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EP2126013A1 - Compositions d'huile lubrifiante et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Compositions d'huile lubrifiante et leurs utilisations

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Publication number
EP2126013A1
EP2126013A1 EP07848575A EP07848575A EP2126013A1 EP 2126013 A1 EP2126013 A1 EP 2126013A1 EP 07848575 A EP07848575 A EP 07848575A EP 07848575 A EP07848575 A EP 07848575A EP 2126013 A1 EP2126013 A1 EP 2126013A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
carbon atoms
composition
hydrocarbyl groups
lubricating oil
ionic liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07848575A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Craig Ritchie
Kenneth Richard Seddon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Castrol Ltd
Original Assignee
Castrol Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Castrol Ltd filed Critical Castrol Ltd
Priority to EP07848575A priority Critical patent/EP2126013A1/fr
Publication of EP2126013A1 publication Critical patent/EP2126013A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
    • C10M137/12—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having a phosphorus-to-carbon bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
    • C10M129/28—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M129/38—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms
    • C10M129/40—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M133/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
    • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
    • C10M137/04—Phosphate esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
    • C10M2207/126—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/077—Ionic Liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C10N2030/41—Chlorine free or low chlorine content compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition, in particular, to a non-aqueous • lubricating oil composition and to an additive concentrate.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of an additive to reduce wear and/or to modify friction properties.
  • Lubricating oil compositions in general, comprise a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of at least one additive.
  • Additives frequently used in lubricating oil compositions include detergents, viscosity improvers, anti-oxidants, dispersants, anti-foam additives, friction modifiers and anti-wear additives.
  • Anti-wear additives are used in lubricating oil compositions to reduce the wear of components that are lubricated by the lubricating oil composition.
  • the anti-wear additives most commonly used in lubricating oil compositions for engines are ZDDPs (zinc dialkyldithiophosphates).
  • ZDDPs are a source of sulphated ash, sulfur and phosphorus which may poison catalysts in catalytic converters, which could result in a reduction in performance of the catalyst.
  • Ionic liquids have recently been shown to be potentially suitable for some lubricant applications.
  • An ionic liquid is an ionic material which, at atmospheric pressure, is in a liquid state at temperatures below 15O 0 C, particularly at temperatures below 100 0 C. Since they are comprised entirely of ionic material, ionic liquids possess virtually no vapour pressure. Therefore, in use, they generally present a low risk of atmospheric contamination, have no odour, and are likely to have a low impact on human health. Further, ionic liquids are generally non-flammable, thermally stable and liquid over a wide range of temperatures. However, due to their ionic nature, miscibility of ionic liquids in non-polar organic solvents, for example non-aqueous lubricant base oils, tends to be limited.
  • Some ionic liquids have been shown to be capable of use as lubricant base oils, as neat lubricants and as solvents in the synthesis of polyalphaolefin base oils.
  • Fluorine compounds such as salts of [PF 6 ] " , are also expected to be corrosive.
  • Liu et al in Wear 261 (2006) 1174 - 1179 describe a series of asymmetrical tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids and their evaluation as lubricants for steel/aluminium contacts where BF 4 " anions were used.
  • the liquid is an emulsion and in accordance with an additional preferred embodiment, the liquid can be a liquid crystalline or a mixture of a micro- to nanocrystalline solid with at least one ionic and/or at least one molecular liquid. It is stated that such liquids behave in some respects more like solids and this makes them especially well suited for use in the compression of gaseous substances. Also, according to this document, liquids that can be use can also be mixtures from at least one ionic compound with at least one molecular liquid. It is stated that in this context, the liquid can be an emulsion or liquid crystalline or a mixture of a micro to nanocrystalline solid with at least one ionic and/or at least one molecular liquid.
  • a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition comprising a minor amount of an additive and a major amount of a base oil characterised in that the additive is present in solution in the base oil and is a non-halide, non-aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C + A " having an atmospheric melting point in the range of -50°C to 250°C, preferably in the range of -50 0 C to 150°C, with the cation, C + , being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain hydrocarbyl group having greater than 4 carbon atoms and at least one short chain hydrocarbyl group having fewer carbon atoms than each of the long chain hydrocarbyl groups, and the anion, A ⁇ , comprising at least
  • the cation and the anion of the ionic liquid according to the present invention do not contain any halide atoms.
