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EP1521588A2 - Use of alanyl-aminopeptidase inhibitors and pharmaceutical compositions containing said inhibitors - Google Patents

Use of alanyl-aminopeptidase inhibitors and pharmaceutical compositions containing said inhibitors

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Publication number
EP1521588A2
EP1521588A2 EP03762633A EP03762633A EP1521588A2 EP 1521588 A2 EP1521588 A2 EP 1521588A2 EP 03762633 A EP03762633 A EP 03762633A EP 03762633 A EP03762633 A EP 03762633A EP 1521588 A2 EP1521588 A2 EP 1521588A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inhibitors
use according
same substrate
substrate specificity
paq
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03762633A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Siegfried Ansorge
Janine Tadje
Uwe Lendeckel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IMTM GmbH
Original Assignee
IMTM GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IMTM GmbH filed Critical IMTM GmbH
Priority to EP09160281A priority Critical patent/EP2085094A2/en
Publication of EP1521588A2 publication Critical patent/EP1521588A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/14—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the thyroid hormones, e.g. T3, T4
    • A61P5/16—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the thyroid hormones, e.g. T3, T4 for decreasing, blocking or antagonising the activity of the thyroid hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases Use of inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them
  • the present invention relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for inducing the production of TGF- ⁇ 1 and expression of TGF- ⁇ 1 in and / or on Treg cells and the use for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergies, arteriosclerosis and for the suppression of graft rejection.
  • the invention further relates to uses in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used.
  • the joint application of inhibitors against the above-mentioned enzymes with disease-specific antigens enhances the targeted action of the inhibitors against pathogenic T-cell clones and is suitable for the specific therapy of immunologically related diseases.
  • Fig. 5 The inhibition of autoreactive T cells via soluble (a) or membrane-bound TGF-ßl (b) is shown schematically in Fig. 5.
  • the membrane-bound TGF-ßl on Treg has a direct inhibitory effect on autoreactive T cells by binding to their TGF-ßl receptor (cell-cell contact), which can be seen in Fig. 5 (b) above.
  • This cell contact can be achieved through the simultaneous binding of both Treg and autoreactive T cells to an antigen-presenting cell (APC, in particular dendritic cells).
  • APC antigen-presenting cell
  • previous binding of the Treg to the APC can change it (lack of costimulatory signals) so that a subsequently binding autoreactive T cell is not activated (anergy).
  • the Treg and autoreactive T cell are characterized by the same antigen specificity.
  • Treg natural regulatory T cells
  • Treg cells arise in the thymus [Kawahata K. et al., J. Immunol. 168: 4399-4405, 2002] and account for 5-10% of the T cells in peripheral blood. They have an inhibitory effect on CD4 + T cells of the same antigen specificity via direct cell contact. This inhibitory effect is shown by a strong expression of TGF-ßl in the Treg reached.
  • the TGF-ßl is presented on the surface of the Treg and binds to the TGF-ßl receptor on autoreactive T cells, which represents a completely new mechanism of action of this strong immunosuppressive cytokine [Nakamura et al., J Exp Med 194: 629- 644, 2001].
  • Treg cells inhibit autoimmunity more efficiently than the immune response to "foreign" antigens [Romagnoli P et al., J hnmunol 168: 1644-1648, 2002]. Therefore, restrictions or losses in the functioning of Treg cells are of particular pathogenetic importance in the development of autoimmune disorders.
  • a direct relationship between the number / function of Treg cells and the manifestation of autoimmune diseases is for type I diabetes [Boudaly S et al., Eur Cytokine Netw 13: 29-37, 2002; Gregori S et al., Diabetes 51: 1367-1374, 2002], autoimmune encephalomyelitis (animal model of multiple sclerosis) [Furtado GC et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 122-134, 2001; Muhallab S et al., Scand J Hnmunol 55: 264-273, 2002; Hamilton NH et al., Scand J hnmunol 55: 171-177, 2002], for the "autoimmune ovarian disease" (AOD) [Tung KS et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 135- 148, 2001], and for the disease Crohn [Neurath MF et al., J Exp Med 195: 1129-1143, 2002].
  • Treg cells are also responsible for suppressing intestinal or pulmonary inflammation [Singh B et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 190-200, 2001; Hori S et al., Eur J Hnmunol 32: 1282-1291, 2002].
  • the role of Treg cells in suppressing rejection episodes after allogeneic (foreign) organ transplantation is also clearly demonstrated [Kingsley CI et al., J hnmunol 168: 1080-1086, 2002; Taylor PA et al., Blood 99: 3493-3499, 2002; Chiffoleau E et al., Jnnmunol 168: 5058-5069, 2002].
  • each Treg cell clone is directed against a specific antibody and inhibits autoreactive T cells of the same antigen specificity under normal physiological conditions, in the case of Autoimmune diseases lose this Treg function and auto-reactive T cell clones, such as those used in type I diabetes against proteins of the pancreatic beta cell, lead to the outbreak of the autoimmune disease.
  • this antigen specificity can also be used therapeutically, by increasing or increasing the number / function of these cells through targeted "antigen-specific" activation in vivo or ex vivo of Treg cells (or of denritic cells activating these cells) getting produced.
  • TGF-ßl for the regulation of immunological hyperreactivity
  • two recent publications show that the overproduction of TGF-ßl in CD4 + cells caused by genetic manipulation can suppress the disease process.
  • Th2 cells are crucially involved in the pathogenesis, the function of pathogenic Th2 cell clones can accordingly be effectively inhibited by transgenic overproduction of TGF- ⁇ 1 [Hansen G et al., J Clin ivest 105: 61-70 , 2000; Thorbecke GJ et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11: 89-96, 2000].
  • the present invention has for its object to provide an efficient method for the induction of production and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells, which is also for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergies, arteriosclerosis and the suppression of Graft rejection on humans or animals is suitable. Another object is to provide corresponding pharmaceutical preparations with which these objects can be achieved.
  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity induce the production of TGF-ßl and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells and thus for the prevention and treatment of Autoimmune diseases, allergies and arteriosclerosis are suitable and can serve to suppress transplant rejections.
  • the invention therefore relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for inducing the production of TGF- ⁇ 1 and expression of TGF- ⁇ 1 in and / or on Treg cells.
  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors.
  • ⁇ -ketoamides particularly preferred among these are ⁇ -ketoamides, ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, ⁇ -aminophosphonates and phebestin, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as ⁇ -ketoamides, D-Phe- as ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids ⁇ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as ⁇ -aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
  • cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example.
  • PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase.
  • As a preferred inhibitor of the cytosolic alanyl Aminopeptidase is therefore used PAQ-22, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22.
  • the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the membrane-bound alanyl aminopeptidase increases the gene expression of TGF-ßl in Treg cells and the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokm TGF-ßl ("transforming growth factor ßl") in / on regulatory cells.
  • TGF-ßl selectively strengthens or restitutes the function of Treg cells and is due to the above-mentioned relationships between the expression of TGF-ßl on the Treg cells and the inhibitory effect on autoreactive T-lymphocytes are suitable to overcome the functional deficits of Treg cells existing in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases, in allergies and in rejection episodes after organ transplantation and thus to allow the prevention of these diseases and / or to improve the course or the severity of these diseases and / or cure these diseases. All of these diseases and the rejection episodes after organ transplantation are due to the lack of a sufficiently effective natural immunosuppressive principle, i.e. H. insufficiently functioning immunoregulatory cells, including deficient production of TGF-ßl.
  • the induction of TGF- ⁇ 1 according to the invention is not restricted to individual antigen-specific T cell clones.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune disorders.
  • the use according to the invention is preferred for the prevention and / or treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, IDDM, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, vasculitis, autoimmune ScMeldhdäfflemischendiseases chronic anemia, autoimmune diseases with an inflammatory genesis such as arteriosclerosis.
  • an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity are also used for the prevention and / or treatment of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs or allergies of the type ⁇ , HI or IV.
  • the use for the prevention and / or treatment of bronchial asthma or hay fever as type I allergy according to Gell and Coombs and / or contact allergies as type ⁇ , DI or IV allergies is preferred.
  • the invention further relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for suppressing graft rejection, preferably in kidney or bone marrow transplants.
  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors.
  • Preferred are actinonin, leuhistin, phebestin, amastatin, bestatin, probestin, arphamenin, MR 387, ⁇ -aminothiols, ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, ⁇ -aminophosphonates, ⁇ -aminoboronic acids, ⁇ -aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of ⁇ -amino acids, N-phenylphthalimide, N-phenylhomophthalimide, ⁇ -ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives are used.
