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EP2319092A2 - Système concentrateur encapsulé ouvert pour rayonnement solaire - Google Patents

Système concentrateur encapsulé ouvert pour rayonnement solaire

Info

Publication number
EP2319092A2
EP2319092A2 EP09777587A EP09777587A EP2319092A2 EP 2319092 A2 EP2319092 A2 EP 2319092A2 EP 09777587 A EP09777587 A EP 09777587A EP 09777587 A EP09777587 A EP 09777587A EP 2319092 A2 EP2319092 A2 EP 2319092A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
concentrator system
transparent cover
glass
photovoltaic module
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09777587A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rüdiger LÖCKENHOFF
Andreas Bett
Maike Wiesenfarth
Rov Segev
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Zenith Solar Ltd
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Zenith Solar Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV, Zenith Solar Ltd filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP2319092A2 publication Critical patent/EP2319092A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/60—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or compensating for temperature fluctuations
    • H10F77/63—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling
    • H10F77/68—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling using gaseous or liquid coolants, e.g. air flow ventilation or water circulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an open concentrator system for solar radiation comprising a concave mirror and a photovoltaic module arranged in its focus of a plurality of solar cells, wherein the photovoltaic module is encapsulated by a housing.
  • the housing is designed so that it is at least in the region of the reflected by the concave mirror incident
  • Radiation has a transparent cover and that this transparent cover is spaced from the photovoltaic module, i. in the cone of incident radiation.
  • Focusing light is to reflect the solar radiation at appropriately aligned mirrors.
  • the radiation can be concentrated up to more than 1000 times.
  • the mirrors form a large, open concentrator system that tracks the position of the sun. For example, it is possible to use a 10 m 2 parabolic mirror, in the center of which is the densely packed concentrator module.
  • the Lajamanu power plant (Northern Territory) has installed concentrator systems since 2006, with a total mirror area of 129.7 m 2 and a photovoltaic receiver with a surface area of 0.235 m 2 (see, for example, "Performance and reliability of multijunction III-V Modules for concentrator dish and central receiver application "," Proceedings of the 4 th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion "2006 in Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA).
  • the solar radiation is concentrated 500 times in focus.
  • the module must be protected against the effects of the weather, ie, for example, against penetrating moisture and dust particles and against mechanical stress such as hail, rain. Therefore, the module must be covered on the front.
  • the material of the encapsulation must have the highest possible transmission and low absorption and reflection properties.
  • Conventional solar module encapsulations are realized by the use of transparent encapsulants and partly the module is sealed off with a glass plate (eg hardened, low-iron white glass). covers.
  • a glass plate eg hardened, low-iron white glass. covers.
  • the solar module In open concentrator systems, where the radiation is concentrated, for example, over large concave mirrors of 10 m 2 and more, the solar module with an area of cm 2 to several 100 cm 2 is located in a region with a very high light intensity.
  • the module consists of several solar cells, which are tightly packed in a small area.
  • the structure of the module is similar to a silicon flat module, except that in a concentrator module, the area is significantly smaller and the module will not be irradiated with 1 sun but about 1000 suns.
  • the concentrator solar module is usually provided with a very effective passive or active cooling.
  • the encapsulation of the photovoltaic module is penetrated by concentrated solar radiation.
  • the concentrator is tracked to the sun so that the focal point always lies on the photovoltaic cell during operation.
  • the radiation cone must be realigned. For this, the radiation cone must be led over the edge of the encapsulation. This means a particularly high thermal stress.
  • the silicone layer laminated on a glass layer should be at a concentration of 1000 times the solar radiation not exceed a thickness of a few tenths of a millimeter. This results in the following problems:
  • Silicone is susceptible to environmental influences (water, dirt). At the edge of the glass plate, the silicone is open at the side. Here, the silicone would have to be protected by a further potting compound. This is complicated by the thermal stresses. Proceeding from this, it is the object of the present invention to propose an encapsulation of a photovoltaic module in an open concentrator system, in which as much as possible overheating of the encapsulation material is avoided, so that thereby safe operation of a concentrator system is possible, ie Operation that ensures protection against the weather. Furthermore, a high light transmittance should be given with low absorption and low reflection.
  • the photovoltaic module is encapsulated in an open concentrator system by a housing, wherein the housing has a transparent cover at least in the region of the incident by the concave mirror incident radiation and that at least in the region of the transparent cover, the housing of the photovoltaic module of the transparent cover is spaced.