  • the ionic liquid is halide-free.
  • the ionic liquid defined herein may be used as an additive in a lubricating oil composition to reduce wear.
  • a base oil-soluble ionic liquid as an additive in a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition
  • a non-halide, non-aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C + A " having an atmospheric melting point in the range of -50°C to 250°C, preferably in the range of -50°C to 150°C, with the cation, C + , being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain hydrocarbyl group having greater than 4 carbon atoms and at least one
  • the ionic liquid defined herein may be used as an additive in a lubricating oil composition to modify friction properties.
  • a base oil-soluble ionic liquid as an additive in a non-aqueous lubricating oil composition comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of the ionic liquid in solution in the base oil, to modify the friction properties of the lubricating oil composition
  • the ionic liquid is a non-halide, non-aromatic ionic liquid which is a salt of general formula C + A " having an atmospheric melting point in the range of - 50°C to 250°C, preferably in the range of -5O 0 C to 150°C, with the cation, C + , being a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon
  • the present invention solves the technical problem defined above by providing an ionic liquid having a defined structure which imparts solubility in the base oil.
  • the defined non-halide, non-aromatic ionic liquid additive of the present invention is present in solution in the base oil in the non-aqueous lubricating oil composition of the present invention.
  • the ionic liquid of the present invention may be used as an anti-wear additive and/or a friction modifier in a lubricating oil composition. It is believed that the ionic liquids of the present invention do not produce (or produce less) undesirable decomposition products, for example, like those produced by ZDDPs (e.g. sulphated ash). Also, it is believed that the ionic liquids of the present invention will not produce toxic or corrosive compounds, unlike halide-containing ionic liquids.
  • the cation, C + is a quaternary phosphonium or quaternary ammonium ion having four hydrocarbyl groups, optionally containing heteroatoms, which hydrocarbyl groups do not all have the same number of carbon atoms, there being at least one long chain hydrocarbyl group having greater than 4 carbon atoms and at least one short chain hydrocarbyl group having fewer carbon atoms than each of the long chain hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the at least one short chain hydrocarbyl group of the cation has more than two fewer carbon atoms than each of the long chain hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups of the cation are preferably straight chain hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups of the cation may each have independently, up to and including 18 carbon atoms, more preferably, up to and including 16 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable long chain hydrocarbyl groups of the cation may each have independently, 6 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 6 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable short chain hydrocarbyl groups of the cation may each have independently, 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups of the cation may each have independently, at least one heteroatom, for example oxygen and/or sulfur.
  • the cation may have three long chain hydrocarbyl groups and one short chain hydrocarbyl group, or may have one long chain hydrocarbyl group and three short chain hydrocarbyl groups. Alternatively, the cation may have two long chain hydrocarbyl groups and two short chain hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the cation may be selected from the group consisting of tri-n-octyl(methyl) phosphonium, tri-n-octyl(methyl) ammonium, tri-n-hexyl(n-tetradecyl) phosphonium, tri n-hexyl(n-tetradecyl) ammonium, tri-n-dodecyl(n-butyl) ammonium, tri-n-dodecyl(n- butyl) phosphonium, tri-n-dodecyl(n-butoxyethyl) phosphonium, tri-n-dodecyl(n- butoxyethyl) ammonium.
  • Examples of quaternary phosphonium cations include tri-n-hexyl(n-tetradecyl) phosphonium; tri-n-dodecyl(n-butyl) phosphonium; and tri-n-dodecyl(2-n-butoxyethyl) phosphonium cations.
  • Examples of quaternary ammonium cations include tri-n- octyl(methyl)ammonium cation.
  • the anion may contain one or more heteroatoms, for example, sulfur and/or phosphorus.
  • the anion has at least one alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group which has at least four carbon atoms, but no aromatic groups.
  • the anion may have more than one alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group each independently having at least four carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl and/or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group or groups of the anion may be independently, branched- or straight-chain.
