EP1532665A2 - Support de garniture et procede de garniture selective de plages conductrices d un tel support - Google Patents
Support de garniture et procede de garniture selective de plages conductrices d un tel supportInfo
- Publication number
- EP1532665A2 EP1532665A2 EP03792451A EP03792451A EP1532665A2 EP 1532665 A2 EP1532665 A2 EP 1532665A2 EP 03792451 A EP03792451 A EP 03792451A EP 03792451 A EP03792451 A EP 03792451A EP 1532665 A2 EP1532665 A2 EP 1532665A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lining
- support
- conductive
- pad
- pads
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
- C25D9/02—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with organic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/58—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2043/5825—Measuring, controlling or regulating dimensions or shape, e.g. size, thickness
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a support comprising conductive pads and a method of electrochemically lining these pads. Lining is understood to mean any deposit or attachment of a material to the surface of a pad of a support provided for this purpose.
- support as envisaged in the invention is given by the substrate used for the collective manufacture of supports for biological or chemical analysis, also called “biochips" in the field of biology.
- This substrate comprises one or more identical biochips which each have a plurality of conductive pads used as test pads. After cutting the substrate, these areas, previously functionalized with reagents or “probe molecules”, are used to detect the presence in a given medium of target molecules or molecules to which the reagents are sensitive. To perform an analysis simultaneous different constituents of the medium, different areas must be previously filled with different reagents or different probe molecules.
- the lining generally takes place by immersing the support in a medium containing the lining material or a precursor thereof.
- the support considered consists of a plurality of conductive pads. Identical areas requiring the same trim form a family of areas.
- a first technique consists in forming a mask on the support having openings corresponding respectively to the areas to be filled. This technique is long and costly because it requires the fitting and removal of a mask for each type of lining material to be deposited.
- Another technique is to deposit the packing material electrochemically.
- the selection of the pads to be filled takes place by selectively applying to the pads bias voltages which cause, or which on the contrary prohibit, the deposition of the lining material considered.
- This deposition technique is easier to implement, especially when the number of tracks conductive to garnish with different materials is high.
- Addressing can take place via addressing pads, also conductive, which are respectively connected to the conductive pads to be trimmed.
- the addressing pads are generally arranged at the edge of the support so as to facilitate their contacting with an external addressing device intended to supply the bias voltages.
- a first known solution consists in using a single addressing pad for each family of ranges to be trimmed connected via internal connectors to all of the ranges in the family.
- This solution poses a first problem when the ranges of the same family are uniformly distributed over the surface of the support (which is the case as soon as the support includes a set of identical components). In this case, it is not possible for topological reasons to carry out the various internal connections on a single surface. It is necessary to have a technology allowing the crossing of the various internal connectors. In addition, here again the increase in the density of the beaches is limited by the multiplication of internal connectors.
- These drawbacks can be partially resolved by equipping the support with switches capable of selectively connecting different conductive pads or different families of pads to be fitted to the same address pad. The number of address pads can thus be reduced.
- the switches are, for example, in the form of a multiplexer addressing system.
- the object of the invention is to provide a lined support or a bare support and a method of filling the bare or already partially lined support which does not have the drawbacks and limitations indicated above.
- An object of the invention is in fact to propose a method for selectively filling different areas with a support which does not use either a mask or switches.
- the lining When the lining electrochemically ceases at the same time as an electrochemical current, the lining is termed an electro-monitored lining.
- the growth of the lining requires the passage of a current.
- Electro-deposition reactions of metals or polymers poly-electrolytes
- electro-polymerization of precursors of conductive polymers pyrrole, aniline, thiophene, EDOT ...)
- phenols are considered as electro-followed reactions.
- the lining can also take place electrochemically when it is simply initiated or initiated by the application of a potential adapted to the range considered.
- the liner is only primed when the voltage applied to the conductive pads of the support exceeds a threshold.
- This threshold is linked to the medium, that is to say to the lining material which it is desired to form or deposit, of the nature of a solvent used to make the electrochemical solution or containing the lining medium and introduced into the electrochemical solution, and the chemical nature of the conductive areas of the support.
- the deposition process is however essentially chemical. Thus the formation of the lining continues even after eliminating the bias voltage, that is to say when the electrical circuit outside the electrochemical bath has been opened.
- the growth of the lining of the lining on the lining range starts for a potential called lining threshold potential or voltage.
- the packing is done optimally for a voltage called saturation voltage.
- the difference between this saturation voltage and the threshold trim voltage is called the trim potential width.
- a lining support comprising a plurality of conductive pads formed on a substrate associated with a common addressing pad to which a voltage is applied by an external source and selection means at least a first group of pads to be filled electrochemically from among the plurality of pads.
- the selection means include means for shifting the bias voltage which should be applied to a common addressing pad to obtain a deposition at a first group of pads electrically coupled to the common addressing pad without obtain it from a second group of ranges electrically coupled to the same common addressing pad.
- a group of ranges can include only one range.
- voltage offset means are provided connected between the common addressing pad and at least one range to address. These shifting means are used to modify the potential applied to the range with respect to the source.
- the invention relates to a lining support comprising a plurality of conductive pads formed on a substrate, associated with a common addressing pad and with means for selecting at least one pad to be filled electrochemically.
