EP1615778B1 - Value paper - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a data carrier comprising a printing area provided with a pattern consisting of one or several graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 301, 302, 303), at least a part of an electric and/ or optical circuit formed by at least two graphical elements. A method for producing said data carrier is also disclosed.

Description

The invention relates to a data carrier with a printed motif and a method for its production.

Data carriers in the sense of the invention are in particular security or value documents, such as banknotes made of paper or polymer films or other films, identity cards, passports, visa stickers, check forms, shares, certificates, stamps, airline tickets and the like, as well as labels, seals, packaging or other elements for product safety. The simplified term "data carrier" and "security or value document" therefore always includes documents of the type mentioned below. Also included under the term "data carriers" are security papers (e.g., in roll form) and paper sheets which may serve as a preliminary stage for making any of such above-mentioned value documents, etc. (see below).

Such papers whose commercial or utility value far exceeds the material value must be identifiable by appropriate measures as genuine and distinguishable from counterfeiting and counterfeiting. They are therefore provided with special security elements that are ideally not or only with great effort imitable and not falsified.

In the past, especially those security elements have proven themselves that can be identified by the viewer without aids and recognized as genuine, but at the same time can be produced only with the greatest effort. These are, for example, in the high-pressure technique or intaglio printing created artistic motifs that are very finely crafted and therefore are difficult to copy true to the original.

For example, person, animal, landscape or building portraits are realized as artistic motifs.

To create the motifs, basically any printing technique is suitable, such as screen printing, flexographic printing, high-pressure and gravure printing, in particular (steel) intaglio printing.

Particularly suitable as a printing technique for the motifs is the intaglio printing technique, which is characterized by its characteristic, even for the layman easily recognizable tactility and can not be imitated by other common printing methods or by copying machines.

Gravure printing is characterized in that it is carried out with printing plates, engraved or etched into the recesses. Paint is filled into these indentations, excess paint is removed with a squeegee. Subsequently, the desired substrate is pressed onto the printing plate or vice versa, thereby transferring the color from the recesses to the substrate. At the same time, the substrate is embossed by means of the depressions, so that the tactile structure typical for intaglio printing is formed.

In classical intaglio printing, the recesses are in the form of suitably arranged thin lines or dots. Accordingly, the motif is generated by printing thin lines or dots in the desired print area, so that the totality of the lines or dots, viewed from a sufficient distance, ultimately conveys to the viewer an impression of a desired areal motif. The intaglio print motifs are perceptible either visually or tactually, or both visually and tactually, depending on the line width.

From DE 101 62 050.0 an intaglio printing method is known with which full-surface color areas can be produced. Here, printing plates are used in which the engraved lines overlap each other. In other words, webs or edges which do not reach all the way to the surface of the printing plate remain between the lines. As a result, overlap in the print motif generated with the printing plate, the lines, so that a continuous surface is generated.

Different color depths and / or hues can be realized in any line printing process by applying lines of different widths and / or different mutual distances. Thus, from a visual point of view, thin lines produce a bright hue at a great distance and wide lines at close range give a dark, rich hue. By alternately applied lines in different colors mixed colors result in the visual impression.

If translucent colors are used, the thickness of the paint application determines the color tone. Thus, when printing on a white data carrier with low ink layer thicknesses, a light color tone is obtained, while printing with thicker color layers results in darker color tones.

To print the motifs usually pasty or flowable printing inks are used, which contain a solvent and dispersed therein color pigments. In addition, a binder may also be contained in the printing ink. The individual color pigments can themselves have a complex internal structure. After printing the ink to a desired Underlayer escapes the solvent at least partially from the ink, and the coloring color pigments remain.

For the production of the aforementioned data carriers (securities, etc.), a security paper is typically first produced. For this purpose, security features and / or motifs are applied to a paper substrate which is present, for example, in the form of a paper tape rolled up into a roll of paper. For further processing in intaglio printing, individual sheets are usually cut off from the security paper and subsequently printed and possibly provided with further features. Thereafter, the sheets are cut into individual value documents, such as banknotes. '

Most prints for media such as securities are multicolored. The different colors may be simultaneously or sequentially, i. are sequentially printed, but are usually printed sequentially, in successive partial printing operations. Finally, in order for the sub-motifs in the different colors, printed one above the other, to produce a uniform image, the individual sub-printing operations must be carried out with a high registration accuracy. This means that the differently colored images must not be laterally shifted in the plane of the print substrate (data carrier) against each other, as otherwise arise in the printed image color edges.