  • the anion, A " is selected from the group consisting of anions (a) to (c) defined herein.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently, alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl groups each having at least four carbon atoms and optionally containing at least one heteroatom.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may be branched or straight chain.
  • Preferred alkyl hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl groups each independently, having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 4 to 16 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 8 carbons atoms.
  • Particularly preferred alkyl groups include 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl.
  • Preferred alicyclic hydrocarbyl groups include alicyclic groups having 6 carbon atoms.
  • Particularly preferred alicyclic groups include cyclohexyl.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may be branched or straight chain.
  • Preferred hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl groups each having independently, 4 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 8 carbons atoms.
  • Examples of anions of this group include phosphinate anions, for example, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate and dicyclohexylphosphinate .
  • the optional at least one heteroatom may be at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus and combinations thereof.
  • suitable anions can include those of general formula [(R 3 O)(R 4 O)P(O)O] " wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently, alkyl or alicyclic hydrocarbyl groups each independently, having at least four carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms, for example, 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 3 and R 4 may each contain independently, at least one heteroatom, for example oxygen.
  • R 3 and R 4 may each independently be ether groups having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms, for example, 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Specific examples of anions of this group include phosphate anions, for example di n-butylphosphate and bis(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate.
  • Preferred anions of group (a) are those of general formula [(R 3 O)(R 4 O)P(O)O] " wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently, alkyl hydrocarbyl groups each independently, having at least four carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 18 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms, for example, 4 to 6 carbon atoms and wherein R 3 and R 4 may each contain independently, at least one heteroatom, for example oxygen.
  • Specific examples of anions of this group include phosphate anions, for example di n-butylphosphate and bis(2- butoxyethyl)phosphate.
  • Sulfosuccinate esters of general formula: R 1 OOCCH 2 CH(SO 3 OCOOR 2 wherein R and R are straight chain or branched chain C 4 to C 8 alkyl groups.
  • sulfosuccinate esters include dioctylsulfosuccinate and dihexylsulfosuccinate.
  • R is a straight chain or branched chain C 9 to Ci 7 alkyl or alkenyl group.
  • a suitable example of this group of anions is decanoate.
  • Aromatic hydrocarbyl groups are preferably not present in the anion.
  • the minor amount of ionic liquid is present in the lubricating oil composition at a concentration in the range of 0.1 to 10% by weight.
  • the base oil may comprise one or more base stocks each of which is any one of Groups I to V according to API standard 1509, "ENGINE OIL LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM", November 2004 version 15th edition Appendix E, which defines base stocks for base oils as belonging to one of five Groups as set out in Table 2 below.
  • phosphorus atoms are present in both the cation and the anion of the ionic liquid.
  • phosphorus atoms are present in the ionic liquid and the minor amount of the ionic liquid is present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount corresponding to no more than 0.05% by weight phosphorus based upon the lubricating oil composition.
  • Sulfur atoms may be present in the ionic liquid. If sulfur atoms are present in the ionic liquid, preferably the minor amount of the ionic liquid is present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount corresponding to no more than 0.2% by weight sulfur based upon the lubricating oil composition.
  • the lubricating oil composition may comprise at least one further additive component selected from the group consisting of detergents, viscosity improvers, antioxidants, dispersants, anti-foam and anti-wear additives.
  • the ionic liquid defined herein may be used as a friction modifier in a lubricating oil composition, in which case the lubricating oil composition will usually comprise one or more other friction modifiers.
  • Such friction modifiers may be present in lesser amounts than might be required to achieve a predetermined performance of the lubricating oil composition and/or such friction modifiers may be present in conventional amounts such that the lubricating oil has improved friction properties.
  • Suitable other friction modifiers may comprise oxygen-containing organic compounds, for example those selected from the group consisting of alcohols, esters and carboxylic acid derivatives.
  • Other friction modifiers may comprise organic molybdenum compounds for example molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates or molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates.
  • the other friction modifiers may be present in the lubricating oil composition at a concentration in the range from greater than 0 to 10% by weight, preferably in the range 0.1 to 10% by weight.