- the selection means comprise resident means for shifting a bias voltage which should be applied to the common addressing pad to obtain a deposit at a first group of pads electrically coupled to the common addressing pad without obtaining any on a second group of pads electrically coupled to the same common addressing pad.
- the means for shifting the voltage to be applied to the common addressing pad are in one embodiment, constituted by the fact that the conductive pads are made of a first conductive material, the pads of the second group being constituted by a second conductive material different from the first material.
- the first and second conductive materials are for example constituted by semiconductor materials of the same nature having different dopings or by different conductors.
- the voltage offset means comprise threshold means comprising at least one diode connected between the common addressing pad and each of the ranges of the second group.
- the diode is polarized for example, in the direction passing from the common addressing pad to at least one conductive pad.
- the shifting means comprise at least one electrical resistance of value (R) sufficient to prohibit the lining of the pads of the second group under the application to the common addressing pad of a voltage authorizing the lining of the tracks of the first group.
- the resident means for shifting a bias voltage may include at least one resistor and at least one diode in series.
- the filled pad may include a selected element of packing to form a chemical test pad, or a biological test pad, or an attachment pad of a fusible material, or an electrical contact pad, or a contact pad. mechanical, or a membrane, or a seismic mass of an accelerometer or a reinforcement of capacitor.
- the substrate When the substrate is a semiconductor of a first type of conductivity, it may comprise a plurality of doped regions of a second type of conductivity, each doped region of the second type of conductivity being connected to at least one conductive pad constituting a surface of the substrate, the doped regions of the second type of conductivity forming with the substrate diode voltage shifting means.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a support comprising lined conductive pads, in which the pads of the support are brought into contact with at least one medium containing a liner material, or a precursor of a liner material. lining, and at least one bias voltage is applied between a common addressing pad and a reference electrode, method characterized in that conductive areas of the support are produced with a first conductive material and others with a second conductive material , or on the support is made voltage shifting means arranged between the common addressing pad and first pads, so that a voltage applied to the common addressing pad corresponds to a first voltage value on the first pads and at a second voltage value on the second ranges, a sufficient voltage is applied to the common addressing pad to initiate the lining of the first res pads, and insufficient to allow the lining of the second conductive pads.
- the lining material, or the precursor of the lining material leads for at least one of the areas to an electro-initiated lining.
- a support is used in which the voltage shifting means are threshold means, and a lining is made by electro-monitoring or electro-initiation.
- a support is used in which the voltage shifting means comprise at least one resistor and a lining is made by electro-initiated means.
- the bias voltage is applied by carrying out at least one scan between a lower threshold and a bias voltage value exceeding a lining threshold.
- a passivation lining is formed in at least a first process step, by bringing the conductive pads into contact with a first medium and during a subsequent lining step, the conductive pads are brought into contact with a second medium, to garnish the pads left blank during the first trim step, or a previous trim step.
- the conductive pads are brought into contact with at least one medium suitable for an electro-initiated lining, comprising at least one compound chosen from vinyl monomers, cyclic monomers cleavable by nucleophilic or electrophilic attack, diazonium salts, iodonium salts, sulfonium salts and phosphonium salts, and a mixture of the above compounds.
- the areas of the support are brought into contact with at least one medium suitable for an electro-monitored lining, comprising at least one compound chosen from a metal salt or a polyelectrolyte, or a precursor of conductive polymers
- the means for shifting the bias voltage are resident on the support.
- these means are present on, for example, a finished chip or biochip or an electromechanical structure micro-machined on silicon incorporating the support, even if these means were only used for manufacturing the chip, or biochip or electromechanical structure micro-machined on silicon, and are not used for its use or operation.
- the conduction threshold of the diodes connecting certain areas to the common addressing pad can make it possible to prevent the passage of the electrochemical current necessary to obtain the lining on these pads.
- the conduction threshold of the diodes connecting certain areas to the common addressing pad makes it possible to reduce the value of the potential obtained at these areas preventing the formation of the lining.
- the lining is blocked on the pads connected through a diode if the following two conditions are met: the bias potential applied at the source remains lower than the sum of the starting threshold potential of the lining and the conduction threshold potential of the diodes; the leakage current of the diodes is significantly lower than the typical electrochemical current used for the lining.
- the diodes are chosen so that their conduction threshold is at least of the order of magnitude of the width of the lining potential of the reaction considered.
- a resistance is considered as a voltage shifting means if it causes for this current a significant potential drop, ideally greater than the trim potential width. This makes it possible to distinguish the electrical resistances used as means for shifting the voltage and the access resistors which correspond to the wiring resistance of the electrical addressing means. These latter resistors must have values very much lower than the minimum value of an offset resistance.
- FIG. 1A is a simplified schematic representation of a lining support immersed in a bath with three electrodes.
- FIG. 1B is a simplified schematic representation of a lining support according to the invention and of an electrochemical lining circuit produced with such a support.
- Figure 1C is a schematic cross section of an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 1D is a schematic cross section of an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating, as a function of a bias voltage applied to a conductive pad of a lining support, the electrochemical current passing through an electrolytic lining circuit.