In a printing machine, the substrate to be printed is usually passed between two parallel, rotatably mounted cylinders. On the one cylinder, the impression cylinder, the inked printing plate is arranged on the surface. The other cylinder serves as counter cylinder, to transfer the motif of the printing plate to the substrate under pressure.

For sequential, multi-color printing, for example, the multi-cylinder printing machine is known. In this, the substrate successively passes through several printing units, each of which has a pair of cylinders and means for applying the ink to the respective printing cylinder. Each color prints a different color. In between, the substrate runs more or less freely.

As another printing machine, the single-cylinder printing machine, or equivalent central-cylinder printing machine, is known. In such a single-cylinder printing machine, the substrate runs tightly stretched around a single central cylinder, on whose circumference several printing units, each with a printing cylinder are arranged. On each of the printing cylinders, the printing plate is arranged for a different color. The circulating around the central cylinder paper passes so in the circumferential direction of the central cylinder successively the pressure cylinder for the different colors. The advantage of the central cylinder printing machine is that the substrate to be printed always rests on the central cylinder and thus no free web length between the printing units, whereby an optimal substrate guidance of the substrate to be printed between the individual printing units is guaranteed. Therefore, the single-cylinder printing machine has a particularly high registration accuracy.

According to another aspect, which is addressed, for example, in DE 101 63 267.3 or PCT / EP02 / 14606, it is proposed as a security feature to additionally provide security documents such as banknotes with a chip in which data can be stored in electronic form. The chip has the outer shape of a flat plate. In order for the chip to integrate well into the security document without bulging the security document, it is necessary for the chip to be very thin. In order to achieve thin silicon-based chips (or based on other crystalline, in particular monocrystalline or polycrystalline semiconductors, if appropriate also compound semiconductors), it is known to thin-chip standard-thickness chips. However, the thin-ground chips have the disadvantage that they are fragile. Besides crystalline (monocrystalline or polycrystalline) silicon chips and amorphous thin-film silicon chips, chips based on organic polymers are under development. Such polymer-based chips are flexible and therefore less susceptible to breakage.

Both silicon-based and polymer-based chips constitute a foreign body in the security document that stands out more or less conspicuously from the security document, so that there is a risk that the chip will be intentionally or unintentionally manipulated and falsified or damaged. As a result, the security against counterfeiting of the security document is impaired. Therefore, it is desirable that the chip is installed inconspicuously and well integrated in the security document. EP 0 905 657 A1 discloses a banknote with an integrated circuit according to the preamble of claim 1.

The invention has for its object to provide a data carrier, which offers a particularly high protection against counterfeiting, and to provide a method for producing the data carrier according to the invention.

This object is solved by the independent claims. Further developments are the subject of the dependent claims.

Due to the fact that the electronic circuit has components which are at the same time circuit parts and elements of the motif in the printing area, the circuit is integrated particularly well and inconspicuously into the data carrier and thus protected particularly well against intentional and unintentional manipulations, damage and distortions. Thus, a data carrier with a particularly high counterfeit protection is created.

According to a preferred embodiment, at least one of the graphic elements is formed as a line and has the function of an electrically or optically conductive conductor track.

Additionally or alternatively, at least one of the graphic elements has the function of an electrical or optical component or a part of such a component.

In the case that interconnects and at least one component are provided, at least one connection point and / or intersection point of at least two lines may be provided, in particular in each of the two lines, wherein a conductor track is formed by each of the two lines and wherein the component at the connection point or Intersection point of the at least two lines is arranged.

According to a further preferred embodiment, a part of the lines has the function of an antenna for contacting the electronic circuit. This embodiment has the advantage that the data carrier can be contacted without contact and thereby, compared to a contact-contacted contacted data carrier, is only slightly mechanically stressed. On the other hand, the fact that the lines are used as an antenna, the antenna is particularly inconspicuous integrated in the disk. alternative For example, a contact-type contact can be provided for the circuit. The contacting of the circuit may be further carried out according to any suitable method described in DE 10163 267.3 or PCT / EP02 / 14606.

