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EP1565731A1 - Method and device for measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid - Google Patents

Method and device for measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid

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Publication number
EP1565731A1
EP1565731A1 EP03773407A EP03773407A EP1565731A1 EP 1565731 A1 EP1565731 A1 EP 1565731A1 EP 03773407 A EP03773407 A EP 03773407A EP 03773407 A EP03773407 A EP 03773407A EP 1565731 A1 EP1565731 A1 EP 1565731A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sample
temperature
multifunctional fluid
thermal conductivity
means arranged
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03773407A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Peter Williams Egolf
Osmann Sari
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Haute Ecole D'ingenierie Et De Gestion Du Canton D
Original Assignee
ECOLE D'INGENIEURS DU CANTON DE VAUD
ECOLE D INGENIEURS DU CANTON D
Ecole D'ingenieurs Du Canton De Vaud
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ECOLE D'INGENIEURS DU CANTON DE VAUD, ECOLE D INGENIEURS DU CANTON D, Ecole D'ingenieurs Du Canton De Vaud filed Critical ECOLE D'INGENIEURS DU CANTON DE VAUD
Publication of EP1565731A1 publication Critical patent/EP1565731A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/18—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating thermal conductivity

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for continuously measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid in which a sample of said multifunctional fluid is passed through a space delimited by a first face, called the inlet, and a second face, said outlet, and in which an increase in the temperature of said multifunctional fluid sample is generated and this increase in temperature is measured.
  • It also relates to a device for measuring the continuous thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid
  • a device for measuring the continuous thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid comprising means for passing a sample of said multifunctional fluid into a space delimited by a first face, called the inlet, and a second face, called the outlet of said sample, heating means for varying the temperature of this sample and means arranged to measure the variation of this temperature.
  • a multifunctional fluid is a fluid which can consist of several components which can be in different phases, liquid, solid or gaseous.
  • a simple example of a multifunctional fluid is blood.
  • Other multifunctional fluids are, for example, two-phase mixtures made up of phase change materials, commonly called PCM, suspended in a liquid and an ice slurry.
  • Thermal conductivity in particular, defines the degree of heat propagation in a material as a function of the temperature gradient. Conduction is essentially a transfer of energy under the effect of movement, in particular the vibrations of particles.
  • the conduction coefficient k (W / m.K) depends on the crystal structure in the solids, on the homogeneity, on the temperature, on the pressure, on the liquid, solid or gaseous phase and / or on the composition.
  • liquids are better conductors than gases and solids better conductors than liquids.
  • the conductivity of liquids depends primarily on their temperature.
  • the German publication DE 199 49 327 A1 describes a method and a device for implementing this method for determining the concentration of a gas in a gas mixture comprising several components.
  • the process is based on the measurement of the thermal conduction of the gas mixture which undergoes a rise in temperature between a minimum value and a maximum value determined by a temperature / time function. Analysis of the temperature variation curve as a function of time makes it possible to determine the concentration of a gas contained in the mixture.
  • the device includes a temperature sensor which transmits a signal to a Fourrier analyzer. Such a device is not suitable for measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome this drawback by providing a method and a device which make it possible to determine quickly, efficiently and economically the thermodynamic characteristics of a multifunctional fluid and to deduce the thermal conductivity therefrom.
  • This object is achieved by a process as defined in the preamble and characterized in that: in addition, at least one very brief pulse of a thermal flux is transmitted to said sample, through said first input face, - the temperature is measured at at least three points spaced within this sample, this temperature determines the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid at these three points as a function of time, it is determined as a function of this evolution, the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid, and the thermal conductivity of this sample is calculated.
  • said heat flux pulses are transmitted repeatedly and a thermogram is established, consisting of curves of temperature evolution as a function of the time elapsed between sending a heat flux through said first inlet face and the rise in temperature observed at said at least three points spaced inside the sample.
  • the thermal conductivity is deduced from the following equation:
  • T is the temperature k is the thermal conductivity depending on the temperature t is the time.
  • ⁇ is the thermal diffusivity dependent on k and which is equal to: k (T)
  • the device as defined in the preamble and characterized in that it further comprises means arranged to transmit to said sample, through said first input face, at least one very brief pulse of a flow thermal, means arranged to measure the heat wave at at least three spaced points inside this sample, means arranged to determine from the measured values the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time at said times spaced points inside the sample, means arranged to deduce from this development the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid and means arranged to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
  • said means arranged to pass a sample of said multifunctional fluid into the space delimited by said first and second faces comprise an enclosure having a wall insulation and an internal coating of polished metal, which is continuously traversed by the multifunctional fluid.
  • Said means arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux comprises at least one laser.
  • said means arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux may comprise an emitting tube.
  • Said means arranged to measure the heat wave having passed through the sample preferably comprise a receiving tube.
  • said means arranged to determine the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time comprise at least three temperature probes arranged to measure the temperature of the sample of multifunctional fluid at said at least three points.
  • Said means arranged to deduce, from the evolution of the temperature at said three spaced points in the multifunctional fluid sample, the thermodynamic characteristics of this sample and calculate its thermal conductivity preferably comprise a calculating unit arranged to receive said temperature probes signals corresponding to the measured values.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the implementation of the method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view schematically illustrating an embodiment of the device of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the device of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 represents a sectional view of a measurement probe used in the device of the invention.
