EP1464977B1

EP1464977B1 - Magnet structure for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging apparatus

Info

Publication number: EP1464977B1
Application number: EP04100369.0A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alessandro Trequattrini; Davide Carlini; Stefano Pittaluga; Stefano Besio
Original assignee: Esaote SpA
Current assignee: Esaote SpA
Priority date: 2003-03-31
Filing date: 2004-02-02
Publication date: 2019-04-17
Anticipated expiration: 2024-02-02
Also published as: US20040263301A1; US20060267334A1; US7158000B2; US7772949B2; ITSV20030011A1; EP1464977A1

Description

The invention relates to a magnet structure for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, which magnet structure has at least two opposed pole pieces, which are located at a certain distance from each other and delimit an imaging region, which pole pieces are formed by at least one massive layer of a magnetically permeable material, and at least one layer of magnetically permeable material consisting of a pack of superimposed sheets or foils, electrically insulated from each other, each of which sheets has cuts arranged over the surface of the sheet in positions that are at least partly non coincident with the cuts of at least one, or both adjacent sheets.
Several different types of magnet structures are known that have the above construction. US 5,555,251 discloses a magnet structure which has two pole pieces having a massive ferromagnetic layer and a layer made of laminated ferromagnetic foils or sheets. In this arrangement, sheets are made of one piece and have a number of radial cuts, arranged from a center of the sheet. The sheets have a circular shape, coaxial with the center around which the cuts are radially arranged. All the sheets have the same shape and the same pattern of cuts.
The cuts of each sheet are offset with respect to an adjacent sheet by rotating each sheet relative to the adjacent sheet by an angle smaller than the angular distance between two successive radial cuts.
In order to form the laminated layer of each pole piece, the sheets must be properly offset before being bonded together by an adhesive layer or an electric insulating and adhesive layer which coats the sheets. While the assembly of the laminated layer is intrinsically simple, it is still dependent on the position of the sheets relative to each other, and this is a parameter to be accounted for during manufacture of the pole pieces. Moreover, this may generate errors in the angular positioning of the sheets.
Also, due to the one-piece construction of sheets, handling problems may arise when the sheets, as well as the pole pieces have a relatively large size.
An additional problem consists in that that the sheets that require a high dimensional precision and are made of a special magnetically permeable material are generally not fabricated of sufficiently large sizes, and any size increase thereof would involve a considerable cost increase. In this case, the provision of one-piece sheets is not feasible or involves higher costs for the magnet structure.
Document US2002019132 discloses a process for manufacturing magnetic field generating devices in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatuses and an image generating device according to said method. According to this document, at least one layer of each pole piece is composed a plurality of adjacent or overlapping sheets, electrically insulated from each other. These sheets or foils may have slots, notches or apertures which cause bridges of a material having a lower electric conductivity to be formed between the areas separated by the notches and/or apertures. The bridges of material may be removed after sheet assembly by a cutting operation, particularly by laser cutting.
Document US6215382 discloses a device for generating a magnetic field in an air gap, particularly for a magnetic resonance apparatus. The device has a pair of magnetic poles arranged opposite one another with the air gap therebetween. Each magnetic pole plate is constructed of a number of layers successively lying on top of one another and electrically insulated from one another. Each layer is formed by plate-shaped elements of magnetically permeable material arranged next to one another and electrically insulated from one another. Successive layers are arranged offset relative to one another in in-layer directions. Each plate shaped element is separated by a gap from the adjacent ones and the gaps between each plate of one layer are positioned offset relatively to the gaps between the plate elements of the adjacent layer.
Document EP0984461 discloses pole faces for an open magnetic resonance imaging system which are constructed from a number of blocks having laminate sheets. The laminate sheets of the blocks are aligned, such that they are parallel to the flux of an applied time-changing magnetic field. Each laminate sheet is constructed of an amorphous material such that there is no predominant magnetic field alignment. This construction reduces eddy currents induced in the pole faces, and reduces residual magnetization, thereby reducing artifacts in an acquired image. The blocks adjacent to each other are separated by spaces between them.
The invention is based on the problem of providing a magnet structure as described hereinbefore which, thanks to simple and inexpensive arrangements, allows easier handling, particularly for the fabrication of large-sized magnets, and helps to obviate the above drawbacks.
The invention solves the above problems by providing a magnet structure according to independent claim 1 or independent claim 21 and a method for making a magnet structure for MRI apparatus according to independent claim 15.
Thanks to this arrangement, identical sheets may be provided for each layer, and each superimposed sheet needs simply be overturned with respect to the underlying sheet of a pack of sheets that forms the non massive layer of a pole piece of the magnet structure.
Particular advantageous embodiments will be described in greater detail in the following description and will form the subject of specific subclaims.
Cuts may be arranged according to a few rules that simplify both the cut pattern design and the actual cut forming process.
A first rule may consist in disposing cuts along parallel axes, forming a set of parallel axes, the sets of axes on the first and second halves of the sheet being oriented parallel to each other and to an overturning axis, and there being provided a distance of the first axis of each set of axes from the center axis of the sheet, which is parallel to or coincident with the overturning axis, said distance being different for the sets of axes on the first half and on the second half of the sheet respectively.
Cuts may be continuous or discontinuous along the corresponding positioning axis of the set of parallel positioning axes. Discontinuous cuts form whole portions or bridges of sheet material along cut positioning axes.
According to a variant, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, the sets of cut positioning axes on the two sheet halves have an inclined, symmetrically divergent or convergent orientation, for the first and second sheet halves, with respect to the center axis of the sheet, which is parallel to or coincident with the sheet overturning axis, the intersection points of the set of parallel arrangement axes on the first sheet half with said center axis being provided in intermediate positions between the intersection points of the set of parallel positioning axes of the second sheet half. Also, the intersection points of the two sets of parallel cut (2, 2') positioning axis on the first and second halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') may be interleaved and equally spaced along the center axis, which is parallel to or coincident with the overturning axis.
