EP2198449A1 - Sonde tomographique grand angle a haute resolution - Google Patents
Sonde tomographique grand angle a haute resolutionInfo
- Publication number
- EP2198449A1 EP2198449A1 EP08838185A EP08838185A EP2198449A1 EP 2198449 A1 EP2198449 A1 EP 2198449A1 EP 08838185 A EP08838185 A EP 08838185A EP 08838185 A EP08838185 A EP 08838185A EP 2198449 A1 EP2198449 A1 EP 2198449A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- detector
- electrode
- tomographic
- probe according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/40—Time-of-flight spectrometers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0004—Imaging particle spectrometry
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improving the mass resolution of Large Angle Laser Tomographic Probes. It relates more particularly to the atomic probes called 3D atomic probes or "3D atom probe" according to the Anglo-Saxon name.
- the atomic probe is an instrument well known to those skilled in the art which makes it possible to analyze samples on an atomic scale. Many instrumental configurations related to this analysis technique are described in the book "Atom probe field Ion microscopy", Miller et al. Published in 1996by Clarendon Press / Oxford.
- the flight time is the time interval between an event triggering the pulling of the ion and its impact on the detector.
- the triggering event may be an electrical pulse carried on the electrode next to the sample or a pulse of a laser beam directed on the sample. Since measurement of the flight time is essential in the instrument to identify the ratio m / q of a detected ion, where m is the mass of the ion and q its electric charge, it is advantageous to increase the distance L between the sample and the detector to also increase the flight time. However, since the emitted ion beam is of divergent nature, a counterpart to this increase in the distance L is that a large part of the emitted beam can then escape the detector, the detector having meanwhile defined and necessarily limited dimensions.
- tomographic atomic probes there are in particular the atomic probes known in the literature under the name of "3DAP” or “TriDimensional Atom Probe” according to the English name or even under the name of "PoSAP” or “Position Sensitive Atom” Probe ".
- These probes are advantageously characterized by the fact that with such a detector both the moment of the impact, which measures the flight time of an ion, the position in a plane of this impact on the detector.
- such a measure is only really possible if the position of the point of impact of a given ion is unequivocally linked to its position in the sample analyzed. This condition results in the fact that two distinct trajectories of ions must not lead to the same point of impact on the detector.
- An object of the invention is to propose a solution for obtaining a tomographic probe, a pulsed 3D probe, a pulse probe laser in particular, simultaneously having a large angle of analysis (a large acceptance) and a large resolution in mass consecutive to a great length of flight.
- the subject of the invention is a tomographic atomic probe comprising:
- a sample holder for receiving a sample of material to be analyzed having an extraction zone of substantially pointed shape
- a detector sensitive in position and in time, of useful diameter D, and spaced from the sample by a distance L;
- An electrostatic lens composed of three electrodes, a first electrode or extractor disposed near the sample, a second electrode, an intermediate electrode and a third electrode, arranged between the intermediate electrode and the detector, the three electrodes having a symmetry; of revolution about the axis Oz passing through the tip of the sample and perpendicular to the plane P of the detector; and characterized in that the distance L being greater than 2.75 D, the respective potentials of the sample, the first electrode of the lens and the detector are such that the ions from the sample mounted on the sample carrier are attracted to the first electrode and to the detector; the sectional profile of the intermediate electrode, in a section plane rOz, defining three points M 1 , M 2 and M 3 with respective coordinates (r 1 , Z 1 ), (r 2 , Z 2 ) and (r 3 , Z 3 ) with respect to an origin Z 0 on the tip of the sample, which satisfy the following conditions, it being understood that the positive direction along the axis Oz goes from the sample to the detector:
- the detector or a gate disposed near the detector is at a potential equal to that of the extractor.
- the detector or a gate disposed near the detector, is placed at an intermediate potential between that of the sample and that of the extractor electrode.
- the diameter d of the opening of the extractor is adapted to intercept the peripheral portion of the emitted ion beam so as to block the ions having the most peripheral trajectories.
- the extractor comprises several diaphragms of different opening diameters, which can be alternately arranged at the central opening of the extractor.
