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EP1711093B1 - Procede et dispositif de distribution - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de distribution Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1711093B1
EP1711093B1 EP05701991A EP05701991A EP1711093B1 EP 1711093 B1 EP1711093 B1 EP 1711093B1 EP 05701991 A EP05701991 A EP 05701991A EP 05701991 A EP05701991 A EP 05701991A EP 1711093 B1 EP1711093 B1 EP 1711093B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dispensing apparatus
conduit
collar
inlet
inlet port
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP05701991A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1711093A1 (fr
Inventor
Stewart Robertson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1711093A1 publication Critical patent/EP1711093A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1711093B1 publication Critical patent/EP1711093B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K5/00—Holders or dispensers for soap, toothpaste, or the like
    • A47K5/06—Dispensers for soap
    • A47K5/12—Dispensers for soap for liquid or pasty soap
    • A47K5/1202—Dispensers for soap for liquid or pasty soap dispensing dosed volume
    • A47K5/1208—Dispensers for soap for liquid or pasty soap dispensing dosed volume by means of a flexible dispensing chamber
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K5/00—Holders or dispensers for soap, toothpaste, or the like
    • A47K5/18—Holders or dispensers for soap, toothpaste, or the like for both soap and toothpaste or the like; in combination with holders for drinking glasses, toothbrushes, or the like ; Toothpaste dispensers; Dental care centers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a dispensing apparatus , and particularly, but not exclusively, to a dispensing apparatus for dispensing flowable dentifrice materials onto a toothbrush head.
  • the task of cleaning teeth with a flowable dentifrice material such as a paste or gel involves the manual squeezing of a deformable tube to deposit the material onto a toothbrush.
  • a flowable dentifrice material such as a paste or gel
  • rigid tubes having a manually operated pump mechanism for dispensing the dentifrice material are also widely available.
  • dispensers employ lever and ratchet mechanisms, cantilever arm devices or operate utilising the force of gravity and a winder key dispensing device.
  • the conduit is resiliently deformable.
  • the respective inlet and outlet ends of the conduit are displaceable relative to each other to selectively vary the volume of the conduit between the inlet and outlet ports.
  • the inlet port is adapted to form a hermetically sealed connection with the opening of the container.
  • a collar for receiving the opening of the container and forming a hermetic seal is mounted on, and surrounds, the inlet port.
  • the collar is resiliently deformable.
  • the collar is annular in shape and has a substantially planar upper end surface, substantially cylindrical internal and external surfaces, and preferably a substantially planar lower end surface.
  • At least part of the internal surface of the resilient collar tapers inwardly from the upper end surface around its entire circumference to form a frusto-conical profile.
  • At least one upstanding annular sealing ring extends from the upper end surface.
  • each upstanding annular sealing ring is formed integrally with the resilient collar.
  • the resilient collar is made from a silicone material.
  • a substantially rigid housing surrounds the collar and the inlet port.
  • a radial flange portion projects inwardly from the lower peripheral edge of the housing.
  • the inlet end of the conduit proximate the inlet port is supported on the radial flange.
  • the inlet port is interposed between the conduit and the collar.
  • projections are provided on the exterior of the housing, said projections being releasably connectable to a wall-mountable casing such that the dispensing apparatus and the container are locatable within said casing.
  • a cradle member is pivotably and releasably mounted on the casing.
  • cam surfaces are provided on the cradle member.
  • cam surface engaging portions are provided on the outlet port.
  • the cam surface engaging portions are diametrically opposed projecting pins.
  • the cradle member has two sidewalls and a supporting surface adapted to receive a toothbrush head.
  • the supporting surface is provided with a push surface for selective engagement with the distal end of the toothbrush head.
  • the flowable material is semi-solid.
  • the flowable semi-solid material is dentifrice material.
  • the conduit is a bellows pump.
  • the inlet port is perforated.
  • the first one-way valve is an umbrella valve.
  • the second one-way valve is a duckbill valve.
  • Fig. 1 shows a dispensing apparatus sub-assembly comprising an inlet port 10 and an outlet port 12 separated by a resiliently deformable conduit in the form of a bellows pump 14.
  • An upstanding resiliently deformable collar 16 made from elastic silicone material is mounted on and surrounds the inlet port 10.
  • the collar 16 is annular in shape and has substantially planar upper and lower end surfaces 16a and 16b, and substantially cylindrical internal 16c and external surfaces respectively.