According to another variant, the sets of cut positioning axes on the two sheet halves have an inclined orientation with respect to the center axis of the sheet, which is parallel to or coincident with the sheet overturning axis, the intersection points between the set of parallel positioning axes on the first half of the sheet and said center axis being situated in intermediate positions with respect to the intersection points between the positioning axes of the set of parallel positioning axis of the second sheet half and said center axis, and each cut along each positioning axis being discontinuous and forming an unbroken sheet portion, the succession of the unbroken sheet portions and of the cut parts along the positioning axes being inverted from the first half to the second half of the sheet, whereas the pitch of the cuts and unbroken portions along each arrangement axis is such that, when the first sheet half is overturned against the second sheet half, the cuts along each positioning axis of the first sheet half intersect the cuts along each positioning axis of the second sheet half at unbroken portions, and vice versa.
No restriction is provided to patterns and shapes of cuts. It shall be further noticed that the pattern is only conceived on one of the ideal halves of the sheet, this pattern defining the cut-free portions of the same half, hence the position of cuts in the second half, considering that, by overturning the sheet, pattern orientation will be symmetrically reversed with respect to the overturning axis and/or to the center axis that ideally divides the sheet in halves.
The above arrangement allows to conceive cut patterns in which the direction and arrangement of cuts varies as a function of the orientation of the turns or conductors of one or more possible gradient coils associated to the magnet structure, as is typical in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus.
When cut patterns on the sheets provide a repeated, orderly and recurring cut arrangement, cuts may be simply formed on the two ideal halves of the sheet, by suitably offsetting the pattern used on one ideal sheet half, in one or two directions subtending the plane that contains the sheet and/or also in a possible direction of rotation or combination of said displacements, with respect to the second sheet half, such that, when said second half is overturned and laid over the first ideal half of an underlying sheet, the cuts of the second ideal half coincide with the cut-free portions of said first ideal half of the underlying sheet and vice versa.
One variant of the cut arrangement pattern on the sheets consists in a radial arrangement thereof from a center, an identical angular distance being provided between individual radial lines along which cuts are provided and the cuts forming a half ring of cuts on each ideal sheet half, whereas the half ring on the second ideal sheet half is rotated with respect to the half ring on the first ideal sheet half to such an extent that when two adjacent sheets are in the superimposed, overturned condition, the cuts of the two ideal halves of a sheet are disposed coincident with the radial intermediate portions between the cuts of the two ideal halves of the adjacent sheet.
According to an additional variant embodiment, each ideal sheet half is divided into a plurality of regions by sets of crossed cuts, i.e. sets of cuts having different orientations, which are broken at crossing areas to form bridges of material that connect together the sheet regions, the crossed sets of parallel cuts on the second ideal sheet half being offset, relative to said second half with respect to the arrangement in the first ideal sheet half, and to such an extent and in such directions that the bridges of material that connect the different areas fall within regions of an adjacent sheet.
Such cut pattern is derived from and detailed in EP1167989 , published by the owner hereof.
Referring to an additional characteristic, when the sheet material is not available in sizes large enough to form each sheet from one piece or when the sheet has a too large size to allow a sufficiently easy handling thereof in the one-piece construction, the invention provides that each sheet be formed by at least two adjacent sheet parts, separated by a parting line, said parting line being provided in eccentric position and/or orientation with respect to the separation axis between the two ideal sheet halves, anyway in such position and/or orientation that the parting lines between the parts of two superimposed adjacent sheets do not coincide.
In accordance with another improvement, the parting line between the two sheet parts extends in a cut-free portion, so that said parting line does not intersect any cut on the sheet and/or possibly on one or two adjacent sheets.
Obviously, such arrangement is not limited to the manufacture of sheets that are only formed by two adjacent parts, but may be also extended to sheets formed by three or more adjacent parts.
Thanks to the above arrangements, by using a single sheet type, either having a one-piece construction or formed by two or more adjacent parts, a simple alternate, overturned arrangement of adjacent sheets in the pack, provides a magnetically permeable layer formed by a pack of sheets or foils, which has cuts in offset positions from one sheet to the other in the pack, and such as to effectively suppress eddy currents produced in the pole pieces.
During the assembly, there is no need to account for a precise offset size between superimposed sheets, as the sheet simply needs to be overturned or reversed each time before disposing it on the sheet pack. Such operation is considerably simplified by the fact that the sheets of a pack generally have substantially or precisely the same plan size, whereby the sheets may be aligned in the proper position by simply aligning the peripheral edges thereof.
Regarding the fabrication of sheets or foils, this is considerably simplified by providing a repetitive cut pattern on each half. Hence, after forming the cuts of the first half, the second half may be treated in much the same manner, by simply offsetting said second half along a predetermined path of the cutting tools, used to form the cuts in said first half. The rotational and/or translational offset in one and/or two perpendicular directions, subtending a plane parallel to the sheet surface is determined according to the above description regarding the arrangement of cuts in the two ideal sheet halves. This considerably simplifies sheet fabrication.
Regarding the parting lines or cuts, these are simply made by trimming adjacent edges of two adjacent sheet parts.
The invention further relates to a method for fabricating a magnet structure as described hereinbefore, wherein the pole pieces have a layer consisting of a pack of sheets, which is laid over a massive layer, the sheets being obtained as described above.
Further improvements of the invention will form the subject of the dependent claims.
The characteristics of the invention and the advantages derived therefrom will appear more clearly from the following description of a non limiting embodiment, illustrated in the annexed drawings, in which:

Figs. 1 to 3 are plan views of a first embodiment of the sheets for the inventive magnet structure, according to a first type of cut arrangement on the two sheet halves, Fig. 1 showing a first sheet in the starting position, Fig. 2 showing a second sheet in the overturned position, e.g. obtained by rotation about the center axis which ideally separates the two sheet halves, and Fig. 3 showing the two sheets in superimposed positions.