- Figure 3 is a modeling of the electrical circuit describing the complete electrochemical circuit.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams showing modifications to the diagram in Figure
- FIGS. 6 to 9 are diagrams indicating the evolution of an electrochemical current in an electro-initiated packing medium during successive stages of a method of packing a first type of support according to the invention.
- FIGS. 10 to 13 are diagrams indicating the evolution of an electrochemical current in an electro-initiated packing medium during successive stages of a method of packing a second type of support according to the invention.
- Figure 14A is a schematic representation of a cross section of a particular embodiment of a lining support according to one invention
- Figure 14B shows a top view of the same support.
- Figure 14c is a schematic cross section of an assembly of two packing supports according to the invention.
- an exemplary assembly in itself known, used to make a support 10 is preferably an assembly with three electrodes.
- the assembly comprises a tank 36, containing a bath 34. Are immersed in the bath 34, the support 10 connected to a working electrode 37, a reference electrode 32, and a counter electrode 31.
- a potentiostat 35 is connected to the working electrode 37 connected to the support 10, to the reference electrode 32 and to the counter electrode 31.
- the potentials are measured relative to the reference electrode 32.
- the assembly can also be only with two electrodes (working electrode and counter electrode) and in this case the potentials V are referenced with respect to the counter electrode 31.
- An electrochemical circuit 33 is constituted by the potentiostat 35, the electrodes 31, 37 and 32 or in in some cases the electrodes 31 and 37 only, the bath 34, the support 10 and the connections between these elements as shown in FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 1B shows a particular lining support 10, in accordance with the invention immersed in a tank 36 containing the bath 34.
- the lining support 10 comprises a plurality of conductive pads 12 formed on a substrate 14.
- the pads 12 are capable of receiving a lining electrochemically.
- the conductive pads 12 are identical to each other and arranged in an ordered distribution pattern. The distribution and the shape of the conductive pads 12 can however be very variable. All of the pads 12 are electrically connected by a common electrode 11 to a common addressing pad indicated symbolically with the reference 18 in FIG. 1b.
- Each of the pads 12 is electrically in series with one or more components 20 intended to offset the bias voltage obtained on the pad 12 considered when the support 10 is connected in an electrochemical circuit 33.
- the components 20, as a whole, are part of means for selecting one or more ranges 12 to be filled.
- the components have one or more diodes 13, and / or one or more electrical resistors 15. Several diodes 13 can be connected in series with one another. Similarly, one or more diodes 13 can be connected in series with one or more electrical resistors 15.
- composition of the electrochemical bath can be widely variable depending on the type of lining that it is desired to form on the conductive pads. As indicated in the first part of the description, a distinction will be made between media adapted to an electro-initiated packing and media adapted to an electro-monitored packing.
- the packing In an electroplated reaction packing medium, the packing is started as soon as the current flowing in the electrochemical circuit is non-zero as small as it is. However, the growth of the lining is automatically stopped when the electrical circuit is open. In an electro-initiated packing medium, the packing is not primed when the current begins to flow. The lining is only primed when the voltage applied to the conductive areas of the support exceeds a threshold. Unlike the electro-monitored reactions, there is a range of potentials below the threshold potential where the current flows but there is no packing growth.
- This threshold is linked to the medium, that is to say to the lining material which it is desired to form or deposit, of the nature of a solvent used to make the electrochemical solution or containing the lining medium and introduced into the electrochemical solution, and the chemical nature of the conductive areas of the support.
- the deposition process is however essentially chemical.
- FIGS 1C and 1D illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
- the support 10 comprises a semiconductor substrate 14 on which conductive pads 12 are formed on a first face 101 of the support 10.
- a face 102 opposite the first face 101 of the semiconductor substrate 14, comprises a common addressing pad 18.
- the stud 18 is in the form of a conductive layer 120. It makes it possible to electrically connect all of the conductive pads 12 via the same access resistance due to the resistivity of the substrate 14, the pads 12 all being equidistant from the conductive plane 120.
- the application of a voltage to the common addressing pad 120 makes it possible to apply an identical voltage to all the conductive pads 12, simply lower in due to the ohmic drop linked to the substrate (fall which can be compensated by the source applying the voltage to the common addressing pad). An identical lining can thus be obtained on all of the conductive pads 12.
- the substrate 14 is resistive and the addressing pad 18 is in the form of a conductive pad 121 in a position not equidistant from the conductive pads 12.
- the substrate has a resistivity of value sufficient to prohibit the lining of at least one conductive pad 12 of the support under the application to the common addressing pad 121 of a voltage authorizing the packing of at least one other pad 12 of the support 10.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram, more precisely a voltammogram, indicating on the ordinate the evolution of an electrochemical current in the circuit 33 indicated in FIGS. 1a and 1b.
- the current is given as a function of a potential measured between a conductive pad 12 and the reference electrode 32 .. This potential is plotted on the abscissa.
- This diagram therefore does not take into account the existence of the selection means 20 and therefore the possible difference between the potential applied by the potentiostat 35 and the potential obtained on the range 12.
- the current I and voltage U are indicated on an arbitrary scale. .
- the electro-grafting of monomers makes it possible to covalently fix polymers on the conductive or semi-conductive pads.