  • the method firstly consists in selecting a sample 10 of a multifunctional fluid to be studied, for example by circulating it between two walls 11 and 12 thermally insulated from a conduit or enclosure of a suitable shape to define a first face, called the inlet face, 13 and a second face, called the outlet face, 14.
  • the fluid is preferably subjected to a rise in temperature by usual means.
  • at least one very short pulse of a thermal flux illustrated by arrow 15, is transmitted through the first input face 13, for example by means of a laser. Following this pulse, a heat wave propagates through the sample 10 and crosses said second outlet face 14. It is represented by the arrow 16 and measured by an equipment 17.
  • At least three probes S1, S2 and S3 spaced inside the sample make it possible to plot the curve of the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time by providing a thermogram.
  • a calculation unit makes it possible to deduce from this evolution the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid and to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
  • the method preferably includes the repeated sending of heat flashes and the measurement is carried out repeatedly.
  • the device 20 for implementing the method for measuring the thermal conductivity of a sample of a multifunctional fluid comprises a first tube transmitter 21 and a second receiver tube 22, disposed opposite so that the space separating their respective ends 21a and 22a define said first inlet face 23 and said second outlet face 24 of this sample.
  • a pulse called thermal flux flash, is emitted by the emitter tube 21, passes through the sample in the form of a heat wave and is picked up by the receiver tube 22.
  • the two tubes are advantageously a few centimeters long and a diameter less than 0.01m. They contain the electronic components necessary for pulse control and measurement management. They are respectively mounted on two supports 21b and 22b made up of rigid conductive wires.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a measuring device 30 according to the invention. It mainly comprises an enclosure 31 having an insulating wall 32 and an interior coating of polished metal 33. This enclosure is continuously traversed by a multifunctional fluid, such as for example an ice slurry whose thermal conductivity is desired. This fluid enters the enclosure 31 through a conduit 34 and leaves this enclosure through a conduit 35. It is further equipped with a chamber 36 containing heating elements 37 which are arranged to vary the temperature of the sample. of multifunctional fluid.
  • heat flux pulses represented by an arrow 38, are preferably generated repetitively, through the entry face, for example by a laser 40,.
  • the heat waves generated pass through the sample of fluid contained in the enclosure 31, emerge from the enclosure (arrow 39) and are measured by at least three temperature probes S1, S2 and S3 spaced from each other and arranged inside the sample.
  • the thickness e of the enclosure 31 is known with precision. This thickness can be variable to allow the measurement parameters to be varied.
  • the device 30 is equipped with instrumentation (not shown) comprising a micrometer which makes it possible to precisely determine the thickness e of the enclosure 31.
  • the two conduits 34 and 35 are respectively equipped with a valve 41 , 42 which makes it possible to control the continuous entry, exit and circulation of the multifunctional fluid in the enclosure.
  • the probe 50 corresponds to an advantageous embodiment of the temperature probes S1, S2 and S3 mentioned above. It actually combines the measurement of temperature and the measurement of electrical conductivity. It is immersed in a multifunctional fluid 51. It comprises a temperature sensor 52 and a sensor for measuring the electrical conductivity 53 of the multifunctional fluid. These two sensors are for example mounted on the inner wall of a tubular element 54 carried by a support 55 immersed in the multifunctional fluid.
  • the device according to the invention advantageously operates in the following manner.
  • Means, for example the enclosure 31, make it possible to isolate a sample of said multifunctional fluid.
  • Means, constituted for example by instrumentation comprising a micrometer, make it possible to determine the thickness of said enclosure.
  • Means, for example constituted by the heating elements 37 make it possible to generate an increase in the temperature of the sample.
  • Means such as the laser 40 make it possible to generate and transmit to the sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux and preferably a series of such pulses.
  • Means such as the receiving tube 22, illustrated in FIG. 2 make it possible to measure the heat wave having passed through the sample.
  • the temperature sensor 52 of FIG. 4 makes it possible to determine the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time.
  • a calculation unit (not shown) makes it possible to deduce from this evolution the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said fluid and to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
  • T is the temperature k is the thermal conductivity depending on the temperature t is the time ⁇ is the thermal diffusivity dependent on k and is worth: k (D p * Cp with p and Cp the density and the specific heat.
  • thermogram which is based on the only available experimental data.
  • heat equation should be rewritten by highlighting two temperature-dependent coefficients:
  • Phase change materials commonly called PCM (Phase Change Material) are alkane polymers whose solid-liquid phase change temperature varies between 0 and 65 ° C. PCMs have an advantage for static uses, for example storage , and dynamic, for example the transport of thermal energy.
  • PCMS liquid form
  • PCMS is constituted by the ice slurry. Adding small flakes of ice to an aqueous solution results in a pumpable liquid mixture. This mixture gives the possibility to combine in an ecological and economical way the advantages of cold storage and indirect cooling with the high cooling capacity of the direct expansion.
  • Temperature and conductivity sensors are commercially available. Their arrangement on a support immersed in the multifunctional fluid can be adapted according to needs and applications.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a device for the continuous measurement (30) of the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid. The inventive method consists in: placing a sample of the multifunctional fluid in a space (31) which is defined by an inlet face and an outlet face; transmitting at least one very brief pulse of a heat flux to the sample via the inlet face, using a laser (40); measuring the heat wave at at least three points which are spaced out inside the sample; using at least three temperature sensors (S1, S2, S3) in order to determine the change in the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time at the three spaced-out points inside the sample; deducing the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample from the aforementioned temperature change and calculating the thermal conductivity from equation (I), wherein T represents temperature, k represents thermal conductivity which is dependent on temperature, t represents time, and alpha represents thermal diffusivity which is dependent on k and which is equal to k(T)/rho*Cp, rho and Cp representing mass density and specific heat.