Figs. 4 to 6 show, like Figs. 1 to 3, a variant embodiment of the pattern of cuts on the sheets.
Figs. 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 show, like the previous examples, two variants of an additional cut arrangement embodiment on the sheets.
Figs. 13 to 15 show one more variant (not falling within the scope of present claims) of the embodiments as shown in the previous figures.
Figs. 16, 17 and 18 show an example (that does not fall within the scope of present claims) of a sheet formed by two and four separate adjacent parts respectively.
Fig. 19 shows a cross section of a magnet structure according to the invention.
Fig. 20 shows a detail of a section of the layer formed by the sheets of the magnet structure pole piece.
Figs. 21 to 25 show different variant examples (not falling within the scope of present claims) of the line that separates a sheet into two parts, like the embodiment of Figs. 16 to 18.
Figures 26 to 28 shows in a similar way as figures 1 to 4 a further embodiment of the sheets according to the invention.

Referring to Figure 19, a magnet structure of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus has two opposing pole pieces, generally denoted 1, between which a static magnetic field is generated. Each pole piece is composed of magnetic field generating means, here a layer of magnetized material, denoted 101, a magnetically permeable layer laying over the face thereof turned toward the opposite pole piece, e.g. a ferromagnetic layer, or the like.
Said layer is in turn composed of a massive layer, denoted 201, an additional layer 301 further laying over it, which layer consists of superimposed magnetically permeable sheets or foils 1, which form a pack of sheets, pressed tightly together.
The pole pieces are supported and/or enclosed by a structure, also made of a magnetically permeable material, which has the additional function of closing the magnetic field between the pole pieces, which structure or yoke is generally denoted 3. The structure that is shown in Fig. 19 is a typical structure having an inverted U or C shape. However, the architecture of the structure is not relevant for the purpose of this invention, which applies to the pole pieces of any magnet structure.
Within the permeable material of the pole pieces, eddy currents are induced, which are preferably suppressed or drastically reduced, whereby the layer 301 is formed by alternate superimposed sheets 2, 2', each having a number of cuts 102, 102', arranged in various patterns over the sheet surface.
Nevertheless, advantages are obtained if cuts 102 are not in coincident positions within the pack of superimposed sheets 2.
According to a first embodiment, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, the invention provides identical sheets, each having different arrangement patterns on the two halves 202, 302 of its surface, and such that, by laying one sheet 2 of the pack of sheets over an identical sheet, after overturning it, as if by leafing through a book, the cuts 102 of the sheets 2 that form the pack of sheets 301 are not coincident, except for one possible, tolerable intersection point.
In practice, if the two faces of a sheet are defined as a first face or front face and second face, or rear face, in the succession of superposed sheets which form the pack, underlying sheets do not adhere by their front face against the rear face of the sheet lying over them, but are overturned, with the front face turned toward the front face of the underlying sheet and adhering against it.
Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of the cut arrangement pattern. The cuts 102 on one of the two halves 202 of the sheet 2 are oriented to form a set of equally spaced, parallel axes, having a predetermined inclination with respect to a general overturning axis of the sheet 2, here conveniently shown coincident with the center axis. On the other half 302 of the sheet 2, the pattern of cuts 102' is not only rotationally symmetric as regards the inclination of the set of parallel axes, but the set of parallel axes is offset along the central overturning axis to a predetermined extent, which may be equal to half the distance between two parallel axes.
Therefore, the pack is formed as follows:
Over the sheet 2 of Fig. 1, an additional identical sheet is laid in an overturned position, which sheet is shown in Fig. 2 and is denoted 2', with the cuts thereon being denoted 102'.
The cut arrangement resulting from such superimposition is shown in Fig. 3. Obviously, the cuts 102, 102' of the underlying sheet should not be visible in actual conditions.
The pack of sheets that forms the layer 301 is formed by an alternation of sheets 2, having a position like that shown in Fig. 1 and sheets 2', having the overturned position as shown in Fig. 2.
As is apparent from the above description, the pack of sheets is thereby easily formed. In fact, the pack is formed by superimposing several sheets 2, 2' having the same pattern of cuts 102, alternately in the two positions described above, i.e. with the front face turned toward the pack and with the front face turned in the direction opposite to the pack.
As is clearly shown in Figure 20, which is a simplified and enlarged sectional view of a pack of sheets 2, 2', the cuts 102, 102' are disposed on each sheet in an offset position with respect to those of the preceding sheet. Any sheet laid over the pack will have cuts 102 offset with respect to those of the directly underlying sheet 2' but coincident with those of the sheet 2 underlying said directly underlying sheet in the pack of sheets.
Figs. 4 to 6 show a first variant embodiment, wherein the cut arrangement pattern is different from the embodiment of the previous Figures 1 to 3.
In this case, the cuts 102 and the cuts 102' are oriented in two transverse, non parallel directions.
The cuts 102 of the sheets may have a limited and predetermined length, there being provided, like in the embodiment of Figs. 1 to 3, a row of cuts aligned along one or more or all axes of the set of parallel axes, which defines the cut arrangement. Hence, the cuts have a limited length and are separated by cut-free regions 402.
The arrangement pattern selected for the two halves of the sheet 2 may also include cut-free regions and, besides combining the cut arrangement patterns, it may include offset cut-free regions for the cuts of two adjacent sheets 2, like in the embodiment of Figs. 1 to 3.
According to a first arrangement of fabrication of the pack 301 of sheets, the sheets 2 are coated with a layer of insulating varnish, which additionally has the function of an adhesive to bond together the sheets 2, 2' of the pack. Therefore, the sheets 2, 2' are varnished before being superimposed to form the pack as described above, and then the pack is pressed. The sheets may advantageously have centering or alignment holes for the insertion of centering or alignment pins (not shown in detail). The pack of sheets may be formed separately and fitted onto the massive layer 201 of the pole pieces 1 or the pack may be formed directly on the massive layer 201 of the pole pieces 1, which has, in this case, a supporting function and may have centering and/or alignment pins or centering and alignment holes for the insertion of said pins.
