) with Mn and Cr additions and c) with Mn, Cr and V additions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a further particular embodiment the iron-containing aluminium alloy casting of the invention presents a Fe content between 0.15 - 0.40% in weight percentage and an amount of Mn plus Cr plus V comprised between 0.15 - 0.40 wt.%.
The process for the preparation of the aluminium alloy casting of the invention comprises the following steps:

a) Melting a secondary AlSi7Mg ingot from recycled aluminium.
b) Adding the alloying elements:
1. (i) Mn + Cr or
2. (ii) Mn+Cr+V
in suitable amounts
c) Adding a grain refiner and a eutectic silicon modification agent.
d) Submitting the molten alloy obtained in step c) to a degassing process.
e) Introducing the degassed molten alloy in a mould.
f) Casting solidification inside the mould.
g) Casting extraction from the mould.

During the melting process of secondary ingots, due to the humidity of both the ingots and ambient itself, and also due to the affinity of the aluminium for oxygen, Al₂O₃ and H₂ are formed. The alumina originated by this way becomes part of the dross and the free hydrogen is dissolved into the melt. The presence of hydrogen generates pores in the solidified castings reducing the ductility and strength. Therefore, the process of the invention comprises the degassing process according to already known methods such as treating the molten alloy with dry nitrogen or dry argon until the hydrogen content dissolved in the melt is low enough.
The process comprises the addition of alloying elements added as pure elements or as master alloys. The present invention resides in the addition of alloying elements: Mn+Cr or Mn+Cr+V, to the base composition of a secondary AlSi7Mg ingot of second fusion (or recycled aluminium).
The process comprises the addition of grain refiner and eutectic modification agents by means of master alloys additions. The modifier agent Na or Sr are the most common ones and are added to achieve the modification of the eutectic Al-Si structure, which precipitates during solidification, showing a rounded morphology instead of needle structure, typical when such a modifying agent is not added. It is well known that the presence of such needle structures reduces the mechanical properties (ductility, strength) of the alloys, promoting the appearance of cracks. In the case of refining agents, TiB master alloys are used to obtain a microstructures which shows a fine grain size and thus improving the final mechanical properties and also, reducing the porosity tendency.
According to the process of the invention, the platelet-shaped beta phases (Al₅FeSi), so detrimental for the final mechanical properties, disappear and are substituted by globular-shaped alpha-phases (Al₈Fe₂Si) obtaining a substantial improvement in mechanical properties (Tensile strength, yield stress and elongation). The properties of the recycled alloy castings obtained according to the process of the present invention show mechanical properties comparable to those obtained in primary alloys.
The aluminium alloys used in high responsibility castings need to fulfil certain mechanical and technological properties. For this reason, these parts are generally submitted to a T6 heat treatment. The process of the present invention for making an aluminium alloy casting also comprises submitting the solidified casting as described above to a T6 heat treatment (step h). A T6 treatment comprises a first step of solution heat treatment, heating the castings at a temperature between 500 to 600°C for 2 to 6 hours, followed by quenching. The second step will consist in an artificial aging at a temperature between 150 to 180°C for 2 to 8 hours.
The aluminium alloy casting obtainable by the above defined process presents a tensile strength between 250-300 MPa, a yield strength between 190-230 MPa and elongation values between 4.5-9%.
The aluminium alloy casting of the invention can be used as a component for transport components such as wheels, suspension parts, brake parts, and energetic industry components.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a component made from recycled aluminium alloy castings such as steering knuckle, master cylinder and brake calliper.
According to the invention tensile test specimen are poured in sand mould and permanent moulds from the aluminium alloy of the invention with additions of Mn, Cr and V. The mechanical properties were determined with tensile test specimen according to norm (UNE UNE-EN_1706), (see fig 2). The aluminium alloys present a tensile strength of at least 250 MPa, a yield strength of at least 190 MPa and an elongation of at least 4.5 %. The test pieces according to the invention were submitted to microstructural analysis. The inventors found that the addition of controlled amounts of Mn, Cr and V according to the present invention eliminates the platelet-shape beta-phases (Al₅FeSi).
On the other hand no interactions have been observed between the additions of Mn, Cr and V and structure modifying elements, such as Ti, B, Na and Sr. No differences have been observed in the grain refinement and Al-Si eutectic modification, with or without additions of Mn, Cr, V. There has not been observed either any interferences of the Mn, Cr, V elements with the conventional degassing method.
According to the scope of the invention, besides the additions of Mn, Cr and V other elements as defined in claim 1 may be added for other purposes, without affecting the modification characteristics of the iron phases due to the presence of these elements.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention. However, this invention is not limited to the following precise embodiments described herein, but encompasses all equivalent modifications within the scope of the claims which follow.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Process for preparation of aluminium alloys and castings