- the voltages are indicated in absolute value, and are implicitly those of the working electrode, measured with respect to a reference electrode. As indicated above, they only correspond to the voltage actually applied experimentally in the case of a 3-electrode assembly (the ohmic drop in the electrochemical circuit being supposed to be compensated by the potentiostat). In the case of an assembly with 2 electrodes, it would have been necessary to impose a voltage V different from V, not mentioned on the graph. Their polarity, constant for a given packing, is called the polarity of the packing. When the bias voltage is between a zero value and a starting value Vs, a very weak, even undetectable electric current crosses the circuit.
- the electrochemical current flowing through the circuit is not exactly correlated to the growth of a lining material on the conductive pads.
- the electrochemical current translates at least two distinct and competing phenomena.
- a first phenomenon is the phenomenon sought and corresponding to the formation of the lining on the conductive pads.
- Another phenomenon corresponds to the parasitic formation of polymers in the electrochemical bath, independently of the lining support.
- the polymers thus formed are optionally fixed on the conductive pads by physical sorption but their fixing is not stable, they are removed by rinsing.
- the actual packing is established from the threshold voltage Vg.
- Vsat denotes a potential called "saturation potential", which is generally greater than the peak potential Vp.
- This potential is a potential from which the thickness of grafted material does not change with the time of application of the voltage to the conductive pad. Said thickness is the asymptotic limit of the maximum thickness which can be obtained in a given electrolytic bath.
- This potential also corresponds to a minimum value allowing, from voltammetric scans of potential carried out between a value less than or equal to Vg and a stop value greater than or equal to this minimum value Vsat, to obtain curves -a curve by stop value - giving the film thickness as a function of the number of cycles, for example in voltammetric conditions or in multi-slots, the different curves obtained all having this same asymptote, independent of the exact value of the stop potential used.
- the polarization of the areas to be trimmed is ideally maintained at least equal to the saturation potential Vsat.
- Electro-monitored reactions have the effect of causing the formation of a deposit (not grafted in the case of organic deposits), the amount of matter - therefore generally the thickness - is proportional to the charge (time integral of the electric current) passed through the circuit during the protocol.
- the packing starts at the same time as the current and stops with the current.
- Figure 3 models the addressing circuit seen by a conductive pad.
- the potential V existing between a conductive pad 12 to be filled and the reference electrode 32 depends on the current flowing in the different impedances constituting the addressing circuit.
- the model used comprises firstly a resistor R 322 taking into account the potential drop due to the common electrode 11. With respect to FIG. 1b, this is, for a given range, the resistance due to the length from line 11 joining this range 12 at the common connection point 18. This resistance is variable according to the different line lengths.
- the resistance R is an equivalent resistance determined from the potential drop along the common electrode 11 between the conductive pad to be filled and the source 35, calculated for the maximum value of current flowing through it divided by the current necessary to process the range. For the calculation of this resistance R, one must in particular take account of the effect of the currents necessary for the simultaneous processing of the other ranges. This resistance R is called access resistance or electrode resistance of the range.
- the maximum electrochemical current Im corresponds to a current density per unit of surface to be grafted. It is therefore proportional to the surface of the beach. This current density makes it possible to define by analogy a differential surface resistance of treatment characteristic of the electrochemical process used.
- a first order of magnitude of the resistance not to be exceeded for the access resistance R can be given by the following approach.
- the typical value measured for grafting, of the current density is of the order of 1 mA / cm 2. For ranges of 100 ⁇ m on the side this corresponds to a current of 100 nA.
- the typical width of the grafting zone ⁇ V is of the order of 300 mV. This gives a differential grafting impedance Rg of the order of 3 M ⁇ .
- Rg differential grafting impedance for conductive pads which would be individually supplied by a resistance electrode R, as long as this resistance R is low compared to this value, the ohmic drop due to the common electrode 11 has no effect on the lining.
- Generalization is carried out by replacing the resistance R by the electrode resistance of the range mentioned above.
- FIG. 4 is another voltammogram established as a function of a voltage Vr measured no longer on the conductive pads 12 but on the pad 18 of common addressing. It thus takes into account the influence of the selection means 20.
- the voltammogram of FIG. 4 is established under the same conditions as that of FIG. 2, in the particular case where the selection means are threshold means, and in this case a diode. To facilitate the comparison between the curves of FIGS. 2 and 4, the curve of FIG. 2 is recalled in broken lines on the diagram of FIG. 4.
- the modeling of the voltammogram of FIG. 4 can be obtained from an electric circuit comprising a fictitious diode 316, of threshold Vs associated with a resistance in series Rg 326, making it possible to account for the slope of the voltammogram.
- the diode 13 used as offset means can be modeled by a perfect diode 306 associated with a resistor 312 Rd in parallel allowing to account for the leakage currents.
- the model assumes that the electrochemical current before the threshold Vs is less than the leakage current of the intercalated diode 306. From an initial situation where all the potentials are zero, the growth of the potential Vr applied at the level of the source 35 results in the appearance of a low leakage current through the resistor Rg making it possible to electrically charge the range conductive 12: the potential V at the conductive pad 12 is equal to the potential Vr. As long as these potentials remain below the threshold Vs, there is no electrochemical reaction. When the potentials V and Vr reach the value Vs, there is the appearance of a first electrochemical current essentially coming from chemistry in solution. This current creates an offset between Vr and V coming from the resistance Rd.