The pack may be hot or cold pressed.
According to a variant arrangement of fabrication of the pack 301 of sheets, a layer of glue is used instead of the varnish. The layer of glue may be provided as adhesive films or may be applied, for instance spread, sprayed or the like, on the face of at least one sheet (2, 2'). After superimposing the sheets, the latter may be hot or cold pressed.
According to yet another variant embodiment of fabrication of the pack of sheets, a thermosetting adhesive layer is disposed between the sheets. This layer may be provided as a film, or applied by spreading, brushing, spraying, etc. Once the pack of sheets is formed with interposed thermosetting adhesive layers, said pack is hot and vacuum pressed to activate the thermosetting adhesive. As a thermosetting adhesive, advantages are obtained by using foils of a material known as vetronite, which is widely used in the manufacture of printed circuit headers.
A suitable material is, for instance, the material named PRGEP84, type 1080, sold by DRITRON SPA, whose characteristics are listed in www.ditronlaminati.com.
In the embodiment of Figures 4 to 6, unlike the one of Figures 1 to 3, the cut-free regions 402 which separate the cuts aligned on the same axis are coincident with the cuts 102' of the adjacent sheet 2, and the cuts 102 of the underlying sheet never intersect the cuts 102' of the directly adjacent, underlying sheet. In this embodiment, the cuts 102 of two adjacent sheets are oriented in transverse, particularly orthogonal directions.
Figs. 7 to 12 show, like the previous embodiments, two variants of a further embodiment of the sheets.
Like in the previous embodiments, the sheets are ideally divided into two halves, preferably symmetrically to a central overturning axis, the patterns of cuts 102 being formed or simply positioned in different manners on the two halves so that cuts are offset when the pack of sheets is formed, by placing the sheets alternately in one position and in an overturned position according to said axis.
In the arrangement patterns of the variant as shown in Figures 7 to 8, the regions 202 and 302 of the sheets 2, 2' are divided by cuts oriented along two sets of parallel axes, the directions of the axes of the two sets being transverse, particularly perpendicular. The cuts are not continuous but broken at intersections. Hence, the sheet is divided by a grid of cuts 102 into a plurality of adjacent polygonal, particularly square portions, separated by the cuts and joined together by bridges of material at the corners of squares, as designated by 402.
In the variant embodiment of Figs. 7 to 9, the difference between the cut arrangements of the two halves 202 and 302 of the sheets is obtained by offsetting the position of the grid of cuts 102 to a predetermined extent along both directions of the sets of cut positioning axes.
As is apparent from Figure 9, which shows two superimposed sheets 2 according to the above arrangements, as well as the position and orientation of the cuts 102' of the underlying sheet which are not actually visible, cuts intersect in this pattern.
If desired, the cuts may be also completed at corners, where the bridges of materials 402 are provided. If these bridges are sufficiently small, they may be cut off even with the pack of sheets in the assembled condition. This operation, that may be performed, for instance, by laser cutting, causes the full separation of the polygonal portions. However, the hole that cuts off the bridges of material between polygonal portions in one sheet, produces a hole in the material of the polygonal portion coincident with the bridge of material 402. This hole causes no operation problem.
The embodiment of Figs. 10 to 12 differs from the previous embodiment in that the pattern on the portion 302 of the sheet 2 is not obtained by simply translating the pattern of the portion 202 in two perpendicular directions. So, no grid is formed like in the portion 302, but the cuts, having different, particularly perpendicular directions, are disposed in two perpendicular directions and in such positions as to intersect.
The final pattern of cuts in the superimposed condition is not different from the one of the embodiment as shown in Figures 7 to 9, however the cut arrangement is different at least for the portion 302 of the sheet.
Figs. 13 to 15 show a further example not falling within the scope of present claims, wherein the cuts 102 extend radially from the center of the plan view of the sheets 2.
For the sake of simplicity, Figure 13 only shows one order of radial and continuous cuts 102. Nevertheless, in order to improve the sheet strength, each cut 102 may be formed discontinuously, i.e. consisting of a row of limited-length cuts, separated by bridges of material, along each radius.
Two radial sets of cuts may be also provided, a first set extending, with continuous or discontinuous cuts, to a certain distance from the periphery, and a second radial set, angularly interleaved with the former, forming a ring of peripheral cuts, which extend from the end of the first set of cuts to the peripheral portion of the sheet. The radial cuts of the peripheral set may be also arranged to start closer to the center as compared with the outer radial end of the cuts of the first set.
At any rate, in this embodiment, the two halves 202 and 302 of the sheet 2 have radially oriented, angularly equally spaced cuts. In this case, the angular pitch of the individual cut positioning radiuses is of 20°. Such angular distance is maintained for all cuts, except the cuts immediately adjacent to the ideal line that divides the sheets into the two halves 202 and 302. In fact, the cuts of the half 302 are all rotated by 10° forward with respect to the last adjacent cut 102 on the first sheet half 202. The resulting sheet is as shown in Figures 13 and 14, i.e. by using the same sheet pack forming arrangements, an angular offset is provided between the radial cuts of the underlying sheet and the sheet laying over the latter in an overturned position. Fig. 15 shows the position of the combined cuts of the two sheets. By overturning the overlying sheet, an interleaved arrangement of the radial cuts of the two adjacent sheets is obtained. The cuts of one sheet are disposed in a centered position with respect to two cuts of the other sheet, with no coincidence of cuts being generated in the pack of sheets.
Here, the advantage as regards construction consists in that the sheet is not required to be rotated, but simply has to be overturned before laying it over the top sheet of the pack. In order to cause the cuts to be offset, no mutual rotation of the sheets is required, which would be only possible by using circular sheets.