- the different diaphragms are made on a mobile bar slidable in front of the opening of the extractor so as to place the desired diaphragm in front of the opening; the slide movement of the bar being automated.
- the three electrodes are configured and arranged in such a way as to leave a free space in the flight chamber sufficient to house a removable device for adjusting the probe.
- a second electrostatic lens is placed between the first electrostatic lens and the detector.
- the first electrostatic lens is configured to focus the least open paths near the median plane of the second electrostatic lens.
- the invention has the advantage of making it possible, for a given opening angle of the emitted ion beam and a given detector surface, to produce a tomographic atom probe, in particular a "3D" probe, having a length of analysis. significantly higher than existing probes.
- FIG. 1 an illustration of the general principle of operation of a conventional tomographic probe
- FIG. 2 a schematic illustration of a sample being measured adapted to a tomographic probe
- FIG. 3 an illustration of the physical principle of the measurement carried out by means of a tomographic probe
- FIG. 7 an illustration of the focusing device of the atomic probe according to the invention.
- FIG. 8 an illustration of an example of a beam obtained by means of the focusing device of the atomic probe according to the invention
- FIG. 9 illustration of another example of a focused beam obtained by means of the focusing device of the atomic probe according to the invention.
- FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 illustrations of an alternative embodiment of the atomic probe according to the invention.
- - Figure 13 the illustration of another alternative embodiment of the atomic probe according to the invention.
- a 3D tomographic atomic probe is intended to perform the analysis of a sample of material 1 1, atomic layer after atomic layer.
- it basically comprises a sample holder on which is mounted the sample 1 1 of the material to be analyzed and a detector 12 located at a predetermined distance L of the sample. It also comprises means (not shown in FIG. 1) for evaporating (tearing), in ionic form, the atoms constituting the sample of material analyzed and accelerating them so that the ions thus released follow a trajectory that brings each 13 ion evaporated to hit the surface of the detector 12 at a given point 14 determined by the position of this ion on the surface of the sample before tearing.
- evaporating tearing
- the probe also comprises a vacuum enclosure (not shown in FIG. 1), the potential of which is, for example, that of the mass of the system in which the probe takes place.
- a device comprising an ion source consisting of the sample 11, an analysis chamber, or flight chamber, of length L (analysis length) and a detector plane 12 whose dimensions cover a circular surface of diameter D.
- the electric field prevailing in the flight chamber takes variable values and may for example be zero. In the latter case, the ions propagate at constant speed inside the flight chamber.
- the detector At the arrival of an ion on the detector, it measures the position (x, y) on its surface of the point of incidence of the received ion. The detector also measures the "flight time", time counted from the moment corresponding to the tearing of the ion in question. A geometric correction is furthermore made to take into account the position of the point of impact in the calculation of the distance traveled between the tip and the detector. As a result, the position on the surface of the sample, occupied by the ion in question before it is torn off, is deduced in a known manner from the position of its point of impact on the surface of the detector, by application of a simple rule of projection.
- the detector 12 determines the instant of arrival of the considered ion, with respect to a known time reference, generally corresponding to the time at which the analysis began. of the sample 1 1.
- the measurement of this instant advantageously makes it possible to know the depth at which the ion was situated with respect to the initial surface of the sample and thus to achieve a true three-dimensional positioning of the atom at the origin of the ion considered in the sample 1 1 of analyzed material.
- the sample 1 1 is a piece of material having the shape of a substantially conical tip with an end forming a spherical cap of radius R variable during the analysis time.
- the tomographic analysis consisting in tearing off, evaporating one after the other, the atoms forming the layers of atoms constituting the material, the radius of this spherical cap 21, initially of given value R 1 , a value R 2 corresponding to the spherical cap 22, existing at the end of the analysis; the erosion of the tip leading at the same time an equivalent variation in the distance between the sample 1 1 and the detector 12.
- a tomographic atom probe can also be characterized, in known manner, by various parameters which are in particular its magnification G and by the potential difference V which must exist between the tip 1 1 constituting the sample and the input of the analysis chamber itself, potential difference responsible for the acceleration printed evaporated ions to cross the analysis chamber length L the electric field to be applied.