- the potential V at the level of the conducting range is therefore lower than the potential Vr applied by the source. This difference has the asymptotic value Vd which corresponds to the conduction threshold of the diode. For high leakage resistances, the asymptote is reached before the current is sufficient to trigger the seal.
- the offset ⁇ V corresponds to the conduction threshold of one or more diodes in series which form the offset means.
- an electrochemical bath containing one or more types of lining material, with or without lining threshold it is therefore possible to selectively authorize the lining of certain ranges lacking shifting means or provided with shifting means of small amplitude, all by prohibiting the lining of other areas associated with shifting means of greater amplitude.
- the amplitude of the offset is linked to the conduction threshold of the diodes.
- an identical voltage Vr by the source will result in different local voltages V triggering or not triggering the gasket according to the choice of the maximum polarization value. For example, if a first group of ranges is not associated with shifting means and a second group of ranges is associated with diodes with a threshold Vd greater than ⁇ V, an applied voltage of maximum value Vsat will allow the lining of the first group of tracks but will not be sufficient for the filling of the second group of tracks.
- the pad areas not yet filled may be subsequently in an identical or different bath under the application to the common addressing pad of a bias voltage exceeding the voltage offset and allowing if necessary to overcome the padding threshold trim species present.
- the lining thresholds Vg may be lower than those of the first bath.
- a lining of the conductive pads not yet filled may take place under the application of a polarization voltage possibly lower than that previously applied. The areas already filled are no longer affected by the new polarization when the lining coating saturates the available surface, or when this lining is electrically insulating.
- the packing support is kept in the same bath also containing packing species with an upper threshold, the ranges not yet filled, or at least some of them can be filled by applying sufficient voltage to the common addressing pad. This voltage is then in particular sufficient to overcome the voltage offset ⁇ V and reach or exceed the lining threshold voltage Vg of the species that one wishes to deposit.
- FIG. 5 indicates another voltammogram also established as a function of a voltage Vr measured between the reference electrode 32 and the common addressing pad 18.
- the voltammogram of FIG. 5 therefore also takes into account the influence of the selection means 20.
- the voltammogram of FIG. 5 is comparable to that of FIG. 4. It is established for a conductive pad under the same conditions as that of FIG. 2, except for the fact that the selection means are means without threshold. In this case, it is a resistor 15. To facilitate the comparison between the curves of FIGS. 2 and 5, the curve of FIG. 2 is shown in broken lines on the diagram of FIG. 5.
- the offset ⁇ V introduced by the resistance means allows selection in the same way as the offset introduced by the diode.
- the shifting means of the invention cannot be purely resistive means. Indeed, the offset ⁇ V by a resistor supposes the passage of a significant current, or the passage of a current, even a weak one, suffices to cause a parasitic electro-followed lining on non-selected conductive pads.
- the shifting means can be at a threshold, that is to say comprise a component such as a diode.
- the selection of the ranges to be trimmed is then made by the fact that the voltage applied to the common addressing pad exceeds or does not exceed the conduction threshold of the diode. It should be noted in any case that it is more difficult to envisage a high spatial resolution with electrochemical techniques leading to organic coatings whose thickness is a strongly increasing function with the treatment time and the local value of the potential, which is particularly the case for electro-monitored reactions. The least inhomogeneity of potential, caused by the different ohmic drops for example, leads to very different thicknesses leading to significant edge effects. By edge effects we mean that the lining is not limited to the surface of the conductive pad to which it is applied, but extends beyond this pad in proportions which are poorly controlled.
- Electrochemical grafting from electro-initiated reactions using monomers as listed above makes it possible to achieve localized grafting because it is by nature less sensitive to potential inhomogeneities. This localized grafting makes it possible to treat supports with a high density of areas, without the use of masks.
- the thickness of the coating produced from an electro-initiated reaction depends on the length of the chain forming the molecule of the grafted polymer and on the grafting density.
- the process leads to rapid local saturation of the coating thickness, making it possible to limit edge effects. Only the density is a function depending on the electrochemical kinetics of the reaction.
- grafting A first level of homogeneity of the coating is obtained as soon as the potential at the surface of each range is in a potential window guaranteeing minimum grafting kinetics. This less restrictive condition facilitates the practical implementation of addressing using impedance means which by nature can increase the inhomogeneities of the potential.
- the uniformity in thickness is a critical parameter for the quality of the coating obtained, the variations in potential caused by the internal resistance of the common electrode 11 or by the dispersion on the properties of the diodes can even be compensated for using the method in a saturation mode: by repeating the scanning of the voltage beyond the saturation potential until the number of grafted sites is saturated, the thickness of the coating is an intrinsic value which no longer depends on the exact value of the local potential but just its presence in a window of potential.
- Figures 6 to 9 are voltammograms illustrating successive steps of lining a support.
