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EP2339899A1 - Compact charged particle generation source - Google Patents

Compact charged particle generation source Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2339899A1
EP2339899A1 EP10195945A EP10195945A EP2339899A1 EP 2339899 A1 EP2339899 A1 EP 2339899A1 EP 10195945 A EP10195945 A EP 10195945A EP 10195945 A EP10195945 A EP 10195945A EP 2339899 A1 EP2339899 A1 EP 2339899A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
cathode
power
accelerator
generating
particle
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EP10195945A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2339899B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Brasile
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Thales SA
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Thales SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/02—Circuits or systems for supplying or feeding radio-frequency energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H15/00—Methods or devices for acceleration of charged particles not otherwise provided for, e.g. wakefield accelerators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/22—Details of linear accelerators, e.g. drift tubes

Definitions

  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for providing a compact electron source.
  • Linear particle accelerators can use a radiofrequency electromagnetic accelerating field. These accelerators work with any type of charged particles but have in common the need to provide the accelerator with very high radiofrequency power generally from an electron tube such as a klystron or magnetron. This power tube operates in pulse mode, powered by rectangular voltage pulses of up to several hundred kV. The flat of the pulse is indeed necessary to avoid a power drift of the tube or a change of mode.
  • the idea of the present invention is based in particular on the integration in a common enclosure and evacuated, a radiofrequency source and a particle accelerator part, with a common impulse supply between the radiofrequency part and the part accelerator to provide the high voltage RF power needed for the accelerator.
  • a cathode may be a thermionic cathode fed by a thermal queue, or a cathode based on nanotubes
  • the vacuum system is, for example, composed of a first pump for the primary vacuum and a second pump for the vacuum secondary, the product vacuum being common for the two parts disposed in the enclosure.
  • the device according to the invention is, for example, used in a system comprising a guide disposed at the outlet of the cavity structure making it possible to direct the beam produced on a product or a part to be treated and in that it comprises a module of deviation of the particle beam and a collector of said particles.
  • the device can also be used for the generation of H + ions, protons.
  • the figure 1 describes an example of a compact source of electrons according to the invention.
  • the device according to the invention comprises an enclosure 1 in connection with a vacuum system composed for example of a first pump 2 1 making the primary vacuum and a second pump 2 2 for the secondary vacuum.
  • the evacuated chamber 1 is connected to ground or earth by a suitable device 3.
  • a modulator 4 which supplies the high voltage to the device.
  • An insulating part 5 carries out the separation between the high voltage modulator 4 and the grounding of the enclosure.
  • the enclosure also comprises a cooling device with temperature control not shown for reasons of simplification.
  • a cathode support 6 will receive a first cathode 7 used for the accelerator portion and a second cathode 8 forming part of the tube.
  • an accelerating structure 9 is constituted, for example, by a set of cavities 9i. arranged in series with each other. Other devices such as sliding space, focusing magnet may also be necessary for the proper conditioning of electrons so that they can be accelerated optimally.
  • This structure will receive an RF power to allow the acceleration of electrons torn from the second cathode 8.
  • the electrons propagate along an axis A 1 .
  • a guide 10 makes it possible to bring the electron beam thus created to a target or an object 11.
  • the electron beam after interaction with this object 11 is, for example, deflected by an appropriate means 12 and collected. by a collector 13 having a structure known to those skilled in the art.
  • the high voltage RF supplied to the structure as described below will accelerate the electrons in the cavities.
  • a module 14 supplied with high voltage is disposed between the cathode 7 and the inlet E 9 of the cavity to improve the quality of the beam.
  • This module has the particular function of avoiding a burst of the electron beam produced by the cathode 7, it pre-accelerates the electrons before they enter the accelerating cavities.
  • the electron beam is subjected to strong acceleration gradients at the gun to bring it to relativistic energies where the effects of space charges are mitigated.
  • the portion of the tube comprises a cathode 8 which supplies the electrons which will pass, in this example of implementation in a first cavity 20, which produces a first modulation of velocity, the dispersion of velocity of the electrons being translated after the space of slip by increasing the intensity of the beam due to the bundling of electrons.
  • These electron packets propagate along an axis A 2 and will interact with one (or more) extraction cavity 21, whose (or positions) are optimized for maximum power extraction, the cavity acting as an excited resonator by successive packets of electrons q.