- the coefficient b which depends on the geometry of the instrumentation, tip, detector and vacuum chamber is typically between 1 and 2.
- the evaporated ions, by field effect, on the surface of the tip 11 are identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
- the rate of displacement of the ions is determined by the acceleration voltage of the ions according to the formula:
- V ' the mass of the ion will be determined according to the flight time, according to the relation:
- the mass resolution ⁇ M / M is proportional to the accuracy on the flight time ⁇ T / T, it is advantageous to have the greatest possible flight time T, and consequently the greatest distance L possible.
- the measurement of the flight time is essential in the instrument to identify the ratio m / q of a detected ion, m being the mass of the ion and q its electric charge, it is advantageous to increase the distance L between the sample and the detector to also increase the flight time.
- a device for focusing the beam of light. ions emitted by the sample 1 1 on the detector 12 constituted.
- This device may for example be constituted as illustrated in FIG. 4, by an electrostatic lens 41 such as an "Einzel” lens, a device well known in charged particle optics, placed between the sample 1 1 and the detector 12.
- an electrostatic lens 41 such as an "Einzel” lens, a device well known in charged particle optics, placed between the sample 1 1 and the detector 12.
- the "Einzel” lens consisting of three electrodes 42, 43 and 44, placed on the ion path and configured to make a portion of the trajectory of these ions prevail over an electric field which acts directly on this path.
- the electrodes constituting the lens are placed at the appropriate potentials.
- the "Einzel" lens may comprise a first electrode 42, placed in the vicinity of the sample 1 1, itself to ground, and then a second electrode 43 brought to a positive potential, then finally a third electrode 44 also grounded, so that at the exit of the lens, the ions continue their trajectories in a space without an electric field.
- the first electrode 42 also plays the role of the extraction electrode, or counter electrode, or local electrode, which is generally implemented in the tomographic atomic probes to locate the electric field that produces the initial acceleration evaporated ions from the sample.
- Such a focusing device advantageously makes it possible to limit the percentage of ions whose paths do not meet the detector. Nevertheless, its efficiency is generally limited by the fact that any electrostatic lens has what is called a spherical aberration which results in an overconversion of the outer region of the lens and a surfacing for the most eccentric trajectories which means that, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 (schematic sectional views) on two examples of lens configurations, the same point 51, 61 of the detector can intercept several distinct trajectories at once, which results in a problem of indeterminacy of the original position of an ion having struck the detector at this point.
- the probe according to the invention also comprises an accelerating electrode, or extractor, positioned near the sample and an electrostatic lens of the "Einzel" type for focusing the produced electron beam, consisting of three adjacent electrodes 71, 72 and 73, the first electrode of the "Einzel” lens being constituted by the accelerating electrode.
- the electrodes of the electrostatic lens are polarized so that, taking into account the respective polarizations of the sample and the detector, the evaporated ions are initially accelerated towards the detector, to be then subjected for a part of their path, corresponding to the crossing of the lens, a focussing electric field.
- the three electrodes are also preferably configured and arranged so as to provide the flight chamber with sufficient free space to house a removable device for adjusting the probe.
- the adjustment device may be for example a field emission ion microscope or "Field ion microscope" according to the English name.
- the zone of the detector may furthermore, according to the embodiment considered, be brought to an intermediate potential between that of the sample and that of the extracting electrode 71.
- the setting of the potential considered is carried out directly or via a grid disposed near the detector. According to an alternative embodiment, this potential is that to which the extractor is carried.
- the electrodes of the electrostatic lens consist of mechanical parts comprising a central opening and having a symmetry of revolution about a central axis, coinciding with the axis 74 joining the top of the tip forming the sample 1 1 of material to the detector 12 and perpendicular to the plane of the detector.
- the first electrode 71, or extractor, located near the sample 11 and acting as an extracting electrode is preferably a thin piece having a hole 78 for passing ions, a circular hole for example.