  • ⁇ -ketoamides, ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, ⁇ -aminophosphonates and phebestin are particularly preferred, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as ⁇ -ketoamides, D-Phe- as ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids ⁇ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as ⁇ -aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin
  • cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example.
  • PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase.
  • As a preferred inhibitor of the cytosolic alanyl Aminopeptidase is therefore used PAQ-22, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the induction of production of TGF- ⁇ 1 and expression of TGF- ⁇ 1 in and / or on Treg cells and for the prevention and / or treatment of Autoimmune diseases, allergies, hay fever, arteriosclerosis and to suppress transplant rejection, in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogues and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used.
  • peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used.
  • Preferred peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens in multiple sclerosis are MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and PLP (proteolipid protein), preferred specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are coat proteins or membrane glycolipid complexes.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for inducing the production of TGF-ßl and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells.
  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors. Actinonine, leuhistine, phebestine, amastatin, bestatin, probestin, arphamenine, MR 387, ⁇ -aminothiols, ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, ⁇ -aminophosphonates, ⁇ -aminoboronic acids, ⁇ -aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of ⁇ -amino acids are preferred. N-phenylphthalimide, N-phenylhomophthalimide, ⁇ -ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives are used.
  • ⁇ -ketoamides particularly preferred among these are ⁇ -ketoamides, ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, ⁇ -aminophosphonates and phebestin, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as ⁇ -ketoamides, D-Phe- as ⁇ -aminophosphinic acids ⁇ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as ⁇ -aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
  • cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example.
  • PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase. PAQ-22 is therefore used as the preferred inhibitor of cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22 is used.
  • the invention also relates to the use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the production of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune disorders, of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs, such as hay fever, ⁇ , HI or IV type allergies and the use in the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for suppressing transplant rejection.
  • Preferred diseases and types of transplantation are listed in subclaims 26, 27, 29 and 31.
  • Preferred inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and enzymes of the same substrate specificity are mentioned in claims 32 to 35.
  • peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens in multiple sclerosis or synthetic analogues and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms may additionally be used, MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and / or PLP (proteolipid protein) and / or as specific antigenic components are more pathogenic as preferred peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens
  • MBP myelin basic protein
  • MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
  • MAG myelin associated glycoprotein
  • PLP proteolipid protein
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an inhibitor or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives and / or auxiliaries.
  • the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical preparation containing an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms, and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives - And / or auxiliary substances.
  • the invention shows that for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases as well as allogeneic rejection reactions and allergies, for the development of which the proliferation and activation of pathogenic T cell clones play a central role, the application of inhibitors of the abovementioned enzymes or appropriate preparations and dosage forms are suitable.
  • the simultaneous application of disease-specific antigens further increases this therapeutic effect and narrows the effect on the pathogenetically relevant process.
  • the application of aminopeptidase inhibitors to induce TGF- ⁇ 1 expression in / on Treg cells and thus to increase the immunosuppressive function of this pathogenetically important inhibitory T cell population provides a novel method for the diseases mentioned and a supplementary one in the central one is a form of therapy that intervenes.
  • inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity can be used in pharmaceutically acceptable formulation complexes as inhibitors, substrates, pseudo-substrates, inhibitory peptides and peptide derivatives and as antibodies of this enzyme.
  • Preferred inhibitors are Bestaun, Phebestin, Probestin, Actinonin, Leuhistin, RB3014, PAQ-22 and their derivatives, Phebestin, RB3014 and / or PAQ-22 are particularly preferred.
  • the administration can take place in all suitable forms, for example as a topical application in the form of creams, ointments, pastes, gels, solutions, sprays, liposomes, shaking mixtures, hydrocolloid dressings or other dermatological bases / vehicles including instillative application or as a systemic application oral, transdermal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, inhalative, intramuscular use in suitable formulations or in suitable galenics or in connection with or incorporation into microparticles to overcome the blood-brain barrier.
  • the application of "disease-specific" antigens petid fragments, lipopolysaccharides, etc.
  • in appropriate dosage forms can increase the success of the therapy.
  • TGF- / 31 human regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4 + CD25 + ) after incubation with the inhibitor phebestin.
  • the T cells were incubated with phebestin for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA and with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA.
  • PHA phythema agglutinin
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • the surface expression of TGF-ßl was then measured using flow cytometry using the commercially available polyclonal anon-TGF-ßl antibody (chicken anti-human; R&D Systems). The results are shown in Figure 1.
  • T cells were incubated for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA PMA with phebestin.
  • PHA phytoaddition factor
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • the content of TGF / 31 mRNA was then determined by means of quantitative RT-PCR using the i-cycler. The results are shown in Figure 2.
  • T cells were incubated with PAQ-22 for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA.
  • PHA phytoaddition factor
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • T cells were incubated with RB3014 for 72 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA.
  • PHA phytoaddition factor
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • the content of TGF- ⁇ 1 mRNA was then determined by means of quantitative RT-PCR using the i-cycler. The results are shown in Figure 4.

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Abstract

The invention relates to the use of one or several alanyl-aminopeptidase inhibitors and/or enzyme inhibitors which exhibit the same substrate specificity in order to stimulate the production of TFG-β 1 and the expression of TFG-β 1 in and/or on lymphocyte T regulators. The invention also relates to the use of said inhibitors for preventing and/or curing autoimmune, allergic and cardiovascular diseases and to preclude the rejection of transplants. In addition, said invention relates to applications in which peptidic fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogues and/or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are used.

Description

Verwendung von Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und diese umfassende pharmazeutischen ZubereitungenUse of inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Induktion der Produktion von TGF-ß 1 und Expression von TGF-ß 1 in und/oder auf Treg- Zellen und die Verwendung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen, Allergien, Arteriosklerose und zur Unterdrückung von TransplantatAbstossungen. Weiter betrifft die Erfindung Verwendungen bei der zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden. Die gemeinsame Applikation von Inhibitoren gegen oben genannte Enzyme mit krankheitsspezifischen Antigenen verstärkt die gerichtete Wirkung der Inhibitoren gegen pathogene T-Zell-Klone und ist zur spezifischen Therapie immunologisch bedingter Erkrankungen geeignet.The present invention relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for inducing the production of TGF-β 1 and expression of TGF-β 1 in and / or on Treg cells and the use for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergies, arteriosclerosis and for the suppression of graft rejection. The invention further relates to uses in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used. The joint application of inhibitors against the above-mentioned enzymes with disease-specific antigens enhances the targeted action of the inhibitors against pathogenic T-cell clones and is suitable for the specific therapy of immunologically related diseases.
Es ist bereits bekannt, daß bei Erkrankungen mit Autoimmunpathogenese wie beispielsweise Typ I Diabetes mellitus oder Multiple Sklerose eine Aktivierung und Proliferation von autoreaktiven, d.h. gegen körpereigene Antigene gerichtete Immunzellen, insbesondere von autoreaktiven T-Lymphozyten, dem Krankheitsprozess zugrunde liegen bzw. diesen ausmachen. Ähnliche Mechanismen kommen bei der Entstehung von Abstossungsepisoden nach Organtransplantation mit dem Unterschied zum Tragen, dass hier nicht primär "Autoantigene", sondern "Fremdantigene" aus dem Spenderorgan für die Entwicklung der fatalen Immunantwort verantwortlich sind. In beiden Fällen, d.h. sowohl bei Autoimmunerkrankungen als auch bei Abstossungsreaktionen, kommt es zu einem unerwünschten Bruch der "Toleranz" des Immunsystems gegen die körpereigenen oder vom Transplantat herrührenden Antigene. Ähnliches gilt für die überschiessende Immunantwort bei Allergien. It is already known that in diseases with autoimmune pathogenesis such as type I diabetes mellitus or multiple sclerosis, an activation and proliferation of autoreactive, ie immune cells directed against the body's own antigens, in particular autoreactive T-lymphocytes, form the basis of the disease process or constitute it. Similar mechanisms come into play in the development of rejection episodes after organ transplantation, with the difference that it is not primarily "autoantigens" but "foreign antigens" from the donor organ that are responsible for the development of the fatal immune response. In both cases, ie both in autoimmune diseases and in rejection reactions, there is an undesirable break in the "tolerance" of the immune system against the body's own or transplant-derived antigens. The same applies to the excessive immune response in allergies.