Preferably, the portion of the circuit formed by the graphic element has an electrical conductivity which is achieved by the composition of the ink used to print the part.

The data carrier can at the same time both lines that act as electrically conductive tracks, as well as lines that act as photoconductive webs, both in the same motif and in different subjects, and optionally in addition electrical and / or optical components.

Fig. 1

ein erfindungsgemäßes Motiv (Designelement);

Fig. 2

eine schematische Darstellung eines FET, der zwischen zwei als Linien ausgestalteten Graphikelementen angeordnet ist, gemäß einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung, im Querschnitt;

Fig. 3

den FET aus Fig. 2A, in Aufsicht.

The advantages of the invention will be explained with reference to the following examples and figures. Show it:

Fig. 1

a motif according to the invention (design element);

Fig. 2

a schematic representation of a FET, which is arranged between two graphic elements designed as lines, according to an embodiment of the invention, in cross section;

Fig. 3

the FET of Fig. 2A, in plan view.

1 shows a motif in the form of a column 101, which is printed on a banknote. The column 101 has a plurality of lines 102, 103. By a contour line 102, the column is bounded. The contour line 102 is made of a Printing ink containing silver conductive paste or consists entirely of silver conductive paste, ie in the latter case, the silver conductive paste is used as an ink. In addition, the column 101 wall lines 103 through which a bricked appearance of the column 101 is generated. The wall lines 103 are printed from a printing ink having colored pigments with a colored conductive polymer material. At some crossing points 104 of wall lines 103, which are shown in bold in FIG. 1, electronic components are provided.

Fig. 2, Fig. 3 show a schematic representation of an FET, which is arranged between two designed as lines graphic elements, according to an embodiment of the invention, in cross section and in plan view. Fig. 2, Fig. 3 show in more detail a first line and a second line crossing each other, wherein at the intersection of the first and the second line, a field effect transistor (FET) is arranged. A gate line 201 and an integrally formed gate electrode 202 of the FET are realized by the first line. Through the second line, a data line 203, the source electrode 204 and the drain electrode 205 and the channel region 206 of the FET are formed. The source electrode 204 and the drain electrode 205 and the channel region 206 are inserted in the data line 203 of the FET. Between the gate line 201 on the one hand and the data line 203, the source electrode 204, the drain electrode 205 and the channel region 206 on the other hand, an insulating layer 207 is arranged, which extends at least so far over the data line 203 that they the electrical insulation of the data line 203 ensured by the gate line 201.

The gate line 201, the data line 203, the gate electrode 202, the source electrode 204 and the drain electrode 205 are printed from a printing ink having color pigments with a conductive polymer material.

The channel region 206 is printed from a printing ink having color pigments with a semiconductive polymer material. The insulating layer 207 is printed from an insulating polymer material. In one embodiment variant, the channel region 206 and the insulating layer 207 are made of a transparent printing ink with the corresponding properties (semiconducting, insulating). This variant has the advantage, in particular when using translucent colors, that the hue of the crossing point of the two lines with the component (transistor, FET), which has more color layers than a single line, is nevertheless substantially the same as the one Hue of a single line, so that the component is housed particularly inconspicuous. In a further embodiment variant, the multilayer color arrangement at the point of intersection with the component is used to produce mixed colors for the visual impression.

The data line 203, source and drain electrodes 204, 205, and channel region 206 are printed in front of the gate line 201 and the gate electrode 202 in one embodiment. This provides a top gate FET 202. In another embodiment, printing is performed in reverse order to provide an overhead channel region FET 206.

According to an alternative embodiment, a bipolar transistor is arranged at a crossing point of two lines which have the function of electrical lines. For this purpose, the lines of a printing in the p-type (or n-type) printing ink are printed, and between an element of a printed in the result n-conductive (or p-type) printing ink is printed, so that at the intersection a pnp Layer structure (or npn layer structure) is formed. In the printed result conductive means, that the finished printed and possibly dried motif is correspondingly conductive.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the printing ink has color pigments in the form of electrically conductive particles. For example, For example, the ink comprises metal particles or intrinsically or extrinsically conductive polymers or conductive composite particles containing metals and / or conductive polymers and optionally further conductive and / or non-conductive substances. Possibly. The electrical conductivity of a motif printed with the ink does not occur until after solvents contained in the ink evaporate or are repelled (i.e., leaked into the print substrate).