  • the cavity 21 will oscillate with the rhythm of the passage of the packets electron.
  • the resonant cavity produces the HF power that increases as the energy flows from the electron packets. This HF power is in phase with the oscillation created at the beginning.
  • Part of this HF power will supply the cavities arranged in series via a suitable physical link 23.
  • the power of the electron beam, not used during the interaction can be collected by a collection device 24.
  • a collection device 24 Such a device can if necessary use the technique of depressed collectors that is to say a collector made of several sections carried at different voltages to improve the performance of the assembly.
  • An example of implementation may be to use a klystron type structure for the integrated radiofrequency tube.
  • the principle of klystron is to transform a modulation of the electron beam velocity obtained by a modulation cavity into an intensity modulation which allows the extraction cavity to resonate through a slip space which may be in some cases long for very high voltages because fast electrons take longer to catch up to the electrons of lower speeds, the difference in speed becoming low for highly energetic electrons.
  • the production of the HF power can be obtained by means other than the electron speed modulation proposed in nominal operation of the device.
  • the cavities may be replaced by a flap f, 3f to directly obtain the electron packets for the RF source, a continuous post-acceleration by applying a continuous DC field of the packed packets sufficient before the extraction.
  • the first and second cathodes 7, 8 may consist of a thermionic cathode activated by a thermal filament.
  • the cathodes 7, 8 may also be cathodes based on nanotubes which have the particular advantage of being very compact and provide significant current densities.
  • the various elements constituting the invention are connected via means suitable for vacuum technologies.
  • the introduction of the elements may use adapted flanges and valves for disconnection of sections to simplify maintenance for example.
  • the high voltage transition capable of ensuring the air / vacuum transition and maintaining a good impulse isolation at several hundred kV also becomes common for the radio frequency tube and for the accelerator.
  • the invention described above can be applied generally for the generation of charged or charged particles.
  • Protons are for example generated from a plasma-based device, such as a magnetron.
  • the H + ions can be generated with a magnetron consisting of a cylindrical central cathode surrounded by an anode.
  • the discharge voltage is generally greater than 150V and the drain current is of the order of 40 A.
  • a magnetic field of the order of 0.2 Tesla is parallel to the axis of the cathode.
  • the hydrogen gas used is introduced by a pulsed valve.
  • the device according to the invention offers a compact particle accelerator in which the pulsed power supply is common between the radiofrequency tube part integrated in the linear accelerator to provide the RF power and the gun of the accelerator since both require voltages of several hundred kV to operate with the best performance.
  • the device according to the invention has the particular advantage of not using an exit window usually used when the tube and the accelerating part are disjoint.
  • vacuum is common for the integrated radiofrequency tube and the particle accelerator.
  • cooling circuits and, where appropriate, focusing structures which may also be common.
  • accelerator vacuum technologies use of flanges to connect the various parts of the system instead of the sealed technologies of conventional tubes
  • the simplification of the architecture goes in the direction of the reduction of the costs and towards a better compactness of the whole.
  • the RF cavity structures being naturally tuned to the same frequency, assuming structures of the same type for both functions (tube and accelerator) and the same cooling circuit, the drifts in temperature and therefore in frequency, are substantially identical. This makes it possible to maintain proper operation of the assembly without requiring too precise control of the temperature.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositif compact pour générer des particules caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins les éléments suivants sont disposés dans une enceinte mise sous vide grâce à un système de mise sous vide (2 1 , 2 2 ) : une première partie accélérateur de particules comprenant un premier moyen (7) de génération des particules accélérées dans une partie accélérateur (9), ladite partie accélérateur de particules étant alimentée en puissance haute tension RF grâce à la puissance générée par une deuxième partie composée d'au moins un deuxième moyen de génération (8, 20, 21) de paquets de particules qui génère la puissance haute tension RF. Application à la génération d'électrons.Compact device for generating particles characterized in that it comprises at least the following elements are arranged in a chamber evacuated by a vacuum system (2 1, 2 2): a first particle accelerator part comprising a first means (7) for generating accelerated particles in an accelerator part (9), said particle accelerator part being supplied with RF high voltage power by virtue of the power generated by a second part composed of at least a second generation means ( 8, 20, 21) of particle packets which generates RF high voltage power. Application to the generation of electrons.