- this support only comprises two families of conductive pads denoted A and B, associated with selection means in the form of threshold shift means. More precisely, it is considered that a first family A of conductive pads is connected to the common addressing pad 18 without offset means or with means introducing a small offset, while the second family B is connected to it by means introducing a greater offset.
- FIGS. 6 to 9 correspond to the electro-initiated grafting of a lining material.
- FIG. 6 shows the voltammogram curves for an applied voltage Vr which would correspond respectively to the two families of conductive pads A and B.
- the curves are offset due to the offset means.
- These are threshold means.
- the shifting means are chosen so that the lining threshold VgB of the second family of conductive pads is greater than the saturation potential VsatA of the first family of conductive pads.
- references VsA, VsB, VgA and VgB, VsatA and VsatB respectively indicate the start thresholds, the trim thresholds and the saturation potentials of the two curves corresponding to families A and B measured between the reference electrode and the source, therefore taking into account the presence of different means of shift on families.
- the application of an electrochemical potential Ui is not of the "all or nothing" type but takes place by successive sweeps between between an initial value lower than the lining threshold potential VgA and a value VsatA, greater than VgA corresponding to the first family of conductive pads.
- VgA initial value lower than the lining threshold potential
- VsatA value corresponding to the first family of conductive pads.
- the conductive pads of the first family A are fully packed and can no longer accommodate new packing molecules.
- the conductive pads of the first family A are made passive.
- the packing support is brought into contact with another electrochemical bath, with packing species having a possibly different threshold, scans with different voltages can also be carried out. It suffices that the bias voltage exceeds the threshold imposed by the shifting means and reaches the lining threshold of a kind of lining capable of being formed.
- insulating lining here is meant a lining which prevents the resumption of a new electro-initiated reaction. If this new reaction is for example an electro-grafting reaction, (i) the non-swelling of the first lining with a solvent for the new reaction; (ii) the insolubility of the monomer of the new reaction in the first lining; (iii) the maximum occupation (maximum grafting rate) of the sites of the conductive pad due to the first lining; are - independently - causes which can lead to isolation (in the electrochemical sense) of the already filled range.
- Figures 10 to 13 are diagrams identical to those of Figures 6 to 9, except that they are established for a lining support in which the selection means are not of the type at threshold.
- the selection means include offset means in the form of electrical resistors.
- the shifting means comprise only resistors, the shift between the curves relating to families A and B of conductive pads increases with the electrochemical current and therefore with the applied bias voltage.
- the voltage Ul is applied by successive sweeps between an initial value lower than the lining threshold potential VgA and a value VsatA, greater than VgA, sufficiently low to not reach the lining threshold voltage Vg B of the conductive pads of the second family.
- the resistance selection means make it possible to obtain a selective lining despite a low electrochemical current. This is due to the fact that the lining reactions, in this case grafting, are here electro-initiated reactions having their own thresholds. These thresholds are specific to the lining materials and therefore independent of the selection means. When the packing materials do not have their own reaction threshold, threshold selection means are used, as indicated above.
- new polarization voltage sweeps are carried out encompassing the interval between the lining threshold VgB and the saturation potential VsatB of the conductive pads of the second family B, set in contact with an electrochemical bath containing one or more other types of packing.
- the polarization voltage sweeps are carried out with a voltage U 2 higher than Ui. If the threshold for the electro-initiated reaction of the lining material is lower, the scans can also be carried out with a lower voltage than previously. Insofar as the shifting means do not comprise a diode, it is not necessary to exceed a conduction threshold.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate a particular example of implementation of the invention for electromechanical devices requiring selective packing during a so-called preconditioning phase.
- the support 10 is made from a silicon wafer on which are micro-machined electro-mechanical microstructures intended to be used in pressure sensors.
- Figures 14A and 14B show only one of these microstructures.
- Part 14B represents a cross section
- part 14A represents a top view.
- FIG. 14C represents an assembly in cross section of the microstructure and of an interconnection substrate.
- the support 10 used comprises an SOI substrate
- This deformation results in a modification of a capacity measured between the two silicon planes 412 and 414 by means of electrical contacts 416 and 418 produced by local deposition of gold, on the substrate 412 and the layer 414 respectively.
- the contact 416 also covers a part 414 "of the layer 414, electrically isolated from the rest of the layer 414 by an etching 423 of this layer.
- the layer 414 is of type p.
- a diode is produced on the surface of layer 414 by a local implantation 422 of type n produced around the entire periphery of the central part 414 'of layer 414.
- an insulating part should be provided, the insulating part and the doped part n 422 together surrounding the central part 414 '.
- a semiconductor pad 414 ′ of a first type is in electrical contact only with a semiconductor material 422 of a second type itself electrically coupled with a common addressing pad 424 through a second conductive pad 427.
- a first common electrode 424 is produced by evaporating a gold track 424 connecting the various implantations 422 produced on the microstructure wafer.
- the various locations 422 are themselves coated with a gold deposit 427. Therefore an electrical connection in gold exists between each of the deposits 427 and the common electrode 424.
- a second common electrode 426 also formed by evaporating a gold track, makes it possible to electrically connect the contacts 416 to a second common polarization pad.
- the first and second electrodes 424, 426 are said to be common because they connect all the implantations 422, and all the contacts 416 of the supports 10 of the same wafer respectively.
