EP1622864A1 - Method for producing granulated ammonium nitrile - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing granulated ammonium nitrile consisting in granulating ammonium nitrile with a binder, possibly with another additive, in a pneumatically produced fluidised bed and in simultaneously drying the thus obtained granules.

Description

Process for the preparation of granulated ammonium nitriles

The invention relates to a process for the production of bleach activator granules from one or more ammonium nitriles, wherein the ammonium nitrile is granulated together with a binder and, if appropriate, further additives in the presence of water in a pneumatically generated fluidized bed and dried at the same time. The fluidized bed granules are characterized by a very uniform morphology, high abrasion resistance, good storage stability and high active substance contents.

Bleach activators are important components in compact detergents, stain removers and machine dishwashing detergents. Conventional bleach activators at 40 ° C to 60 ° C enable a bleaching result comparable to that of boilers by reacting with hydrogen peroxide donors (mostly perborates, percarbonates, persilicates and perphosphates) to release an organic peroxycarboxylic acid.

The achievable bleaching result is determined by the type and reactivity of the peroxycarboxylic acid formed, the structure of the bond to be hydrolyzed, and the water solubility of the bleach activator. Many substances are known in the art as bleach activators. Usually these are reactive organic compounds with an O-acyl or N-acyl group, already in the washing powder mixture, favored by the residual moisture present, with the bleaching agent, e.g. Sodium perborate can react if both components are unprotected.

Representative examples of bleach activators are, for example, N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), nonanoylcaprolactamphenylsulfonate ester (APES), glucose pentaacetate (GPA), xylose tetraacetate (TAX), acyloxybenzenesulfonate (e.g. nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (4-nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate ( SBOBS), sodium trimethylhexanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (STHOBS)), diacetyldioxohexahydrotriazine (DADHT), tetraacetylglucoluril (TAGU), tetraacetylcyanoic acid (TACA), di-N-acetyldimethylglyoxin (ADMG) and 1-phenyl-3-acetylhydantoin (PAH) and nitrilotriacetate. These bleach activators have the greatest efficiency in the temperature range from 40 ° C to 60 ° C.

Ammonium nitriles ("nitrile quats") form a special class of cationic bleach activators. Compounds of this type develop their effects at low temperatures in the range from 10 ° C to 50 ° C. The preparation of nitrile quats and their use as bleach activator in bleaching agents are described in EP-A-0 303 520, EP-A-0 464 880, EP-A-0 458 396, EP-A-0 897 974 and EP-A-0 790 244.

WO 98/23531, WO 00/58273 and WO 00/36061 describe that ammonium nitriles, in particular cyclic ammonium nitriles, are converted into a solid form for incorporation into solid detergents and cleaning agents by adding a carrier material with the largest possible surface area, for example silica an aqueous ammonium nitrile solution is stirred in or the aqueous solution is sprayed or mixed onto the carrier and the resulting mixture is dried in vacuo at elevated temperatures. The granules or particles described in the documents have water contents of up to 20% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight. The hygroscopicity and consequently the storage stability of these products, in particular the linear ammonium nitriles in the event of fluctuating air humidity, and the partial decomposition of the hydrolysis-sensitive ammonium nitriles during the thermal drying process are unsatisfactory.

EP 1 122 300 describes bleaching agents which contain an ammonium nitrile as a bleach activator, optionally in a mixture with other bleach activators, for example alkanoyloxybenzenesulfonic acid or tetraacetylethylene diamine, and an inorganic peroxide and an alkali metal carbonate. The document does not teach how the sensitivity to hydrolysis of ammonium nitriles can be minimized. All of the methods for packaging ammonium nitriles described so far do not satisfactorily meet the requirements for agents with good bleaching action over a wide temperature range and high storage stability of solid particles with high active ingredient contents.

It was therefore the task of making up nitrile quats, if appropriate with further bleach activators and additives, in such a way that they are stable in storage and can be incorporated into detergent and cleaning agent formulations without problems.

The invention relates to a process for the production of granulated ammonium nitriles, characterized in that an ammonium nitrile is granulated together with a binder and optionally a further additive in the presence of water in a pneumatically generated fluidized bed and dried at the same time.