The aluminium alloys have been produced by using secondary AlSi7Mg ingots, obtained from scrap, recycled aluminium dross and other metal residues rich in aluminium. The following table shows the chemical compositions of recycled ingots used in the examples, with iron contents between 0.28 and 0.34 wt.%. Three recycled ingots (ref. I, II and III) have been used in the experimental tests (Base Composition) are shown, the rest being Al:

Ingot Secondary AlSi7 Mg alloy	Chemical Composition (wt.%)
Ingot Secondary AlSi7 Mg alloy	Si	Fe	Cu	Mn	Mg	Cr	Ni	Zn	Ti	Sr	V
Ref. I	7.11	0.34	0.06	0.09	0.27	0.017	0.01	0.07	0.07	0.005	<0.01
Ref. II	6.94	0.28	0.04	0.04	0.28	0.004	0.00	0.04	0.14	<0.003	<0.01
Ref. III	6.92	0.28	0.04	0.04	0.25	<0.01	0.01	0.04	0.16	<0.003	<0.01
	Aluminium in balance

The recycled ingots were melted in an electric furnace (capacity of 50 kg of molten aluminium) at 710-750ºC. The melt was then alloyed and liquid treated according to the predetermined following schedule:

1. Ti was added to the melt (only to the melt of Ref I) in the form of TiB master alloys (5%Ti-1% B) in order to adjust the Ti content between 0.15 - 0.20 wt.%.
2. Thereafter Mn, Cr, V were added by using master alloys. The specific quantities of the alloying elements were added using master alloys:
- ∘ By using Mn-90 wt.% (Al-10 wt.%).
- ∘ By using Cr-80 wt.% (Al-20 wt.%).
- ∘ By using V-10 wt.% (Al-90 wt.%).
3. Finally, Sr-10% master alloy was added to the melt to adjust the Sr content between 0.005-0.025% Sr; and Mg was added in order to adjust its content between 0.25 - 0.70% Mg in agreement with the norm UNE-EN 1706 (AlSi7Mg).

The melt was held for 10 minutes between consecutive additions for chemical homogenization.
In order to determine the composition of the alloys that had been produced, medals were cast and analysed thereafter by means of spark emission spectrometry.
Once the aluminium alloys were tested to have the correct chemical compositions, (see Table in Figure 1), the melt was subjected to degassing by using N₂ during approximately 20 minutes. The effectiveness of degassing (the presence of hydrogen in aluminium) was checked by means of Reduced Pressure or Straube-Pfeiffer Test where samples for alloy density evaluation were taken after degassing. In all cases, a minimum density of 2.65 gr/cm³ was obtained in samples solidified in vacuum.
Then, the next step was as follows: The metal liquid was poured into chemically bonded sand moulds, at temperatures between 710 y 740 °C, in order to obtain tensile test specimens (norm UNE-EN-ISO 6892-1).
The tensile test specimens (Figure 2) were subjected to a T6 heat treatment in a laboratory furnace with a temperature control of ± 2 ºC. The sequences of this thermal process were the following:

1. Solution heat treatment for 7.5 h at 540 ºC,
2. After solution heat treatment, the samples were quenched in water at room temperature,
3. Alter quenching; the final step is the artificial aging of the samples for 5.5h at 155ºC.

The microstructures of the cast alloys were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy: grain size, modification rate, iron rich phases and porosity have been evaluated in the tensile casting, see example in Figure 3.
The Figure 4 shows different morphologies of iron phases observed in recycled aluminium alloys by using optical microscopy. Iron is known to be the most common and at the same time most detrimental impurity in aluminium alloys since it causes hard and brittle iron-rich intermetallic phases to precipitate during solidification. The most detrimental phase in the microstructure is the beta-phase of the Al₅FeSi- type because of its platelet-shape, see Figure 4a). This figure shows a typical β-A₅FeSi phase with a monoclinic crystal structure and plate like morphology. Such platelets may have an extension of several millimetres and appear as needles in micrographic sections. In order to avoid the platelet morphology, chemical neutralization (additions of MnCrV or MnCr) are used according to the present invention which have been shown to inhibit this beta morphology promoting the precipitation of α-Al₁₅(Fe,Mn,Cr,V)₃Si₂ with globular/chinese script morphology, as shown in Figure 4.b), containing substantial amounts of alloying elements (Mn, Cr, V).
The aluminium alloys with Mn, Cr and V additions do not present interactions with TiB master alloys (grain refiner agent) and Sr additions (modification of Si eutectic phases), obtaining good levels of grain refinement, Si modification and hydrogen degassing.