  • the transition surface 16d between the first end surface 16a and the internal surface 16c tapers inwardly around the circumference of the collar 16 to form a frusto-conical profile.
  • a substantially rigid housing 18 surrounds the resilient collar 16 and is provided with an inwardly projecting annular flange 20 around the periphery of its lower edge.
  • the end of the bellows pump 14 proximate the inlet port 10 is supported on the flange 20 within the housing 18 and the inlet port 10 is held interposed between the end of the bellows pump 14 and the lower end surface 16b of the resilient collar 16.
  • the resilient collar 16, the inlet port 10 and the end of the bellows pump 14 are fixed firmly at their respective joins by any suitable means for producing a hermetic seal, for example, by gluing or hot melt sealing.
  • Fig. 3 shows a modified collar 16 having a pair of upstanding annular sealing rings extending from its upper end surface 16a.
  • the sealing rings are formed integrally with the collar 16 and extend concentrically around the full circumference of its upper end surface 16a.
  • the height of the inner sealing ring is less than the height of the outer sealing ring.
  • the modified collar 16 of Fig. 3 is provided with a stepped internal surface with three different internal diameters.
  • the diameter of the cylindrical internal surface proximate the upper end surface 16a is reduced as compared to that of the central recessed portion of the collar 16.
  • the diameter of the cylindrical internal surface proximate the lower end surface 16b is yet greater again.
  • Figs. 4a and 4b show a further alternative embodiment of the dispensing apparatus sub-assembly wherein the conduit 14 has generally cylindrical sidewalls as opposed to concertina shaped walls.
  • the lower portion (proximate the outlet valve 24) of the walls of the conduit 14 shown in Fig. 4b are thicker than those of the upper portion of the conduit 14. The thicker walls of the lower portion cause the internal diameter of the conduit 14 to be reduced proximate the outlet valve 24.
  • Perforations 21 are provided in the inlet port 10 and an umbrella valve 22 selectively opens and closes to allow material to pass through the perforations 21 into the bellows pump 14.
  • the umbrella valve 22 fits within a recessed portion 17 formed at the lower edge of the internal surface 16c of the collar 16.
  • a duckbill valve 24 positioned within the outlet port 12 selectively opens and closes to allow flowable material to pass through and exit the bellows pump 14.
  • the selection of appropriate one-way valves at the inlet and outlet ports 10, 12 is important for effective operation of the dispensing apparatus.
  • the configuration of the umbrella valve 22 is such that it is appropriate for the suction of material into the conduit 14 whilst its profile is such that the valve itself does not substantially extend vertically into the conduit 14 (for example, see Fig. 5c ).
  • the duckbill valve 24 is particularly suitable for use at the outlet port 12 because it provides a directed and even flow of material with a clean cut-off thus eliminating or reducing any messy accumulation of dentifrice material thereon.
  • the sub-assembly of Fig. 1 is located within a wall mountable casing 26, which is fixable onto, say, a bathroom wall 28.
  • Projections 30 are provided on the exterior surface of the housing 18 and releasably receivable within corresponding grooves 32 on sidewalls of the casing 26. It will be appreciated that this arrangement facilitates removal of the sub-assembly from the casing for cleaning or replacement of parts.
  • a cradle member 34 is releasably and pivotably mounted on the casing 26 by means of protrusions 36 formed on its sidewalls 38, which locate in corresponding apertures in the casing 26.
  • the cradle member 34 has cam surfaces 40 formed on the periphery of each sidewall 38, which engage with diametrically opposed outwardly projecting pins 42 on the outlet port 12.
  • the cradle member 34 is provided with a substantially horizontal supporting surface 46, which joins the lower edges of the sidewalls 38 of the cradle member 34.
  • the supporting surface 46 is provided with a push surface 48 for cooperation with the distal end of a toothbrush head 44, as described below.
  • cover member 50 is substantially tubular in shape and may be formed from any suitable material, for example, plastics, ceramics, coated metals etc.
  • the bottom end of the cover member 50 is open-ended to enable the cover member 50 to slide over the assembled apparatus described above.
  • the top end of the cover member is closed.
  • a slit (not shown) may be provided in the cover member 50 to enable it to slide over wall-fixings 52 connecting the casing 26 to a wall.
  • An opening 54 is provided at the lower end of the casing and is positioned to correspond with the supporting surface 46 of the cradle member 34.
  • the opening of a container is located within the resilient collar 16 and the elastic nature of the silicone material forms a hermetic seal.
  • the frusto-conical portion 16d of the collar 16 facilitates coupling of the opening of the container with the inlet port 10.