According to the invention, ammonium nitriles of the formula 1

R ³ R ⁵

are granulated, wherein R ^1, R ^2, R ³ are identical or different and are linear or branched _Cι-C24 alkyl groups, C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl or Cι-C - C _alkoxy-Cι-4 -Alkylgruppen, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, or wherein R ¹ and R ² together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring with 4 to 6 carbon atoms, the -C-C ₅ alkyl, CrCs-alkoxy , D- to Cs-alkanoyl, phenyl, amino, ammonium, cyano, cyanamino, chlorine or bromine can be substituted and in addition to the nitrogen atom instead of carbon atoms one or two oxygen or nitrogen atoms, a group N- R ⁶ or a group R ³ -NR ^{6 can} contain, wherein R ^{6 is} hydrogen, d- to C ₅ - Is alkyl, C ₂ - to C ₅ -alkenyl, C ₂ - to C ₅ -alkynyl, phenyl, C ₇ - to C ₉ -arylalkyl, C ₅ - to C ₇ -cycloalkyl, C to Cβ-alkanoyl, cyanomethyl or cyan , R ⁴ and R ⁵ are hydrogen, C ₄ alkyl, -C ₄ alkenyl, _{Cι-C4-alkoxy-Cι-C 4} alkyl, phenyl or Cι-C ₃ alkylphenyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or phenyl , in particular R ^{4 being} hydrogen if R ^{5 is} not hydrogen, and A for an anion, for example chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, phosphate, mono- and di-hydrogen phosphate, pyrophosphate, metaphosphate , Nitrate, methyl sulfate, phosphonate, methyl phosphonate, methane disulfonate, methyl sulfonate, ethanesulfonate or for an anion of the formulas R ⁷ SO ₃ ^θ , R ⁷ SO ₄ ^θ or R ⁷ COO ^θ , where R ⁷ C-ι-C ₂ o-, preferably Cio-Cis-alkyl, and additionally also means Ci-Ci _δ -alkylphenyl. Especially preferred are cumene sulfonate and Cι _{2 /} ι ₈ alcohol sulphate as the anion.

Ammonium nitriles of the formula 2 are preferred

R ³

where R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 represent} a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms or substituted or unsubstituted benzyl and A represents any charge-balancing ion, for example chloride, Bromide, iodide, fluoride, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, phosphate, mono- and di-hydrogen phosphate, pyrophosphate, metaphosphate, nitrate, methyl sulfate, phosphonate, methyl phosphonate, methane disulfonate, methyl sulfonate,

Ethanesulfonate or for an anion of the formulas R ⁷ SO ₃ ^θ , R ⁷ SO ₄ ^θ or R ⁷ COO ^θ , where R ^{7 has} the meanings given above. Cumene sulfonate and C _{2 /} i ₈ alcohol sulfate are particularly preferred as anions. Compounds according to formula 2 in which R ¹ , R ² and R ³ each represent a methyl group are particularly preferred. The charge-balancing anion can be any, preferably chloride or methosulfate or a mixture of different anions, for example chloride or methosulfate and cumene sulfonate and / or lauryl sulfate and / or fatty acid alkyl carboxylates.

In a preferred embodiment, the ammonium nitriles are mixed together with further (second) bleach activators. These other bleach activators are solid and naturally have a different structure than the ammonium nitriles. N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), nonanoylcaprolactamphenylsulfonate ester (APES), glucose pentaacetate (GPA), xylose tetraacetate (TAX), acyloxybenzenesulfonate (e.g. nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate ( SBOBS), sodium trimethyl hexanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (STHOBS)), diacetyldioxohexahydrotriazine (DADHT), tetraacetylglucoluril (TAGU),

Tetraacetylcyanoic acid (TACA), di-N-acetyldimethylglyoxin (ADMG), 1-phenyl-3-acetylhydantoin (PAH), nitrilotriacetate (NTA). The preferred co-bleach activator is TAED.

The total amount of all bleach activators, i.e. The mixture of ammonium nitrile and further bleach activators, based on the finished, dry, uncoated granules, is generally 25 to 70% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight, in particular 45 to 55% by weight. The proportion by weight of ammonium nitrile alone, based on the finished, dry, uncoated granules, is generally 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 10 to 40% by weight, particularly preferably 15 to 35% by weight.

Suitable binders are cellulose and starch and their ethers or esters, for example carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl cellulose (MC) or hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and the corresponding starch derivatives, but also film-forming polymers, for example polyacrylic acids or their salts. Powdery anionic components, in particular alkanesulfonates, are also particularly suitable as binders in the sense of this invention. Alkyl aryl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, especially cumene, xylene, toluenesulfonate, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, α-olefin sulfonates and soaps. The amount of binder, based on the finished granules, can be 1 to 45% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight.

In a preferred embodiment, the granules according to the invention additionally contain further additives, preferably acid additives, which reduce the hygroscopicity and sensitivity to hydrolysis of the ammonium nitrile. As acidic additives are suitable sulfuric acid, sodium hydrogen sulfate, phosphoric acid, sodium hydrogen phosphate, phosphonic acids and their salts, carboxylic acids or their salts such as citric acid, in anhydrous or hydrated form, glycolic acid, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, adipic anhydride, maleic acid, maleic anhydride or lactic acid , but also acidic polymers. Particularly suitable acidic additives are polyacrylic acid, polymaleic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid (Sokalan ^® types).

The amount of acidic additive is such that the proportion of the acidic additive in the finished granulate is approximately 0 to 30% by weight, preferably 1 to 20% by weight, in particular 10 to 18% by weight.