  • the low shear rate kinematic viscosity of the lubricant composition is in the range 3.8 to 100 cSt at 100 0 C, preferably 3.8 to 41.0 cSt at 100 0 C, most preferably 3.8 to 26.I cSt at 100 0 C.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention may be prepared by mixing the ionic liquid into the base oil and heating the mixture to 7O 0 C.
  • the ionic liquid may be mixed with the base oil as an additive concentrate.
  • an additive concentrate comprising a base oil-soluble ionic liquid as herein defined and at least one further additive selected from the group consisting of detergents, viscosity improvers, anti-oxidants, dispersants, anti-foam and anti-wear additives and optionally a solvent.
  • the additive concentrate comprises a base oil-soluble ionic liquid as herein defined, at least one other friction modifier and at least one further additive selected from the group consisting of detergents, viscosity improvers, anti- oxidants, dispersants, anti-foam and anti-wear additives and optionally a solvent.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is suitable for use as a lubricant in an ignition engine.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is suitable for use as a lubricant in transmissions and/or gears.
  • a method of operating a spark ignition engine or a compression ignition engine which method comprises lubricating said engine with a lubricating oil composition according to any one of the embodiments described herein.
  • Figures 1 to 3 are graphs showing the friction properties of lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention, in particular, Figure 1 shows Stribeck curves, Figure 2 shows friction coefficients using a Cameron-Plint apparatus, and Figure 3 shows friction coefficients according to high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) and a high temperature high frequency reciprocating rig (HTHFRR) tests.
  • HFRR high frequency reciprocating rig
  • HTHFRR high temperature high frequency reciprocating rig
  • ionic liquids ILs
  • This ionic liquid also called trioctyl(methyl)ammonium docusate, may be represented by the general formula I.
  • IL 1 was prepared by stirring a solution of trioctyl(methyl)ammonium chloride (404 g, 1.00 mol) and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate salt (454 g, 1.02 mol) in deionised water (1.5 L) in a round-bottomed flask using an overhead stirrer set at 450 rpm for 16 hour ' s at 60 0 C.
  • the product a pale yellow liquid, formed an upper phase in the reaction mixture, which was separated and washed a number of times with water (7 x 750 mL).
  • the product was dissolved in a minimum amount of dichloromethane and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
  • TL 2 was prepared by the following two step method adapted from that described in
  • Step 1 Dicyclohexylphosphinic acid (461 g, 2.0 mol) was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (100 mL) in a round-bottomed flask. An excess of sodium hydroxide (120 g, 3.0 mol) was dissolved in methanol (1.0 L) and was added slowly to the solution in small portions with stirring over a 30 minute period. After this time, a colour change of light yellow to dark yellow occurs. The product was then dried on a rotary evaporator giving a white solid of sodium salt of dicyclohexylphoshinic acid.
  • Step 2 Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (520 g, 1.0 mol) was dissolved in propanone (1 L) in a round-bottomed flask.
  • the sodium salt of dicylcohexylphosphinic acid (2.0 mol) prepared in step 1 was dissolved in deionised water (1 L) and was added slowly to the solution in small portions with stirring over a 10 minute period.
  • the solution was stirred using an overhead stirrer set at 450 rpm, for 36 hours at 25 °C.
  • the product was dissolved in a minimum amount of ethyl ethanoate and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate then dried on a rotary evaporator and then further dried by heating at 80 0 C, under vacuum at 1 mbar, to yield a pale yellow viscous liquid.
  • IL 3 was prepared by the following two step method adapted from that described in WO 02/079212 and Bradaric et al Green Chem. 2003, 5 , 143.
  • Step 1 Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (290 g, 2.0 mol) was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (100 mL) in a round-bottomed flask. An excess amount of sodium hydroxide (120 g, 3.0 mol) was dissolved in methanol (1.0 L) and was added slowly to the solution in small portions with stirring over a 30 minute period. After this time a colour change of light yellow to dark yellow occurs. The product was then dried on a rotary evaporator giving a white solid of the sodium salt of bis (2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid.
  • Step 2 Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (520 g, 1.0 mol) was dissolved in propanone (1 L) in a round-bottomed flask.