Here, by properly positioning the centering pins, the cuts are properly offset by simply alternately overturning the sheets as they are placed on the pack being formed, and fitting them onto the centering pins.
Regarding all the embodiments as shown in the figures, relatively simple arrangement patterns have been proposed, for the sake of simplicity, however the principle of this invention includes any type of arrangement pattern.
Figs. 16 and 17 show another advantageous feature not falling within the scope of present claims, that, however, may be provided in combination with any sheet described in the previous embodiments of Figures 1 to 15. In figures 16 to 18, cut arrangement patterns have been omitted from the sheets.
Fig. 16 shows the principle of this additional feature in the simplest example. According to the invention, each sheet 2, 2' may be composed of two parts P1, P2 separated along a predetermined parting line, which parting line is in such position and has such an orientation relative to the peripheral shape of the sheets that, as the sheets are stacked in alternately overturned positions, as described in greater detail above, the parting lines between the two sheet parts are disposed in non coincident positions and/or in such a manner as to avoid or minimize intersections.
Given a sheet as described above with reference to Figures 1 to 15, wherein the cut arrangement pattern is differentiated for each sheet half, the parting line is selected in such position and with such an orientation as to coincide neither with the center sheet overturning axis and/or with a center axis parallel to an overturning axis, nor with a cut 102, 102' positioning axis.
Figure 16 shows two superimposed sheets 2 and 2', one in a first position and the other in a second position, the latter corresponding to an overturned superimposed position of said second sheet 2' on the former 2. The parting line 5 is eccentric to the center overturning axis, which is outlined by a dashed line. As is apparent from the above, by overturning the sheet, the eccentric parting line 5 of the sheet 2 is not coincident with the parting line 5 of the overturned sheet 2', whereby the pack of sheets is not divided, along a perpendicular plane of the pack of sheets, into two packs of sheets, continuously extending through the pack. Obviously, the simplest example of Figure 16 may be improved by providing sheets separated into three or more parts, either in one direction or in both directions.
Fig. 17 shows an example of arrangement of parting lines in a sheet composed of four parts, by providing a complex and branched parting line 5. In this case, a minimum number of intersections cannot be avoided, particularly the point denoted C. The dotted line, denoted 5', outlines the combined parting line obtained in the overturned and superimposed sheet, whereas the dashed lines outline the two center orthogonal axes, referred to the plan view of the whole sheet. The whole sheet 2 is composed in this case by four smaller parts P1, P2, P3, P4. The above mentioned intersections, and in this specific case the point C, are such as to generate a point-like slot in the pack of sheets, which continuously extends across the whole pack. This drawback does not affect significantly the suppression or drastic reduction of undesired currents produced in the pole pieces.
The advantage of this example consists in that it allows to design relatively inexpensive magnetic structures which are not subjected to the size restrictions imposed by metal sheet manufacturers. It shall be considered that, while these construction parts are relatively large and not complex from the mechanical point of view, the use thereof in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging apparatuses requires size tolerances that are unusual for the field of metal production. Also, the material used for the sheets is often a special alloy that is never available in the large sizes required by Magnetic Resonance Imaging apparatus manufacturers. The provision of sheets composed of at least two or more parts also allows to use special materials, without forcing the Magnetic Resonance Imaging apparatus manufacturer to require special, high cost productions.
Finally, Figure 18 shows an improvement of the principle as shown in Figs. 16 and 17. Here, the parting line 5 is not straight but may have either a rounded or a polygonal profile. Particularly, it has at least two partial segments which form a certain angle. This provides a certain simplified mutual centering and alignment action between the two sheet parts separated by said line 5.
Here again, the sheets may be composed of three or more parts.
The non-straight parting line may have several different profiles, e.g. a sinusoidal profile or a toothed profile, with square, triangular, rounded, circular teeth, etc. still considering that the envelope of the parting line shall always preferably occupy a surface band not coincident with the center overturning axis or with the center axis parallel to the overturning axis, but possibly intersecting the cuts or partly coincident with a cut. Figures 21 to 25 show a few non limiting examples of different possible embodiments of the parting line. The dashed line is the center axis of the sheet, parallel to or coincident with the overturning axis of the sheets for forming the pack according to this invention.
In figures 26 to 28 a further embodiment of the sheets for the magnet structure according to the invention are shown. According to this embodiment, two kind of sheets provided with a pattern of passing through cuts are provided. The sheets has been given the same numeral as in the figures 1 to 4, namely 2, 2'. In this example each sheet 2, 2' is provided with an identical pattern of cuts 102. However in a different manner as in the examples of figures 1 to 4, the sheets are not provided for being superimposed by turning them upside and downside for each layer but two sheets 2, 2' are provided having the identical and congruent peripheral shape and having an identical pattern of cuts 102 which patter has a different position relatively to the sheet shape. According to the present example the pattern of cuts on sheet 2' is provided on the said sheets 2' in a shifted way with respect to the position of the same pattern of cuts provided on the first sheet 2, according to two directions which are transverse one with respect to the other, particularly orthogonal one to the other and which are parallel to the plane defined by the sheet. Thus superimposing sheet 2' on sheet 2, the cuts of the pattern of the two sheets will not coincide and will be provided laterally staggered relatively to one another as illustrated in figure 28. In such a way forming a pack of sheets by alternatively superimposing sheets of the first kind 2 on sheets of the second kind 2' the pack of sheets will never show coincident cuts 102, 102' of two adjacent sheets.
Although a circular peripheral shape of the sheets is not mandatory, if the said shape of the sheets has not a rotational symmetry, the alignment of the sheets in the pack can be made by referring to the shape of the peripheral borders. When the symmetry of the sheets is a rotational one it is preferred to provide both first and second kind of sheets 2, 2' with identical pattern of centering through holes 502 which pattern have the same position for both kind of sheets 2, 2' and fall congruent when the sheets are superimposed. This helps in correctly aligning and orienting the two kind of sheets in order to avoid crossing of the cuts 102, 102' of the two kind of sheets.