Description

PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF DE MESURE DE LA CONDUCTIVITE THERMIQUE D'UN FLUIDE MULTIFONCTIONNELMETHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLUID
Domaine technique La présente invention concerne un procédé de mesure de la conductivité thermique en continu d'un fluide multifonctionnel dans lequel on fait passer un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans un espace délimité par une première face, dite d'entrée, et une deuxième face, dite de sortie, et dans lequel on génère une élévation de la température dudit échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel et on mesure cette élévation de température.Technical Field The present invention relates to a method for continuously measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid in which a sample of said multifunctional fluid is passed through a space delimited by a first face, called the inlet, and a second face, said outlet, and in which an increase in the temperature of said multifunctional fluid sample is generated and this increase in temperature is measured.
Elle concerne également un dispositif de mesure de la conductivité thermique en continu d'un fluide multifonctionnel comportant des moyens pour faire passer un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans un espace délimité par une première face, dite d'entrée, et une deuxième face, dite de sortie, dudit échantillon, des moyens de chauffage pour faire varier la température de cet échantillon et des moyens agencés pour mesurer la variation de cette température.It also relates to a device for measuring the continuous thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid comprising means for passing a sample of said multifunctional fluid into a space delimited by a first face, called the inlet, and a second face, called the outlet of said sample, heating means for varying the temperature of this sample and means arranged to measure the variation of this temperature.
Technique antérieurePrior art
Un fluide multifonctionel est un fluide pouvant être constitué de plusieurs composants qui peuvent être à différentes phases, liquide, solide ou gazeuse. Un exemple simple de fluide multifonctionnel est le sang. D'autres fluides multifonctionnels sont par exemple les mélanges diphasiques constitués de matériaux à changement de phase, couramment appelés PCM, en suspension dans un liquide et un coulis de glace.A multifunctional fluid is a fluid which can consist of several components which can be in different phases, liquid, solid or gaseous. A simple example of a multifunctional fluid is blood. Other multifunctional fluids are, for example, two-phase mixtures made up of phase change materials, commonly called PCM, suspended in a liquid and an ice slurry.
Pour pouvoir résoudre les divers problèmes de transfert de chaleur, les problèmes d'écoulements de fluides ou autres, les valeurs numériques des propriétés physiques et thermophysiques des fluides sont d'une grande importance.To be able to solve the various problems of heat transfer, the problems of flow of fluids or others, the numerical values of the physical and thermophysical properties of fluids are of great importance.
La conductivité thermique, en particulier, définit le degré de propagation de la chaleur dans un matériau en fonction du gradient de température. La conduction est essentiellement un transfert d'énergie sous l'effet du mouvement, notamment des vibrations des particules. Le coefficient de conduction k (W/m.K) dépend de la structure cristalline dans les solides, de l'homogénéité, de la température, de la pression, de la phase liquide, solide ou gazeuse et/ ou de la composition.Thermal conductivity, in particular, defines the degree of heat propagation in a material as a function of the temperature gradient. Conduction is essentially a transfer of energy under the effect of movement, in particular the vibrations of particles. The conduction coefficient k (W / m.K) depends on the crystal structure in the solids, on the homogeneity, on the temperature, on the pressure, on the liquid, solid or gaseous phase and / or on the composition.
On observe que les liquides sont de meilleurs conducteurs que les gaz et les solides de meilleurs conducteurs que les liquides. La conductibilité des liquides dépend en premier lieu de leur température.We observe that liquids are better conductors than gases and solids better conductors than liquids. The conductivity of liquids depends primarily on their temperature.
La mesure précise du coefficient de conduction est une opération difficile. En effet les matériaux que l'on utilise actuellement ne sont pas toujours semblables. Ceci conduit à des différences entre les résultats expérimentaux établis dans divers laboratoires de recherche. Ainsi la précision sur le coefficient de conduction ne dépasse pas les 5 %.Precise measurement of the conduction coefficient is a difficult operation. In fact, the materials that we currently use are not always similar. This leads to differences between the experimental results established in various research laboratories. Thus the precision on the conduction coefficient does not exceed 5%.
Pour des fluides simples, sans changement de phase, il existe déjà des méthodes de mesure de la conductivité thermique.For simple fluids, without phase change, there are already methods for measuring thermal conductivity.
Afin de caractériser un fluide multifonctionel avec changement de phase ou non il n'existe quasiment aucune méthode directe fiable de mesure de la conductivité thermique.In order to characterize a multifunctional fluid with or without phase change, there is almost no reliable direct method for measuring thermal conductivity.
La publication allemande DE 199 49 327 A1 décrit un procédé et un- dispositif pour la mise en œuvre de ce procédé pour déterminer la concentration d'un gaz dans un mélange gazeux comportant plusieurs composants. Le procédé est basé sur la mesure de la conduction thermique du mélange gazeux qui subit une élévation de température entre une valeur minimale et une valeur maximale déterminée par une fonction température/temps. L'analyse de la courbe de variation de la température en fonction du temps permet de déterminer la concentration d'un gaz contenu dans le mélange. Le dispositif comprend un capteur de température qui transmet un signal à un analyseur de Fourrier. Un tel dispositif n'est pas adapté à la mesure de la conductivité thermique d'un fluide multifonctionnel.The German publication DE 199 49 327 A1 describes a method and a device for implementing this method for determining the concentration of a gas in a gas mixture comprising several components. The process is based on the measurement of the thermal conduction of the gas mixture which undergoes a rise in temperature between a minimum value and a maximum value determined by a temperature / time function. Analysis of the temperature variation curve as a function of time makes it possible to determine the concentration of a gas contained in the mixture. The device includes a temperature sensor which transmits a signal to a Fourrier analyzer. Such a device is not suitable for measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid.