Description

L'objet de la présente invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé permettant de fournir une source d'électrons compacte.The object of the present invention is to provide a device and method for providing a compact electron source.

Elle peut aussi être utilisée pour la production de particules portant une charge, telles que des ions, par exemple des ions H+.It can also be used for the production of charged particles, such as ions, for example H + ions.

Les accélérateurs linéaires de particules peuvent utiliser un champ électromagnétique accélérateur de type radiofréquence. Ces accélérateurs fonctionnent avec tout type de particules chargées mais ont en commun la nécessité de fournir à l'accélérateur de très fortes puissances radiofréquences provenant en général d'un tube électronique tel qu'un klystron ou un magnétron. Ce tube de puissance fonctionne en impulsionnel, alimenté par des impulsions rectangulaires de tension pouvant atteindre plusieurs centaines de kV. Le plat de l'impulsion est en effet nécessaire pour éviter une dérive en puissance du tube voire un changement de mode.Linear particle accelerators can use a radiofrequency electromagnetic accelerating field. These accelerators work with any type of charged particles but have in common the need to provide the accelerator with very high radiofrequency power generally from an electron tube such as a klystron or magnetron. This power tube operates in pulse mode, powered by rectangular voltage pulses of up to several hundred kV. The flat of the pulse is indeed necessary to avoid a power drift of the tube or a change of mode.

Divers dispositifs sont nécessaires entre le modulateur du tube et l'accélérateur linéaire pour effectuer une adaptation correcte :

  • Le tube radiofréquence lui-même qui transforme l'impulsion de tension en puissance radiofréquence,
  • La synchronisation des impulsions tube et accélérateur,
  • La fenêtre de sortie du tube qui permet la transition entre le vide interne au tube et la sortie en général sous air ou du gaz SF6,
  • Les guides radiofréquence ou RF qui transportent la puissance vers l'accélérateur linéaire.
Various devices are needed between the tube modulator and the linear accelerator to perform a correct adaptation:
  • The radiofrequency tube itself which transforms the voltage pulse into radiofrequency power,
  • The synchronization of the tube and accelerator pulses,
  • The exit window of the tube which allows the transition between the vacuum inside the tube and the exit generally in air or SF6 gas,
  • Radio Frequency or RF guides that carry power to the linear accelerator.

L'idée de la présente invention repose notamment sur l'intégration dans une enceinte commune et mise sous vide, d'une source radiofréquence et d'une partie accélérateur des particules, avec une alimentation impulsionnelle commune entre la partie radiofréquence et la partie accélérateur pour fournir la puissance RF haute tension nécessaire à l'accélérateur.The idea of the present invention is based in particular on the integration in a common enclosure and evacuated, a radiofrequency source and a particle accelerator part, with a common impulse supply between the radiofrequency part and the part accelerator to provide the high voltage RF power needed for the accelerator.

L'invention concerne un dispositif compact pour générer des particules porteuses d'une charge telles que des électrons comportant au moins les éléments suivants disposés dans une enceinte unique mise sous vide grâce à un système de mise sous vide: une première partie accélérateur de particules chargées comprenant un premier moyen de génération des particules accélérées dans une partie accélérateur, ladite partie accélérateur de particules étant alimentée en puissance haute tension HF grâce à la puissance générée par une deuxième partie composée d'au moins un deuxième moyen de génération de paquets de particules qui génère la puissance HF différente de celle produite par la modulation de vitesse des particules, caractérisé en ce que ladite enceinte comporte au moins les éléments suivants :