Having chosen to shift the pattern of cut on one sheet 2' as compared to the same pattern of cuts on the other kind of sheets 2 along two orthogonal directions allows to provide a pattern of cuts which can show cuts oriented according to these two directions and cuts which are oriented at 45° or 135° or 225° or 315° with respect to the said two orthogonal directions.
Many kinds of patterns are possible which will lead to the result of efficiently limiting or suppressing eddy currents induced in the pole pieces of the magnet structure.
The present example shows a particular pattern which is formed by providing concentric squares paths having a constant length increase from one square to the other inscribed within a circular peripheral edge of the sheets. The concentric squares have a common center which is displaced according to two directions relatively to the center of the circular shape of a first sheet kind 2 while the center of the concentric squares are displaced in the same two directions but on the opposite side of the centre of the circular sheet on the second kind of sheets 2'. Cuts are provided along the sides of the concentric squares, the cuts being discontinuous in order to form material connetions between the surface of the sheet enclosed by the cuts on a square path and the material of the sheet outside the said square path. Thus superimposing the two sheets each square path on a first kind 2 of sheet and thus the cuts provided along the said path will be placed laterally sifted relatively to the same square path and the cuts provided there on of the second kind of sheets. At the annular surfaces of the sheets provided between two following square path along which the cuts are provided further L shaped cuts are provided which are oriented according to the alignment of a further concentric square path for the cuts which is enclosed by the innermost one and has a 90° rotated orientation. Further smaller L cuts are also provided to fill in a regular manner the last zones of the sheets which are still free of cuts.
Although the above described embodiment provides two different kind of sheets the said embodiment could be also designed in order to be obtained by only one kind of sheet having a different positioning of the pattern of cuts onto different halves, whereby the pattern of cuts is identical for both halves of the sheet but the one on a first half is shifted along two orthogonal directions on the other half with respect of the position of the pattern of cut on the first half.
All the other features disclosed for the previous embodiments and which can apply also to the present embodiment has to be considered as provided in any combination or subcombination with this last embodiment.
Providing different kinds of sheets with shifted pattern of cuts according to the above described example of figures 26 to 28 gives the opportunity to increase the number of kinds of sheets. Thus for example a sequence of N different sheets with N integer can be provided each one having an identical pattern of cuts which for each one of the N sheets has been displaced for a given distance along the same two directions relatively to the preceding sheet in the sequence of sheets.
N can be a rational fraction of the total number of sheets needed for forming the pack of sheets thus an alternate superimposing of the N different kind of sheets in the pack corresponding to a recursive superimposing of the sequence of sheets is needed. N can be also equal to the total number of sheets provided in the pack of sheets so that non repetition of the sequence of the N different kind of sheets is needed for forming the pack of sheets.

Claims

A magnet structure for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, which magnet structure has at least two opposing magnetic pole pieces (1), which are located at a certain distance from each other and delimit an imaging region, which pole pieces (1) are formed by at least one massive layer (201) of a magnetically permeable material, and at least one layer of magnetically permeable material consisting of a pack of superimposed sheets (2, 2') or foils, electrically insulated from each other, each of which sheets has cuts (102, 102') arranged over the surface of the sheet (2, 2') in positions that are at least partly non coincident with the cuts (102, 102') of at least one, or both adjacent sheets (2'),
the magnetically permeable sheets or foils (2, 2') have a first face on one side of the said sheet and a second face on the opposite side of the sheet and the cuts (102, 102') have such a width and such a length and are so arranged on each sheet (2, 2'), that the cuts (102, 102') of a sheet or foil (2) are offset and not coincident with respect to the cuts (102, 102') of the adjacent sheet or foil (2'), as a result of said adjacent sheet (2') being laid over the previous sheet (2) in an overturned position, i.e. with the first face turned toward the first face of the first sheet (2) or with the second face of said adjacent sheet (2') turned toward the second face of the first sheet (2), and
the said sheets having the same plan size, whereby they are aligned in the proper position by aligning the peripheral edges thereof and
each sheet (2) is ideally divided into two halves (202, 302) along an axis coincident with a sheet (2) overturning axis, about which each successive sheet (2') is overturned by 180° relative to the adjacent preceding sheet (2) of the layer of sheets of each pole piece (1), there being provided an identical pattern of cuts (102, 102') for all sheets (2, 2'), which pattern differs in the arrangement and/or orientation and/or length and/or width of the cuts (102, 102') in the two halves (203, 302) of each sheet (2, 2') such that, when two sheets (2, 2') are superimposed in a mutually overturned or reversed condition, i.e. with the first faces or the second faces of said two superposed sheets (2, 2') in contact with each other, the cuts (102, 102') of a sheet (2) are disposed in offset positions with respect to the cuts (102, 102') of the overlying sheet (2') in both ideal halves (202, 302) of said adjacent sheets (2, 2'), characterized in that the patterns of cuts (102, 102') on the sheet (2, 2') have a repeated and/or orderly and/or recurring geometric cut arrangement, the cuts (102, 102') of the two ideal halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') being formed according to the same arrangement pattern which, in the second ideal half (302) of the sheet (2, 2'), is offset to a certain extent in one or two directions subtending the plane formed by the sheet (2, 2') with respect to the periphery of the second ideal sheet half (302), relative to the position in the arrangement pattern of the first ideal half (202) of the sheet (2, 2'), such that the cuts (102, 102') of two superposed sheets (2, 2'), adhering by their first faces and their second faces, coincide with cut-free portions and/or have a small number of intersection points between the cuts of the two superposed sheets (2, 2').