Die Inhibierung autoreaktiver T-Zellen über lösliches (a) oder membranständiges TGF-ßl (b) ist in Abb. 5 schematisch dargestellt. Das membranständige TGF-ßl auf Treg wirkt dabei direkt inhibitorisch auf autoreaktive T-Zellen, indem es an deren TGF-ßl -Rezeptor bindet (Zell-Zell-Kontakt), was Abb. 5 (b) oben zu entnehmen ist. Dieser Zeil-Kontakt kann über die gleichzeitige Bindung von sowohl Treg als auch autoreaktiver T-Zelle an eine antigenpräsentierende Zelle (APC, insbesondere dendritische Zellen), erreicht werden. Andererseits können, was Abb. 5 (b) unten zu entnehmen ist, durch vorhergehende Bindung der Treg an die APC diese so verändert werden (Fehlen kostimulatorischer Signale), dass eine nachfolgend bindende autoreaktive T-Zelle nicht aktiviert wird (Anergie). In beiden Fällen zeichnen sich Treg und autoreaktive T-Zelle durch die gleiche Antigen-Spezifität aus.The inhibition of autoreactive T cells via soluble (a) or membrane-bound TGF-ßl (b) is shown schematically in Fig. 5. The membrane-bound TGF-ßl on Treg has a direct inhibitory effect on autoreactive T cells by binding to their TGF-ßl receptor (cell-cell contact), which can be seen in Fig. 5 (b) above. This cell contact can be achieved through the simultaneous binding of both Treg and autoreactive T cells to an antigen-presenting cell (APC, in particular dendritic cells). On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 5 (b) below, previous binding of the Treg to the APC can change it (lack of costimulatory signals) so that a subsequently binding autoreactive T cell is not activated (anergy). In both cases, the Treg and autoreactive T cell are characterized by the same antigen specificity.
Erkenntnisse der letzten Jahre zeigen, dass im gesunden Organismus diese "Toleranz" aktiv aufrecht erhalten wird, indem autoreaktive T-Lymphozyten aktiv in ihrer Funktion und ihrem Wachstum unterdrückt werden. Dies wird durch eine spezielle, supprimierende T-Zcll- Population, die sogenannten natürlichen regulatorischen T-Zellen (Treg, CD4+CD25+-Zellen), erreicht. Treg-Zellen entstehen im Thymus [Kawahata K. et al., J. Immunol. 168: 4399-4405, 2002] und machen im peripheren Blut einen Anteil von 5-10% der T-Zellen aus. Sie wirken auf CD4+-T-Zcllen der gleichen Antigen-Spezifität über direkten Zeil-Kontakt inhibitorisch. Diese inhibitorische Wirkung wird über eine starke Expression von TGF-ßl in auf den Treg erreicht. Das TGF-ßl ist dabei auf der Oberfläche der Treg präsentiert und bindet an den TGF-ßl -Rezeptor auf autoreaktiven T-Zellen, was einen völlig neuen Wirkungsmechanismus dieses starken immunsuppressiven Zytokins darstellt [Nakamura et al., J Exp Med 194: 629- 644, 2001].Findings in recent years show that this "tolerance" is actively maintained in a healthy organism by actively suppressing the function and growth of autoreactive T-lymphocytes. This is achieved through a special, suppressive T-Zcll population, the so-called natural regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4 + CD25 + cells). Treg cells arise in the thymus [Kawahata K. et al., J. Immunol. 168: 4399-4405, 2002] and account for 5-10% of the T cells in peripheral blood. They have an inhibitory effect on CD4 + T cells of the same antigen specificity via direct cell contact. This inhibitory effect is shown by a strong expression of TGF-ßl in the Treg reached. The TGF-ßl is presented on the surface of the Treg and binds to the TGF-ßl receptor on autoreactive T cells, which represents a completely new mechanism of action of this strong immunosuppressive cytokine [Nakamura et al., J Exp Med 194: 629- 644, 2001].
Treg-Zellen hemmen die Autoimmunität effizienter als die Immunantwort gegen "Fremd"- Antigene [Romagnoli P et al., J hnmunol 168: 1644-1648, 2002]. Daher haben Einschränkungen oder Verluste der Funktion von Treg-Zellen besondere pathogenetische Bedeutung bei der Entstehung von Autoimmunerkraiikungen. Ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen Zahl/Funktion von Treg-Zellen und der Manifestation von Autoimmunerkrankungen ist für den Typ I-Diabetes [Boudaly S et al., Eur Cytokine Netw 13: 29-37, 2002; Gregori S et al., Diabetes 51: 1367-1374, 2002], die Autoimmun-Enzephalomyelitis (Tiermodell der Multiplen Sklerose) [Furtado GC et al., hnmunol Rev 182: 122-134, 2001; Muhallab S et al., Scand J hnmunol 55: 264-273, 2002; Hamilton NH et al., Scand J hnmunol 55: 171-177, 2002], für die "autoimmune ovarian disease" (AOD) [Tung KS et al., hnmunol Rev 182:135- 148, 2001], sowie für den Morbus Crohn [Neurath MF et al., J Exp Med 195: 1129-1143, 2002] nachgewiesen worden.Treg cells inhibit autoimmunity more efficiently than the immune response to "foreign" antigens [Romagnoli P et al., J hnmunol 168: 1644-1648, 2002]. Therefore, restrictions or losses in the functioning of Treg cells are of particular pathogenetic importance in the development of autoimmune disorders. A direct relationship between the number / function of Treg cells and the manifestation of autoimmune diseases is for type I diabetes [Boudaly S et al., Eur Cytokine Netw 13: 29-37, 2002; Gregori S et al., Diabetes 51: 1367-1374, 2002], autoimmune encephalomyelitis (animal model of multiple sclerosis) [Furtado GC et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 122-134, 2001; Muhallab S et al., Scand J Hnmunol 55: 264-273, 2002; Hamilton NH et al., Scand J hnmunol 55: 171-177, 2002], for the "autoimmune ovarian disease" (AOD) [Tung KS et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 135- 148, 2001], and for the disease Crohn [Neurath MF et al., J Exp Med 195: 1129-1143, 2002].
Darüber hinaus sind Treg-Zellen auch für die Unterdrückung intestinaler oder pulmonaler Entzündungen verantwortlich [Singh B et al., hnmunol Rev 182: 190-200, 2001; Hori S et al., Eur J hnmunol 32: 1282-1291, 2002]. Ebenso eindeutig belegt ist die Rolle von Treg-Zellen für die Unterdrückung von Abstossungsepisoden nach allogener (Fremd-) Organtransplantation [Kingsley CI et al., J hnmunol 168: 1080-1086, 2002; Taylor PA et al., Blood 99: 3493-3499, 2002; Chiffoleau E et al., J hnmunol 168: 5058-5069, 2002]. All diesen immunsupprimierenden Funktionen der Treg-Zellen ist gemeinsam, dass sie sich durch eine hohe Antigenspezifität auszeichnen, d.h. jeder Treg-Zell-Klon ist gegen ein spezielles Aiitigen gerichtet und inhibiert autoreaktive T-Zellen der gleichen Antigenspezifität unter normalen physiologischen Bedingungen, n Falle von Autoimmunerkrankungen geht diese Funktion der Treg verloren und autoreaktive T-Zell-Klone wie sie im Falle des Typ I Diabetes gegen Proteine der pankreatischen Beta-Zelle gerichtet sind, führen zum Ausbruch der Autoimmun- erkrankung. Diese Antigenspezifität kann auf der anderen Seite auch therapeutisch ausgenutzt werden, indem durch gezielte "antigen-spezifische" Aktivierung in vivo oder ex vivo von Treg- Zellen (bzw. von diese Zellen aktivierenden denritischen Zellen) die Zahl/Funktion dieser Zellen erhöht bzw. wieder hergestellt werden. Dazu ist auch die orale Applikation von "Antigenen" geeignet [Zhang et al., J hnmunol 167: 4245-4253, 2001]. Die Herstellung solcher Antigene ist jedoch technisch äußerst zeit- und kostenintensiv und auf Antigen-spezifische T-Zell- Klone beschränkt.In addition, Treg cells are also responsible for suppressing intestinal or pulmonary inflammation [Singh B et al., Hnmunol Rev 182: 190-200, 2001; Hori S et al., Eur J Hnmunol 32: 1282-1291, 2002]. The role of Treg cells in suppressing rejection episodes after allogeneic (foreign) organ transplantation is also clearly demonstrated [Kingsley CI et al., J hnmunol 168: 1080-1086, 2002; Taylor PA et al., Blood 99: 3493-3499, 2002; Chiffoleau E et al., Jnnmunol 168: 5058-5069, 2002]. All of these immunosuppressive functions of the Treg cells have in common that they are distinguished by a high antigen specificity, ie each Treg cell clone is directed against a specific antibody and inhibits autoreactive T cells of the same antigen specificity under normal physiological conditions, in the case of Autoimmune diseases lose this Treg function and auto-reactive T cell clones, such as those used in type I diabetes against proteins of the pancreatic beta cell, lead to the outbreak of the autoimmune disease. On the other hand, this antigen specificity can also be used therapeutically, by increasing or increasing the number / function of these cells through targeted "antigen-specific" activation in vivo or ex vivo of Treg cells (or of denritic cells activating these cells) getting produced. Oral application of "antigens" is also suitable for this [Zhang et al., J hnmunol 167: 4245-4253, 2001]. However, the production of such antigens is technically extremely time-consuming and expensive and is restricted to antigen-specific T cell clones.