  • un support cathode recevant une première cathode utilisée pour la partie accélérateur et une deuxième cathode faisant partie du tube générateur de puissance,
  • pour la partie accélérateur du dispositif, une structure accélératrice comportant un ensemble de cavités disposées en série les unes aux autres, ladite structure accélératrice recevant une puissance RF de la partie tube produite par les électrons arrachés de la deuxième cathode passant dans une première cavité, qui produit une première modulation de vitesse, générant des paquets d'électrons qui vont interagir avec une deuxième cavité ou cavité d'extraction agissant comme un résonateur produisant la puissance HF qui va alimenter les cavités disposées en série via une liaison physique adaptée.
The invention relates to a compact device for generating charge-carrying particles such as electrons comprising at least the following elements arranged in a single chamber evacuated by a vacuum system: a first charged particle accelerator part comprising a first accelerated particle generation means in an accelerator portion, said particle accelerator portion being supplied with high-voltage RF power by the power generated by a second portion of at least a second particle packet generating means which generates the RF power different from that produced by the particle velocity modulation, characterized in that said enclosure comprises at least the following elements:
  • a cathode support receiving a first cathode used for the accelerator part and a second cathode forming part of the power generating tube,
  • for the accelerator part of the device, an accelerating structure comprising a set of cavities arranged in series with each other, said accelerating structure receiving RF power from the tube portion produced by the electrons torn from the second cathode passing through a first cavity, which produces a first rate modulation, generating electron packets that will interact with a second cavity or extraction cavity acting as a resonator producing the RF power that will feed the cavities arranged in series via a suitable physical link.

Une cathode peut être une cathode thermo-ionique alimentée par un file thermique, ou encore une cathode à base de nanotubesA cathode may be a thermionic cathode fed by a thermal queue, or a cathode based on nanotubes

Le système de mise sous vide est, par exemple, composé d'une première pompe pour le vide primaire et d'une seconde pompe pour le vide secondaire, le vide produit étant commun pour les deux parties disposées dans l'enceinte.The vacuum system is, for example, composed of a first pump for the primary vacuum and a second pump for the vacuum secondary, the product vacuum being common for the two parts disposed in the enclosure.

Le dispositif selon l'invention est, par exemple, utilisé dans un système comportant un guide disposé en sortie de la structure des cavités permettant de diriger le faisceau produit sur un produit ou une partie à traiter et en ce qu'il comporte un module de déviation du faisceau des particules ainsi qu'un collecteur desdites particules.The device according to the invention is, for example, used in a system comprising a guide disposed at the outlet of the cavity structure making it possible to direct the beam produced on a product or a part to be treated and in that it comprises a module of deviation of the particle beam and a collector of said particles.

Le dispositif peut aussi être utilisé pour la génération des ions H+, des protons.The device can also be used for the generation of H + ions, protons.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages du dispositif selon l'invention apparaîtront mieux à la lecture de la description qui suit d'un exemple de réalisation donné à titre illustratif et nullement limitatif annexé de l'unique figure 1 qui représente un exemple d'architecture de dispositif compact selon l'inventionOther features and advantages of the device according to the invention will appear better on reading the following description of an example of embodiment given by way of illustration and in no way limiting attached to the sole figure 1 which represents an example of compact device architecture according to the invention

La figure 1 décrit un exemple de source compacte d'électrons selon l'invention.The figure 1 describes an example of a compact source of electrons according to the invention.

Le dispositif selon l'invention comporte une enceinte 1 en liaison avec un système de mise sous vide composé par exemple d'une première pompe 21 faisant le vide primaire et d'une deuxième pompe 22 pour le vide secondaire. L'enceinte 1 mise sous vide est reliée à la masse ou à la terre par un dispositif approprié 3. Un modulateur 4 qui fournit la haute tension au dispositif. Une partie isolante 5 réalise la séparation entre le modulateur 4 haute tension et la mise à la masse de l'enceinte. L'enceinte comporte aussi un dispositif de refroidissement avec contrôle de température non représenté pour des raisons de simplification.The device according to the invention comprises an enclosure 1 in connection with a vacuum system composed for example of a first pump 2 1 making the primary vacuum and a second pump 2 2 for the secondary vacuum. The evacuated chamber 1 is connected to ground or earth by a suitable device 3. A modulator 4 which supplies the high voltage to the device. An insulating part 5 carries out the separation between the high voltage modulator 4 and the grounding of the enclosure. The enclosure also comprises a cooling device with temperature control not shown for reasons of simplification.