  • the photovoltaic module which is arranged in focus within the housing, is a photovoltaic module, as it is known per se from the prior art and consists of a plurality of solar cells, which are interconnected.
  • a plurality of chips, on each of which a multiplicity of solar cells are arranged can be used, for example 24 chips with 600 individual solar cells.
  • the solar cells of silicon or semiconductors of elements of the III. and V. Main Group of the Periodic Table and germanium. Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved with multiple solar cells, in which several solar cells with different band gaps of the semiconductor are grown on top of each other.
  • the photovoltaic module is normally provided with electrical connections which are led to the outside.
  • a parabolic mirror is preferably used.
  • This configuration and arrangement of the solar module within the housing according to the invention now ensures that the housing surrounding the solar module and here the transparent cover is not in the focus of the reflected radiation of the concave mirror, but in the cone.
  • the transparent cover of the housing is in the radiation cone, a lower radiation density in the transparent cover is also given.
  • the temperature in the encapsulation is significantly reduced compared to the temperature which occurs in the focus of the reflected rays, ie in the case of the photovoltaic module.
  • a temperature only sets in when a glass plate is actually in thermal equilibrium at this point.
  • the transparent cover for example, glass, whereby a high light transmittance and a low absorption and low reflection is achieved.
  • a further advantage of the invention is the fact that the solar module is completely encapsulated by the housing so that protection from weathering, dust, dirt, rain, moisture speed and hail.
  • the hermetic encapsulation also allows for evacuation or pressure reduction. These measures prevent overpressure during heating of the enclosed gas.
  • the encapsulation can be filled with an inert gas that prevents chemical reactions, such as oxidation.
  • the encapsulation with inert gas can be placed under a slight overpressure. In the case of slight leakage, gas would escape, but no moist air would be drawn into the encapsulation from the outside. Because of the problem described above, it is important that a surge tank be mounted in this construction.
  • the distance between the transparent cover of the housing and the photovoltaic module is advantageously chosen such that the light intensity of the incident radiation in the region of the transparent cover of the housing is at least a factor of 2, preferably a factor of 3, particularly preferably a factor 5, and most preferably by a factor of 10 smaller than in the region of the focus in the photovoltaic module.
  • the distance is advantageously made so that the material of the encapsulation withstands the increased temperatures during the irradiation. If the transparent cover is e.g. out
  • the housing with the photovoltaic module if necessary with cooling, is fastened to the concave mirror via a support so that an exact adjustment in the cone of the reflected radiation from the concave mirror is possible.
  • the case itself and also the transparent cover be made of glass.
  • each glass housing can be used and the photovoltaic module can be arranged in the glass housing according to the conditions mentioned above. loading It is preferred if the glass housing is designed in the form of a glass bulb.
  • the glass is preferably a borosilicate glass, a quartz glass or a glass ceramic. In the embodiment described above, therefore, the glass is in the radiation cone, ie in the region of low radiation density and thus outside of the focus.
  • the use of a glass bulb with a curved surface brings with it the further advantage that the radiation thereby occurs approximately orthogonally on the glass surface and thus is little deflected or reflected.
  • a light beam is not deflected, but only offset. Reflection is a challenge in the encapsulation techniques presented here and increases even when the light is shallow. Therefore, here is the curved, transparent front cover of advantage.
  • the electrical connections and possibly cooling water supply lines are provided with a radiation contactor and can, for example, be led to the outside via a glass tube fused to the piston.
  • the housing is formed by a non-transparent, opaque housing wall and a transparent cover used in the region of the incident radiation.
  • "Opaque" in the physical sense means “cloudy” or “not completely transparent.”
  • completely opaque side walls are also conceivable.
  • the housing and / or the transparent cover can here be double-walled to form a cooling water circuit Use of a cooling water circuit and thus cooling of the housing and / or the transparent cover will continue to ensure a significant temperature reduction. guaranteed.
  • the side walls need not necessarily be double-walled, but can also be traversed by cooling channels.
  • a passive cooling of the opaque side walls by convection and radiation is conceivable.
  • the transparent cover can also be made of glass, preferably of borosilicate glass, again for this case.
  • the non-transparent opaque housing wall is preferably made of metal, such as aluminum or copper.
  • a favorable geometrical embodiment is a double-walled tube to whose
  • An advantage of this embodiment is the fact that the cooling water circuit for the housing and the transparent cover can also be combined with a possibly existing cooling water circuit for the photovoltaic module, i. a common cooling circuit is used for the photovoltaic module and the housing with the transparent cover.
