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EP2315971A1 - Procédé et appareil de stabilisation de flamme de gaz - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de stabilisation de flamme de gaz

Info

Publication number
EP2315971A1
EP2315971A1 EP08768404A EP08768404A EP2315971A1 EP 2315971 A1 EP2315971 A1 EP 2315971A1 EP 08768404 A EP08768404 A EP 08768404A EP 08768404 A EP08768404 A EP 08768404A EP 2315971 A1 EP2315971 A1 EP 2315971A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
burner
air
heat exchanger
combustion
interior cavity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08768404A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Gunther Berthold
Terry Hilliard
James Jacobs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beckett Thermal Solutions
Original Assignee
Worgas Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Worgas Inc filed Critical Worgas Inc
Publication of EP2315971A1 publication Critical patent/EP2315971A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/02—Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/03005—Burners with an internal combustion chamber, e.g. for obtaining an increased heat release, a high speed jet flame or being used for starting the combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2203/00—Gaseous fuel burners
    • F23D2203/10—Flame diffusing means
    • F23D2203/101—Flame diffusing means characterised by surface shape
    • F23D2203/1012—Flame diffusing means characterised by surface shape tubular

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for stabilizing a gas flame and reducing NOx emissions. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for combusting a air and fuel mixture in a hollow cavity of a burner.
  • burners to burn an air and fuel mixture to create heat.
  • the fuel can include natural gas, propane, or other suitable fuels.
  • the burner is located in a combustion chamber and a pre-mixture of air and fuel is provided to the burner fo: combustion.
  • FIG. 1 is an example of a typical burner.
  • the burner 10 is generally cylindrical in shape, although typical burners may include other shapes.
  • a burning surface 12 upon which the air and fuel mixture will burn.
  • an end cap 14 At one end of the cylinder is an end cap 14.
  • the other end may include a flange 16 which may include fastener holes 18 through which bolts or other fasteners extend for securing the burner 10 to a supporting structure.
  • the burning surface 12 includes ports 20.
  • the ports 20 are often elongated slits which may be as wide about as much as the wall of the burner 10 is thick. For example, a slit may often be a half a millimeter wide by five millimeters long, but other dimensions are certainly used for the ports.
  • the interior 22 of the burner 10, includes a diffusing surface which cannot be seen in the angle shown in FIG. 1.
  • An air and fuel mixture is supplied to the burner 10 in the direction of arrow A and flows into the open end of the burner 10 and into the interior 22 of the burner 10.
  • the air and fuel mixture then exits through the ports 20 in the directions of arrows B. While the directions of arrows B are only shown in right and left orientations, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the air and gas mixture will extend radially out through all of the ports 20.
  • An ignition device will ignite the air and fuel mixture and it will burn on the burning surface 12 of the burner 10. As the air and fuel mixture burns, heat will radiate radially out from the burner 10 in all directions similar to arrows B. Heat also moves by convection as the hot gases created by combustion move in the direction of arrows B.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a typical burner 10 located within a heat exchanger 54.
  • the burner 10 may be secured to the combustion device 55 via fasteners 52 connecting to the flange 16.
  • Fasteners 52 may connect directly to the combustion device 55 or in some embodiments as shown in FIG. 2 connect to the air/gas supply duct 64 configured to supply the air and fuel mixture to the burner 10.
  • the air and fuel mixture enters the burner 10 in the direction of arrows A.
  • the air and fuel mixture is diffused by the diffusing surface 24 in the interior 22 of the burner 10 and exits out the ports 20 in the direction of arrows B.
  • the air and fuel mixture is burned on the burning surface 12 generating heat for transferring to the heat exchanger 54.
  • the heat exchanger 54 includes tubes 56 shown in cross section which are filled with a fluid that flows through the tubes 56.
  • the burner 10 located in the combustion chamber 58 of the heat exchanger 54 is generally spaced from the tubes 56 in order for the tubes 56 to be located outside of the post-combustion zone 62. While combustion generally occurs on the combustion surface 12, chemical reactions still occur in the post- combustion zone. For example, in the post-combustion zone, CO is converted to CO 2 .
  • An example of a typical post-combustion zone 62 for a household appliance may be about two inches between the burning surface 12 and the tubes 56.
  • the size of the post-combustion zone 62 depends on many factors, including the size and capacity of the burner, the fuel used and rate of fuel bring burned and other factors.