Un support cathode 6 va recevoir une première cathode 7 utilisée pour la partie accélérateur et une deuxième cathode 8 faisant partie du tube.A cathode support 6 will receive a first cathode 7 used for the accelerator portion and a second cathode 8 forming part of the tube.

Pour la partie accélérateur du dispositif, une structure accélératrice 9 est constituée, par exemple, d'un ensemble de cavités 9i disposées en série les unes aux autres. D'autres dispositifs tels que espace de glissement, aimant de focalisation peuvent également être nécessaire au bon conditionnement des électrons pour qu'ils puissent être accélérés de façon optimale. Cette structure va recevoir une puissance RF afin de permettre l'accélération des électrons arrachés de la deuxième cathode 8. Les électrons se propagent selon un axe A1. En sortie de la structure accélératrice, un guide 10 permet d'amener le faisceau des électrons ainsi créé vers une cible ou un objet 11. Le faisceau d'électrons après interaction avec cet objet 11 est par exemple dévié par un moyen approprié 12 et collecté par un collecteur 13 ayant une structure connue de l'Homme du métier.For the accelerator part of the device, an accelerating structure 9 is constituted, for example, by a set of cavities 9i. arranged in series with each other. Other devices such as sliding space, focusing magnet may also be necessary for the proper conditioning of electrons so that they can be accelerated optimally. This structure will receive an RF power to allow the acceleration of electrons torn from the second cathode 8. The electrons propagate along an axis A 1 . At the output of the accelerating structure, a guide 10 makes it possible to bring the electron beam thus created to a target or an object 11. The electron beam after interaction with this object 11 is, for example, deflected by an appropriate means 12 and collected. by a collector 13 having a structure known to those skilled in the art.

La RF haute tension fournie à la structure comme il est décrit ci-après va accélérer les électrons dans les cavités.The high voltage RF supplied to the structure as described below will accelerate the electrons in the cavities.

Un module 14 alimenté en haute tension est disposé entre la cathode 7 et l'entrée E9 de la cavité pour améliorer la qualité du faisceau. Ce module a notamment pour fonction d'éviter un éclatement du faisceau d'électrons produit par la cathode 7, il préaccélère les électrons avant que ces derniers ne pénètrent dans les cavités accélératrices. Le faisceau d'électrons est soumis à de forts gradients d'accélération au niveau du canon afin de l'amener à des énergies relativistes où les effets de charges d'espace sont atténués.A module 14 supplied with high voltage is disposed between the cathode 7 and the inlet E 9 of the cavity to improve the quality of the beam. This module has the particular function of avoiding a burst of the electron beam produced by the cathode 7, it pre-accelerates the electrons before they enter the accelerating cavities. The electron beam is subjected to strong acceleration gradients at the gun to bring it to relativistic energies where the effects of space charges are mitigated.