  • the opaque cover may also differ from the cylindrical shape. It is not necessarily double-walled but can also be provided with cooling channels for a cooling circuit. Likewise, a purely passive cooling by radiation and convection is possible. The active cooling of the opaque cover or the opaque housing may also be useful if the transparent front cover is made single-walled.
  • the opaque parts of the housing can also have a reflective coating which reduces the heat input into the housing wall by reflection of the incident light to the outside.
  • the interior of the housing can be filled eg with inert gas or else evacuated. actually However, exclusion of oxygen is not absolutely necessary, but moisture exclusion in the encapsulation is advantageous.
  • a drying agent such as silica gel
  • this desiccant has a limited ability to absorb water, it releases the moisture again at high temperature and can thus be regenerated, for example, during operation of the concentrator system.
  • a container with silica gel could be attached to the encapsulation in such a way that it heats up considerably during operation of the concentrator system. Proper regulation of air exchange can ensure that the air passes the hot silica gel on its way out, taking moisture with it.
  • the air should pass cold silica gel and be dried.
  • the control of the air flow can be actively controlled by solenoid valves. It is also a passive control over bimetallic and check valves conceivable.
  • the desiccant can also be accommodated in the air supply or removal of the housing.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically the structure of an open concentrator system according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of a housing with a photovoltaic module in the form of a glass bulb
  • FIG. 3 shows a housing in a double-walled embodiment with a glass pane inserted
  • FIG. 4 shows two photovoltaic modules with rectangular or round shape and densely packed photovoltaic cells, heat exchangers and cooling water connections,
  • Figure 5 shows a cross section of the electrical
  • FIG. 6 shows the encapsulation of a rectangular one
  • FIG. 7 shows the encapsulation of a round module.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically in section the structure of an open concentrator system according to the invention
  • the concentrator system 15 consists in the example of the embodiment of Figure 1 from a concave mirror 5, which acts as a concentrator.
  • the rays incident on the concentrator are denoted by 6 and the reflected rays by 7.
  • the housing 4 is formed in the example of Figure 1 in the form of a glass bulb.
  • the photovoltaic module 1 is arranged in the housing 4 in the form of a glass bulb in the focus of the reflected beams.
  • the housing 4 with arranged in the housing
  • Photovoltaic module 1 is attached via a carrier 8 on the concentrator (concave mirror) 5.
  • the photovoltaic module 1 consists of several solar cells, which are mounted on a heat sink and has electrical connections see 9 (see Figure 2), via which the produced current is removed.
  • the arrangement of the photovoltaic module 1 in the housing 4, here in the glass bulb, is shown in detail in FIG.
  • the photovoltaic module 1 is then protected by a glass cover 4.
  • the glass lies in the radiation cone, with a lower radiation density prevailing here than on the surface of the solar cells.
  • the glass protection is characterized by a curved surface. As a result, the radiation 7 strikes the glass surface approximately orthogonally in the entire region of the glass protection and is deflected or reflected so little.
  • the electrical connections and cooling water supply lines 9 are provided with a radiation protection and can, for example, be led to the outside via a glass tube fused to the bottom.
  • a concentration of 200 suns on the wall of the glass bulb with a wall thickness of 6 mm borosilicate glass can be used for the encapsulation.
  • Borosilicate glass is less expensive than quartz glass. This means that the encapsulation can also be realized cost-effectively.
  • a hermetic sealing of the encapsulation precludes the introduction of moisture, which leads to precipitation on the glass surface and degradation of the encapsulant
  • Photovoltaic module 1 can lead.
  • the glass bulb of the housing 4 is connected in the embodiment of Figure 2 via a connecting tube with the carrier 8 (see Figure 1) and the concentrator 5.
  • the carrier 8 metal is preferably used for the carrier 8 metal.
  • the fact that 8 metal is now used for the carrier and the housing 4 is made of glass, there is a glass-metal transition. Due to the low heat conduction in the glass and the fact that the flange is not directly in focus, the temperature in the flange is low. This results in low mechanical stresses the junction, which occur due to different thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials. The risk of breakage of the glass is thereby reduced.
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically in construction a second embodiment for forming the housing and the transparent cover.
  • cooling water flows between the two glass layers.
  • the cooling medium should be e.g. Deionized water can be used.
  • the cooling water line 12 can be connected to the cooling water connection of the heat sink 3 of the photovoltaic cells and thus forms a cooling water circuit. That is, the cooling water may e.g. first cool the photovoltaic cells 2 and then the encapsulation. The order is preferably chosen so that higher operating temperatures can occur in the encapsulation.
  • the cooling water temperature in the flow direction increases.
  • the temperature of the cooling water depends on the set volumetric flow of the cooling water inlet temperature and the temperatures in the components to be cooled.