Exposé de l'inventionStatement of the invention
Le but de la présente invention est de pallier cet inconvénient en fournissant un procédé ainsi qu'un dispositif qui permettent de déterminer d'une façon rapide, efficace et économique les caractéristiques thermodynamiques d'un fluide multifonctionnel et d'en déduire la conductivité thermique.The object of the present invention is to overcome this drawback by providing a method and a device which make it possible to determine quickly, efficiently and economically the thermodynamic characteristics of a multifunctional fluid and to deduce the thermal conductivity therefrom.
Ce but est atteint par un procédé tel que défini en préambule et caractérisé en ce l'on que: on transmet en outre audit échantillon, à travers ladite première face d'entrée, au moins une impulsion très brève d'un flux thermique, - on mesure la température en au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur de cet échantillon, on détermine, par cette mesure, l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en ces trois points en fonction du temps, on détermine, en fonction de cette évolution, les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel, et on calcule la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon.This object is achieved by a process as defined in the preamble and characterized in that: in addition, at least one very brief pulse of a thermal flux is transmitted to said sample, through said first input face, - the temperature is measured at at least three points spaced within this sample, this temperature determines the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid at these three points as a function of time, it is determined as a function of this evolution, the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid, and the thermal conductivity of this sample is calculated.
Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, l'on transmet lesdites impulsions de flux thermique de manière répétitive et on établit un thermogramme constitué par des courbes d'évolution de la température en fonction du temps écoulé entre l'envoi d'un flux thermique à travers ladite première face d'entrée et l'élévation de température constatée auxdits au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur de l'échantillon.According to a preferred embodiment, said heat flux pulses are transmitted repeatedly and a thermogram is established, consisting of curves of temperature evolution as a function of the time elapsed between sending a heat flux through said first inlet face and the rise in temperature observed at said at least three points spaced inside the sample.
De façon préférentielle, l'on déduit la conductivité thermique de l'équation suivante:Preferably, the thermal conductivity is deduced from the following equation:
où: T est la température k est la conductivité thermique dépendant de la température t est le temps . α est la diffusivité thermique dépendant de k et qui vaut: k(T) where: T is the temperature k is the thermal conductivity depending on the temperature t is the time. α is the thermal diffusivity dependent on k and which is equal to: k (T)
P*Cp avec p et Cp la masse volumique et la chaleur spécifique.P * Cp with p and Cp the density and the specific heat.
Ce but est également atteint par le dispositif tel que défini en préambule et caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre des moyens agencés pour transmettre audit échantillon, à travers ladite première face d'entrée, au moins une impulsion très brève d'un flux thermique, des moyens agencés pour mesurer l'onde de chaleur en au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur de cet échantillon, des moyens agencés pour déterminer à partir des valeurs mesurées l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps auxdits points espacés à l'intérieur de l'échantillon, des moyens agencés pour déduire de cette évolution les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel et des moyens agencés pour calculer la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon.This object is also achieved by the device as defined in the preamble and characterized in that it further comprises means arranged to transmit to said sample, through said first input face, at least one very brief pulse of a flow thermal, means arranged to measure the heat wave at at least three spaced points inside this sample, means arranged to determine from the measured values the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time at said times spaced points inside the sample, means arranged to deduce from this development the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid and means arranged to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, lesdits moyens agencés pour faire passer un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans l'espace délimité par lesdites première et deuxième faces comprennent une enceinte ayant une paroi isolante et un revêtement intérieur de métal poli, qui est traversée en continu par le fluide multifonctionnel.According to a preferred embodiment, said means arranged to pass a sample of said multifunctional fluid into the space delimited by said first and second faces comprise an enclosure having a wall insulation and an internal coating of polished metal, which is continuously traversed by the multifunctional fluid.
Lesdits moyens agencés pour transmettre audit échantillon au moins une impulsion très brève de flux thermique comportent au moins un laser.Said means arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux comprises at least one laser.
Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, lesdits moyens agencés pour transmettre audit échantillon d'au moins une impulsion très brève de flux thermique peuvent comporter un tube émetteur.According to a particular embodiment, said means arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux may comprise an emitting tube.
Lesdits moyens agencés pour mesurer l'onde de chaleur ayant traversé l'échantillon comportent de préférence un tube récepteur.Said means arranged to measure the heat wave having passed through the sample preferably comprise a receiving tube.
Selon une construction particulièrement avantageuse, lesdits moyens agencés pour déterminer l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps comportent au moins trois sondes de température agencées pour mesurer la température de l'échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel auxdits au moins trois points.According to a particularly advantageous construction, said means arranged to determine the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time comprise at least three temperature probes arranged to measure the temperature of the sample of multifunctional fluid at said at least three points.
Lesdits moyens agencés pour déduire, de l'évolution de la température auxdits trois points espacés dans l'échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel, les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de cet échantillon et calculer sa conductivité thermique comprennent de préférence une unité de calcul agencée pour recevoir desdites sondes de température des signaux correspondant aux valeurs mesurées.Said means arranged to deduce, from the evolution of the temperature at said three spaced points in the multifunctional fluid sample, the thermodynamic characteristics of this sample and calculate its thermal conductivity preferably comprise a calculating unit arranged to receive said temperature probes signals corresponding to the measured values.