Die besondere Rolle von TGF-ßl für die Regulation der immunologischen Hyperreaktivität wird durch zwei jüngere Publikationen unterstrichen, die zeigen, dass die durch genetische Manipulation bewirkte Übe roduktion von TGF-ßl in CD4+-Zellen das Krankheitsgeschehen zu unterdrücken vermag. Da im Falle des Asthma Th2-Zellen an der Pathogenese entscheidend beteiligt sind, kann durch transgene Überproduktion von TGF-ßl demzufolge die Funktion pathogener Th2-Zell-Klone wirksam inhibiert werden [Hansen G et al., J Clin ivest 105: 61-70, 2000; Thorbecke GJ et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11: 89-96, 2000]. Der Nachteil dieser Verfahren zur Induktion der Produktion von TGF-ßl in CD4+- bzw. Treg- Zellen ist, daß sie eine genetische Manipulation erforderlich machen, die zum einen sehr aufwendig und zum anderen für eine pharmakologische Anwendung am Menschen oder Tier ungeeignet ist.The special role of TGF-ßl for the regulation of immunological hyperreactivity is underlined by two recent publications, which show that the overproduction of TGF-ßl in CD4 + cells caused by genetic manipulation can suppress the disease process. Since in the case of asthma Th2 cells are crucially involved in the pathogenesis, the function of pathogenic Th2 cell clones can accordingly be effectively inhibited by transgenic overproduction of TGF-β1 [Hansen G et al., J Clin ivest 105: 61-70 , 2000; Thorbecke GJ et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11: 89-96, 2000]. The disadvantage of these methods for inducing the production of TGF-β1 in CD4 + or Treg cells is that they make it necessary to carry out a genetic manipulation, which is very complex on the one hand and is unsuitable for pharmacological use on humans or animals on the other.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine effiziente Methode zur Induktion von Produktion und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen bereitzustellen, die darüber hinaus zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen, Allergien, Arteriosklerose und zur Unterdrückung von TransplantatAbstossungen am Mensch oder Tier geeignet ist. Eine weitere Aufgabe ist es, entsprechende pharmazeutische Zubereitungen bereitzustellen, mit denen diese Aufgaben gelöst werden können.The present invention has for its object to provide an efficient method for the induction of production and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells, which is also for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergies, arteriosclerosis and the suppression of Graft rejection on humans or animals is suitable. Another object is to provide corresponding pharmaceutical preparations with which these objects can be achieved.
Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität die Produktion von TGF-ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen induzieren und so zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Autoinmiunerkrankungen, Allergien und Arteriosklerose geeignet sind und zur Unterdrückung von Transplantat- Abstossungen dienen können.Surprisingly, it was found that inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity induce the production of TGF-ßl and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells and thus for the prevention and treatment of Autoimmune diseases, allergies and arteriosclerosis are suitable and can serve to suppress transplant rejections.
Die Erfindung betrifft daher die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Induktion von Produktion von TGF-ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen.The invention therefore relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for inducing the production of TGF-β1 and expression of TGF-β1 in and / or on Treg cells.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Inhibierung von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder der Inhibierung von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität und der hiduzierung der Produktion und Oberflächenexpression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen ist bislang nicht bekannt gewesen.The relationship between the inhibition of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or the inhibition of enzymes of the same substrate specificity and the inhibition of the production and surface expression of TGF-β1 in and / or on Treg cells has not been known to date.
Als Inhibitoren kommen alle Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und alle Inhibitoren von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität in Betracht. Bevorzugt kommen Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestaun, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-Aminothiole, -Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α- Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N- Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate zum Einsatz. Besonders bevorzugt unter diesen sind α-Ketoamide, α-Aminophosphinsäuren, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Aminophosphonate und Phebestin, wobei besonders bevorzugt als α-Ketoamide 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, als α- Aminophosphinsäuren D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, als N-Phenylhomophthalimide PAQ- 22, als α-Aminophosphonate RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, und ganz besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin eingesetzt werden.All inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors. Preferably come actinonin, leuhistine, phebestin, amastatin, marvel, probestin, arphamenin, MR 387, ß-aminothiols, -aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N. - Phenylphthalimide, N-phenylhomophthalimide, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives are used. Particularly preferred among these are α-ketoamides, α-aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-aminophosphonates and phebestin, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as α-ketoamides, D-Phe- as α-aminophosphinic acids γ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as α-aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
Vorteilhaft an den bevorzugten und den besonders bevorzugten Inhibitoren ist insbesondere die einfache Zugänglichkeit, der geringe Preis und die einfache galenische Verarbeitbarkeit.The advantages of the preferred and the particularly preferred inhibitors are in particular the simple accessibility, the low price and the simple pharmaceutical processing.
Als Enzym mit gleicher Substratspezifität wie die Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen sei hier beispielhaft die zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase genannt. Für die zytosolische Alanyl- Aminopeptidase ist PAQ-22 spezifisch. Als bevorzugter Inhibitor der zytosolischen Alanyl- Aminopeptidase wird daher PAQ-22 verwendet, oder eine Mischung mehrerer Inhibitoren eingesetzt, die PAQ-22 umfaßt.As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example. PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase. As a preferred inhibitor of the cytosolic alanyl Aminopeptidase is therefore used PAQ-22, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22.
Die Hemmung der enzymatischen Aktivität der membranständigen Alanyl-Aminopeptidase (APN, CD 13, EC 3.4.11.2) oder die Hemmung von Enzymen mit gleicher Substratspezifität und Inhibitorsensitivität (wie z.B. der zytosolischen Alanyl-Aminopeptidase, zAAP, PSA, EC3.4.11.14) erhöht die Genexpression von TGF-ßl in Treg-Zellen sowie die Expression des immunsuppressiven Zytokms TGF-ßl ("transforming growth factor ßl") in/auf regulatorischen Zellen. Diese Induktion der Produktion und insbesondere der Oberflächenexpression von TGF-ßl bewirkt selektiv die Stärkung bzw. Restitution der Funktion von Treg-Zellen und ist aufgrund der oben genannten Zusammenhänge zwischen der Expression von TGF-ßl auf den Treg-Zellen und der inhibitorischen Wirkung auf autoreaktive T-Lymphozyten geeignet, die bei Autoimmunerkrankungen und entzündlichen Erkrankungen, bei Allergien sowie bei Abstossungsepisoden nach Organtransplantation bestehenden funktionellen Defizite der Treg-Zellen zu überwinden und somit die Vorbeugung dieser Erlσankungen zu erlauben und/oder den Verlauf bzw. die Schwere dieser Erkrankungen zu verbessern und/oder diese Erkrankungen zu heilen. Alle diese Erkrankungen und die Abstossungsepisoden nach Organtransplantation sind durch das Fehlen eines ausreichend wirksamen natürlichen immunsuppressiven Prinzips, d. h. nicht ausreichend funktionierende immunregulatorische Zellen einschließlich einer defizienten Produktion von TGF-ßl gekennzeichnet. Die erfindungsgemäße Induktion von TGF-ßl ist nicht auf einzelne Antigen- spezifische T-Zell-Klone beschränkt.The inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the membrane-bound alanyl aminopeptidase (APN, CD 13, EC 3.4.11.2) or the inhibition of enzymes with the same substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity (such as eg the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase, zAAP, PSA, EC3.4.11.14) increases the gene expression of TGF-ßl in Treg cells and the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokm TGF-ßl ("transforming growth factor ßl") in / on regulatory cells. This induction of the production and in particular the surface expression of TGF-ßl selectively strengthens or restitutes the function of Treg cells and is due to the above-mentioned relationships between the expression of TGF-ßl on the Treg cells and the inhibitory effect on autoreactive T-lymphocytes are suitable to overcome the functional deficits of Treg cells existing in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases, in allergies and in rejection episodes after organ transplantation and thus to allow the prevention of these diseases and / or to improve the course or the severity of these diseases and / or cure these diseases. All of these diseases and the rejection episodes after organ transplantation are due to the lack of a sufficiently effective natural immunosuppressive principle, i.e. H. insufficiently functioning immunoregulatory cells, including deficient production of TGF-ßl. The induction of TGF-β1 according to the invention is not restricted to individual antigen-specific T cell clones.