When using electrically conductive polymers as color pigments, different colors are preferably produced by the use of different polymers. For example, the colors green, blue and red are realized by polyaniline, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (BAYTRON ^™ ) or polyacetylene. Printing inks with mixtures of different polymers are preferably used to produce mixed colors. Alternatively, mixed colors are created by alternately printing lines of different colors. Colors of different saturation are produced, for example, by applying color layers of different thicknesses.

According to a further embodiment, polymer-doped, intrinsically nonconductive polymers are used as the polymeric color pigments in the printing ink with conductivity, which receive their electrical conductivity only by the doping. These are used in particular to produce black or brown lines, so that, depending on the other parameters such as line width and distance and / or optionally color layer thickness and / or degree of doping, black, gray and brown shades in different degrees of saturation are generated. According to a variant, a colorless polymer material which is doped with the conductive carbon black is used to produce the deepest possible black or brown colors for the polymeric color pigments. To produce mixed colors with a black or brown content, a colored polymer material doped with conductive carbon black is used.

When using color pigments with metals (metal pigments), in one variant, the use of silver conductive paste produces shades of gray and silver tones. By using other metal pigments, other shades such as black, brown and reddish brown are produced.

The color pigments can contain polymer materials or metals of only one kind or contain mixtures of different polymer materials or different metals or mixtures of metals and polymer materials and / or other electrically conductive materials. The different mixtures in particular produce different color shades and conductivity properties.

According to a variant, the individual color pigments are formed entirely from the conductive polymer material or metal.

According to a further variant, the individual color pigments are formed from a composite material which, in addition to the polymer material or metal, has further materials.

In addition to electron-conducting (electrically conductive) structures or, alternatively, light-conducting structures or elements are provided in the motif according to a further embodiment of the invention. The photoconductive effect of such structures is e.g. exploited to create a photoconductive connection between two components and can be used especially in optical computers.

According to different variants of this embodiment of the invention, the printing ink comprises photoconductive dyes and / or photoconductive pigments and / or a photoconductive matrix provided with dyes and / or color pigments, so that in each case the motif printed with the ink has the desired photoconductive properties. Optionally, solvents are additionally contained in the printing ink. Possibly. the photoconductive properties only occur after solvents contained in the ink evaporate or are repelled (i.e., leaked out into the print substrate) or after chemical reactions such as exposure to water have occurred. A printing ink is preferably used in which coloring dyes are dissolved in a light-conducting matrix, since such a printing ink has particularly homogeneous light-conducting properties.

If dyes are used, they are preferably dissolved in a suitable matrix. The starting material for the matrix is preferably a monomer, for example methyl methacrylate (MMA). The monomer is mixed with a suitable solvent and a suitable initiator and the fluorescent dye and polymerized to a colored polymer. For example, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate, plexiglass) containing the dye is formed with MMA as the starting material after the polyreaction.

If color pigments are used, they are preferably suspended in a suitable matrix.

The photoconductive color pigments, like the electrically conductive color pigments described above, exclusively comprise a single photoconductive dye or mixtures of different photoconductive dyes or mixtures of different conductive, non-conductive, colorant and non-colorants.

Optionally, fluorescent dyes (fluorescent dyes) are used as dyes in the printing ink or luminescent pigments (luminescent pigments) are used as the color pigments. In this case, the dyes have the additional beneficial effect of providing an additional opportunity to couple light into the printed graphic element, e.g. So the light-conducting path, create. If light falls at a steep angle, in extreme cases at a right angle, onto a printed photoconductive path, the bulk of the light is transmitted in the case of a light guide without dyes or color particles. In a light guide with dyes or color particles, these absorb a significant portion of the light and easily radiate frequency-shifted light in the photoconductive path, where it is forwarded as usual via total reflection.