Description sommaire des dessinsBrief description of the drawings
La présente invention et ses avantages apparaîtront mieux dans la description suivante de différents modes de réalisation de l'invention, en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels: la figure 1 est un schéma de principe illustrant la mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'invention,The present invention and its advantages will appear more clearly in the following description of different embodiments of the invention, with reference to the appended drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the implementation of the method according to the invention,
la figure 2 est une vue illustrant schématiquement un mode de réalisation du dispositif de l'invention,FIG. 2 is a view schematically illustrating an embodiment of the device of the invention,
la figure 3 est une vue en coupe d'un mode de réalisation avantageux du l dispositif de l'invention, etFIG. 3 is a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the device of the invention, and
la figure 4 représente une vue en coupe d'une sonde de mesure utilisée dans le dispositif de l'invention.FIG. 4 represents a sectional view of a measurement probe used in the device of the invention.
Meilleures manières de réaliser l'invention En référence à la figure 1 , le procédé consiste tout d'abord à sélectionner un échantillon 10 d'un fluide multifonctionnel à étudier, par exemple en le faisant circuler entre deux parois 11 et 12 thermiquement isolées d'un conduit ou d'une enceinte d'une forme appropriée pour définir une première face, dite face d'entrée, 13 et une deuxième face, dite face de sortie, 14. Le fluide est soumis de préférence à une élévation de la température par des moyens habituels. En outre, on transmet à travers la première face d'entrée 13 au moins une impulsion très brève d'un flux thermique, illustrée par la flèche 15, par exemple au moyen d'un laser. Suite à cette impulsion, une onde de chaleur se propage à travers l'échantillon 10 et traverse ladite deuxième face de sortie 14. Elle est représentée par la flèche 16 et mesurée par un équipement 17. Au moins trois sondes S1 , S2 et S3 espacées à l'intérieur de l'échantillon permettent de tracer la courbe de l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps en fournissant un thermogramme. Une unité de calcul permet de déduire de cette évolution les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel et de calculer la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon. Le procédé comprend de préférence l'envoi répété de flashs de chaleur et la mesure est effectuée de façon répétitive.Best Ways of Carrying Out the Invention With reference to FIG. 1, the method firstly consists in selecting a sample 10 of a multifunctional fluid to be studied, for example by circulating it between two walls 11 and 12 thermally insulated from a conduit or enclosure of a suitable shape to define a first face, called the inlet face, 13 and a second face, called the outlet face, 14. The fluid is preferably subjected to a rise in temperature by usual means. In addition, at least one very short pulse of a thermal flux, illustrated by arrow 15, is transmitted through the first input face 13, for example by means of a laser. Following this pulse, a heat wave propagates through the sample 10 and crosses said second outlet face 14. It is represented by the arrow 16 and measured by an equipment 17. At least three probes S1, S2 and S3 spaced inside the sample make it possible to plot the curve of the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time by providing a thermogram. A calculation unit makes it possible to deduce from this evolution the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid and to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample. The method preferably includes the repeated sending of heat flashes and the measurement is carried out repeatedly.
Le dispositif 20 pour la mise en œuvre du procédé de mesure de la conductivité thermique d'un échantillon d'un fluide multifonctionnel, illustré à titre d'exemple non limitatif, sous une forme de réalisation avantageuse par la figure 2, comporte un premier tube émetteur 21 et un deuxième tube récepteur 22, disposés en regard de telle manière que l'espace séparant leurs extrémités respectives 21a et 22a définissent ladite première face d'entrée 23 et ladite deuxième face de sortie 24 de cet échantillon. Une impulsion, appelée flash de flux thermique, est émise par le tube émetteur 21 , traverse l'échantillon sous la forme d'une onde de chaleur et est captée par le tube récepteur 22. Les deux tubes ont avantageusement quelques centimètres de long et un diamètre inférieur à 0,01m. Ils contiennent les composants électroniques nécessaires à la commande des impulsions et à la gestion des mesures. Ils sont respectivement montés sur deux supports 21b et 22b constitués de fils rigides conducteurs.The device 20 for implementing the method for measuring the thermal conductivity of a sample of a multifunctional fluid, illustrated by way of nonlimiting example, in an advantageous embodiment in FIG. 2, comprises a first tube transmitter 21 and a second receiver tube 22, disposed opposite so that the space separating their respective ends 21a and 22a define said first inlet face 23 and said second outlet face 24 of this sample. A pulse, called thermal flux flash, is emitted by the emitter tube 21, passes through the sample in the form of a heat wave and is picked up by the receiver tube 22. The two tubes are advantageously a few centimeters long and a diameter less than 0.01m. They contain the electronic components necessary for pulse control and measurement management. They are respectively mounted on two supports 21b and 22b made up of rigid conductive wires.