Example 2. Effect of different quantities of alloying elements (Mn,Cr,V)

When the content of the rest of chemicals elements keep constant, it is possible to study el effect of Mn, Cr and V by varying the content of these latter ones. Several chemical compositions were prepared in accordance with the present invention, see Table in Figure 1.
In order to determine the effectiveness of beta-phases modification, metallographic analyses were performed in all the tensile specimens. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, SEM, were used. The preparation procedure consisted of sectioning, grinding and polishing of the specimens.
The Figure 5 shows micrographs which correspond to aluminium alloys: a) without alloying additions (Mn, Cr, V) and b) with the additions of Mn + Cr and c) with the addition of Mn, Cr and V. From results it can be seen that in b) and c) no platelet-shape phases (beta-phases) were found when performing the aforementioned additions in the conditions previously described in opposition to a) where these platelet-shape phases can be clearly observed (see arrows pointing thereto). Therefore, with the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the beta phase morphology (platelet-shape) is modified with the additions of Mn plus Cr or Mn plus Cr plus V, obtaining phases with a globular/chinese script morphology less harmful to mechanical properties.

Example 3. Mechanical Properties Evaluation

In order to characterize the mechanical properties of aluminium cast alloys according to the invention, tensile test specimens were tested at room temperature in accordance with the method established in the norm UNE-EN-ISO 6892-1. Tensile tests were carried out using an Instron Universal testing machine to obtain yield strength (R _0,2, MPa), ultimate stress (R _m, MPa) and elongation percentage (%). From tensile tests, the following yield strength, ultimate stress and elongation have been achieved:

Yield strength, R _0.2 = 200 MPa.
Ultimate stress, R _m = 274 MPa.
Elongation = 8.5 %.

Claims

A process for the preparation of an iron containing aluminium alloy casting free of primary platelet-shaped beta-phase of the Al₅FeSi-type in the solidified structure presenting the following composition (amounts expressed in % by weight in respect to the total weight of the alloy): Si 6.00 - 9.50 Fe 0.15 - 0.60 Mn 0.04 - 0.60 Mg 0.20 - 0.70 Cr 0.01 - 0.60 Ti 0.05 - 0.30 Sr and/or Na 0.001 - 0.25 V 0.00 - 0.60 Cu 0.01- 0.25 Ni 0.01 - 0.1 Zn 0.01-0.1

balance being Al and incidental impurities,

wherein the iron-containing aluminium alloy casting presents a composition characterized in that the total amount of Mn and Cr in weight percentage (wt.%) is equal or larger than 50 % of the Fe amount, or

wherein the iron-containing aluminium alloy casting presents a composition characterized in that the total amount of Mn, Cr and V in weight percentage (wt.%) is equal or larger than 50 % of the Fe amount

comprising:
a) melting a secondary AlSi7Mg ingot of second fusion,

b) adding either Mn and Cr, or Mn and Cr and V, to the base composition of the secondary AlSi7Mg ingot of second fusion,

c) adding a grain refiner and a eutectic silicon modification agent,

d) submitting the molten alloy obtained in step c) to a degassing process,

e) introducing the degassed molten alloy in a mould,

f) casting solidification inside the mould,

g) casting extraction from the mould, and

submitting the solidified casting of step g) to a T6 heat treatment h)

wherein the casting obtained in step h) presents a tensile strength between 250-300 MPa, a yield strength between 190-230 MPa and elongation values between 4,5-9%.
A process according to claim 1, wherein the iron-containing aluminium alloy presents a composition characterized in that the Fe content is 0.15 - 0.40% by weight and the amount of Mn, Cr and V taken together is comprised between 0.15 - 0.40 % by weight.
A process according to claim 1, wherein the alloying elements are added as pure elements or as master alloys.
An aluminium alloy casting presenting the composition as defined in any of claims 1 to 3 and presenting a tensile strength between 250-300 MPa, a yield strength between 190-230 MPa and elongation values between 4,5-9% which is obtainable by the process of any one of claims 1 to 3.
Use of the aluminium alloy casting of claim 4, as a component for transport components selected from wheels, suspension parts and brake parts.
A component made from the aluminium alloy casting of claim 4, selected from steering knuckle, master cylinder and brake calliper.