La partie du tube comprend une cathode 8 qui fournit les électrons qui vont passer, dans cet exemple de mise en oeuvre dans une première cavité 20, qui produit une première modulation de vitesse, la dispersion de vitesse des électrons se traduisant après l'espace de glissement par une augmentation de l'intensité du faisceau due à la mise en paquets des électrons. Ces paquets d'électrons se propagent selon un axe A2 et vont interagir avec une (ou plusieurs) cavité d'extraction 21, dont la (ou les positions) sont optimisé pour une extraction maximale de puissance, la cavité agissant comme un résonateur excité par les paquets successifs d'électrons q. La cavité 21 va donc osciller au rythme du passage des paquets d'électrons. La cavité mise en résonnance produit la puissance HF qui s'accroit au fur et à mesure, en prélevant l'énergie aux paquets d'électrons. Cette puissance HF est en phase avec l'oscillation créée au départ. Une partie de cette puissance HF va alimenter les cavités disposées en série via une liaison physique adaptée 23. La puissance du faisceau d'électrons, non utilisée au cours de l'interaction peut être recueillie par un dispositif de collecte 24. Un tel dispositif peut le cas échéant utiliser la technique des collecteurs dépressés c'est-à-dire un collecteur réalisé en plusieurs tronçons portés à des tensions différentes pour améliorer le rendement de l'ensemble.The portion of the tube comprises a cathode 8 which supplies the electrons which will pass, in this example of implementation in a first cavity 20, which produces a first modulation of velocity, the dispersion of velocity of the electrons being translated after the space of slip by increasing the intensity of the beam due to the bundling of electrons. These electron packets propagate along an axis A 2 and will interact with one (or more) extraction cavity 21, whose (or positions) are optimized for maximum power extraction, the cavity acting as an excited resonator by successive packets of electrons q. The cavity 21 will oscillate with the rhythm of the passage of the packets electron. The resonant cavity produces the HF power that increases as the energy flows from the electron packets. This HF power is in phase with the oscillation created at the beginning. Part of this HF power will supply the cavities arranged in series via a suitable physical link 23. The power of the electron beam, not used during the interaction can be collected by a collection device 24. Such a device can if necessary use the technique of depressed collectors that is to say a collector made of several sections carried at different voltages to improve the performance of the assembly.

Sans sortir du cadre de l'invention, d'autres variantes de mise en oeuvre du dispositif peuvent être réalisées.Without departing from the scope of the invention, other variants of implementation of the device can be realized.

Un exemple d'implémentation peut être d'utiliser une structure de type klystron pour le tube radiofréquence intégré. Le principe du klystron est de transformer une modulation de vitesse du faisceau d'électrons obtenu par une cavité de modulation en une modulation d'intensité qui permet la mise en résonnance de la cavité d'extraction à travers un espace de glissement qui peut être dans certains cas long pour les très fortes tensions car les électrons rapides mettent plus longtemps pour rattraper les électrons de plus faibles vitesses, l'écart de vitesse devenant faible pour des électrons fortement énergétiques.An example of implementation may be to use a klystron type structure for the integrated radiofrequency tube. The principle of klystron is to transform a modulation of the electron beam velocity obtained by a modulation cavity into an intensity modulation which allows the extraction cavity to resonate through a slip space which may be in some cases long for very high voltages because fast electrons take longer to catch up to the electrons of lower speeds, the difference in speed becoming low for highly energetic electrons.

La production de la puissance HF peut être obtenue par d'autres moyens que la modulation de vitesse des électrons proposée en fonctionnement nominal du dispositif.The production of the HF power can be obtained by means other than the electron speed modulation proposed in nominal operation of the device.

Il est possible alors de réaliser une modulation directe d'intensité temps pour la partie source et pour la partie accélérateur en utilisant un principe de modulation directe connue d'un Homme du métier et décrit par exemple dans le brevet US 5 506 473 .It is then possible to carry out direct time intensity modulation for the source part and for the accelerator part by using a direct modulation principle known to a person skilled in the art and described for example in the patent. US 5,506,473 .

Ainsi, au lieu d'utiliser une modulation en vitesse des électrons produite par la présence des cavités 21, 22 il est aussi possible d'utiliser la modulation d'intensité des électrons.Thus, instead of using an electron velocity modulation produced by the presence of the cavities 21, 22 it is also possible to use the intensity modulation of the electrons.

Les cavités peuvent être remplacées par un battement f, 3f pour obtenir directement les paquets d'électrons pour la source RF, une postaccélération continue par application d'un champ continu DC des paquets groupés suffisant avant l'extraction.The cavities may be replaced by a flap f, 3f to directly obtain the electron packets for the RF source, a continuous post-acceleration by applying a continuous DC field of the packed packets sufficient before the extraction.

Les première et deuxième cathodes 7, 8 peuvent être constituées d'une cathode thermo-ionique activée par un filament thermique.The first and second cathodes 7, 8 may consist of a thermionic cathode activated by a thermal filament.

Les cathodes 7, 8 peuvent aussi être des cathodes à base de nanotubes qui présentent notamment comme avantage d'être très compactes et de fournir des densités de courant importantes.The cathodes 7, 8 may also be cathodes based on nanotubes which have the particular advantage of being very compact and provide significant current densities.