  • the rate of the air and fuel mixture entering the burner 10 affects the burning characteristics, but also factors such as the temperature at which combustion occurs and the temperature of the post-combustion zone 62.
  • Another factor affecting the burning characteristics is feedback from acoustic resonance of the heat exchanger 54. Vibrations or resonance of the combustion chamber 58 sometimes referred to as acoustic feedback, also can affect the chemical reactions that occur in the post- combustion zone 62 and the combustion occurring on the combustion surface 12.
  • the combustion device 55, heat exchanger 54 and flow path shown by arrows E can be considered as a Helmholtz resonator creating acoustic resonance which can affect the chemical reactions occurring both in the site of combustion and the post-combustion zone. Such resonance can be difficult to control. The resonance can affect the combustion of the air and fuel mixture creating undesirable affects such as more NOx emissions, instability of the flame, or other undesirable burning characteristics. In addition, burners 10 may be tuned or controlled to work despite undesirable feedback rather than being tuned to reduce other undesirable characteristics.
  • a method of burning a gas includes: flowing a air and fuel mixture through a hole in a burner into an interior cavity in the burner; burning the air and fuel mixture on an interior surface defining, at least in part, the interior cavity; and moving heated gas from the interior cavity through a hole in the burner to outside the burner.
  • a burner in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, includes: a body defining an interior cavity; a burning surface located in the body and defining, at least in part, the interior cavity; a defusing surface located on an exterior portion of the body; ports on the body extending through the defusing and burning surfaces and configured to provide fluid communication between the interior cavity and ambient air outside the body; and an opening larger than at least one of the ports, the opening providing fluid communication between the interior cavity and a space outside of the body.
  • a method of reducing acoustic feed back to a combustion device creating a concentrated flow path for hot gases generated in a combustion device; locating a heat exchanger in the flow path for harvesting heat from the hot gases; and locating in the flow path between the combustion device and the heat exchanger one of: a gap, a connector diverging from the combustion device to the heat exchanger, and a connector converging from the combustion device to the heat exchanger.
  • FTG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a typical burner.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of a typical combustion device including a heat exchanger and burner.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a combustion chamber including a burner in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. X is a perspective view of a burner in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-section view of a combustion chamber containing a burner in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • the combustion chamber and burner are fluidly connected to a heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of a burner in accordance with the invention connected with a converging pipe to a heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section view of a burner in accordance with the invention connected with a diverging pipe to a heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 3 A burner 30 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the burner 30 is, in some aspects, similar to the burner shown in FIG. 1.
  • the burner 30 shown in FIG.3 has several key distinctions.
  • the burner 30 includes an interior burning surface 32.
  • the interior burning surface 32 may in some embodiments be made of refractory high temperature steel. Alternatively the burning surface 32 could be made of metal fibers or ceramics. Any suitable material may be used to comprise the burning surface 32 in accordance with the invention.
  • the burner 30 is generally cylindrical in shape with one end having a cap 34. Near the other end of the burner is a flange 36 having fastener holes 38 for attaching the burner 30 to a support structure.
  • the burner 30 includes ports 40 located on the cylindrical portion 41 as well as the end cap 34.
  • the ports 40 may be similarly sized to those described with respect to FIG. 1.
  • the width of the ports 40 may be approximately the same as the thickness of the material comprising the side wall 41 of the burner 30.
  • One example size of port 40 may be one half millimeter by five millimeters, however, any suitable size port 40 may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • the ports 40 may be sized according to the specific needs of a particular application.
  • the ports 40 provide fluid communication between the ambient environment outside of the burner 30 and the interior 42 of the burner.
  • the diffusing surface 44 On the outside of the burner 30 is a diffusing surface 44.
  • the diffusing surface 44 may be made of stainless steel, however, any suitable material may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • the burner 30 may be located in a pressure chamber 46.