  • the modified collar of Fig. 3 may be employed to assist in providing the hermetic seal.
  • the dispensing apparatus In order to dispense dentifrice material from the dispensing apparatus, the dispensing apparatus must first be primed to remove any air from within the conduit 14 and the toothpaste container. This is achieved by positioning the toothbrush head 44 on the supporting surface 46 of the cradle member 34 and applying a force in a direction corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the toothbrush. Such a force causes the toothbrush head 44 to push against the push surface 48 and pivot the cradle member 34 relative to the casing 26 about its protrusions 36.
  • the pivoting action of the cradle member 34 causes the projecting pins 42 on the outlet port 12 to slide up the cam surfaces 40 on the cradle member 34.
  • the pivoting of the cradle member 34 therefore causes the outlet port 12 to be forced upwardly towards the inlet port 10.
  • the bellows pump 14 is compressed longitudinally and progressively collapses to thereby reduce the volume between the inlet and outlet ports 10, 12 and expel air from the bellows pump 14 and the toothpaste container via the duckbill valve 24.
  • the cradle member 34 Upon withdrawal of the toothbrush head 44 from the push surface 48, the cradle member 34 returns to its initial position by virtue of the resilient nature of the bellows pump 14. It may be necessary to repeat this sequence several times to ensure that substantially all air is expelled from the bellows pump 14 and the toothpaste container.
  • any air in the bellows pump 14 will be replaced with dentifrice material as indicated in Fig. 5a and the dispensing apparatus is ready for use. Further pivotal movement of the cradle member 34 as described above will cause dentifrice material to be forced from the bellows pump 14 onto the underlying toothbrush head 44 as indicated in Fig. 5b .
  • the pivot point 36 of the cradle member 34 is positioned forward of the duckbill valve 24 and consequently the toothbrush travels upwards during the pivoting motion. Such a motion causes the toothbrush head to 'follow' the duckbill valve upwards and aids accurate placement of the dentifrice material onto the toothbrush head 44.
  • the resilient nature of the bellows pump 14 Upon removal of the toothbrush head 44 from the cradle member 34, the resilient nature of the bellows pump 14 returns the apparatus to its original position. As illustrated in Fig. 5c , during the return motion, further dentifrice material is drawn into the bellows pump 14 through the open umbrella valve 22 due to the pressure differential between the inside of the toothpaste container and the inside of the bellows pump.
  • the push stop 48 on the cradle member 34 is also positioned forward of the duckbill valve 24 such that the dentifrice material is deposited along the length of the toothbrush head 44 from its distal end to its handle end.
  • the maximum distance through which the toothbrush head 44 can pivot therefore corresponds to the length of a standard toothbrush head. Accordingly, the amount of dentifrice material dispensed from the duckbill valve 24 onto the toothbrush head 44 may be dictated by the degree to which the cradle member 34 is pivoted and/or the incline of the contours of the cam surfaces 40.
  • the dispensing apparatus of the present invention can be easily disassembled for cleaning purposes or for replacement of parts.
  • the cradle member 34 may be disconnected from the casing 26 by manually pinching the sidewalls 38 toward each other thereby moving the protrusions 36 out of engagement from their corresponding apertures.
  • the rigid housing 18 can be removed from the casing 26 by sliding its projections 30 out of engagement with the corresponding grooves 32 formed in the sidewall of the casing 26.
  • the apparatus of the present invention can be operated by only one hand and therefore provides a simple, effective and convenient means of dispensing dentifrice material onto a toothbrush.
  • the features of the invention are particularly advantageous for children, the disabled or the elderly who may find conventional means of dispensing dentifrice material onto a toothbrush difficult to operate.
  • the dispenser need not be used exclusively for dentifrice material and could equally be adapted to dispense a variety of different semi-solids or fluids, for example, creams, hand-wash, mousse, shaving gel, hair gel, washing up liquid and the like.
  • the conduit need not be in the form of a bellows pump and the volume varying means may act in a transverse rather than a longitudinal direction.
  • the cradle member may be adapted to correspond with the material being dispensed. For example, if material were intended to be dispensed onto a hand (i.e. soap or shaving foam) then an appropriately shaped cradle member would be employed.
  • Alternative one-way valves could be used at either end of the conduit and the collar could include a threaded aperture to receive a correspondingly threaded neck of a container.
  • dispensing apparatus of the present invention has been described as being fixed on a wall in a vertical orientation, it could equally be adapted to operate in other orientations.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (20)