Daher betrifft die Erfindung auch die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerl<xankungen. Erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt ist die Verwendung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Rheumatoider Arthritis, Lupus erythematodes, Multipler Sklerose, IDDM, Morbus Crohn, Colitis Ulcerosa, Psoriasis, Neurodermitis, Glomerulonephritis, interstitieller Nephritis, Vaskulitis, autoimmuner ScMlddrüsenerkrankungen, autoimmunhämolytischer Anämie, oder anderen chronischen Erkrankungen mit entzündlicher Genese wie beispielsweise der Arteriosklerose. Besonders bevorzugt ist die Verwendung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Multipler Sklerose oder Arteriosklerose. Erfindungsgemäß werden ein Inhibitor oder mehrere Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität auch zur Vorbeugimg und/oder Behandlung von Allergien vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs oder Allergien vom Typ π, HI oder IV eingesetzt. Dabei ist die Verwendung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale oder Heuschnupfen als Allergie vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs und/oder Kontaktallergien als Allergien vom Typ π, DI oder IV bevorzugt.The invention therefore also relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune disorders. The use according to the invention is preferred for the prevention and / or treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, IDDM, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, vasculitis, autoimmune ScMeldhdämämischendiseases chronic anemia, autoimmune diseases with an inflammatory genesis such as arteriosclerosis. The use for the prevention and / or treatment of multiple sclerosis or arteriosclerosis is particularly preferred. According to the invention, an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity are also used for the prevention and / or treatment of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs or allergies of the type π, HI or IV. The use for the prevention and / or treatment of bronchial asthma or hay fever as type I allergy according to Gell and Coombs and / or contact allergies as type π, DI or IV allergies is preferred.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiter die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Unterdrückung von Transplantat-Abstossungen, bevorzugt bei Nieren- oder Knochenmarktransplantationen.The invention further relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for suppressing graft rejection, preferably in kidney or bone marrow transplants.
Bei der Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen, Allergien und Heuschnupfen und bei der Unterdrückung von Transplantat-Abstossungen kommen als Inhibitoren alle Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und alle Inhibitoren von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität in Betracht. Bevorzugt werden Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatin, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-Aminothiole, α-Aminophosphin- säuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α-Aminoboronsäuren, α-Amino- aldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N-Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate eingesetzt. Besonders bevorzugt unter diesen sind α-Ketoamide, α-Aminophosphinsäuren, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α- Aminophosphonate und Phebestin, wobei besonders bevorzugt als α-Ketoamide 3-Amino-2- oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, als α-Aminophosphinsäuren D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, als N-Phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, als α-Aminophosphonate RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, und ganz besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin eingesetzt werdenIn the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergies and hay fever and in the suppression of transplant rejections, all inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors. Preferred are actinonin, leuhistin, phebestin, amastatin, bestatin, probestin, arphamenin, MR 387, β-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N-phenylphthalimide, N-phenylhomophthalimide, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives are used. Among these, α-ketoamides, α-aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-aminophosphonates and phebestin are particularly preferred, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as α-ketoamides, D-Phe- as α-aminophosphinic acids γ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as α-aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin
Als Enzym mit gleicher Substratspezifität wie die Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen sei hier beispielhaft die zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase genannt. Für die zytosolische Alanyl- Aminopeptidase ist PAQ-22 spezifisch. Als bevorzugter Inhibitor der zytosolischen Alanyl- Aminopeptidase wird daher PAQ-22 verwendet, oder eine Mischung mehrerer Inhibitoren eingesetzt, die PAQ-22 umfaßt.As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example. PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase. As a preferred inhibitor of the cytosolic alanyl Aminopeptidase is therefore used PAQ-22, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22.
Wegen der hohen Antigenspezifität der Treg-Zell-Klone scheint die gemeinsame Applikation von Aminopeptidase- il ibitoren mit den die jeweilige Erkrankung verursachenden Antigenen, zum Beispiel antigene Peptide des "myelin basic proteins" bei der Multiplen Sklerose, für die Therapie besonders geeignet, da auf diese Weise gezielt und spezifisch die Hemmung der pathogenen T-Zell-Klone bewirkt wird. Die Antigen-spezifische hnmunsuppression ist praktisch nebenwirkungsfrei [Zhang et al., J hnmunol 167: 4245-4253, 2001].Because of the high antigen specificity of the Treg cell clones, the joint application of aminopeptidase inhibitors with the antigens causing the respective disease, for example antigenic peptides of the "myelin basic protein" in multiple sclerosis, appears to be particularly suitable for therapy because In this way, the inhibition of the pathogenic T cell clones is specifically and specifically effected. Antigen-specific immunosuppression is practically free of side effects [Zhang et al., J hnmunol 167: 4245-4253, 2001].
Daher betrifft die Erfindung auch die Verwendung von Inhibitoren von Alanyl- Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Induktion von Produktion von TGF-ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen und zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerl_rankungen, Allergien, Heuschnupfen, Arteriosklerose sowie zur Unterdrückung von Transplantat-Abstossungen, bei der zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden. Die oben aufgeführten in Frage kommenden Inhibitoren und die bevorzugten und besonders bevorzugten Inhibitoren sowie die bevorzugten und besonders bevorzugten Erkrankungen sind auch bei der Verwendung bevorzugt, bei der zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugte Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen bei der Multiplen Sklerose sind MBP (Myelin-Basisches-Protein), MOG (Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-Glykoprotein), MAG (Myelin-Assoziiertes-Glykoprotein) und PLP (Proteolipid-Protein), bevorzugte spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen sind Hüllproteine oder Membranglycolipid-Komplexe.The invention therefore also relates to the use of inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the induction of production of TGF-β1 and expression of TGF-β1 in and / or on Treg cells and for the prevention and / or treatment of Autoimmune diseases, allergies, hay fever, arteriosclerosis and to suppress transplant rejection, in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogues and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used. The inhibitors listed above and the preferred and particularly preferred inhibitors as well as the preferred and particularly preferred diseases are also preferred for use in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used. Preferred peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens in multiple sclerosis are MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and PLP (proteolipid protein), preferred specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are coat proteins or membrane glycolipid complexes.
Vorteilhaft an den bevorzugten und den besonders bevorzugten Inhibitoren ist insbesondere die einfache Zugänglichkeit, der geringe Preis und die einfache galenische Verarbeitbarkeit.The advantages of the preferred and the particularly preferred inhibitors are in particular the simple accessibility, the low price and the simple pharmaceutical processing.
Daher betrifft die Erfindung auch die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Induktion von Produktion von TGF-ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen.The invention therefore also relates to the use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for inducing the production of TGF-ßl and expression of TGF-ßl in and / or on Treg cells.
Als Inhibitoren kommen alle hihibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und alle Inhibitoren von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität in Betracht. Bevorzugt kommen Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatin, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-Aminothiole, α-Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α- Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N- Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate zum Einsatz. Besonders bevorzugt unter diesen sind α-Ketoamide, α-Aminophosphinsäuren, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Aminophosphonate und Phebestin, wobei besonders bevorzugt als α-Ketoamide 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, als α- Aminophosphinsäuren D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, als N-Phenylhomophthalimide PAQ- 22, als α-Aminophosphonate RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, und ganz besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin eingesetzt werden.All inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and all inhibitors of enzymes of the same substrate specificity come into consideration as inhibitors. Actinonine, leuhistine, phebestine, amastatin, bestatin, probestin, arphamenine, MR 387, β-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids are preferred. N-phenylphthalimide, N-phenylhomophthalimide, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives are used. Particularly preferred among these are α-ketoamides, α-aminophosphinic acids, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-aminophosphonates and phebestin, 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides being particularly preferred as α-ketoamides, D-Phe- as α-aminophosphinic acids γ [PO (OH) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, as N-phenylhomophthalimide PAQ-22, as α-aminophosphonates RB3014 and / or phebestin, and very particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
Als Enzym mit gleicher Substratspezifität wie die Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen sei hier beispielhaft die zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase genannt. Für die zytosolische Alanyl- Aminopeptidase ist PAQ-22 spezifisch. Als bevorzugter Inhibitor der zytosolischen Alanyl- Aminopeptidase wird daher PAQ-22 verwendet, oder eine Mischung mehrerer Inhibitoren eingesetzt, die PAQ-22 umfaßt.As an enzyme with the same substrate specificity as the alanyl aminopeptidases, cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase may be mentioned here by way of example. PAQ-22 is specific for the cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase. PAQ-22 is therefore used as the preferred inhibitor of cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase, or a mixture of several inhibitors comprising PAQ-22 is used.