The process according to the invention can in principle be carried out by metering all components separately or together in solid form into the fluidized bed apparatus and adding water for the granulation. Another possibility is that all components are entered into the fluidized bed apparatus separately or together in the form of aqueous solutions or suspensions. In practice, various variants of these methods are preferred, as described below. Since the ammonium nitriles are hygroscopic and therefore difficult to isolate in solid form, it is advisable to use these ammonium nitriles in the invention

To use granulation in the form of an aqueous solution, as is obtained in the synthesis of these ammonium compounds. Additional additional bleach activators that are not ammonium nitriles, as well as binders and If appropriate, acidic additives can then be metered in either in solid form, dissolved in the aqueous solution of the ammonium nitriles or as a separate aqueous solution.

In a preferred embodiment, an aqueous spray slurry is made

Ammonium nitrile, another bleach activator, binders and acidic additive, produced at room temperature, in a stirred tank with stirring with a (mobile) Ultra-Turrax, optionally heated to a temperature of 25 ° C to 85 ° C, using a suitable pump (e.g. peristaltic pump ) pumped to the nozzle and sprayed into the fluidized bed from below.

For example, a spray slurry can be granulated in this way, each containing 25 to 30% by weight, preferably 27.8% by weight of ammonium nitrile, Na-cumene sulfonate and TAED, and 15 to 20% by weight, preferably 16.7% by weight. -% Sokalan CP45 contains, calculated as the active ingredient content of the respective components in the final granulate. This process variant, i.e. the entry of all components in the form of an aqueous spray slurry can be carried out in both round and rectangular fluidized bed apparatus.

According to another preferred embodiment, only part of the second sheet metal catalyst is metered into the spray slurry, comprising ammonium nitrile, binder and acidic additive, as described above, while the rest of this second catalyst is added separately in solid form. The dust content of the finished granules, as they occur in the process according to the invention, can also be returned to the fluidized bed as a solid. In principle, this recycling of the dust components is possible in all variants of the method according to the invention.

Such an additional solids feed, for example of dusty fine fractions of the finished granules or of powdery ones

Formulation components, for example TAED, can also be advantageous in order to increase the germ concentration in the fluidized bed. The addition takes place either before the atomization of the ammonium nitrile solution or preferably simultaneously with this. The solid can also be added together with the ammonium nitrile solution, the mixing of these liquid components preferably taking place either before the atomization or directly in the nozzle. Ground germ material is preferably metered in, preferably with a grain size <1250 μm.

The finished granulate is advantageously discharged from the fluidized bed by classifying the size of the granules. This classification can be carried out via a central tube with an opposite air flow (classifier air), which is regulated in such a way that only particles of a certain particle size are discharged from the fluidized bed and smaller particles are retained in the fluidized bed. The particles discharged from the gas stream above the fluidized bed are separated (e.g. filter or cyclone), fine dust entrained by the gas, if necessary, can be removed in a downstream separator, e.g. Wet scrubbers are separated. The separated dust is fed back into the fluidized bed in the area of the spray nozzle, where it is wetted again.

Granules preferred according to the invention have a d50 value between 0.4 and 2.5 mm. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the grain fraction that is greater than 1.4 mm is returned. This coarse fraction can either be added as a solid component to the fluidized bed after grinding or it is dissolved again and sprayed into the fluidized bed.

In a preferred embodiment, the air flowing in from below is composed of the heated or unheated classifier air and the heated soil air. The soil air temperature is preferably between 85 and 95 ° C, preferably between 90 and 93 ° C. The fluidized air cools down due to heat losses and the heat of vaporization of the constituents of the solvent. This sets the temperature of the layer mass in the fluidized bed to 50 to 70 ° C., preferably 60 to 63 ° C. The air outlet temperature is preferably between 55 ° C and 65 ° C.

With fluidized bed granulation, the water content of the products can be set within wide limits. In the process according to the invention, drying takes place simultaneously with the granulation in the fluidized bed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the drying means that the water content of the granules is <2% by weight and the bleach activator content is> 50% by weight, based on uncoated co-granules.

Round fluidized bed apparatuses which are preferably used have base plates with dimensions of at least 0.4 m. In particular, fluidized bed apparatuses are preferred which have a base plate with a diameter between 0.4 m and 3 m, for example 1, 2 m or 2.5 m. In a further preferred embodiment, the fluidized bed apparatus can have a rectangular shape. A perforated base plate or a conid ur plate, a wire mesh or a combination base made of a perforated plate with a grid can be used as the base plate.