- the third electrode 73 of the electrostatic lens is any electrode, preferably of relatively small thickness and having a central opening 79 with a diameter greater than or at least approximately equal to the diameter D of the detector 12, so as to allow the propagation up to to the detector of evaporated ions, whatever the path taken by these ions in the lens.
- the second electrode 72 the central electrode of the lens, the latter has a shape for defining an internal space whose dimensions advantageously vary over the length of the electrode.
- the second electrode 72 comprises a first segment 71 1 adjacent to the first electrode 71 and having a cylindrical opening centered on the axis 74, of a radius r, adapted to the passage of the evaporated ion beam . It also comprises a second segment 712, having a cylindrical opening centered on the axis 74 and radius r 2 the radius r 2 adapted to the width of the beam being greater than the radius r- ⁇ . It also comprises a third segment 713, having a conical opening connecting the opening of the first segment to that of the second segment.
- the profile 75 of the inner surface of the second electrode describes a broken line passing through the three points M 1 (Z 1 , r-,), M 2 (Z 2 , r 2 ) M 3 (Z 3 , r 3 ).
- Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3 represent the abscissae on the axis 74 of the points M1, M2, and M3 with respect to an origin O of abscissa z 0 located at the level of the tip of the sample of material 11 and materialized in the figure by the intersection of axes 74 and 714.
- the parameters r 1; r 2 and r 3 represent the values of the radius of the opening at the point considered. These parameters are defined to meet the following conditions:
- Condition g) amounts to stating that all the points of the sectional profile 75 of the electrode situated between M 1 and M 3 must be situated outside the zone of the section plane delimited by the profile of a cone limited by the points M 2 and M 3 .
- the probe according to the invention makes it possible to increase very considerably the analysis length that can be used.
- the intensity of the focus remains as for it defined by the value of the bias voltages applied to the different electrodes of the focussing lens produced.
- the ion beam will be more or less focused, the objective being however that the focused beam covers the largest possible area on the detector.
- the focused ion beam may then, for example, take the form of the beam 81 illustrated in FIG. 8, or that of the beam 91 illustrated in FIG. 9, as the case may be. In the case of FIG.
- the beam 81 is obtained by applying, for example, a voltage of 13.7 kV to the second electrode 72 and carrying the first and third electrode to ground, the detector itself being grounded and the sample being itself brought to a voltage of 15 kV.
- the beam 91 is obtained by applying, for example, a voltage of 15.1 kV to the second electrode 72 and carrying the first and the third electrode to ground, the detector and the sample being, moreover, as in the previous case, carried respectively to the ground and to a voltage of 15 kV.
- the architecture of the atomic probe according to the invention corresponds to a basic common architecture, the probe according to the invention being able in practice to include certain variants corresponding to applications specific ones such as those presented in a nonlimiting manner in the following description.
- the first electrode 71 constituting the focusing lens, the extracting electrode comprises a central opening 78 equipped with a multiple aperture device.
- This device consists, as illustrated in FIG. 12, in an array of diaphragms 112 arranged to slide in front of the central opening 78 of the electrode 71.
- the diameters of the various diaphragms 11 1 of the strip 112, smaller than the the central opening 78, are defined so as to decrease more or less strongly the diameter of the orifice for passing ions emitted by the sample 1 1.
- the diameter of the opening 78 so as to let the entire emitted ion beam 81 pass or to eliminate from the beam the ions presenting the most peripheral trajectories, in particular to limit the width of the sample surface analyzed and therefore the opening angle of the corresponding ion beam that will be detected by the sensor.
- the diameter d of the opening of the extractor is thus adapted to intercept the peripheral portion of the emitted ion beam so as to block the ions having the most peripheral trajectories.
- the different diaphragms are arranged on the bar so that the distance between two contiguous diaphragms is sufficient so that, with the exception of the diaphragm used, all the other diaphragms are perfectly masked by the electrode.
- the positioning in the two dimensions perpendicular to the axis of the beam can, moreover, be carried out by a suitable mechanism, possibly controlled by a computer and disposed outside the chamber of the probe.