Die Erfindung betrifft auch die Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerlσankungen, von Allergien vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs, wie Heuschnupfen, von Allergien vom Typ π, HI oder IV und die Verwendung zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Unterdrückung von Transplantat-Abstossungen. Bevorzugte Erkrankungen und Transplantationsarten sind in den Unteransprüchen 26, 27, 29 und 31 aufgeführt. Bevorzugte Inhibitoren von Alanyl- Aminopeptidasen und Enzyme gleicher Substratspezifität sind in den Ansprüchen 32 bis 35 genannt. Bei der Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl- Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmuiierkrankungen, von Allergien vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs, wie Heuschnupfen, von Allergien vom Typ π, HI oder IV und bei der Verwendung zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Unterdrückung von Transplantat-Abstossungen köimen zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen bei Multipler Sklerose oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden, wobei als Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen bevorzugt MBP (Myelin-Basisches-Protein), MOG (Myelin-Oligodendro-zyten-Glykoprotein), MAG (Myelin-Assoziiertes-Glykoprotein) und/oder PLP (Proteolipid-Protein) und als spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen Hüllproteine oder Membranglycolipid-Komplexe eingesetzt werden.The invention also relates to the use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the production of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune disorders, of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs, such as hay fever, π, HI or IV type allergies and the use in the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for suppressing transplant rejection. Preferred diseases and types of transplantation are listed in subclaims 26, 27, 29 and 31. Preferred inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and enzymes of the same substrate specificity are mentioned in claims 32 to 35. When using one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases, of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs, such as hay fever, of allergies of the type π, HI or IV and when used to produce a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for suppressing transplant rejection, peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens in multiple sclerosis or synthetic analogues and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms may additionally be used, MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and / or PLP (proteolipid protein) and / or as specific antigenic components are more pathogenic as preferred peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens Microorganisms coat proteins or membrane glycolipid complexes are used.
Des weiteren betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung eine pharmazeutische Zubereitung, umfassend einen Inhibitor oder mehrere Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder Enzyme gleicher Substratspezifität sowie einen oder mehrere pharmakologisch unbedenkliche Träger-, Zusatz- und/oder Hilfsstoffe. Die Erfindung betrifft ebenso eine pharmazeutische Zubereitung, die einen Inhibitor oder mehrere Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder Enzyme gleicher Substratspezifität und Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen sowie einen oder mehrere pharmakologisch unbedenkliche Träger-, Zusatz- und/oder Hilfsstoffe umfaßt.Furthermore, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an inhibitor or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives and / or auxiliaries. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical preparation containing an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms, and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives - And / or auxiliary substances.
Die Erfindung zeigt, dass zur Therapie von entzündlichen Erkrankungen und Autoimmun- Erkrankungen sowie allogenen Abstossungsreaktionen und Allergien, für deren Entstehung die Proliferation und die Aktivierung von pathogenen T-Zell-Klonen eine zentrale Rolle Bedeutung hat, die Applikation von Hemmstoffen der oben genannten Enzyme bzw. entsprechender Zubereitungen und Darreichungsformen daraus geeignet sind. Die gleichzeitige Applikation von krankheitsspezifischen Antigenen erhöht diesen therapeutischen Effekt weiter und engt die Wirkung auf den pathogenetisch relevanten Prozeß ein. Die Applikation von Aminopeptidase-Inhibitoren zur Induktion der TGF-ßl- Expression in/auf Treg-Zellen und damit zur Erhöhung der immunsuppressiven Funktion dieser pathogenetisch bedeutsamen inhibitorischen T-Zell-Population stellt bei den genannten Erkrankungen eine neuartige Methode und ergänzende, in den zentralen pathogenetischen Vorgang eingreifende Therapieform dar.The invention shows that for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases as well as allogeneic rejection reactions and allergies, for the development of which the proliferation and activation of pathogenic T cell clones play a central role, the application of inhibitors of the abovementioned enzymes or appropriate preparations and dosage forms are suitable. The simultaneous application of disease-specific antigens further increases this therapeutic effect and narrows the effect on the pathogenetically relevant process. The application of aminopeptidase inhibitors to induce TGF-β1 expression in / on Treg cells and thus to increase the immunosuppressive function of this pathogenetically important inhibitory T cell population provides a novel method for the diseases mentioned and a supplementary one in the central one is a form of therapy that intervenes.
Der Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität können in pharmazeutisch anwendbaren Formulierungskomplexen als Inhibitoren, Substrate, Pseudosubstrate, inhibitorisch wirkende Peptide und Peptidderivate sowie als Antikörper dieses Enzyms zur Anwendung kommen. Bevorzugte Inhibitoren sind Bestaun, Phebestin, Probestin, Actinonin, Leuhistin, RB3014, PAQ-22 und deren Derivate, besonders bevorzugt sind Phebestin, RB3014 und/oder PAQ-22.The inhibitor or the several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity can be used in pharmaceutically acceptable formulation complexes as inhibitors, substrates, pseudo-substrates, inhibitory peptides and peptide derivatives and as antibodies of this enzyme. Preferred inhibitors are Bestaun, Phebestin, Probestin, Actinonin, Leuhistin, RB3014, PAQ-22 and their derivatives, Phebestin, RB3014 and / or PAQ-22 are particularly preferred.
Die Verabreichung kann in allen geeigneten Formen geschehen, so zum Beispiel als topische Applikation in Form von Cremes, Salben, Pasten, Gelen, Lösungen, Sprays, Liposomen, Schüttelmixturen, Hydrokolloidverbänden bzw. anderen dermatologischen Grundlagen/Vehikeln einschließlich instillativer Applikation oder als systemische Applikation zur oralen, transdermalen, intravenösen, subcutanen, intracutanen, inhalativen, intramuskulären Anwendung in geeigneten Rezepturen bzw. in geeigneter Galenik oder in Anbindung an oder Einarbeitung in Mikropartikel zu Überwindung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke. Gleichzeitig kann die Applikation von „krankheitsspezifischen" Antigenen (Petidfragmente, Lipopolysaccharide u.a.) in entsprechenden Darreichungsformen den Therapieerfolg steigern.The administration can take place in all suitable forms, for example as a topical application in the form of creams, ointments, pastes, gels, solutions, sprays, liposomes, shaking mixtures, hydrocolloid dressings or other dermatological bases / vehicles including instillative application or as a systemic application oral, transdermal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, inhalative, intramuscular use in suitable formulations or in suitable galenics or in connection with or incorporation into microparticles to overcome the blood-brain barrier. At the same time, the application of "disease-specific" antigens (petid fragments, lipopolysaccharides, etc.) in appropriate dosage forms can increase the success of the therapy.
Die Erfindung wird unter Bezugnahme auf die nachfolgenden Beispiele näher erläutert, ohne auf diese beschränkt zu sein.The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following examples, without being restricted to these.
Beispiel 1example 1
Induktion der Oberflächenexpression von TGF-/31 auf humanen regulatorischen T- Lymphozyten (CD4+CD25+) nach Inkubation mit dem Inhibitor Phebestin. Die T-Zellen wurden 24h ohne Zusatz (Kontrolle), unter Zugabe von PHA und PMA und unter gleichzeitiger Zugabe von PHA/PMA mit Phebestin inkubiert. PHA (Phythaemagglu- tinin) und PMA (Phorbol-Myristat-Acetat) wurden als Mitogene und die Proliferation stimulierend Agentien eingesetzt. Anschließend erfolgte die Messung der Oberflächenexpression von TGF-ßl mittels Durchflußzytometrie unter Verwendung des kommerziell verfügbaren polyklonalen anύ-TGF-ßl Antikörpers (Huhn-anti-Human; R & D Systems). Die Ergebnisse sind in Abbildung 1 dargestellt.Induction of surface expression of TGF- / 31 on human regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4 + CD25 + ) after incubation with the inhibitor phebestin. The T cells were incubated with phebestin for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA and with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA. PHA (phythema agglutinin) and PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) were used as mitogens and agents that stimulated proliferation. The surface expression of TGF-ßl was then measured using flow cytometry using the commercially available polyclonal anon-TGF-ßl antibody (chicken anti-human; R&D Systems). The results are shown in Figure 1.
Beispiel 2Example 2
Induktion der Genexpression von TGF-ßl in humanen regulatorischen T-Lymphozyten (CD4+CD25+) nach Inkubation mit dem Inhibitor Phebestin.Induction of gene expression of TGF-ßl in human regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4 + CD25 + ) after incubation with the inhibitor phebestin.