  • the cooling water outlet temperature should be at least 80 0 C. It is true that higher temperatures result in more opportunities to use the thermal energy. However, a higher temperature in the photovoltaic cell also means a slight reduction in the efficiency and thus a reduced electrical input.
  • Another option is to separate the cooling water systems (encapsulation and photovoltaic module). This means that two cooling water circuits must be operated.
  • the photovoltaic module 1 is located in a module housing 11. Depending on the size, structure and material, it must also be water-cooled and it is additionally possible to obtain thermal energy. It can form an assembly of transparent material with the water-cooled front and thus the structure contributes only slightly to the shading on the mirror surface. This can be realized by having the photovoltaic module 1 e.g. is placed on a double-walled pipe. In addition, preferably, a hermetic metal-glass transition is constructive to implement, especially when the temperatures change frequently. The case can also be made of opaque material. Since so only a minimum proportion of radiation transmits, more thermal energy can be absorbed and used by the cooling water.
  • the photovoltaic module 1 is either rectangular or round.
  • the module 1 consists of densely packed concentrator cells 2 and a heat sink 13, ie a cooling element, via which the heat can be dissipated.
  • the geometric shape has at least two parallel but not necessarily plane-parallel surfaces A and B, which are located at a distance of a few millimeters.
  • the module may take the form of a rectangular prism or cylinder. In this case, the module 1 is mounted directly on the encapsulation bottom 13, which acts as a heat transfer medium. On the irradiated area A, concentrator solar cells 2 (not shown) are mounted.
  • the side A is penetrated by electrical conductors 9a, at least two form the positive and negative electrical contact of the module.
  • the conductors 9a are passed through the surfaces A and B and are electrically insulated from the module 1, mechanically fixed and thermally separated by a liquid-impermeable and electrically insulated intermediate layer of heat transfer medium, which is guided in the cooling water connections 9b.
  • the conductors 9a are gas-tightly connected to the surrounding structure.
  • the implementation of the electrical conductors through the photovoltaic module 1 and the surfaces A and B is shown in detail in Fig. 5, wherein the electrical insulation 14 of the conductors 9a is shown in detail.
  • the construction can be done this way be that the surface B (not irradiated side) provides access to the cooling water connections 9b and the electrical contacts 9a.
  • the encapsulation and the module are fastened together in a permanently shaded region, eg on the underside of the heat exchanger 13.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show in detail embodiments of the rectangular (FIG. 6) or round (FIG. 7) embodiments for the encapsulations of the photovoltaic modules, that is to say the components which enclose the photovoltaic module 1 and thus also the solar cells 2.
  • the solar cells 2 are not shown here, but are designed in accordance with the preceding embodiments and integrated into the concentrator system.
  • the housing 4 protects the cells from the environment and its foreign substances.
  • the encapsulating housing 4 can be made different, e.g. as an open bulb, box or cylinder and is connected to the photovoltaic module 1 via an airtight structure on the surface B.
  • the air-tight structure may be an integrated part of the module 1 or soldered together with the module 1, glued o.a. become. However, it may also be removable by mechanically holding the parts together (e.g., via glands) and sealing them with gaskets 15a and 15b (e.g., elastomeric rubber gaskets).
  • gaskets 15a and 15b e.g., elastomeric rubber gaskets.
  • the entire encapsulation is formed in principle by the housing 4 and a transparent front glass pane 16 or dome.
  • the enclosed space is either evacuated, filled with inert gas (preferably at low pressure as atmospheric pressure), air-filled, with the air conditioned (eg, drier), so that the quality is sufficient to avoid degradation of the structure, or gas-filled (eg, nitrogen) and equipped with a pressure equalization vessel to increase the pressure due to the volume expansion of the gas at elevated temperature arises (eg expansion vessel) compensate.
  • the encapsulation housing 4 may be made of metal.
  • the encapsulation fulfills the following conditions:
  • the mechanical strength of the housing is so great that structural rigidity of the housing is limited to external forces due to e.g. Wind of approx. 10 m / s and movement due to tracking of the concentrator is retained and can carry the weight of the photovoltaic module.
  • a correspondingly shadowed seal 15a serves as a seal between the window plate and the housing.
  • the plastic seal 15a is mounted so that the thermal expansion of the glass window is compensated, while the housing 4 is still closed gas-tight.
  • the seal 15a also minimizes the introduction of stresses by mechanical forces on the glass / housing.
  • the plastic seal 15a is cooled by the contact with the housing.
  • the plastic gasket 15a is positioned so that it is never exposed to concentrated radiation (e.g., by shading elements, not shown).
  • the housing 4 is constructed so that the shading of the concentrator mirror surface is minimized by the housing 4. 10.
  • the window plate 16 has a distance to the solar cells 2, so that the radiation intensity on the surface is reduced by at least a factor of 2 or more. This means that the glass surface 16 has at least twice the size of the entire surface of the solar cells 2.