In particular, one or more of the fluorescent dyes mentioned in DE 40 29 167 A1 and the documents mentioned therein are used as fluorescent dyes. Fluorescent dyes are available in many colors such as yellow, red or purple. The fluorescent dyes are preferably incorporated in a suitable, preferably optically clear, lacquer as matrix.

According to further embodiments, the printing ink contains solvents and / or binders and / or fillers and / or plasticizers. This applies to the ink for electrically conductive elements and also for the ink for light-conducting elements.

The print area can represent any motif. Preference is given to motifs which are particularly expensive to print, in particular finely structured printed images, such as e.g. Guilloche, alphanumeric characters, etc. No further requirements are placed on the areal extent of the printing area. Thus, the entire surface of the document may be printed or one or more limited areas.

The printed elements which are designed as lines or a part thereof can for example be arranged in such a way that a printing area is substantially uniformly filled through them, so that a flat visual color impression is produced. Alternatively or additionally, printed lines may be arranged such that they represent a contour of a motif or a sub-motif.

Depending on which printing method and with which printing parameters, e.g. Line width, line spacing, thickness of the applied color layer, the motif is printed, the subject may be visual or tactile or both visually and tactile perceptible.

As printing techniques for the creation of the motif, for example, the following printing methods are used: high-pressure, flexographic, gravure, especially intaglio, screen printing, inkjet, especially continuous inkjet.

Preferred printing methods for producing the motif for the data carrier according to the invention are those printing methods in which the printing inks contain a high proportion of solvent, so that as little as possible insulating materials (eg binders) remain after the dissolution or evaporation of the solvent between the individual conductive particles. Water or another solvent can be used as the solvent, depending on the color pigments used and other materials, for example binders, taking further account of the special requirements of the individual printing processes and of the preparation or delivery forms of the polymers. For example, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (BAYTRON ^™ ) is supplied in an aqueous dispersion and, therefore, a water-based ink system is preferably used for this polymeric material.

In principle, all common printing methods for producing the motif are suitable, however, gravure or flexographic printing are particularly advantageous, since these printing processes with solvent contents of 60-70% or solids contents of 30- 40% work in the ink and thus work at a particularly high solvent content ,

According to a further preferred embodiment, an ink containing a conductive binder and / or a conductive filler is used to print the lines and optionally the further elements. This embodiment is particularly preferred for intaglio printing, in particular steel intaglio printing, since here the pigment content, ie the proportion of color pigments, in the printing ink is very low.

According to a further preferred embodiment, two or more printing processes are successively performed in which a respective line or other element is printed twice or more times as accurately as possible on each other in order to eliminate defects (missing dots) that would interrupt the conductivity, and as a result to create a continuous line or other element.

In order to obtain an optimization of the life of the circuits produced is still according to a variant of the invention, the design of the subject (circuit) equipped with redundant structures that compensate for any damage. For example, not only a single line is provided at a point at which a - electrically or optically - conductive connection (line) should be provided, but a double line. If one of the two lines is not continuous and therefore non-conductive, then the second line is still available.

The intaglio printing, with suitable printing parameters, is also particularly preferred for the reason that, with a suitable choice of the printing parameters, a tactile perceptible motif is generated. Electrical interconnects or optical fiber optic tracks, which are also tactile perceptible in the rule, can therefore be arranged in a particularly inconspicuous manner. In the case of a motif which has both lines and / or other elements which at the same time have the function of electrical or optical conductor tracks or components, as well as elements / lines which have no such function, it is preferred that the elements / lines with the function and the elements / lines without the function are designed so identical that they are substantially indistinguishable in visual and / or tactile sense. This avoids that by simply viewing or scanning, if necessary, in each case with technical aids such as microscopes or probes, the circuit parts are identified in the motif.

From the side of the printing presses a high register accuracy is required. Preferably, therefore, a single-cylinder printing machine, or equivalent central-cylinder printing machine, is used for printing according to the invention.

The motifs can be printed directly on the data medium, in particular the security, the banknote or the arched banknote paper.