  • the pressure chamber 46 shown in FIG. 3 is merely a representation and is not intended to describe specific geometry of a pressure chamber 46. Any suitable geometry may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • An inlet 48 provides an air and fuel mixture to the pressure chamber 46. The air and fuel mixture flows in the direction indicated by arrows C through the inlet 48 into the pressure chamber 46 and through the ports 40 into the interior 42 of the burner 30.
  • the inlet 48 and the pressure chamber 46 are pressurized to a positive pressure in order to drive the air and fuel mixture into the burner 30.
  • Some embodiments may include a fan or other means for pressurizing the inlet 48 and pressure chamber 46 upstream from the burner 30.
  • Other embodiments may include a fan or other pressure inducing device downstream from the burner 30.
  • the burner 30 may be used whether the air and fuel mixture is pushed or pulled through the burner 30. In embodiments where air and fuel mixture is pulled through the burner 30 one skilled in the art will appreciate that the air and fuel mixture may be supplied without a pressurized chamber 46. Any suitable means of providing the air and fuel mixture to the burner 30 may be accomplished in accordance with the invention. [0033] Once the air and fuel mixture has flowed in the direction of arrows C through the ports 40 into the interior 42 of the burner 30, the air and fuel mixture is burned in the interior 42 of the burner 30.
  • the air and fuel mixture may be ignited by any suitable igniter system.
  • the combustion of the air and fuel mixture occurs within the interior hollow cavity 42 defined by the burner 30. Once the air and fuel mixture has been burned in the burner 30 it escapes from the burner 30 out the opening 50 in the direction of arrow D.
  • the interior burning surface 32 may have a much larger surface area than the surface area of the opening 50. This characteristic is in contrast to the burner shown in FIG. 1, where the burning surface 12 is roughly the same size (as it is roughly the same area) as the area of heat release. On the burner 10 shown in FIG. 1, heat escapes in the direction shown by arrows B. The ratio of the burning surface 12 and the surface emitting heat 12 is roughly 1 to 1. [0036] With the burner 30 shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another burner 30 in accordance with the invention.
  • the burner 30 illustrated in FIG. 4 is box shaped.
  • the burner 30 has ports 40 similar to those described already above.
  • the air and fuel mixture enters the burner 30 through the ports 40 in the directions illustrated by arrow C.
  • the burner 30 illustrated in FIG. 4 may contain more than one opening 50 through which hot gases and heat may escape the burner 30.
  • Burners 30 may be in any shape having an interior cavity. Examples may include burners that are in the shape of a cylinder, a box, a sphere, torus, and a U shape. Other shapes, both regular and irregular, may be used. [0039] The burner 30 of FIG. 4 combusts the air and fuel mixture in the interior 42 of the burner 30 and vents the heat through the openings 50 in the direction of arrows D.
  • the air and fuel mixture provided a burner 30 includes more air than the stoichiometric required amount to achieve combustion.
  • the amount of air supplied to the burner 30 may be 1.1 to 1.5 times the stoichiometric required amount. In other embodiments other air and fuel ratios may also be used.
  • applying 1.2 to 1.3 times the stoichiometric required amount of air produces a blue flame within the burner. Using blue flame can reduce NOx emissions.
  • Certain burners 30 may achieve a few advantages by conducting the combustion inside the interior cavity 42 of the burner 30.
  • the modulation range of the burner 30 may be increased because when combustion is being conducted within a smaller space, the burner is less likely to experience flame out. If combustion along any portion of the burning surface 32 goes out for whatever reason (such as an anolomity in the delivery in the air and fuel mixture) rather than merely flaming out, the surrounding combustion can reignite the air and fuel mixture with respect to the individual port or portion of the burning surface 32 that was experiencing flame out.
  • Such a feature may allow the burner 30 to have increased reliability at higher air and fuel mixture speeds thereby increase its modulation range.
  • the modulation range may also be increased by allowing a lower amount of an air and fuel mixture to be provided to the burner 30 and the burner 10 still having reliable operation.
  • the burner 30 is able to sustain combustion when both less and more air and fuel mixture is applied to it, thus increasing its modulation range.
  • flame stability is also increased within the modulation range.
  • Burners 30 in accordance with the invention may have a modulation range at or beyond 10:1.
  • the flame may bs stabilized by the temperature profile. At very low air fuel mixture velocity when the flame is blue, flame stabilization occurs through the temperature of the cavity in the burner 30.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a burner 30 fluidly connected to a heat exchanger 66 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • the burner 30 is mounted in a pressure chamber 46.
  • the air and fuel mixture enters the pressure chamber 46 through the inlet 48.