Les différents éléments constituant l'invention sont connectés via des moyens appropriés pour les technologies sous vide. Ainsi, la mise en place des éléments pourra faire appel à des brides adaptées et des vannes permettant la déconnection de tronçons afin de simplifier la maintenance par exemple.The various elements constituting the invention are connected via means suitable for vacuum technologies. Thus, the introduction of the elements may use adapted flanges and valves for disconnection of sections to simplify maintenance for example.

La transition haute tension apte à assurer la transition air/vide et à conserver un bon isolement en impulsionnel à plusieurs centaines de kV devient aussi commune pour le tube radio fréquence et pour l'accélérateur.The high voltage transition capable of ensuring the air / vacuum transition and maintaining a good impulse isolation at several hundred kV also becomes common for the radio frequency tube and for the accelerator.

L'invention décrite précédemment peut s'appliquer de manière générale pour la génération de particules chargées ou portant une charge.The invention described above can be applied generally for the generation of charged or charged particles.

Les protons sont par exemple générés à partir d'un dispositif basé sur le plasma, tel qu'un magnétron.Protons are for example generated from a plasma-based device, such as a magnetron.

Les ions H+ peuvent être générés avec un magnétron consistant en une cathode centrale cylindrique entourée par une anode. La tension de décharge est généralement supérieure à 150V et le courant de drain de l'ordre de 40 A. Un champ magnétique de l'ordre de 0.2 tesla est parallèle à l'axe de la cathode. Le gaz hydrogène utilisé est introduit par une valve pulsée.The H + ions can be generated with a magnetron consisting of a cylindrical central cathode surrounded by an anode. The discharge voltage is generally greater than 150V and the drain current is of the order of 40 A. A magnetic field of the order of 0.2 Tesla is parallel to the axis of the cathode. The hydrogen gas used is introduced by a pulsed valve.

Le dispositif selon l'invention offre un accélérateur de particules compact dans lequel l'alimentation impulsionnelle est commune entre la partie tube radiofréquence intégré à l'accélérateur linéaire pour fournir la puissance RF et le canon de l'accélérateur puisque toutes les deux nécessitent des tensions de plusieurs centaines de kV pour fonctionner avec les meilleures performances.The device according to the invention offers a compact particle accelerator in which the pulsed power supply is common between the radiofrequency tube part integrated in the linear accelerator to provide the RF power and the gun of the accelerator since both require voltages of several hundred kV to operate with the best performance.

Le dispositif selon l'invention présente notamment comme avantage de ne pas utiliser de fenêtre de sortie habituellement employée lorsque le tube et la partie accélératrice sont disjoints. Dans la présente invention, le vide est commun pour le tube radiofréquence intégré et l'accélérateur de particules. Il en est de même des circuits de refroidissement et le cas échéant des structures de focalisation qui peuvent être également communes. Le fait d'utiliser des technologies de mise sous vide des accélérateurs (emploi de brides pour connecter les diverses parties du système au lieu des technologies scellées des tubes classiques) permet une meilleure facilité d'évolution et une meilleure maintenabilité.The device according to the invention has the particular advantage of not using an exit window usually used when the tube and the accelerating part are disjoint. In the present invention, vacuum is common for the integrated radiofrequency tube and the particle accelerator. The same is true of cooling circuits and, where appropriate, focusing structures which may also be common. The use of accelerator vacuum technologies (use of flanges to connect the various parts of the system instead of the sealed technologies of conventional tubes) allows for easier evolution and better maintainability.

La simplification de l'architecture va dans le sens de la réduction des coûts et vers une meilleure compacité de l'ensemble.The simplification of the architecture goes in the direction of the reduction of the costs and towards a better compactness of the whole.

Les structures de cavités RF étant naturellement accordées à la même fréquence, en supposant des structures du même type pour les deux fonctions (tube et accélérateur) et un même circuit de refroidissement, les dérives en température et donc en fréquence, sont sensiblement identiques. Ceci permet de maintenir un bon fonctionnement de l'ensemble sans nécessiter un contrôle trop précis de la température.The RF cavity structures being naturally tuned to the same frequency, assuming structures of the same type for both functions (tube and accelerator) and the same cooling circuit, the drifts in temperature and therefore in frequency, are substantially identical. This makes it possible to maintain proper operation of the assembly without requiring too precise control of the temperature.