A magnet structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that as a result of two adhering sheets being superimposed , one of the two sheets (2') is overturned with respect to the other sheet, such that the first ideal half (202) and the second ideal half (302) of a sheet (2') lie over the second ideal half (302) and the first ideal half (202) respectively of the other sheet (2) and the cuts (102,'102') of said first and second ideal halves of the one sheet are disposed coincident with the cut-free portions (102, 102') of said second and first ideal halves (302, 202) of the underlying sheet (2) and vice versa.
A magnet structure as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cuts (102, 102') are disposed along parallel axes which form a set of parallel axes, the sets of axes on the first and on the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') being oriented parallel to each other and to an overturning axis, and there being provided a distance of the first axis of each set of axes from the center axis of the sheet (2, 2'), which is coincident with the overturning axis, said distance being different for the sets of axes on the first half (202) and on the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') respectively.
A magnet structure as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the cuts (102, 102') are continuous along the corresponding positioning axis of the set of parallel positioning axes.
A magnet structure as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the cuts (102, 102') are discontinuous along the corresponding positioning axis of the set of parallel positioning axes and form whole regions or bridges (402) of sheet (2, 2') material.
A magnet structure as claimed in one of the preceding claims 1, and 2, characterized in that the sets of cut (102, 102') positioning axes on the two halves of the sheet (2, 2') have an inclined, symmetrically divergent or convergent orientation, for the first and the second halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') with respect to the center axis of the sheet (2, 2'), which is coincident with the sheet (2, 2') overturning axis, the intersection points of the set of parallel positioning axes on the first half (202) of the sheet with said center axis being provided in intermediate positions between the intersection points of the set of parallel positioning axes of the second sheet half (302) of the sheet (2, 2').
A magnet structure as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the intersection points of the two sets of parallel cut (2, 2') positioning axis on the first and second halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') are interleaved and equally spaced along the center axis, which is coincident with the overturning axis.
A magnet structure as claimed in one of the preceding claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the sets of cut (102, 102') positioning axes on the two halves of the sheet (2, 2') have an inclined orientation with respect to the center axis of the sheet (2, 2'), which is coincident with the sheet (2, 2') overturning axis, the intersection points between the set of parallel positioning axes on the first half (202) of the sheet and said center axis being situated in intermediate positions with respect to the intersection points between the positioning axes of the set of parallel positioning axis of the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') and said center axis, and each cut along each positioning axis being discontinuous and forming an unbroken portion (402) of the sheet (2, 2'), the succession of the unbroken sheet portions (402) and of the cut parts (102, 102') along the positioning axes being inverted from the first half to the second half (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2'), whereas the pitch of the cuts (102, 102') and unbroken portions (402) along each positioning axis is such that, as a result of the first half (202) of the sheet (2, 2') being overturned against the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2'), the cuts (102) of the first half (202) of the sheet (202) intersect along each positioning axis the cuts (102') of the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') at unbroken portions (402), and vice versa.
A magnet structure as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims 1 and 2, characterized in that, on each sheet half (202, 302), the cuts are arranged along two intersecting sets of parallel positioning axes, an unbroken portion (402) of the sheet (2, 2') or a bridge of material being provided at each intersection point between each axis of one set of axes, and each axis of the other set of axes, and the two sets of intersecting parallel positioning axes being offset in the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') relative to the corresponding set of the first half (202) of the sheet, such that, as a result of the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') being overturned on the first half (202) of the sheet (2, 2') about a center axis coincident with the overturning axis, the unbroken intersection portions (402) of the cuts along intersecting sets of parallel positioning axis of one half (202) of the sheet (2, 2') fall within portions of the sheet (2, 2') of the other half of the sheet, which are delimited by the cuts (102, 102').
A magnet structure as claimed in claim9, characterized in that the intersecting sets of positioning axes have axes inclined with respect to the overturning axis, in the same orientation for the two sheet halves (202, 302) or with different, symmetrical orientations with respect to a center axis coincident with the overturning axis.
A structure as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that one set of parallel cut (102, 102') positioning axes on both sheet halves (202, 302) is parallel to the overturning axis.
A structure as claimed in claim 9 or 11, characterized in that one set of parallel cut (102, 102') positioning axes on both sheet halves (202, 302) is perpendicular to the overturning axis.
A structure as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims 9 to 12, characterized in that on at least one half (302) of the sheet (2, 2'), the two intersecting sets of positioning axes are disposed in such a manner that the unbroken sheet portions (402) between cuts (102') along the axes of a first set are situated in intermediate positions between two positioning axes of the second set, whereas the cuts of the first set intersect the axes of the second set coincident with the unbroken portions (402) along the axes of said second set.
A magnet structure as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sheets (2, 2') have holes at predetermined coincident positions for engagement on alignment and centering pins during the assembly of the pack of sheets.