Die T-Zellen wurden 24h ohne Zusatz (Kontrolle), unter Zugabe von PHA und PMA oder unter gleichzeitiger Zugabe von PHA PMA mit Phebestin inkubiert. PHA (Phythaemagglu- tinin) und PMA (Phorbol-Myristat-Acetat) wurden als Mitogene und die Proliferation stimulierend Agentien eingesetzt. Anschließend wurde mittels quantitativer RT-PCR unter Verwendung des i-Cyclers der Gehalt an TGF/31-mRNA bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sind in Abbildung 2 dargestellt.The T cells were incubated for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA PMA with phebestin. PHA (phythema agglutinin) and PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) were used as mitogens and agents that stimulated proliferation. The content of TGF / 31 mRNA was then determined by means of quantitative RT-PCR using the i-cycler. The results are shown in Figure 2.
Beispiel 3Example 3
Induktion der Genexpression von TGF-ßl auf humanen regulatorischen T-Lymphozyten (CD4+CD25+) nach Inkubation mit dem Inhibitor PAQ-22.Induction of gene expression of TGF-β1 on human regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4 + CD25 + ) after incubation with the inhibitor PAQ-22.
Die T-Zellen wurden 24h ohne Zusatz (Kontrolle), unter Zugabe von PHA und PMA oder unter gleichzeitiger Zugabe von PHA/PMA mit PAQ-22 inkubiert. PHA (Phythaemagglu- tinin) und PMA (Phorbol-Myristat-Acetat) wurden als Mitogene und die Proliferation stimulierend Agentien eingesetzt. Anschließend wurde mittels quantitativer RT-PCR unter Verwendung des i-Cyclers der Gehalt an TGF/31-mRNA bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sind in Abbildung 3 dargestellt. Beispiel 4The T cells were incubated with PAQ-22 for 24 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA. PHA (phythema agglutinin) and PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) were used as mitogens and agents that stimulated proliferation. The content of TGF / 31 mRNA was then determined by means of quantitative RT-PCR using the i-cycler. The results are shown in Figure 3. Example 4
Induktion der Genexpression von TGF-ßl auf humanen regulatorischen T-Lymphozyten (CD4+CD25+) nach Inkubation mit dem Aminopeptidase- hibitor RB3014.Induction of gene expression of TGF-β1 on human regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4 + CD25 + ) after incubation with the aminopeptidase inhibitor RB3014.
Die T-Zellen wurden 72h ohne Zusatz (Kontrolle), unter Zugabe von PHA und PMA oder unter gleichzeitiger Zugabe von PHA/PMA mit RB3014 inkubiert. PHA (Phythaemagglu- tinin) und PMA (Phorbol-Myristat-Acetat) wurden als Mitogene und die Proliferation stimulierend Agentien eingesetzt. Anschließend wurde mittels quantitativer RT-PCR unter Verwendung des i-Cyclers der Gehalt an TGF-ßl -mRNA bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sind in Abbildung 4 dargestellt. The T cells were incubated with RB3014 for 72 hours without addition (control), with addition of PHA and PMA or with simultaneous addition of PHA / PMA. PHA (phythema agglutinin) and PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) were used as mitogens and agents that stimulated proliferation. The content of TGF-β1 mRNA was then determined by means of quantitative RT-PCR using the i-cycler. The results are shown in Figure 4.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Induktion von Produktion von TGF- ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen.1. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the induction of production of TGF-β1 and expression of TGF-β1 in and / or on Treg cells.
2. Verwendung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität mindestens ein Mitglied gewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestaun, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-Aminothiole, α- Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α- Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N- Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate ist.2. Use according to claim 1, in which the one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity have at least one member selected from the group consisting of actinonin, leuhistin, phebestin, amastatin, marvel, probestin, arphamenine, MR 387, β-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N-phenylphthalimides, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives is.
3. Verwendung nach Anspruch 2, bei der als der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren α-Ketoamide, bevorzugt 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, α-Aminophosphinsäuren, bevorzugt D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, bevorzugt PAQ-22, α -Aminophosphonate, bevorzugt RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, eingesetzt werden.3. Use according to claim 2, in which as the one or more inhibitors α-ketoamides, preferably 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides, α-aminophosphinic acids, preferably D-Phe-γ [PO (OH) - CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, N-phenylhomophthalimide, preferably PAQ-22, α-aminophosphonate, preferably RB3014 and / or phebestin, particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
4. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, bei der als Enzym gleicher Substratspezifität zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase dient.4. Use according to one of claims 1 to 3, in which cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase is used as the enzyme of the same substrate specificity.
5. Verwendung nach Ansprach 4, bei der als der eine Inhibitor PAQ-22 eingesetzt wird oder die mehreren Inhibitoren PAQ-22 umfassen.5. Use according to approach 4, in which the one inhibitor PAQ-22 is used or which comprise several inhibitors PAQ-22.
6. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerfaankungen. 6. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune disorders.
7. Verwendung nach Anspruch 6 zur Vorbeugung und oder Behandlung von Rheumatoider Arthritis, Lupus erythematodes, Multipler Sklerose, IDDM, Morbus Crohn, Colitis Ulcerosa, Psoriasis, Neurodermitis, Glomerulonephritis, interstitieller Nephritis, Vaskulitis, autoimmuner Schilddrüsenerlα-ankungen, autoimmunhämolytischer Anämie, oder anderen chronischen Erkrankungen mit entzündlicher Genese wie Arteriosklerose.7. Use according to claim 6 for the prevention and or treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, IDDM, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, vasculitis, autoimmune thyroid or other anemia, autoimmune, autoimmune chronic diseases with inflammatory genesis such as arteriosclerosis.
8. Verwendung nach Anspruch 6 oder Anspruch 7 zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Multipler Sklerose oder Arteriosklerose.8. Use according to claim 6 or claim 7 for the prevention and / or treatment of multiple sclerosis or arteriosclerosis.
9. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Allergien vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs, Heuschnupfen oder Allergien vom Typ π, m oder IV.9. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the prevention and / or treatment of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs, hay fever or type π, m or IV allergies.
10. Verwendung nach Anspruch 9 zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale oder Heuschnupfen als Allergie vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs un/oder Kontaktallergien als Allergien vom Typ π, HI oder IV.10. Use according to claim 9 for the prevention and / or treatment of bronchial asthma or hay fever as type I allergy according to Gell and Coombs and / or contact allergies as type π, HI or IV allergies.
11. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Unterdrückung von TransplantatAbstossungen.11. Use of one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity to suppress graft rejection.
12. Verwendung nach Anspruch 11 bei Nieren- oder Knochenmarktransplantationen.12. Use according to claim 11 in kidney or bone marrow transplants.
13. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 12, bei der der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität mindestens ein Mitglied gewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Actino- nin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatin, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß- Aminothiole, α-Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α-Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N-Phenyl- phthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate ist. 13. Use according to one of claims 6 to 12, in which the one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity have at least one member selected from the group consisting of actinine, leuhistine, phebestin, amastatin, Bestatin, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, β-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-aminoaldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N-phenyl-phthalimides, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and its derivatives.
14. Verwendung nach Anspruch 13, bei der als der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren α-Ketoamide, bevorzugt 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, α-Amino- phosphinsäuren, bevorzugt D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, bevorzugt PAQ-22, α -Aminophosphonate, bevorzugt RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, eingesetzt werden.14. Use according to claim 13, in which as the one or more inhibitors α-ketoamides, preferably 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides, α-aminophosphinic acids, preferably D-Phe-γ [PO (OH ) -CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, N-phenylhomophthalimide, preferably PAQ-22, α-aminophosphonate, preferably RB3014 and / or phebestin, particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
15. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 14, bei der als Enzym gleicher Substratspezifität zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase dient.15. Use according to one of claims 6 to 14, in which cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase is used as the enzyme of the same substrate specificity.
16. Verwendung nach Anspruch 15, bei der als der eine Inhibitor PAQ-22 eingesetzt wird oder die mehreren Inhibitoren PAQ-22 umfassen.16. Use according to claim 15, in which the one inhibitor PAQ-22 is used or the plurality of inhibitors comprise PAQ-22.
17. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, bei der zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden.17. Use according to one of claims 1 to 16, in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used.
18. Verwendung nach Anspruch 17, bei der als Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen MBP (Myelin-Basisches-Protein), MOG (Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-Glyko- protein), MAG (Myelin-Assoziiertes-Glykoprotein) und/oder PLP (Proteolipid-Protein) eingesetzt werden.18. Use according to claim 17, in which, as peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens, MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and / or PLP (proteolipid protein) ) are used.