Claims (5)

Dispositif compact pour générer des particules porteuses d'une charge telles que des électrons comportant au moins les éléments suivants disposés dans une enceinte unique (1) mise sous vide grâce à un système de mise sous vide (2) : une première partie accélérateur de particules chargées comprenant un premier moyen (7) de génération des particules accélérées dans une partie accélérateur (9), ladite partie accélérateur de particules étant alimentée (23) en puissance haute tension HF grâce à la puissance générée par une deuxième partie composée d'au moins un deuxième moyen de génération (8, 20, 21) de paquets de particules qui génère la puissance HF différente de celle produite par la modulation de vitesse des particules, et caractérisé en ce que ladite enceinte (1) comporte au moins les éléments suivants : • un support cathode (6) recevant une première cathode (7) utilisée pour la partie accélérateur et une deuxième cathode (8) faisant partie du tube générateur de puissance, • pour la partie accélérateur du dispositif, une structure accélératrice (9) comportant un ensemble de cavités (91, 92, ..) disposées en série les unes aux autres, ladite structure accélératrice (9) recevant une puissance RF de la partie tube produite par les électrons arrachés de la cathode (8) passant dans une première cavité 20, qui produit une première modulation de vitesse, générant des paquets d'électrons qui vont interagir avec une deuxième cavité ou cavité d'extraction (21) agissant comme un résonateur produisant la puissance HF qui va alimenter les cavités disposées en série via une liaison physique adaptée (23). Compact device for generating charge-bearing particles such as electrons comprising at least the following elements arranged in a single chamber (1) evacuated by means of a vacuum system (2): a first particle accelerator part charged cells comprising a first means (7) for generating accelerated particles in an accelerator part (9), said particle accelerator part being fed (23) with high-voltage power HF thanks to the power generated by a second part composed of at least a second generation means (8, 20, 21) of particle packets which generates the RF power different from that produced by the particle velocity modulation, and characterized in that said enclosure (1) comprises at least the following elements: A cathode support (6) receiving a first cathode (7) used for the accelerator part and a second cathode (8) forming part of the power generating tube, For the accelerator part of the device, an accelerating structure (9) comprising a set of cavities (9 1 , 9 2 , ..) arranged in series with each other, said accelerating structure (9) receiving an RF power of the part tube produced by the electrons torn from the cathode (8) passing into a first cavity 20, which produces a first rate modulation, generating electron packets that will interact with a second cavity or extraction cavity (21) acting as a resonator producing the RF power which will supply the cavities arranged in series via a suitable physical link (23). Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce qu'une cathode (7, 8) est une cathode thermo-ionique alimentée par un filament thermique.Device according to claim 1 characterized in that a cathode (7, 8) is a thermionic cathode fed by a thermal filament. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce qu'une cathode (7, 8) est à base de nanotubes.Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that a cathode (7, 8) is based on nanotubes. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le système de mise sous vide est composé d'une première pompe (21) pour le vide primaire et d'une seconde pompe (22) pour le vide secondaire, le vide produit étant commun pour les deux parties disposées dans l'enceinte.Device according to claim 1 characterized in that the vacuum system is composed of a first pump (2 1 ) for the primary vacuum and a second pump (2 2 ) for the secondary vacuum, the vacuum produced being common for the two parts arranged in the enclosure. Utilisation du dispositif selon la revendication 1 pour la génération et l'accélération des ions H+, des protons.Use of the device according to claim 1 for generating and accelerating H + ions, protons.
EP10195945.0A 2009-12-22 2010-12-20 Compact charged particle generation source Not-in-force EP2339899B1 (en)

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PL2339899T3 (en) 2016-04-29
FR2954666B1 (en) 2012-07-27
EP2339899B1 (en) 2015-12-16
FR2954666A1 (en) 2011-06-24

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