The granules obtained according to the invention are directly suitable for use in detergents and cleaning agents. In a particularly preferred form of use, however, they can be provided with a coating shell by methods known per se. For this purpose, the granulate is coated with a film-forming substance in an additional step, which can significantly influence the product properties. All film-forming substances such as waxes, silicones, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, soaps, anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic and cationic polymers, polyethylene glycols and polyalkylene glycols are suitable as coating agents. C ₈ -C ₃ fatty acids (for example: lauric, myristic, stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids, for example glutaric acid, adipic acid or their anhydrides are suitable; Phosphonic acids, optionally phosphonic acids mixed with other common coating agents, in particular fatty acids, for example stearic acid, C ₈ -C ₃ -ι fatty alcohols; Polyalkenyl glycols (eg polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight of 1000 to 50,000 g / mol); Nonionics (eg Cs-C ₃ ι- fatty alcohol polyalkoxylates with 1 to 100 moles of EO); Anionics (eg alkanesulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, α-olefinsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates with C ₃ -C ₃ ι hydrocarbon residues); Polymers (eg polyvinyl alcohols); Waxes (for example: montan waxes, paraffin waxes, ester waxes, polyolefin waxes); Silicones. In the coating substance which softens or melts in the range from 30 to 100 ° C., further substances which do not soften or melt in this temperature range can be present in dissolved or suspended form, for example: polymers (for example homo-, co- or graft copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids and / or Sulfonic acids and their alkali salts, cellulose ether, starch, starch ether, polyvinylpyrrolidone); Organic substances (eg mono- or polyvalent carboxylic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids or ether carboxylic acids with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and their salts); dyes; Inorganic substances (e.g. silicates, carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, phosphates, phosphonates).

Depending on the desired properties of the coated activator granules, the content of the coating substance can be 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 15% by weight, based on the coated activator granules.

Mixers (mechanically induced fluidized bed) and fluidized bed apparatus (pneumatically induced fluidized bed) can be used to apply the coating substances. As mixers e.g. Ploughshare mixers (continuous and batch-wise), ring bed mixers or Schugi mixers possible. When using a mixer, the tempering can take place in a granulate preheater and / or in the mixer directly and / or in a fluid bed downstream of the mixer. Granulate coolers or fluid bed coolers can be used to cool the coated granules. In the case of fluidized bed apparatus, the tempering is carried out using the hot gas used for the fluidization. The granulate coated by the fluidized bed process can be similar to the

Mixing process can be cooled using a granulate cooler or a fluid bed cooler. Both in the mixer process and in the fluidized bed process, the coating substance can be sprayed on via a single-substance or a two-substance nozzle device. The tempering consists of a heat treatment at a temperature of 30 to 100 ° C, but at or below the melting or softening temperature of the respective coating substance. It is preferred to work at a temperature just below the melting or softening temperature.

The exact temperature during tempering or the temperature difference to the melting point of the coating substance depends on the coating amount, the tempering time and the properties desired for the coated bleach activator granulate and must be determined for the respective system in preliminary tests.

Examples of this and a method for application are described in EP-A-0 835 926.

By using these coating materials, the storage stability and hygroscopicity, as well as the compatibility with other detergent components, in particular strongly alkaline components, can be further improved and the reaction kinetics can be influenced in a targeted manner in this way

To prevent interactions between the bleach activator and the enzyme system at the start of the washing process.

In addition, the granules according to the invention can also contain other suitable additives, such as anionic and nonionic surfactants which contribute to a faster dissolution of the granules according to the invention, and bleach stabilizers such as, for example, phosphonates and polyphosphonates. granulate core according to the invention are applied.

Preferred anionic surfactants are alkali metal salts, ammonium salts, amine salts and salts of amino alcohols of the following compounds: alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl amide sulfates and ether sulfates, alkyl aryl polyether sulfates, monoglyceride sulfates, alkyl amide sulfonates, alkyl sulfosuccinates, alkyl ether sulfosuccinate, sulfate sulfate, alkyl amide sulfate sulfates, alkyl amide sulfate sulfates, Alkylamidopolypeptidates, alkylisethionates, alkyl taurates, alkylpolyglycol ether carboxylic acids or fatty acids, such as oleic acid, Ricinoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, copraic acid salt or hydrogenated copraic acid salts. The alkyl radical of all these compounds normally contains 8-32, preferably 8-22, carbon atoms.

Preferred nonionic surfactants are polyethoxylated, polypropoxylated or polyglycerolated ethers of fatty alcohols, polyethoxylated, polypropoxylated and polyglycerolized fatty acid esters, polyethyloxylated esters of fatty acids and of sorbitol, polyethoxylated or polyglycerolated fatty amides. Also suitable additives are complexing agents and transition metal complexes, e.g. Metal complexes containing iron, cobalt or manganese as described in EP-A-0 458 397 and EP-A-0 458 398.

Other possible additives are substances which react in the wash liquor with the peroxycarboxylic acid released from the activator to form reactive intermediates, such as dioxiranes or oxaziridines, and can thus increase the reactivity. Corresponding compounds are ketones and sulfonimines corresponding to US-A-3 822 114 and EP-A-O 446 982.