19. Verwendung nach Anspruch 17 oder 18, bei der als spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen Hüllproteine oder Membranglycolipid-Komplexe eingesetzt werden.19. Use according to claim 17 or 18, in which envelope proteins or membrane glycolipid complexes are used as specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms.
20. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Induktion von Produktion von TGF-ßl und Expression von TGF-ßl in und/oder auf Treg-Zellen..20. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the production of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for inducing the production of TGF-β1 and expression of TGF-β1 in and / or on Treg cells ..
21. Verwendung nach Anspruch 20, bei der der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität mindestens ein Mitglied gewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatm, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-Aminothiole, α- Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α- Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N- Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate ist.21. Use according to claim 20, in which the one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity have at least one member selected from the group consisting of actinonine, leuhistine, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatm, Probestin, Arphamenin, MR 387, ß-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-amino aldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N-phenylphthalimides, N- Phenylhomophthalimide, α-ketoamides, thalidomide and their derivatives.
22. Verwendung nach Anspruch 21, bei der als der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren α-Ketoamide, bevorzugt 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, α-Aminophosphinsäuren, bevorzugt D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, bevorzugt PAQ-22, α -Aminophosphonate, bevorzugt RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, eingesetzt werden.22. Use according to claim 21, in which as the one or more inhibitors α-ketoamides, preferably 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides, α-aminophosphinic acids, preferably D-Phe-γ [PO (OH) - CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, N-phenylhomophthalimide, preferably PAQ-22, α-aminophosphonate, preferably RB3014 and / or phebestin, particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
23. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 20 bis 22, bei der als Enzym gleicher Substratspezifität zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase dient.23. Use according to one of claims 20 to 22, in which cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase is used as the enzyme of the same substrate specificity.
24. Verwendung nach Anspruch 23, bei der als der eine Inhibitor PAQ-22 eingesetzt wird oder die mehreren Inhibitoren PAQ-22 umfassen.24. Use according to claim 23, in which the one inhibitor PAQ-22 is used or the plurality of inhibitors comprise PAQ-22.
25. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Autoimmunerkrankungen.25. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for the prevention and / or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
26. Verwendung nach Anspruch 25 zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Rheumatoider Arthritis, Lupus erythematodes, Multipler Sklerose, IDDM, Morbus Crohn, Colitis Ulcerosa, Psoriasis, Neurodermitis, Glomerulonephritis, interstitieller Nephritis, Vaskulitis, autoimmuner Schilddrüsenerkrankungen, autoimmunhämolytischer Anämie, oder anderen chronischen Erkrankungen mit entzündlicher Genese wie Arteriosklerose.26. Use according to claim 25 for the prevention and / or treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, IDDM, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, vasculitis, autoimmune thyroid diseases, autoimmune or other chronic hemolytic disorders Inflammatory diseases such as arteriosclerosis.
27. Verwendung nach Anspruch 25 oder Ansprach 26 zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Multipler Sklerose oder Arteriosklerose. 27. Use according to claim 25 or approached 26 for the prevention and / or treatment of multiple sclerosis or arteriosclerosis.
28. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren hihibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Vorbeugung und oder Behandlung von Allergien vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs, Heuschnupfen oder Allergien vom Typ H, HI oder IV.28. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for the prevention and or treatment of type I allergies according to Gell and Coombs, hay fever or type H allergies, HI or IV.
29. Verwendung nach Ansprach 28 zur Vorbeugung und/oder Behandlung von Asthma bronchiale oder Heuschnupfen als Allergie vom Typ I nach Gell und Coombs un/oder Kontaktallergien als Allergien vom Typ H, HI oder IV.29. Use according to approach 28 for the prevention and / or treatment of bronchial asthma or hay fever as a type I allergy according to Gell and Coombs and / or contact allergies as type H, HI or IV allergies.
30. Verwendung von einem Inhibitor oder mehreren Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels oder einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur Unterdrückung von TransplantatAbstossungen.30. Use of an inhibitor or several inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity for the production of a medicament or a pharmaceutical preparation for suppressing graft rejection.
31. Verwendung nach Ansprach 30 bei Nieren- oder Knochenmarktransplantationen.31. Use according to speech 30 for kidney or bone marrow transplants.
32. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 25 bis 31, bei der der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren der Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder von Enzymen gleicher Substratspezifität mindestens ein Mitglied gewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Actinonin, Leuhistin, Phebestin, Amastatin, Bestatin, Probestin, Ai hamenin, MR 387, ß- Aminothiole, α-Aminophosphinsäuren und deren Ester und Salze, α -Aminophosphonate, α-Aminoboronsäuren, α-Aminoaldehyde, Hydroxamate von α-Aminosäuren, N- Phenylphthalimide, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, α-Ketoamide, Thalidomid und dessen Derivate ist.32. Use according to one of claims 25 to 31, in which the one or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or of enzymes of the same substrate specificity have at least one member selected from the group consisting of actinonin, leuhistine, phebestin, amastatin, bestatin, Probestin, Ai hamenin, MR 387, β-aminothiols, α-aminophosphinic acids and their esters and salts, α-aminophosphonates, α-aminoboronic acids, α-amino aldehydes, hydroxamates of α-amino acids, N-phenylphthalimides, N-phenylhomophthalimides, α-ketoamides , Thalidomide and its derivatives.
33. Verwendung nach Anspruch 32, bei der als der eine Inhibitor oder die mehreren Inhibitoren α-Ketoamide, bevorzugt 3-Amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutansäureamide, α- Aminophosphinsäuren, bevorzugt D-Phe-γ[PO(OH)-CH2]-Phe-Phe, N-Phenylhomophthalimide, bevorzugt PAQ-22, α -Aminophosphonate, bevorzugt RB3014 und oder Phebestin, besonders bevorzugt PAQ-22, RB3014 und/oder Phebestin, eingesetzt werden. 33. Use according to claim 32, in which as the one or more inhibitors α-ketoamides, preferably 3-amino-2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid amides, α-aminophosphinic acids, preferably D-Phe-γ [PO (OH) - CH 2 ] -Phe-Phe, N-phenylhomophthalimide, preferably PAQ-22, α-aminophosphonate, preferably RB3014 and or phebestin, particularly preferably PAQ-22, RB3014 and / or phebestin.
34. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 25 bis 33, bei der als Enzym gleicher Substratspezifität zytosolische Alanyl-Aminopeptidase dient.34. Use according to one of claims 25 to 33, in which cytosolic alanyl aminopeptidase is used as the enzyme of the same substrate specificity.
35. Verwendung nach Ansprach 34, bei der als der eine Inhibitor PAQ-22 eingesetzt wird oder die mehreren Inhibitoren PAQ-22 umfassen.35. Use according to spoke 34, in which the one inhibitor PAQ-22 is used or the multiple inhibitors comprise PAQ-22.
36. Verwendung nach einem der Ansprüche 20 bis 35, bei der zusätzlich Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen eingesetzt werden.36. Use according to one of claims 20 to 35, in which peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms are additionally used.
37. Verwendung nach Ansprach 36, bei der als Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen MBP (Myelin-Basisches-Protein), MOG (Myelin-Oligodendrozyten- Glykoprotein), MAG (Myelin-Assoziiertes-Glykoprotein) und/oder PLP (Proteolipid- Protein) eingesetzt werden.37. Use according to approach 36, in which MBP (myelin basic protein), MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) and / or PLP (proteolipid protein) are used as peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens become.
38. Verwendung nach Anspruch 36 oder 37, bei der als spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen Hüllproteine oder Membranglycolipid-Komplexe eingesetzt werden.38. Use according to claim 36 or 37, in which envelope proteins or membrane glycolipid complexes are used as specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms.
39. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung, umfassend einen Inhibitor oder mehrere Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder Enzyme gleicher Substratspezifität sowie einen oder mehrere pharmakologisch unbedenkliche Träger-, Zusatz- und/oder Hilfsstoffe.39. Pharmaceutical preparation, comprising an inhibitor or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives and / or auxiliaries.
40. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung, umfassend einen Inhibitor oder mehrere Inhibitoren von Alanyl-Aminopeptidasen und/oder Enzyme gleicher Substratspezifität und Peptidfragmente von pathogenen Autoantigenen oder synthetische Analoga und/oder spezifische antigene Komponenten pathogener Mikroorganismen sowie einen oder mehrere pharmakologisch unbedenkliche Träger-, Zusatz- und/oder Hilfsstoffe. 40. Pharmaceutical preparation comprising an inhibitor or more inhibitors of alanyl aminopeptidases and / or enzymes of the same substrate specificity and peptide fragments of pathogenic autoantigens or synthetic analogs and / or specific antigenic components of pathogenic microorganisms and one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers, additives and / or auxiliary substances.
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