- the microstructure formed by the support 10 which has just been described is assembled mechanically and electrically with a so-called interconnection substrate 430 shown in cross section in the assembled position with the support 10 forming a microstructure for a sensor.
- This substrate interconnection 430 can be used to place the support 10 in a box or to accommodate other components, not shown, making it possible to form the sensor together.
- a window 425 is produced on the interconnection substrate 430 facing the membrane 414 'to allow direct mechanical contact of the membrane 414' with a medium whose pressure is to be measured.
- a conductive hot-melt material 432, 434 deposited on the support 10 above the gold contacts 418, 416 provides a mechanical and electrical connection with conductive parts of the interconnection substrate 430.
- a mechanical connection is obtained by a lining 429 made of insulating hot-melt material deposited above the part 427 coated with gold surrounding the membrane 414 '.
- the membrane 414 ' is itself coated with a biocompatible lining 428.
- This functionalization is carried out from a deposit 428 of controlled thickness making it possible not to significantly change the elasticity of the membrane 414 '. With baths containing for example vinyl monomers or cyclic molecules cleavable, coatings can be produced, the properties of which can be adjusted.
- HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- BMA butyl methacrylate
- PEG-di-MA polyethylene glycol di-methacrylate
- NDP N -vinyl pyrrolidone
- the films obtained by electro-grafting are generally insulators with a high grafting rate, but it is not uncommon to observe that electrical insulation, especially in solution, is all the more favored when the electro-grafted polymer is more hydrophobic.
- a particularly suitable method for carrying out the assembly between the support 10 and the interconnection substrate 430 consists in mounting the support 10 after cutting, facing the front face towards the interconnection substrate 430 (so-called “flip-chip” method) in using fusible material deposits for electrical and mechanical interconnections ("polymeric flip-chip”). It has been seen above that it is used for these electrical and mechanical connections on the one hand an insulating hot-melt material 429 ensuring a sealed mechanical connection and on the other hand a conductive hot-melt material 432 ensuring a mechanical and electrical connection.
- the use of different linings 428, 429, 434, 432 on certain conductive areas of the front face of the structure 10 thus makes it possible to provide various additional functions. These linings are produced during a preconditioning step carried out collectively simultaneously on all the microstructures, therefore before cutting of the silicon substrate.
- the microstructure 10 requires three different functionalizations to be provided by different fittings on electrically connected conductive surfaces. It is a first lining 429 of insulating hot-melt polymer produced above the peripheral part 427 of the membrane 414 ′, a second lining 434 of conductive hot-melt polymer produced above the contacts 418, a third lining biocompatible 428 produced above the membrane 414 '. It should be noted that a conductive but not necessarily hot-melt lining 432 is also produced above the contacts 416 and tracks 426. These linings are produced by electro-deposition as explained below.
- the first lining 429 is produced on all the seals by polarizing the first common electrode 424 at the potential VO corresponding to the potential necessary for the lining 429 on gold.
- the second lining 434 is produced on all of the contacts 418 by bringing the first common electrode 424 to a potential VI corresponding to the potential necessary for the lining 434 on the gold increased by the threshold of the diode created by the implantation 422.
- the membrane 414 ′ is not filled at this stage because the grafting potential on silicon is higher than that on gold. So selectivity is again used due to the difference in nature between conductive materials electrically connected to each other.
- the third lining 428 is produced on all of the membranes 414 ′ by bringing the first common electrode 424 to a potential V2 corresponding to the potential necessary for the lining 428 on the silicon increased by the threshold of the diode 422 mentioned above.
- the second electrode 426 is maintained at zero potential.
- the lining 432 of the contacts 416 is made separately from a lining 432. It can also be carried out simultaneously with the deposition of the second lining 434 using an additional source making it possible to bring the second common electrode 426 to the potential V3 corresponding to the potential necessary for the lining 432 on gold.
- the lining 429 corresponds for example to a layer of Poly Butyl MethAcrylate (PBMA).
- PBMA Poly Butyl MethAcrylate
- the lining 434 corresponds for example to a layer of PBMA doped with silver salts, approximately 0.5 ⁇ m thick.
- the lining 428 corresponds for example to a layer of poly- (PEG-dimethacrylate) approximately 0.5 ⁇ m thick. These layers are formed in butyl methacrylate and PEG dimethacrylate baths, respectively, in dimethyl formamide (DMF) in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate as a support electrolyte.