The amount of the additive depends in particular on its type. For example, acidifying additives and organic activators for increasing the performance of the peracid are used in amounts of 0 to 20% by weight, in particular in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight, based on the total weight. added, however, metal complexes in concentrations in the ppm range.

The granules produced according to the invention are distinguished by very good storage stability in powder detergent, cleaning and disinfectant formulations. They are ideal for use in

Heavy duty detergents, stain removal salts, machine dishwashing detergents, powdered all-purpose cleaners and denture cleaners.

In these formulations, the granules according to the invention are used in combination with a hydrogen peroxide source. Examples include perborate monohydrate, perborate tetrahydrate, percarbonates, alkali persulfates, persilicates and percitrates, sodium being the preferred alkali metal, and hydrogen peroxide adducts with urea or amine oxides. In addition or alternatively, peroxycarboxylic acids, for example dodecanediperic acid or phthalimidopercarboxylic acids, which can optionally be substituted on the aromatic, can be present. The addition of small amounts of known bleach stabilizers, such as, for example, phosphonates, borates, or metaborates and metasilicates, and magnesium salts, such as magnesium sulfate, can be advantageous.

In addition, according to the state of the art, the formulation may have further detergent components, such as surfactants of nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric nature, organic and inorganic builders and co-builders, enzymes, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, salts, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, foam inhibitors, sequestering agents and Fragrances and dyes.

Preferred nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol oxyethylates with approx. 1 to approx. 25 mol ethylene oxide. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohols can be linear or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. The condensation products of alcohols which contain an alkyl chain of 10 to 20 carbons with 2 to 18 mol of ethylene oxide per mol of alcohol are particularly preferred. The alkyl chain can be saturated or unsaturated. Likewise, the alcohol ethoxylates can have a narrow homolog distribution of the ethylene oxide ("narrow range ethoxylates") or a broad homolog distribution of the ethylene oxide ("broad range ethoxylates"). Examples of commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type are Tergitol ™ 15-S-9 (condensation product of a C11-C15 linear secondary alcohol with 9 mol of ethylene oxide), Tergitol ™ 24-L-NMW (condensation product of a C ₁ -C ₄ -linearene primary alcohol with 6 mol ethylene oxide with a narrow molecular weight distribution). The Genapol ™ brands from Clariant GmbH also fall under this product class.

In addition, other known types of nonionic surfactants are also possible, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene and polypentylene oxide adducts of fatty alcohols with 8-22 carbon atoms and Alkylphenols with 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, addition products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed from the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol or addition products of ethylene oxide with a reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine. Semipolar nonionic surfactants, for example amine oxides, can also be used.

Particularly suitable amine oxides are C ₀ -C ₈ -alkyldimethylamine oxides and C ₈ -C- | ₂ - alkoxyethyl-dihydroxyethylamine oxides in question.

Suitable anionic surfactants are in particular straight-chain and branched alkyl sulfates, sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates, alkyl ester sulfonates, arylalkyl sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates and mixtures of the compounds mentioned. Some of the types of anionic surfactants in question are described below.

Alkyl

Alkyl ester sulfonates are linear esters of C ₈ -C ₂ o-carboxylic acids (ie fatty acids) which are sulfonated by SO ₃ , as described in "The Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society", 52 (1975), pp. 323-329. Suitable starting materials are natural fat derivatives, such as tallow or palm oil fatty acid.

alkyl sulfates

Alkyl sulfates are water-soluble salts or acids of the formula ROSO ₃ M, in which R is preferably a C ₁ -C ₂ -hydrocarbon radical, preferably an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 10 to 20 C atoms, particularly preferably a C ₁ -C ₈ -alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl radical. M is hydrogen or a cation, for example an alkali metal cation (for example sodium, potassium, lithium) or ammonium or substituted ammonium, for example a methyl, dimethyl and trimethylammonium cation or a quaternary ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium and dimethylpiperidinium cation and quaternary

Ammonium cations derived from alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine and mixtures thereof. Alkyl chains with C 1 -C ₆ are preferred for low washing temperatures (eg below approx. 50 ° C) and alkyl chains with Ci6-C ₁₈ preferred for higher washing temperatures (eg above approx. 50 ° C).

Alkyl ether sulfates The alkyl ether sulfates are water-soluble salts or acids of the formula

RO (A) _m SO ₃ M, in which R is an unsubstituted C ₀ -C ₂ alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 10 to 24 C atoms, preferably a C ₂ -C ₂ o alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical, particularly preferably a C ₂ -Ci ₈ alkyl or hydroxyalkyl. A is an ethoxy or propoxy unit, m is a number greater than 0, typically between approximately 0.5 and approximately 6, particularly preferably between approximately 0.5 and approximately 3, and M is a hydrogen atom or a cation such as e.g. a metal cation (e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.), ammonium or a substituted ammonium cation. Examples of substituted ammonium cations are methyl, dimethyl, trimethylammonium and quaternary ammonium cations such as tetramethylammonium and dimethylpiperidinium cations, as well as those derived from alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, mixtures thereof and the like. Examples include C ₂ -C ₈ alkyl polyethoxylate (1, 0) sulfate, Ci ₂ -C ₈ alkyl polyethoxylate (2.25) sulfate, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ alkyl polyethoxylate (3, 0) sulfate, Ci ₂ -Ci ₈ alkyl polyethoxylate (4.0) sulfate, the cation being sodium or potassium.