Alternatively, the motif can be printed on a separate carrier (auxiliary substrate) and then transferred to the data carrier (security paper, security paper, etc.). As a carrier, for example, a transfer film, in particular a hot stamping foil can be used. Here, the graphic elements are completely prepared on the transfer sheet and then transferred under the action of pressure and / or heat at least partially on the value document or security paper. The transfer film is then removed again. Optionally, an adhesive layer is additionally applied as a bonding agent between the data carrier (security, security paper, etc.) and the prefabricated motif. Such a stamping foil is known, for example, from DE 101 09 519 (WO 02/083430 A2).

Alternatively, it is provided to prepare a carrier (for example a foil, for example of a polymer material) on which the motif is not detachably attached. The carrier together with the motif becomes as a whole, as so-called Patch, transferred to the disk (security etc.) and fixed there, for example by an adhesive layer.

In accordance with a variant of the method according to the invention, suitable etching techniques and photolithographic methods for structuring the motif are additionally used, in particular if the motif is prefabricated on a carrier as described above and subsequently transferred to the data carrier. The use of structured vapor-deposited metal layers and thin-film arrangements for producing a color shift effect (so-called color shift effect), if appropriate with subsequent transfer to the security paper (the data carrier), is provided according to a further variant.

According to a preferred variant, the surface of the data carrier to be printed is smoothed in an upstream step in order to even better guarantee the functionality of the components. This is e.g. by applying a lamination (in paper, for example, painting the paper).

Claims (17)

1. A data carrier having an electrical and/or an optical circuit, characterized by at least one printed area having a motif with one or more graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206), wherein at least one of the graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) forms at least a part of the electrical and/or optical circuit, the circuit being integrated inconspicuously into the data carrier.
2. The data carrier according to claim 1, wherein the motif is produced at least partly by one or more of the following printing processes: screen printing, flexographic printing, letterpress printing, gravure printing, in particular intaglio printing.
3. The data carrier according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one (102, 103, 201, 203) of the graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) is formed as a line and has the function of an electrically or optically conductive track conductor.
4. The data carrier according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein at least one (202, 204, 205, 206) of the graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) has the function of an electrical or optical component or of a part of such a component.
5. The data carrier according to claims 3 and 4 in conjunction with each other, wherein at least one connection point and/or intersection point (104) of at least two lines (102, 103, 201, 203) is provided in the motif, wherein each of the two lines forms a track conductor and wherein the component is disposed at the connection point or intersection point (104) of the at least two lines.
6. The data carrier according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein at least one of the graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) has the function of an antenna for contacting the circuit.
7. The data carrier according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the part of the circuit formed by the graphic element has an electrical conductivity or photoconductivity which is obtained by the composition of the printing ink used for printing the part.
8. The data carrier according to claim 7, wherein the printing ink has coloring pigments in the form of conductive particles.
9. The data carrier according to claim 8, wherein the conductive particles have at least one conductive material, in particular conductive polymer material - and in particular intrinsically conductive or/and doped, extrinsically conductive polymer material - or/and at least one metal.
10. The data carrier according to any of claims 7 to 9, wherein the printing ink has a photoconductive matrix provided with dyes and/or coloring pigments, and/or photoconductive dyes and/or photoconductive coloring pigments.
11. The data carrier according to any of claims 1 to 10 in conjunction with claim 3, wherein for at least one electrically or optically conductive first track conductor a redundant second track conductor is provided which is formed such that if the first or second track conductor is damaged the other of the two track conductors can perform the function of the damaged track conductor.
12. A carrier, in particular transfer foil, having removably applied thereto a motif designed according to any of claims 1 to 11, so that the motif is transferable to a data carrier.
13. A carrier, in particular patch, having unremovably applied thereto a motif designed according to any of claims 1 to 11, so that the carrier together with the motif is transferable to a data carrier.
14. A method for producing a data carrier according to any of claims 1 to 11 or a carrier according to claim 12 or 13, wherein a motif with one or more graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) is printed on a substrate in such a way that at least one of the graphic elements (102, 103, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) forms at least a part of an electrical and/or optical circuit.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the substrate used for printing is the data carrier.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the substrate used for printing is a carrier, and after printing the motif is transferred to the data carrier, the transfer being in particular effected either including the carrier or without the carrier.
17. The method according to any of claims 14 to 16, wherein for printing the part of the circuit formed by the graphic element, a printing ink is used which obtains an electrical conductivity or photoconductivity of the part.

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