La figure 3 est une vue en coupe d'un dispositif 30 de mesure selon l'invention. II comporte principalement une enceinte 31 ayant une paroi isolante 32 et un revêtement intérieur de métal poli 33. Cette enceinte est traversée en continu par un fluide multifonctionnel, tel que par exemple un coulis de glace dont on souhaite connaître la conductivité thermique. Ce fluide pénètre dans l'enceinte 31 par un conduit 34 et ressort de cette enceinte par un conduit 35. Elle est en outre équipée d'une chambre 36 contenant des éléments de chauffage 37 qui sont agencés pour faire varier la température de l'échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel. En outre des impulsions de flux thermique, représentées par une flèche 38, sont générées de préférence de manière répétitive, à travers la face d'entrée, par exemple par un laser 40,. Les ondes de chaleur générées traversent l'échantillon de fluide contenu dans l'enceinte 31 , ressortent de l'enceinte (flèche 39) et sont mesurées par au moins trois sondes de température S1 , S2 et S3 espacées les unes des autres et disposées à l'intérieur de l'échantillon. L'épaisseur e de l'enceinte 31 est connue avec précision. Cette épaisseur peut être variable pour permettre de faire varier les paramètres de mesure. A cet effet, le dispositif 30 est équipé d'une instrumentation (non représentée) comportant un micromètre qui permet de déterminer avec précision l'épaisseur e de l'enceinte 31. Les deux conduits 34 et 35 sont respectivement équipés d'une vanne 41 , 42 qui permet de commander l'entrée, la sortie et la circulation en continu du fluide multifonctionnel dans l'enceinte.Figure 3 is a sectional view of a measuring device 30 according to the invention. It mainly comprises an enclosure 31 having an insulating wall 32 and an interior coating of polished metal 33. This enclosure is continuously traversed by a multifunctional fluid, such as for example an ice slurry whose thermal conductivity is desired. This fluid enters the enclosure 31 through a conduit 34 and leaves this enclosure through a conduit 35. It is further equipped with a chamber 36 containing heating elements 37 which are arranged to vary the temperature of the sample. of multifunctional fluid. In addition, heat flux pulses, represented by an arrow 38, are preferably generated repetitively, through the entry face, for example by a laser 40,. The heat waves generated pass through the sample of fluid contained in the enclosure 31, emerge from the enclosure (arrow 39) and are measured by at least three temperature probes S1, S2 and S3 spaced from each other and arranged inside the sample. The thickness e of the enclosure 31 is known with precision. This thickness can be variable to allow the measurement parameters to be varied. To this end, the device 30 is equipped with instrumentation (not shown) comprising a micrometer which makes it possible to precisely determine the thickness e of the enclosure 31. The two conduits 34 and 35 are respectively equipped with a valve 41 , 42 which makes it possible to control the continuous entry, exit and circulation of the multifunctional fluid in the enclosure.
La sonde 50, schématiquement représentée par la figure 4, correspond à une forme de réalisation avantageuse des sondes de température S1 , S2 et S3 évoquées ci-dessus. Elle combine en fait la mesure de la température et la mesure de la conductivité électrique. Elle est plongée dans un fluide multifonctionnel 51. Elle comporte un capteur de température 52 et un capteur de mesure de la conductivité électrique 53 du fluide multifonctionnel. Ces deux capteurs sont par exemple montés sur la paroi intérieure d'un élément tubulaire 54 porté par un support 55 plongeant dans le fluide multifonctionnel.The probe 50, schematically represented by FIG. 4, corresponds to an advantageous embodiment of the temperature probes S1, S2 and S3 mentioned above. It actually combines the measurement of temperature and the measurement of electrical conductivity. It is immersed in a multifunctional fluid 51. It comprises a temperature sensor 52 and a sensor for measuring the electrical conductivity 53 of the multifunctional fluid. These two sensors are for example mounted on the inner wall of a tubular element 54 carried by a support 55 immersed in the multifunctional fluid.
Le dispositif selon l'invention fonctionne avantageusement de la manière suivante. Des moyens, par exemple l'enceinte 31 , permettent d'isoler un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel. Des moyens, constitués par exemple par l'instrumentation comportant un micromètre, permettent de déterminer l'épaisseur de ladite enceinte. Des moyens, par exemple constitués par les éléments chauffants 37, permettent de générer une élévation de la température de l'échantillon. Des moyens tels que le laser 40 permettent de générer et de transmettre à l'échantillon au moins une impulsion très brève de flux thermique et de préférence une suite de telles impulsions. Des moyens tels que le tube récepteur 22, illustré par la figure 2, permettent de mesurer l'onde de chaleur ayant traversé l'échantillon. Le capteur de température 52 de la figure 4 permet de déterminer l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps. Une unité de calcul (non représentée) permet de déduire de cette évolution les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide et de calculer la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon.The device according to the invention advantageously operates in the following manner. Means, for example the enclosure 31, make it possible to isolate a sample of said multifunctional fluid. Means, constituted for example by instrumentation comprising a micrometer, make it possible to determine the thickness of said enclosure. Means, for example constituted by the heating elements 37, make it possible to generate an increase in the temperature of the sample. Means such as the laser 40 make it possible to generate and transmit to the sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux and preferably a series of such pulses. Means such as the receiving tube 22, illustrated in FIG. 2, make it possible to measure the heat wave having passed through the sample. The temperature sensor 52 of FIG. 4 makes it possible to determine the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time. A calculation unit (not shown) makes it possible to deduce from this evolution the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said fluid and to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
Pour déterminer la conductivité thermique, il convient de résoudre l'équation de la chaleur en considérant que la conductivité thermique est une fonction dépendant de la température. Cette équation est la suivante:To determine thermal conductivity, the heat equation should be solved by considering that thermal conductivity is a function dependent on temperature. This equation is as follows:
où: T est la température k est la conductivité thermique dépendant de la température t est le temps α est la diffusivité thermique dépendant de k et vaut: k(D p*Cp avec p et Cp la masse volumique et la chaleur spécifique. where: T is the temperature k is the thermal conductivity depending on the temperature t is the time α is the thermal diffusivity dependent on k and is worth: k (D p * Cp with p and Cp the density and the specific heat.