  • the air and fuel mixture is at a positive pressure within the pressure chamber 46 and moves into the burner 30 via the ports 40.
  • Arrows C illustrate the direction of movement for the unburned air and fuel mixture.
  • the air and fuel mixture is burned within the interior chamber 42 of the burner 30 and moves in the direction of arrows D through the burner outlet 50 through the pathway 72 of the heat exchanger 66.
  • heat is moved from the hot gases through the side walls 67 into the fluid 68 to be heated.
  • the heat exchanging pathway such as the pathway 72 shown in FIG. 5, may be subject to acoustical vibrations and resonance.
  • Passage ways such as passage way 72 shown in FIG. 5 can be modeled as a Helmholtz resonator and amplify vibrations and/or acoustical resonance. The vibrations may result in acoustical feedback to a burner 30.
  • a gap 70 exists between the opening 50 of the burner 30 and the pathway 72 through the heat exchanger 66. The gap 70 may help prevent acoustical feedback to the burner 30. As hot gases moving through the passage way 72 they can create vibrations and acoustical resonance.
  • the gap 70 between the burner and the pathway 72 may reduce the amount of the acoustical resonance transmitted back to the burner 30. By reducing acoustical feedback to the burner 30, combustion can be better controlled within the burner 30.
  • other techniques for reducing acoustical resonance feedback to the burner 30 can include using a divergent or convergent tube to connect the burner 30 to the heat exchanger 66.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a combustion chamber 46 having a burner 30 where combustion is occurring. Hot gases flow in the direction illustrated by arrows D out of the burner 30 toward the pathway 72 through the heat exchanger 66.
  • the burner 30 connects via the flange 36 to the pressure chamber 46.
  • a convergent transition piece or tube 74 connects the interior of the burner 30 to the pathway 72 through the heat exchanger 66.
  • the convergent transition piece 74 may include flanges 76 and 78 similar to that described with respect to the burner 30 in order to allow the convergent transition piece 74 to connect to the pressure chamber 46 and the heat exchanger 66.
  • the divergent transition piece 80 includes a divergent transition piece 80 connecting the interior 42 of the burner 30 to the fluid path 72 within the heat exchanger 66.
  • the divergent transition piece 80 may be a tube having flanges 82 and 84 similar to those described above.
  • the flanges may include holes for providing fasteners to connect the divergent transition piece 80 to the heat exchanger 66 of the pressure chamber 46.
  • the flange 84 may also allow fasteners to connect to the flange 36 of the burner 30.
  • Any suitable way of attaching a divergent transition piece 80 or a convergent transition piece 74 as shown in FIG. 6 may be used in accordance with the invention and flanges are not necessary for all embodiments. [0052]
  • the transition pieces 74 and 80 reduce the amount of acoustic resonance generated in the heat exchanger 66 transmitted back to the burner 30.
  • Gaps 70 or convergent transition pieces 74 or divergent transition pieces 80 have been shown to be effective in reducing the amount of acoustical resonance in comparison to a transition piece where the interior diameter of the transition piece is the same as the fluid path 72 and the interior of the burner.
  • the gap 70 shown in FIG. 5 can be considered to be a divergent transition piece of infinite diameter.
  • none of the combustion of the hot gases occurs within the fluid path 72 of the heat exchanger 66 but rather the combustion as well as the post combustion zone occurs within the interior 42 of the burner 30. Keeping the post-combustion zone in the burner 30 can increase the temperature of the hot gases within the post-combustion zone.
  • the post-combustion zone 62 of FIG. 2 is not contained in the interior 42 of a burner. As such, it may not be as hot due to several factors.
  • the ratio of the combustion surface and the surface exiting hot gases in the burner 20 of FIG. 2 is about 1: 1.
  • the heat and hot gases are not concentrated as described above where the ratio of heat emitting surface and the combustion surface can be much higher.
  • the post-combustion zone 62 as shown in FIG. 2 may lose heat to the tubes 56 of the heat exchanger before all chemical reactions occur in the post-combustion zone 62.
  • a burner 10 in accordance with some embodiments of the invention maintain the combustion and post-combustion zone in the interior 42 of the burner 10. By keeping the combustion and post-combustion zones in the interior 42 of the burner 10, the heat and hot gases are concentrated. In addition, the hot gases are not able to lose heat to a heat exchanger until the hot gases have exited the post-combustion zone.
  • NOx emissions may be very low.
  • CO emissions may be at or lower than 10 ppm air free and NOx emissions may be at or lower than 10 ng/J.
  • a further advantage of a burner 10 according to some embodiments is that the heat and hot gases are easily directed to a desired pathway.
  • the heat can easily be directed to encounter a heat exchanger at a desired angle.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)