Other anionic surfactants which are useful for use in detergents and cleaning agents are C ₈ -C ₂₄ olefin sulfonates, sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, prepared by sulfonating the pyrolysis products of alkaline earth metal citrates, as described, for example, in British Patent GB 1, 082,179, alkyl glycerol sulfates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfates acylglycerol sulfates, alkylphenol ether sulfates, linear or branched alkyl benzene sulfonates, primary and secondary paraffin sulfonates, alkyl phosphates, alkyl ether phosphates, isethionates, such as acyl isethionates, N-acyl taurides, alkyl succinamates, sulfosuccinates, monoester of sulfosuccinates (especially saturated and unsaturated C ₁₂ -C ₈ monoesters) and Diesters of sulfosuccinates (especially saturated and unsaturated C1 ₂ -C18 diesters), acyl sarcosinates, sulfates of alkyl polysaccharides such as sulfates of alkyl polyglycosides, branched primary alkyl sulfates and Alkyl polyethoxycarboxylates such as those of the formula RO (CH ₂ CH ₂ ) _k CH ₂ COO ^" M ⁺ in which R is a C ₈ -C ₂₂ alkyl, k is a number from 0 to 10 and M is a soluble salt-forming cation. Resin acids or hydrogenated resin acids, such as rosin or hydrogenated rosin or tall oil resins and tall oil resin acids can also be used. Further examples are described in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" (Vol. I and II, Schwartz, Perry and Berch). A large number of such surfactants are also described in US Pat. No. 3,929,678 claimed.

Examples of amphoteric surfactants which can be used in the formulations of the present invention are, in particular, those which are broadly described as derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be linear or branched and in which one of the aliphatic Contains substituents between 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an anionic, water-soluble group, such as Contains carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate or phosphonate.

Preferred amphoteric surfactants are monocarboxylates and dicarboxylates such as cocoamphocarboxypropionate, cocoamidocarboxypropionic acid, cocoamphocarboxyglycinate (or also referred to as cocoamphodiacetate) and cocoamphoacetate.

Further preferred amphoteric surfactants are alkyldimethylbetaines, alkylamidobetaines and alkyldipolyethoxybetaines with an alkyl radical which may be linear or branched with. 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably with 8 to 18 carbon atoms and particularly preferably with 12 to 18 carbon atoms. These compounds are marketed, for example, by Clariant GmbH under the trade names Genagen ^® GAB and LAB.

Typical examples of cationic surfactants are quaternary ammonium compounds, ester quats, ether quats, hydroxyethyl quats, ethoxylated quats, in particular quaternized fatty acid alkanolamine ester salts and dialkylaminopropylamine ester salts. Suitable organic and inorganic builders are neutral or, in particular, alkaline salts which can precipitate or bind calcium ions in a complex manner. Suitable and in particular ecologically harmless builder substances, such as finely crystalline, synthetic water-containing zeolites of the NaA type, which have a calcium binding capacity in the range from 100 to 200 mg CaO / g, are preferably used. In addition to zeolite, layered silicates and amorphous silicates are also preferably used. Also suitable are alkali phosphates, which can be in the form of their alkaline, neutral or acidic sodium or potassium salts. Examples include trisodium phosphate, tetranate diphosphate, dinate dihydrogen diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate, so-called sodium hexametaphosphate, oligomeric trisodium phosphate with degrees of oligomerization of 5 to 1000, in particular 5 to 50, and mixtures of sodium and potassium salts. Usable organic builders are, for example, the carboxylic acids preferably used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, nitriloacetate (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and phosphonic and polyphosphonic acids. Analogously, polymeric carboxylates and their salts can also be used. These include, for example, the salts of homopolymeric or copolymeric polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and in particular copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, preferably those made from 50% to 10% maleic acid, and also polyaspartic acid and also polyvinylpyrrolidone and urethanes. The relative molecular weight of the homopolymers is generally between 1000 and 100,000, that of the copolymers between 2000 and 200,000, preferably 50,000 to 120,000, based on the free acid, in particular water-soluble polyacrylates are also suitable, for example with about 1% of a Polyallylethers of the Subrose are cross-linked and have a relative molecular mass above one million. Examples of these are the polymers available under the name Carbopol 940 and 941.