  • the sodium salt of bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (2.0 mol) prepared in step 1 was dissolved in deionised water (1 L) and was added slowly to the solution in small portions with stirring over a 10 minute period. The solution was stirred using an overhead stirrer set at 450 rpm, for 36 hours at 25 0 C.
  • This ionic liquid may be represented by the general formula IV.
  • IL 4 was prepared according to the following method. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (520 g, 1.0 mol) was dissolved in propanone (500 mL) in a round-bottomed flask-. An excess of sodium decanoate (388 g, 2.0 mol) was dissolved in deionised water (500 mL) and was added slowly to the solution in small portions with stirring over a 20 minute period. The solution was stirred using an overhead stirrer set at 450 rpm, for 16 hours at 25 0 C. The product, a pale yellow liquid, formed an upper phase in the reaction mixture, which was separated and washed a number of times with water (7 x 750 mL).
  • the product was dissolved in a minimum amount of propanone and dried under anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then dried on a rotary evaporator and then further dried by heating at 80 0 C, under vacuum at 1 mbar, to yield a pale yellow viscous liquid.
  • This ionic liquid may be represented by the general formula V.
  • V IL 5 was prepared according to the following method.
  • Tridodecylphosphine (270 g, 0.5 mol) was placed in a two-necked round-bottomed flask and was stirred under dinitrogen at 100°C. Then, using a dropping funnel, an excess of tributylphosphate (16O g, 0.6 mol) was added slowly to the tridodecylphosphine over one hour. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours under reflux conditions (210 0 C). The product formed was a pale yellow liquid, which was dried on a rotary evaporator and heated at 80 0 C under vacuum at 1 mbar, to yield a pale yellow viscous liquid. • Tridodecyl(2-butoxyethyl)phosphonium bis(2-butoxyethyl ' )phosphate (IL 6)
  • This ionic liquid may be represented by the general formula VI.
  • IL 6 was prepared according to the following method.
  • Tridodecylphosphine (270 g, 0.5 mol) was placed in a two-necked round-bottomed flask and stirred under dinitrogen at 100 0 C. Then, using a dropping funnel, an excess of tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (239 g, 0.6 mol) was added slowly to the tridodecylphosphine over one hour. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours under reflux conditions (21O 0 C). The product formed was a pale yellow liquid, which was dried on a rotary evaporator and heated at 80 0 C, under vacuum at 1 mbar, to yield a pale yellow viscous liquid.
  • Lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention were prepared by dissolving each of the above ionic liquids in Yubase 4 base oil, using ionic liquid concentrations of 5% by weight (for ILs 1 to 4) and 1% by weight (for ILs 1 to 6) based upon the lubricating oil composition.
  • a lubricating oil formulation using ZDDP was prepared using a secondary zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate available from Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation LZ 1371. Wear testing
  • the wear properties of the lubricating oil compositions were tested using equipment designed to mimic the contact between engine components.
  • the reciprocating component was held on the static wear surface and reciprocated at a frequency of 24 Hz. for 12 hours at 25O 0 C.
  • the reciprocating component was able to articulate to a small degree around its centre point and carried a load of 300 N. There was a 15 mm sweep stroke.
  • the lubricating oil composition under test was drip fed onto the wear surface at a rate of 3 ml/h. At the end of each test, the samples were cleaned with a nickel spatula and the wear volume loss determined to 2 significant figures using a Form Tallysurf apparatus.
  • the wear data obtained using lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention was compared with wear data obtained using the base oil alone, and a lubricating oil composition having a secondary ZDDP in place of ionic liquid.
  • the compositions used and wear data obtained are shown in Table 3.
  • the wear data in Table 3 show that the lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention reduced wear of the components lubricated by the lubricating oil composition.
  • the lubricating oils of the present invention reduced wear compared to the base oil alone and, in most cases; the wear rates are comparable to that obtained using 1% by weight ZDDP as the anti-wear additive in the lubricating oil composition. Friction Properties.
  • the friction properties of lubricating oil compositions prepared above were tested using an MTM ball on disc test, operated at 15O 0 C, with a ball load of 71 N.
  • the friction data obtained using lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention was compared with friction data obtained using conventional engine base oils alone and a lubricating oil composition having a secondary ZDDP in place of ionic liquid.