Abstract

Un brûleur inclut : un corps définissant une cavité intérieure ; une surface de combustion située dans le corps et définissant, au moins en partie, la cavité intérieure ; une surface de désamorçage située sur une partie extérieure du corps ; des orifices sur le corps s’étendant à travers les surfaces de désamorçage et de combustion et configurés de manière à fournir une communication fluidique entre la cavité intérieure et l’air ambiant à l’extérieur du corps ; et une ouverture plus large qu’au moins un des orifices, laquelle ouverture fournit une communication fluidique entre la cavité intérieure et un espace à l’extérieur du corps. La présente invention a également trait à un procédé de combustion d’un gaz et de réduction de la rétroaction acoustique dans un dispositif de combustion.
EP08768404A 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Procédé et appareil de stabilisation de flamme de gaz Withdrawn EP2315971A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2008/007361 WO2009151420A1 (fr) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Procédé et appareil de stabilisation de flamme de gaz

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2315971A1 true EP2315971A1 (fr) 2011-05-04

Family

ID=41416955

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08768404A Withdrawn EP2315971A1 (fr) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Procédé et appareil de stabilisation de flamme de gaz

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2315971A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102057221B (fr)
WO (1) WO2009151420A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1402900B1 (it) * 2010-11-24 2013-09-27 Worgas Bruciatori Srl Bruciatore ad elevata stabilita'
US20180112867A1 (en) 2015-04-17 2018-04-26 Bekaert Combusting Technology B.V. Inwardly burning surface stabilized gas premix burner

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2182047A1 (fr) * 1995-07-28 1997-01-29 Nicholas Pfeiffer Bruleur avec echangeur de chaleur interne
EP0844436A1 (fr) * 1996-11-26 1998-05-27 Worgas Bruciatori S.R.L. Brûleur à gaz
ITMO20010086A1 (it) * 2001-05-08 2002-11-08 Worgas Bruciatori Srl Metodo ed apparato per ridurre le emissioni di biossido di azoto (no2)in un apparecchio da riscaldamento senza canna fumaria

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2009151420A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102057221A (zh) 2011-05-11
CN102057221B (zh) 2014-04-02
WO2009151420A1 (fr) 2009-12-17

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