Enzymes from the class of proteases, lipases, amylases, pullinases, cutinases, and cellulases or mixtures thereof can be used. BLAP ^® , Opticlean ^® , Maxacal ^® , Maxapem ^® , Esperase ^® , Savinase ^® , Purafect ^® , OxP and / or Duraxym ^® , on amylases Termamyl ^® , Amylase-LT ^® , Maxamyl ^® , Duramyl ^® and / or Pruafect ^® OxAm, on lipases, Lipolase ^® , Lipomax ^® , Lumafast ^® and / or Lipozym ^® : The enzymes can be adsorbed on carrier substances and / or embedded in coating substances.

In addition to the bleach activator granules produced according to the invention, the detergent formulations can also contain the sulfonimines and / or bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes known from EP 446 982 and EP 453 003 as so-called bleaching catalysts.

Sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate or sodium silicate (water glass), for example, are used as salts or adjusting agents.

Further constituents of the detergent formulation can be optical brighteners, for example derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or its alkali metal salts and foam inhibitors such as fatty acid alkyl ester alkoxylates, organopolysiloxanes and their mixtures with microfine, optionally signed silica, and paraffins, waxes, microcrystalline waxes and their mixtures with signed silica. Mixtures of different foam inhibitors can also advantageously be used, e.g. those made of silicone oil, paraffin oil or waxes. Foam inhibitors are preferably bound to a granular, water-soluble or dispersible carrier substance. To bind traces of heavy metals, the salts of polyphosphonic acids, such as 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), ethylenediaminetetramethylene-phosphonic acid (EDTMP) and diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid (DTPMP) can be added. Typical individual examples of other additives are sodium borate, cellulose and starch and their ethers or esters, sucrose, polydextrose and polymer additives.

The following examples are intended to explain the invention in more detail without restricting it. Granulation of trimethylacetonitrile methosulfate / TAED cogranulate in a fluidized bed process

Example 1: Laboratory granulation

1) Preparation of a spray slurry:

In the first step, 486.1 g of a 40% aqueous sodium cumene sulfonate solution were mixed with 259.3 g of a 45% aqueous Sokalan C45 solution at room temperature. Then 422.7 g of a 55.6% strength aqueous ammonium nitrile solution were gradually added, the active content of the solution being approximately 46%. In order to avoid partial, temporary precipitation of a mixed salt of ammonium nitrile and nacene sulfonate when adding the ammonium nitrile solution, the mixed solution was intensively homogenized during the addition with an Ultra-Turrax. In the last step, 194.4 g of TAED powder (without pre-comminution) were added and the suspension was also treated with the Ultra-Turrax for about 5 min in order to comminute the TAED crystals. The suspension produced in this way had an increased viscosity and had to be stirred continuously to avoid sedimentation. On the other hand, the slurry was highly concentrated (solids content approx. 55%) and could easily be pumped at room temperature (i.e. without complex temperature control) using a peristaltic pump and atomized via a two-fluid nozzle.

2) Fluid bed granulation:

A batch fluidized laboratory fluidized bed of the type GPCG 1.1 from Glatt with an inflow diameter of D = 150 mm was used for laboratory tests, the spray nozzle spraying from below into the fluidized bed.

In order to be able to operate the granulation process, a vortex mass is required, onto which the active ingredient solution can be sprayed. Especially at the beginning of a process development, the suitable vortex mass is usually not yet available, so that it usually has to be started with a carrier material. However, this has the disadvantage that the process is very complex must be operated for a long period of time until the original starter material is safely replaced and only the actual target product is contained in the fluidized bed. The recipe examined here showed that it could be spray dried very well in a fluidized bed apparatus. This made it possible to dispense with the use of a carrier and to produce a spray-dried powder with the desired target composition as a fluidized bed. A lengthy exchange process was no longer necessary. After the start-up and exchange phase described above had been completed, a targeted granulation of the product could be carried out without any problems. The gas volume flow for swirling the bed material was approximately 33 m ³ / h. The supply air temperature was limited to approx. 95 ° C, which ensured a sufficient distance from the softening and sintering effects of the product starting at approx. 110 ° C. With the setting of a spray rate of approx. 12-19 g / min solution (corresponding to approx. 8-10 g / min solids), a temperature in the fluidized bed of approx. 62-63 ° C. was established, this temperature level being able to be kept stable. With these operating conditions, an exhaust air temperature of approx. 56 - 57 ° C was reached. At the initially selected spray gas pressure of p = 0.8 bar, it was found that the granules had a rather uneven structure (no spherical shape, irregular surface). Better results and more uniform granules could be achieved by raising the spray gas pressure to p = 1 bar.