En discrétisant cette équation avec l'aide d'un logiciel approprié et en se servant des valeurs de conductivités thermiques données par un modèle, appelé modèle de Jeffrey, on obtient un ensemble de courbes qui constitue un thermogramme.By discretizing this equation with the help of appropriate software and using the thermal conductivity values given by a model, called the Jeffrey model, we obtain a set of curves which constitutes a thermogram.
On peut déterminer la conductivité thermique en se servant du thermogramme qui est constitué à partir des seules données expérimentales disponibles. A cet effet, il convient de réécrire l'équation de la chaleur en faisant ressortir deux coefficients dépendants de la température :The thermal conductivity can be determined using the thermogram, which is based on the only available experimental data. To this end, the heat equation should be rewritten by highlighting two temperature-dependent coefficients:
dans laquelle: in which:
k , 1 dk a = b - a .k, 1 dk a = b - a.
P H k dTP H k dT
En écrivant deux fois cette équation pour deux endroits très proches, la première à la cote x et la deuxième à la cote x+dx, on obtient un système de deux équations à deux inconnues. On suppose que les coefficients a et b, aux cotes x et x+dx sont égaux. En mettant ce système sous forme matricielle, on peut le résoudre très simplement à l'aide d'un logiciel adéquat et retrouver la conductivité thermique de l'échantillon.By writing this equation twice for two very close places, the first at dimension x and the second at dimension x + dx, we obtain a system of two equations with two unknowns. We assume that the coefficients a and b, at dimensions x and x + dx are equal. By putting this system in matrix form, it can be solved very simply using appropriate software and recover the thermal conductivity of the sample.
Les matériaux à changement de phase couramment appelés PCM (Phase Change Material) sont des polymères alkanes dont la température de changement de phase solide - liquide varie entre 0 et 65° C. Les PCM présentent un avantage pour des utilisations statiques, par exemple le stockage, et dynamiques, par exemple le transport de l'énergie thermique.Phase change materials commonly called PCM (Phase Change Material) are alkane polymers whose solid-liquid phase change temperature varies between 0 and 65 ° C. PCMs have an advantage for static uses, for example storage , and dynamic, for example the transport of thermal energy.
L'adjonction de microcapsules (10 μm à 1000 μm) de matériaux PCM tels que par exemple le naphtalène sous une phase solide en suspension dans un liquide donne un mélange diphasique sous forme liquide couramment appelé «PCMS» pouvant être mis en circulation par des moyens conventionnels, par exemple une pompe. Cette solution aqueuse permet de combiner de manière écologique et économique les avantages du stockage et de la distribution de l'énergie sous forme de chaleur et de froid et des systèmes indirects-The addition of microcapsules (10 μm to 1000 μm) of PCM materials such as for example naphthalene in a solid phase suspended in a liquid gives a two-phase mixture in liquid form commonly called “PCMS” which can be circulated by means conventional, for example a pump. This aqueous solution allows the advantages of energy storage in the form of heat and cold and indirect systems to be combined in an ecological and economical manner.
Un tel PCMS est constitué par le coulis de glace. L'adjonction de petites paillettes de glace dans une solution aqueuse donne un mélange sous forme liquide pouvant être pompé. Ce mélange donne la possibilité de combiner de manière écologique et économique les avantages du stockage du froid et du refroidissement indirect avec le haut pouvoir frigorifique de la détente directe.One such PCMS is constituted by the ice slurry. Adding small flakes of ice to an aqueous solution results in a pumpable liquid mixture. This mixture gives the possibility to combine in an ecological and economical way the advantages of cold storage and indirect cooling with the high cooling capacity of the direct expansion.
En ce qui concerne la sonde 50 en particulier, d'autres modes de construction sont envisageables. Les capteurs de température et de mesure de la conductivité existent dans le commerce. Leur disposition sur un support plongeant dans le fluide multifonctionnel pourra être adaptée en fonction des besoins et des applications. With regard to the probe 50 in particular, other modes of construction can be envisaged. Temperature and conductivity sensors are commercially available. Their arrangement on a support immersed in the multifunctional fluid can be adapted according to needs and applications.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de mesure de la conductivité thermique en continu d'un fluide multifonctionnel dans lequel on fait passer un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans un espace délimité par une première face, dite d'entrée, et une deuxième face, dite de sortie, et dans lequel on génère une élévation de la température dudit échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel et on mesure cette élévation de température, caractérisé en ce que1. A method of continuously measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid in which a sample of said multifunctional fluid is passed through a space delimited by a first face, called the inlet, and a second face, called the outlet, and in which a rise in the temperature of said multifunctional fluid sample is generated and this rise in temperature is measured, characterized in that
- on transmet en outre audit échantillon, à travers ladite première face d'entrée, au moins une impulsion très brève d'un flux thermique,- at least one very short pulse of a thermal flux is transmitted to said sample, through said first input face,
- on mesure la température en au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur de cet échantillon,- the temperature is measured at at least three points spaced inside this sample,
- on détermine, par cette mesure, l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en ces trois points en fonction du temps, - on détermine, en fonction de cette évolution, les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel, et- the change in the temperature of the multifunctional fluid is determined by this measurement at these three points as a function of time, - the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid are determined, as a function of this change, and
- on calcule la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon.- the thermal conductivity of this sample is calculated.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'on transmet lesdites impulsions de flux thermique de manière répétitive et on établit un thermogramme constitué par des courbes d'évolution de la température en fonction du temps écoulé entre l'envoi des impulsions de flux thermique à travers ladite première face d'entrée et l'élévation de température constatée auxdits trois points espacés à l'intérieur de l'échantillon.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that said heat flux pulses are transmitted repeatedly and a thermogram is established consisting of curves of evolution of the temperature as a function of the time elapsed between the sending of the pulses of thermal flux through said first inlet face and the rise in temperature observed at said three points spaced inside the sample.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'on déduit la conductivité thermique de l'équation suivante:3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermal conductivity is deduced from the following equation:
où: T est la température k est la conductivité thermique dépendant de la température t est le temps α est la diffusivité thermique dépendant de k et qui vaut: k(T p*Cp avec p et Cp la masse volumique et la chaleur spécifique. where: T is the temperature k is the thermal conductivity depending on the temperature t is the time α is the thermal diffusivity depending on k and which is equal to: k (T p * Cp with p and Cp the density and the specific heat.