  1. Appareil de distribution comprenant un orifice d'entrée (10) destiné à se coupler à une ouverture filetée d'un conteneur déformable contenant de la matière formant dentifrice fluide, et un orifice de sortie (12) par l'intermédiaire duquel la matière est distribuée ; les orifices d'entrée et de sortie (10, 12) étant séparés par un conduit (14) ; un premier clapet de non-retour (22) positionné au niveau de l'orifice d'entrée (10) afin de permettre le passage de la matière formant dentifrice du conteneur dans le conduit (14), et un deuxième clapet de non-retour (24) positionné au niveau de l'orifice de sortie (12) afin de permettre le passage de la matière formant dentifrice depuis le conduit (14) ; et un moyen pour faire varier de façon sélective le volume du conduit entre les orifices d'entrée et de sortie (10, 12) afin de pomper la matière formant dentifrice ; l'appareil comprenant de plus un collier annulaire déformable de façon résiliente (16) monté sur l'orifice d'entrée (12) et entourant celui-ci pour recevoir de façon étanche l'ouverture du conteneur, ledit collier (16) ayant une surface d'extrémité supérieure substantiellement plane (16a) et des surfaces interne (16c) et externe substantiellement cylindriques ; caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une bague d'étanchéité annulaire droite formée de façon solidaire s'étend depuis ladite surface d'extrémité supérieure plane (16a) du collier (16) afin de former un joint étanche hermétique entre le collier (16) et ladite ouverture filetée.
  2. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le conduit (14) peut être déformé de façon résiliente.
  3. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel les extrémités entrée et sortie respectives du conduit peuvent être déplacées l'une par rapport à l'autre afin de faire varier de façon sélective le volume du conduit (14) entre les orifices d'entrée et de sortie (10, 12).
  4. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe lesquelles des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel au moins une partie de la surface interne du collier résilient (16) s'effile vers l'intérieur depuis la surface d'extrémité supérieure (16a) sur sa circonférence tout entière afin de former un profil tronconique (16d).
  5. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe lesquelles des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel le collier résilient (16) est réalisé à partir d'une matière silicone.
  6. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe lesquelles des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel une enveloppe substantiellement rigide (18) entoure le collier (16) et l'orifice d'entrée (10).
  7. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 6, dans lequel une portion formant flasque radial (20) fait saillie vers l'intérieur depuis le bord périphérique inférieur de l'enveloppe (18).
  8. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 7, dans lequel l'extrémité entrée du conduit (14) à proximité de l'orifice d'entrée (10) est en appui sur le flasque radial (20).
  9. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 8, dans lequel l'orifice d'entrée (10) est interposé entre le conduit (14) et le collier (16).
  10. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe lesquelles des revendications 6 à 9, dans lequel des saillies (30) sont fournies sur l'extérieur de l'enveloppe (18), lesdites saillies (30) pouvant être raccordées de façon libérable à une gaine (26) montable sur une paroi de telle sorte que l'appareil de distribution et le conteneur puissent être situés à l'intérieur de ladite gaine (26).
  11. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 10, dans lequel un élément formant berceau (34) est monté sur la gaine (26) de façon à pouvoir pivoter et être libéré.
  12. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 11, dans lequel des surfaces de came (40) sont fournies sur l'élément formant berceau (34).
  13. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 12, dans lequel des portions se mettant en prise avec les surfaces de came (42) sont fournies sur l'orifice de sortie (12).
  14. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 13, dans lequel les portions se mettant en prise avec les surfaces de came (42) sont des pattes faisant saillie diamétralement opposées.
  15. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe lesquelles des revendications 11 à 14, dans lequel l'élément formant berceau (34) présente deux parois latérales (38) et une surface d'appui (46) adaptée pour recevoir une tête de brosse à dents.
  16. Appareil de distribution selon la revendication 15, dans lequel la surface d'appui (46) est pourvue d'une surface de poussée (48) destinée à une mise en prise sélective avec l'extrémité distale de la tête de brosse à dents.
  17. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, dans lequel le conduit (14) est une pompe à soufflet.
  18. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, dans lequel l'orifice d'entrée (10) présente des perforations (21).
  19. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, dans lequel le premier clapet de non-retour (22) est un clapet parapluie.
  20. Appareil de distribution selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, dans lequel le deuxième clapet de non-retour (24) est un clapet bec de canard.
EP05701991A 2004-01-22 2005-01-21 Procede et dispositif de distribution Expired - Lifetime EP1711093B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB0401361.1A GB0401361D0 (en) 2004-01-22 2004-01-22 Dispenser
PCT/GB2005/000229 WO2005070272A1 (fr) 2004-01-22 2005-01-21 Procede et dispositif de distribution