With these test settings, a granulate yield of approx. 81% was achieved for the target grain size range of 630 - 1250 μm. The bulk density of the granules was 510 g / l. The composition of the final granules was 26.3% by weight of ammonium nitrile, 26.3% by weight of TAED, 26.3% by weight of nacene sulfonate, 15.8% by weight of Sokalan CP 45 (ratio WS-related = 1: 1: 1: 0.6) and 5.3% by weight of secondary components. Example 2: Laboratory granulation with TAED as a separate solid dosage

1) Preparation of a spray slurry:

In the first step, 347.2 g of a 40% aqueous sodium cumene sulfonate solution were mixed with 185.2 g of a 45% aqueous Sokalan C45 solution at room temperature. 284.6 g of a 59% strength aqueous ammonium nitrile solution were then added in stages, the active content of the solution being approximately 49%. In order to avoid partial, temporary precipitation of a mixed salt of ammonium nitrile and nacene sulfonate when adding the ammonium nitrile solution, the mixed solution was intensively homogenized during the addition with an Ultra-Turrax.

2) Fluid bed granulation:

A batch fluidized laboratory fluidized bed of the type GPCG 1.1 from Glatt with an inflow diameter of D = 150 mm was used for laboratory tests, the spray nozzle spraying onto the fluidized bed from above.

The TAED amount of 139 g required to complete the recipe was presented in the laboratory fluidized bed together with 495.7 g of fluidized bed material from preliminary tests (granules and comminuted coarse material). The material was swirled with a gas volume flow of approx. 22-31 m ³ / h, the gas inlet temperature being approx. 90-95 ° C. Over a period of 45 minutes, 810 g of the spray slurry were sprayed into the fluidized bed at a metering rate of 14-22 g / min. A temperature in the fluidized bed of approximately 63-71 ° C. was established.

With these test settings, a granulate yield of approx. 49% was achieved for the target grain size range of 630 - 1250 μm. The bulk density of the granules was 472 g / l. The composition of the final granules was 26.3% by weight of ammonium nitrile, 26.3% by weight of TAED, 26.3% by weight of nacene sulfonate, 15.8% by weight of Sokalan CP 45 (ratio WS-related = 1: 1: 1: 0.6) and 5.3% by weight of secondary components.

Claims

claims: 1. A process for the production of granulated ammonium nitriles, characterized in that an ammonium nitrile is granulated together with a binder and optionally a further additive in a pneumatically generated fluidized bed and dried at the same time. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a compound of formula 1 as ammonium nitrile (1) R ³ R ⁵ granulated, in which R ¹ , R ² , R ^{3 are the} same or different, and substituted for linear or branched CrC ₂₄ alkyl groups, C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl groups or for C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy-C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl groups or unsubstituted benzyl, or wherein R ¹ and R ² together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring with 4 to 6 carbon atoms, which with CrCs-alkyl, -C-C ₅ alkoxy, d- bis C ₅ - alkanoyl, phenyl, amino, ammonium, cyano, cyanamino, chlorine or bromine can be substituted and in addition to the nitrogen atom instead of carbon atoms one or two oxygen or nitrogen atoms, a group N-R ⁶ or a group R ³ -NR ⁶ may contain, wherein R ^{6 is} hydrogen, Ci to C ₅ alkyl, C ₂ to C ₅ alkenyl, C ₂ to C ₅ alkynyl, phenyl, C ₇ to Cg arylalkyl, C ₅ to C ₇ - cycloalkyl, C to C ₆ alkanoyl, cyanomethyl or cyano, R ⁴ and R ⁵ is hydrogen, CC alkyl, C ₁ -C ₄ alkenyl, Cι-C ₄ -alkoxy-CrC ₄ alkyl, phenyl or Cι- C ₃ alkylphen yl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or phenyl, where in particular R ^{4 is} hydrogen if R ^{5 is} not hydrogen and A is an anion. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a compound of formula 2 as ammonium nitrile R ³ granulated, where R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 represent} a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms or substituted or unsubstituted benzyl and A 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that one has a compound of the formula CH, granulated, where A is an anion. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that an ammonium nitrile is granulated together with a further bleach activator. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that one granulates an ammonium nitrile together with TAED. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that alkanesulfonates, alkylarylsulfonates, arylsulfonates, in particular cumene, xylene, toluenesulfonate, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, α-olefin sulfonates or soaps are used as binders. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the acidic additives used are polyacrylic acid, polymaleic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that such granules are produced in which the total amount of all bleach activators 25 to 70 wt .-%, the amount of binder 1 to 45 wt .-% and the amount of acid additive 0 to 30 % By weight, based in each case on the finished granulate, is. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that an aqueous spray slurry of ammonium nitrile, binder, a further bleach activator and acid additive is granulated. 11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that an aqueous spray slurry of ammonium nitrile, binder and acidic additive is granulated with simultaneous separate metering in of a further bleach activator in solid form. 12. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that an aqueous spray slurry is granulated, which contains ammonium nitrile, binder, acid additive and a portion of a further bleach activator with simultaneous separate metering of the remaining portion of the further bleach activator in solid form. 13. washing, bleaching and cleaning agent containing a granulated ammonium nitrile, prepared according to claim 1.