- FIG. 13 which illustrates a second variant embodiment of the probe according to the invention, is next of interest.
- the atomic probe according to the invention comprises a second focusing lens, of the lens type.
- the atomic probe according to the invention comprises, besides the three electrodes 71, 72 and 73 constituting the first lens, two complementary electrodes 132 and 133, the electrode
- the electrode 133 is brought to a potential substantially equal to that of the electrode 73, while the electrode 132 is brought to a potential allowing all three electrodes 73, 132 and 133 to constitute a second lens. electrostatic inside which reigns an electric field.
- the second electrode 72 of the first lens and the second electrode 131 of the second lens are brought to defined potentials for:
- the second lens constituted by the electrodes 73, 132 and 133, has no effect on the trajectories of small aperture.
- the electric field applied to the ion beam inside the second electrostatic lens may, depending on the case of use envisaged, be an accelerator or retarding field.
- Such a device can for example be obtained from a structure such as that illustrated in FIG. 13.
- the detector 12 being brought to the ground potential and the sample 1 1 to a potential of 15 kV, the extracting electrode 71 is then brought to ground as well as the electrodes 73 and 133, while the central electrode 72 of the first lens is brought to a voltage of 15.3 kV and the central electrode 132 of the second lens is brought to a voltage of 14.5 kV.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0707178A FR2922350B1 (fr) | 2007-10-12 | 2007-10-12 | Sonde tomographique grand angle a haute resolution. |
| PCT/EP2008/063462 WO2009047265A1 (fr) | 2007-10-12 | 2008-10-08 | Sonde tomographique grand angle a haute resolution |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2198449A1 true EP2198449A1 (fr) | 2010-06-23 |
| EP2198449B1 EP2198449B1 (fr) | 2018-01-24 |
Family
ID=39167016
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP08838185.0A Active EP2198449B1 (fr) | 2007-10-12 | 2008-10-08 | Sonde atomique tomographique grand angle a haute resolution |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8074292B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2198449B1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2922350B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009047265A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2938963B1 (fr) * | 2008-11-21 | 2010-11-12 | Cameca | Sonde atomique tomographique comportant un generateur electro-optique d'impulsions electriques haute tension. |
| DE112012004503B4 (de) * | 2011-10-28 | 2018-09-20 | Leco Corporation | Elektrostatische Ionenspiegel |
| JP6541798B2 (ja) * | 2015-04-21 | 2019-07-10 | カメカ インストゥルメンツ,インコーポレイテッド | 広視野アトムプローブ |
| US10614995B2 (en) | 2016-06-27 | 2020-04-07 | Cameca Instruments, Inc. | Atom probe with vacuum differential |
| JP6788731B2 (ja) | 2018-01-31 | 2020-11-25 | カメカ インストゥルメンツ,インコーポレイテッド | 複数の角度からの原子プローブ試料へのエネルギービーム入力 |
| US11087956B2 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2021-08-10 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Detection systems in semiconductor metrology tools |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100550270C (zh) * | 2003-06-06 | 2009-10-14 | 成像科学仪器公司 | 高分辨率原子探针 |
| JP4864501B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-28 | 2012-02-01 | 富士通株式会社 | 3次元アトムレベル構造観察装置 |
| US20070073364A1 (en) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-03-29 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Combined OCT catheter device and method for combined optical coherence tomography (OCT) diagnosis and photodynamic therapy (PDT) |
-
2007
- 2007-10-12 FR FR0707178A patent/FR2922350B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-10-08 EP EP08838185.0A patent/EP2198449B1/fr active Active
- 2008-10-08 WO PCT/EP2008/063462 patent/WO2009047265A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2008-10-08 US US12/682,700 patent/US8074292B2/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2009047265A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8074292B2 (en) | 2011-12-06 |
| WO2009047265A1 (fr) | 2009-04-16 |
| FR2922350B1 (fr) | 2009-12-04 |
| FR2922350A1 (fr) | 2009-04-17 |
| US20100223698A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
| EP2198449B1 (fr) | 2018-01-24 |
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