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1711093A1 EP1711093A1 (fr) 2006-10-18
EP1711093B1 true EP1711093B1 (fr) 2008-11-19

Family

ID=31971258

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05701991A Expired - Lifetime EP1711093B1 (fr) 2004-01-22 2005-01-21 Procede et dispositif de distribution

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20070157991A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1711093B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE414455T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602005011103D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB0401361D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005070272A1 (fr)

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KR100701499B1 (ko) * 2006-01-11 2007-03-29 김길수 펌핑 장치를 일체화한 고무제 유체 분사 뚜껑
US7845361B1 (en) * 2006-11-08 2010-12-07 Knight, Llc Design and method for a dripless liquid wash aid pumping mechanism
DE102007049367A1 (de) 2007-10-08 2009-04-09 Thomas Grbesic Dosiervorrichtung
US7874463B2 (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-01-25 Gojo Industries, Inc. Dispenser with collapsible dispensing tube
US8353428B2 (en) * 2009-07-21 2013-01-15 Fres-Co System Usa, Inc. Volumetric metering fitment and package including the same
US8387834B2 (en) * 2009-09-10 2013-03-05 Gojo Industries, Inc. Dispenser with collapsible dispensing tube
KR101263787B1 (ko) 2010-08-11 2013-05-10 이희경 치약 공급장치
DE102011014169A1 (de) * 2011-03-16 2012-09-20 Hübner GmbH Pumpeinrichtung für ein Behältnis für flüssige, pastöse oder aufschäumbare Hautreinigungs- und Pflegepräparate
FR2990871B1 (fr) * 2012-05-24 2015-04-10 Valois Sas Dispositif de distribution de produit fluide.
US8550131B1 (en) * 2013-01-02 2013-10-08 Liquid Squeeze, LLC Liquid dispensing device, system and method
WO2017050390A1 (fr) * 2015-09-25 2017-03-30 Sca Hygiene Products Ab Pompe de distribution de fluides
CA2999189A1 (fr) 2015-09-25 2017-03-30 Sca Hygiene Products Ab Pompe a ressort polymere
CN108294674B (zh) * 2017-12-12 2019-12-20 江西炫尼诗科技有限责任公司 一种用于牙齿护理的自动挤压牙膏装置
US10932626B2 (en) * 2017-12-15 2021-03-02 PresentCare Inc. Squeezable fluid dispenser
USD951437S1 (en) 2018-10-17 2022-05-10 PresentCare, Inc. Fluid dispenser
US11904330B2 (en) * 2022-02-28 2024-02-20 L'oreal Cosmetic dispenser with accordion bladder valve system
US11860017B2 (en) 2022-02-28 2024-01-02 L'oreal Cosmetic dispenser with bladder valve system

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IT1084192B (it) * 1977-08-30 1985-05-25 Selman Di Crespi Carlo & Ferra Dispositivo dosatore per pasta dentifricia o altro materiale pastoso
US4303110A (en) * 1979-12-05 1981-12-01 Chen Jason K S Toothpaste dispenser
US4646945A (en) * 1985-06-28 1987-03-03 Steiner Company, Inc. Vented discharge assembly for liquid soap dispenser
GB2224320B (en) * 1988-08-30 1993-02-17 James White Loudon Dispenser of semi-solid material onto a toothbrush.
US4978036A (en) * 1988-11-15 1990-12-18 Koller Enterprises, Inc. Dispensing valve
IT221905Z2 (it) * 1991-06-06 1994-12-06 Q T S Srl Gruppo erogatore per apparecchi distributori di sapone liquido
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US6142343A (en) * 1998-12-30 2000-11-07 Steris Inc Cap and dust cover for an antiseptic soap dispenser
US6715521B2 (en) * 2001-12-21 2004-04-06 Josephine Sue Ching Back Toothpaste dispensing unit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1711093A1 (fr) 2006-10-18
US20070157991A1 (en) 2007-07-12
DE602005011103D1 (de) 2009-01-02
WO2005070272A1 (fr) 2005-08-04
GB0401361D0 (en) 2004-02-25
ATE414455T1 (de) 2008-12-15

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