A method for making a magnet structure for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, which magnet structure has at least two opposing magnetic pole pieces (1), which are located at a certain distance from each other and delimit an imaging region, which pole pieces (1) are formed by at least one massive layer (201) of a magnetically permeable material, and at least one layer of magnetically permeable material consisting of a pack of superimposed sheets (2, 2') or foils, electrically insulated from each other, each of which sheets has a first face on one side thereof and a second face on the opposite side thereof and each of which sheets has cuts (102, 102') arranged over the surface of the sheet (2, 2') in positions that are at least partly non coincident with the cuts (102, 102') of at least one, or both adjacent sheets (2'),
the cuts (102, 102') are formed on each sheet (2, 2') with such a pattern of cuts (102, 102') that the cuts (102, 102') of an overlying sheet or foil (2) are disposed in offset and not coincident positions with respect to the cuts (102, 102') of the underlying sheet (2', 2), as the result of said overlying sheet (2') being laid over the preceding sheet (2) in a overturned position, i.e. with the first face overturned against the preceding sheet (2, 2'), the pack of sheets (2, 2') being formed by the alternate disposition of said sheets (2) in a normal position, i.e. with the first face turned toward the massive layer (201) and the sheets (2') in the overturned position,
the said sheets having the same plan size, whereby they are aligned in the proper position by aligning the peripheral edges thereof,
the method including the step of dividing the surface of the sheets (2, 2') into two ideal halves, cuts (102) being formed on one sheet half (202) in a first pattern, and cuts being formed on the second half (302) of the sheet (2, 2') in a pattern related to the pattern of cuts (102) on the first sheet, in such a manner that as a result of the second half (302) of the sheet (2') being overturned against the first half (202) of the sheet (2), the cuts (102, 102') of the two halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') are disposed in non coincident positions and/or such as to avoid or minimize intersections, the pack of sheets (2, 2') being formed by identical sheets (2, 2') all having the same patterns of cuts (102, 102') on the corresponding first (202) and second (302) halves of the sheets (2, 2') and said sheets (2, 2') being alternately superimposed with a first face turned toward the massive layer (201) and with said first face turned in the direction opposite the massive layer (201) of the pole piece (1), characterized in that
the sheet (2, 2') being provided with a pattern of cuts (102, 102') having a repeated and/or orderly and/or recurring geometric cut arrangement, the cuts (102, 102') of the two ideal halves (202, 302) of the sheet (2, 2') being formed according to the same arrangement pattern which, in the second ideal half (302) of the sheet (2, 2'), is offset to a certain extent in one or two directions subtending the plane formed by the sheet (2, 2') with respect to the periphery of second ideal sheet half (302), relative to the position in the arrangement pattern of the first ideal half (202) of the sheet (2, 2'), such that the cuts (102, 102') of two superposed sheets (2, 2'), adhering by their first faces and their second faces, coincide with cut-free portions and/or have a small number of intersection points between the cuts of the two superposed sheets (2, 2').
A method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that it includes the step of forming a pattern of cuts (102, 102') as claimed in one or more of claims 2 to 13.
A method as claimed in claim 15 or 16, characterized in that it includes the step of interposing a film between two adjacent sheets and/or of coating each sheet (2, 2') with an insulating and/or adhesive material, or of coating at least one face of each sheet (2, 2') with a layer of an insulating and/or adhesive material before superimposing the sheets (2, 2') of the pack of sheets being formed.
A method as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that the pack of sheets (2, 2') with interposed insulating and/or adhesive layers, is pressed under heat or at ambient temperature.
A method as claimed in claim 17 or 18, characterized in that a thermosetting adhesive film is interposed between the sheets (2, 2') or at least one face of the sheets is coated with said thermosetting adhesive, the pack being hot and vacuum pressed.
A method as claimed in claim 19, characterized in that the layer of thermosetting adhesive consists of a compound used for making printed circuit boards, known as vetronite or prepreg.
A magnet structure for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging apparatus, which magnet structure has at least two opposing magnetic pole pieces (1), which are located at a certain distance from each other and delimit an imaging region, which pole pieces (1) are formed by at least one massive layer (201) of a magnetically permeable material, and at least one layer of magnetically permeable material consisting of a pack of superimposed sheets (2, 2') or foils, electrically insulated from each other, each of which sheets has cuts (102, 102') arranged over the surface of the sheet (2, 2') in positions that are at least partly non coincident with the cuts (102, 102') of at least one, or both adjacent sheets (2'),
at least two different kinds of magnetically permeable sheets or foils (2, 2') are provided which have passing cuts distributed on their surface area according to an identical pattern of cuts (102, 102') and the pattern of cuts on a first kind of sheets (2') is provided on the said first kind of sheets (2') in a shifted position with respect to the position of the same pattern of cuts (102) provided on the second kind of sheets (2), according to two directions of displacement which are orthogonal one to the other and which are parallel to the plane defined by the sheets in such a way that by superimposing a sheet (2') of the first kind on a sheet (2) of the second kind, the cuts (102, 102') of the pattern of the two kind of sheets will not coincide and
the said sheets having the same plan size, whereby they are aligned in the proper position by aligning the peripheral edges thereof and
characterized in that the pattern of cuts is formed by rectangular concentric ideal paths along which paths several cuts are provided at a certain distance one from the other for forming material bridges between the sheet zones inside a rectangular path and outside the said rectangular path and
in that the pattern of cuts provides cuts having orientations parallel to both the two directions of displacement of the pattern of cuts between two different kinds of sheets (2, 2') and also cuts oriented along paths having an angle of 45° and/or 135° and/or 225° and/or 315° with respect to the said two orthogonal directions of displacement.
A magnet structure according to claim 21, characterized in that a sequence of N different kind sheets with N being integer is provided each one kind of sheets having an identical pattern of cuts which for each one kind of the N kind of sheets is displaced for a given distance along the same two directions relatively to the preceding kind of sheet in the sequence of the N kind of sheets.
A magnet structure according to claim 22, characterized in that the number N of different kinds of sheets is a rational fraction of the total number of sheets in a pack of sheets and the pack of sheets is formed by an alternate superimposing of the N different kind of sheets in the pack corresponding to a recursive superimposing of the sequence of sheets.
A magnet structure according to claim 22, characterized in that the number of the different kind of sheets N is equal to the total number of sheets provided in the pack of sheets so that non repetition of the sequence of the N different kind of sheets is needed for forming the pack of sheets.
A magnet structure according to one or more of the preceding claims 21 to 24, characterized in that the sheets (2, 2') have non rotational symmetry.
A magnet structure according to one or more of the preceding claims 21 to 25 characterized in that the sheets (2, 2') are provided with one, two or more centering through holes (502) which are distributed over the surface area of the sheets according to a pattern which is identical for each sheet and which pattern has the same position on each sheet (2, 2') in such a way that as a result of superimposing the sheets (2, 2') for forming a pack of sheets the centering holes (502) are coincident.