- PEG-dimethacrylate poly-(PEG-dimethacrylate) approximately 0.5 ⁇ m thick.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
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- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0210566A FR2843828A1 (fr) | 2002-08-26 | 2002-08-26 | Support de garniture et procede de garniture selective de plages conductrices d'un tel support |
| FR0210566 | 2002-08-26 | ||
| PCT/FR2003/050042 WO2004019385A2 (fr) | 2002-08-26 | 2003-08-26 | Support de garniture et procede de garniture selective de plages conductrices d'un tel support |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1532665A2 true EP1532665A2 (fr) | 2005-05-25 |
Family
ID=31198302
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03792451A Withdrawn EP1532665A2 (fr) | 2002-08-26 | 2003-08-26 | Support de garniture et procede de garniture selective de plages conductrices d un tel support |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7247226B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1532665A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2005536733A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003276378A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2496131A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2843828A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004019385A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2851258B1 (fr) * | 2003-02-17 | 2007-03-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de revetement d'une surface, fabrication d'interconnexion en microelectronique utilisant ce procede, et circuits integres |
| US7820026B2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2010-10-26 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Method to deposit organic grafted film on barrier layer |
| US20090056994A1 (en) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Kuhr Werner G | Methods of Treating a Surface to Promote Metal Plating and Devices Formed |
| WO2009086441A2 (fr) * | 2007-12-27 | 2009-07-09 | Zettacore, Inc. | Molécules de stockage de charge autonomes destinées à être utilisées dans des condensateurs moléculaires |
| FR2927169B1 (fr) * | 2008-02-05 | 2013-01-11 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fonctionnalisation de la surface d'un pore |
| US8907133B2 (en) | 2008-07-14 | 2014-12-09 | Esionic Es, Inc. | Electrolyte compositions and electrochemical double layer capacitors formed there from |
| US8927775B2 (en) | 2008-07-14 | 2015-01-06 | Esionic Es, Inc. | Phosphonium ionic liquids, salts, compositions, methods of making and devices formed there from |
| US8525155B2 (en) * | 2008-07-14 | 2013-09-03 | Esionic Es, Inc. | Phosphonium ionic liquids, compositions, methods of making and electronic devices formed there from |
| US20110089557A1 (en) * | 2009-10-19 | 2011-04-21 | Jeng-Jye Shau | Area reduction for die-scale surface mount package chips |
| CN107072072B (zh) | 2010-07-06 | 2019-10-25 | 纳美仕有限公司 | 处理铜表面以增强对印刷电路板中使用的有机衬底的粘着力的方法 |
| JP6450989B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-22 | 2019-01-16 | 前田建設工業株式会社 | チェックシート作成システム、及びチェックシート作成方法 |
| US10336606B2 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2019-07-02 | Nxp Usa, Inc. | Integrated capacitive humidity sensor |
| CN109542153B (zh) * | 2018-12-06 | 2023-12-01 | 艾恩格电气(珠海)有限公司 | 一种具有欧姆压降自动补偿功能的快速扫描电路 |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2480314A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-11 | 1981-10-16 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de depot par electropolymerisation de films minces organiques sur des surfaces conductrices de l'electricite en particulier sur des surfaces metalliques, et films minces ainsi obtenus |
| FR2672738A1 (fr) | 1991-02-12 | 1992-08-14 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Contact pour connecteur electrique protege par un film de polymere et son procede de fabrication. |
| FR2672661B1 (fr) | 1991-02-12 | 1993-08-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Piece metallique recouverte d'un film lubrifiant et son procede de fabrication. |
| JP3094880B2 (ja) * | 1995-03-01 | 2000-10-03 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 有機化合物の結晶化制御方法およびそれに用いる結晶化制御用固体素子 |
| US6140144A (en) * | 1996-08-08 | 2000-10-31 | Integrated Sensing Systems, Inc. | Method for packaging microsensors |
| FR2754276B1 (fr) * | 1996-10-03 | 1998-10-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede et dispositifs pour la formation electrolytique d'un depot sur un ensemble selectionne d'electrodes |
| FR2764384B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-06 | 1999-07-16 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Traitement de surface d'un substrat limitant sa fluorescence naturelle |
| FR2764386B1 (fr) * | 1997-06-06 | 1999-07-16 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Support d'electrodes comportant au moins une electrode recouverte par un depot et systeme de lecture de ce support |
| NO304956B1 (no) * | 1997-07-22 | 1999-03-08 | Opticom As | Elektrodeanordning uten og med et funksjonselement, samt en elektrodeinnretning dannet av elektrodeanordninger med funksjonselement og anvendelser derav |
| JP3663938B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-24 | 2005-06-22 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | フリップチップ実装方法 |
| US6022583A (en) | 1997-12-16 | 2000-02-08 | Nordson Corporation | Method of encapsulating a wire bonded die |
| FR2791471B1 (fr) * | 1999-03-22 | 2002-01-25 | Gemplus Card Int | Procede de fabrication de puces de circuits integres |
-
2002
- 2002-08-26 FR FR0210566A patent/FR2843828A1/fr active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-08-26 CA CA002496131A patent/CA2496131A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-26 WO PCT/FR2003/050042 patent/WO2004019385A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-08-26 JP JP2004530316A patent/JP2005536733A/ja active Pending
- 2003-08-26 AU AU2003276378A patent/AU2003276378A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-26 US US10/525,833 patent/US7247226B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-08-26 EP EP03792451A patent/EP1532665A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004019385A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2004019385A2 (fr) | 2004-03-04 |
| AU2003276378A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| JP2005536733A (ja) | 2005-12-02 |
| WO2004019385A3 (fr) | 2004-04-08 |
| FR2843828A1 (fr) | 2004-02-27 |
| CA2496131A1 (fr) | 2004-03-04 |
| AU2003276378A8 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| US20060103018A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
| US7247226B2 (en) | 2007-07-24 |
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