Landscapes

  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un système concentrateur ouvert pour rayonnement solaire, comprenant un miroir creux et un module photovoltaïque, disposé en son foyer et constitué de plusieurs cellules solaires, le module photovoltaïque étant encapsulé par un boîtier. Le boîtier est alors configuré de telle sorte qu'il comprenne un recouvrement transparent au moins dans la zone du rayonnement incident réfléchi par le miroir creux, et que ce recouvrement transparent soit à une certaine distance du module photovoltaïque, c'est-à-dire se trouve dans le cône du rayonnement incident.
EP09777587A 2008-07-31 2009-07-31 Système concentrateur encapsulé ouvert pour rayonnement solaire Withdrawn EP2319092A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008035735A DE102008035735A1 (de) 2008-07-31 2008-07-31 Offenes verkapseltes Konzentratorsystem für Solarstrahlung
PCT/EP2009/005575 WO2010012491A2 (fr) 2008-07-31 2009-07-31 Système concentrateur encapsulé ouvert pour rayonnement solaire

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2319092A2 true EP2319092A2 (fr) 2011-05-11

Family

ID=41461547

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09777587A Withdrawn EP2319092A2 (fr) 2008-07-31 2009-07-31 Système concentrateur encapsulé ouvert pour rayonnement solaire

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20110265852A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2319092A2 (fr)
CN (1) CN102232247A (fr)
DE (1) DE102008035735A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010012491A2 (fr)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2010012491A2 (fr) 2010-02-04
DE102008035735A1 (de) 2010-02-04
CN102232247A (zh) 2011-11-02
US20110265852A1 (en) 2011-11-03
WO2010012491A3 (fr) 2010-10-21
WO2010012491A8 (fr) 2011-03-17

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