  • the compositions tested are shown in Table 4 and the Stribeck curves obtained from the tests are shown in Figure 1.
  • Stribeck curves shown in Figure 1 show that lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention have friction coefficients which are greater than the base oil, but lower than the formulation with ZDDP. Thus, not only are additives according to the present invention useful for wear, they also provide lower frictional properties than conventional ZDDP.
  • lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention generally exhibit a lower friction coefficient than secondary ZDDP.
  • ILs 1 to 6 are suitable for use as additives to modify the friction properties of the lubricating oil composition. This will enable a lubricating oil composition according to the present invention to be formulated, using such ionic liquids, in which other friction modifiers may be present in lesser amounts than might be required to achieve a predetermined performance of the lubricating oil composition and/or such other friction modifiers may be present in conventional amounts such that the lubricating oil has improved friction properties.
  • the friction properties of lubricating oil compositions prepared above were further tested using a HFRR and HTHFRR apparatus.
  • the friction data obtained using lubricant oil compositions according to the present invention were compared with friction data obtained using base oil alone and a lubricant oil composition having a secondary ZDDP in place of ionic liquid.
  • the test conditions used are shown in Table 6, the compositions tested are shown in Table 7 and the friction coefficients measured are shown in Figure 3.
  • the friction coefficients shown in Figure 3 demonstrate that as the test temperature is increased from 4O 0 C, the tested lubricant oil compositions of the present invention initially have a friction coefficient which is higher than that of the lubricant oil composition comprising ZDDP. However, at 8O 0 C ZDDP begins to decompose and the friction coefficient of the ZDDP-containing lubricant oil composition increases. Between 120 and 21O 0 C all of the lubricant oil compositions containing ionic liquids exhibit lower friction properties than the ZDDP-containing lubricant oil composition. Engine testing.
  • Lubricating oils according to the present invention were used as lubricants in an ignition engine in engine tests.
  • a base oil with additives was prepared by mixing a mixed Group I base oil with additive components to give a base oil with additives composition containing Group I base oil (93.37 wt.%), detergents (2.1 wt.%), dispersant (4 wt.%), antioxidant (0.5 wt.%) and anti-foam (0.003 wt.%).
  • Lubricating oil compositions were prepared by mixing ionic liquids or ZDDP into the base oil with additives as previously prepared and the resultant lubricating oil compositions were used to lubricate the ignition engine in engine tests.
  • the engine was a Nissan KA24E four-cylinder, 2.4-litre engine with three valves per cylinder operated via a single overhead camshaft and rockers. The engine was operated in each engine test for 100 hours according to a two-stage cycle under low-speed, light-duty engine conditions. The results are shown in Table 8.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition d'huile lubrifiante non aqueuse comprenant une quantité majeure d'une huile de base et une quantité mineure d'un additif qui est présent en solution dans l'huile de base et est un liquide ionique non halogénure, non aromatique qui est un sel de formule générale C+A-, le cation, C+, étant un ion de phosphonium quaternaire ou un ion d'ammonium quaternaire ayant quatre groupes hydrocarbyle, contenant éventuellement des hétéroatomes, lesdits groupes hydrocarbyle n'ayant pas tous le même nombre d'atomes de carbone, constituant au moins un groupe hydrocarbyle à chaîne longue ayant plus de 4 atomes de carbone et au moins un groupe hydrocarbyle à chaîne courte ayant moins d'atomes de carbone que chacun des groupes hydrocarbyle à chaîne longue, et l'anion, A-, comprenant au moins un atome d'oxygène et ayant un groupe de tête ionique lié à au moins un groupe alkyle ou hydrocarbyle alicyclique qui a au moins quatre atomes de carbone et éventuellement au moins un hétéroatome. Le liquide ionique peut être utilisé comme composant anti-usure dans une composition d'huile lubrifiante. Le liquide ionique peut être utilisé comme modificateur de frottement dans la composition d'huile lubrifiante. La composition d'huile lubrifiante peut être utilisée dans un moteur à allumage.
EP07848575A 2006-12-19 2007-12-17 Compositions d'huile lubrifiante et leurs utilisations Withdrawn EP2126013A1 (fr)

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