4. Dispositif de mesure de la conductivité thermique en continu d'un fluide multifonctionnel, pour la mise en œuvre du procédé selon la revendication 1 , comportant des moyens agencés pour faire passer un échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans un espace délimité par une première face, dite d'entrée, et une deuxième face, dite de sortie, dudit échantillon, des moyens de chauffage pour faire varier la température de cet échantillon et des moyens agencés pour mesurer la variation de cette température, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre des moyens agencés pour transmettre audit échantillon, à travers ladite première face d'entrée, au moins une impulsion très brève d'un flux thermique, des moyens agencés pour mesurer l'onde de chaleur en au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur de cet échantillon, des moyens agencés pour déterminer à partir des valeurs mesurées l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps auxdits points espacés à l'intérieur de l'échantillon, des moyens agencés pour déduire de cette évolution les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel et des moyens agencés pour calculer la conductivité thermique de cet échantillon.4. Device for measuring the continuous thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid, for implementing the method according to claim 1, comprising means arranged to pass a sample of said multifunctional fluid into a space delimited by a first face, said inlet, and a second face, called outlet, of said sample, heating means for varying the temperature of this sample and means arranged to measure the variation of this temperature, characterized in that it further comprises means arranged to transmit to said sample, through said first input face, at least one very short pulse of a thermal flux, means arranged to measure the heat wave at at least three points spaced inside this sample, means arranged to determine from the measured values the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time at said points spaced inside the sample, means arranged to deduce from this development the thermodynamic characteristics of the sample of said multifunctional fluid and means arranged to calculate the thermal conductivity of this sample.
5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens agencés pour faire passer l'échantillon dudit fluide multifonctionnel dans l'espace délimité par lesdites première et deuxième faces comprennent une enceinte (31) ayant une paroi isolante (32) et un revêtement intérieur de métal poli (33), qui est traversée en continu par le fluide multifonctionnel. 5. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means arranged to pass the sample of said multifunctional fluid in the space delimited by said first and second faces comprise an enclosure (31) having an insulating wall (32) and a internal coating of polished metal (33), which is continuously traversed by the multifunctional fluid.
6. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens (37) agencés pour transmette audit échantillon au moins une impulsion très brève de flux thermique comportent au moins un laser (40).6. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means (37) arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux comprises at least one laser (40).
7. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens agencés pour transmettre audit échantillon au moins une impulsion très brève de flux thermique comportent un tube émetteur (21).7. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means arranged to transmit to said sample at least one very brief pulse of thermal flux comprises an emitter tube (21).
8. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens agencés pour mesurer l'onde de chaleur ayant traversé l'échantillon comportent un tube récepteur (22).8. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means arranged to measure the heat wave having passed through the sample comprise a receiving tube (22).
9. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens agencés pour déterminer l'évolution de la température du fluide multifonctionnel en fonction du temps comportent au moins trois sondes de température (S1 , S2, S3) agencées pour mesurer la température de l'échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel auxdits au moins trois points espacés à l'intérieur dudit échantillon.9. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means arranged for determining the evolution of the temperature of the multifunctional fluid as a function of time comprise at least three temperature probes (S1, S2, S3) arranged to measure the temperature of the multifunctional fluid sample at said at least three points spaced within said sample.
10. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens agencés pour déduire, de l'évolution de la température auxdits trois points espacés dans l'échantillon de fluide multifonctionnel, les caractéristiques thermodynamiques de cet échantillon et calculer sa conductivité thermique comprennent une unité de calcul agencée pour recevoir desdites sondes de température (S1 , S2, S3) des signaux correspondant aux valeurs mesurées. 10. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said means arranged to deduce, from the evolution of the temperature at said three spaced points in the multifunctional fluid sample, the thermodynamic characteristics of this sample and calculate its thermal conductivity include a calculation unit arranged to receive from said temperature probes (S1, S2, S3) signals corresponding to the measured values.
EP03773407A 2002-11-28 2003-11-28 Method and device for measuring the thermal conductivity of a multifunctional fluid Withdrawn EP1565731A1 (en)

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CH696042A5 (en) 2006-11-30
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US7350971B2 (en) 2008-04-01
WO2004048953A1 (en) 2004-06-10

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