EP1325950A2 - Co-current shaft reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

A direct current shaft reactor for melting and gasifying feed material has a vertical shaft body (10). The feed material is dried, heated and gasified in the shaft body. A receptacle body (20) for receiving molten feed material adjoins the shaft body (10). A gas discharge device (26) is connected to the shaft body (10) and / or the receptacle body (20) for discharging gases that are formed. The gas discharge device (26) has a plurality of gas discharge lines (56) directed upwards, which are connected to the shaft body (10) and / or the receiving body (20) and open into a ring line (58). According to the invention, the gas discharge lines (56) are brought together to form a common gas line (60), as a result of which the same pressure is present in each gas discharge line (56). As a result, the extraction of the useful gases takes place in the same way, as a result of which the disadvantageous influence on the temperature ranges of the flow conditions and thus on the reaction conditions in the shaft body (10) is reduced by the gas removal.

Description

The present invention relates to a DC shaft reactor for Melting and gasifying feedstocks of different types and Consistency, such as pollutant-free and / or contaminated woods, house and Bulky waste, alternative fuels, pelletized dusts or animal meal, plastics, Industrial and commercial waste.

In shaft reactors, a synthesis gas, which is used to generate electrical energy and heat is suitable and / or as a basis for Synthesis processes are used. As a solid product creates a non-leachable slag or an ash and a material further processable metal phase or a non-elutable liquid phase, which is available for further processing.

DE 100 07 115 A1 describes a reactor for gasifying and / or melting Feedstocks with a feed, pyrolysis, melting and superheating section described. The pyrolysis section has a cross-sectional expansion Gas supply space in which at least one combustion chamber with at least one Brenner opens, through which hot combustion gases form a Bulk cones are fed. Furthermore, high-energy media by means of upper and lower injection agents in the area of melting and Overheating zone and above the melt using oxygen lances and / or nozzles introduced. There is one in the area of the melt one-sided gas discharge device, by which depending on the type of Feed material, for example, synthesis gases can be removed. By the suction of gases in this area arise within the Manhole body near the suction currents. This will make the Melting zone within the feed towards the gas discharge device postponed. As a result, the feed is over the cross section of the shaft body melts unevenly. This will decrease the efficiency of the shaft reactor. Furthermore, when vacuuming the Gases entrained fine particles that lead to disturbing deposits in the pipes Can lead gas discharge device. For further processing of the synthesis gases complex filter systems are therefore required.

The object of the invention is to provide a DC shaft reactor at which is influenced by the temperature ranges in the shaft body Gas removal is as low as possible.

The object is achieved according to the invention by the features of Claim 1.

The inventive DC shaft reactor for melting and Gasification of feedstock has a vertical shaft body in which feed is fed through a lock arrangement. Within the The insert material is dried, heated and gasified in the shaft body. The The shaft body can thus usually be divided into the dry zone, Divide the degassing zone and the gasification zone. Closes on the shaft body a receiving body, which is used to hold molten material Feed serves. Inside this body is the melting zone of the reactor educated. The shaft body and / or the receiving body are with a Gas discharge device for discharging the generated inside the reactor Useful gases connected. In particular, the gas discharge device is in the area arranged between the shaft body and the receiving body. The gas discharge device has several with the shaft body and / or the Receiving body connected gas discharge lines.

According to the invention, the gas discharge lines become a common one Gas line merged. The merger into a common one The gas line is preferably carried out via a flow line Cross-sectional expansion of a ring line towards the gas outlet. This results in changes as the gas quantities are brought together same gas speeds and therefore the same pressure losses. The useful gas is suctioned off in the same way for each gas discharge line, so that it settles in the reactor forms a uniform pressure profile and avoids preferred flow channels become. An asymmetrical reaction and temperature profile in one horizontal plane of the reactor is thus avoided, so that Influence of the temperature ranges in the shaft body through the gas discharge is low. The discharged gas becomes his through the common gas line fed further use.

The uniform pressure profile is achieved in particular by the gas discharge lines are arranged regularly and initially via a ring line be brought together. This creates a Equalization of gas velocities and the risk that the Moving temperature zones in the direction of the gas discharge lines will continue reduced.

In a preferred embodiment, the gas discharge lines are at the top, in particular, carried out vertically upwards. Because of the local reduced flow rate and the fact that the useful gas opposes gravity flows, particles entrained in the flow be separated. Furthermore, by sharing the gas line between two Gas discharge lines are connected to the upper part of the ring line Gas flow of each gas discharge line is redirected at least twice, whereby also solid particles in the ring line are separated. The bottom of the Ring line is preferred between the mouths of the discharge lines not just, but especially funnel-shaped. So get there separated particles back through the discharge pipes into the receiving body. The Formation of possibly sinterable or melting dust deposits are avoided.

Because the discharge of the gas in the gas discharge device over several preferably at least four, and particularly preferably at least eight gas discharge lines the flow velocities are in the individual Drainage lines lower. As a result, even within the Feed material generated by the suction of the gas lower flows and thus the temperature zones are not or only slightly shifted become. Due to the lower flow rate, the amount is entrained particles less.

In order to further reduce the particle load in the discharged gas, the Manhole body and / or the receiving body preferably a gas collecting space on. With the gas collection room are the gas discharge lines connected. A calming of the gas takes place within the gas collecting room instead, in particular heavy particles settling out. In connection with the provision of several gas discharge lines and one according to the invention This can reduce the flow velocity and the particle load in the discharged gas can be significantly reduced.

The gas collecting space preferably at least surrounds the shaft body partially. In particular, the gas collecting body is annular and completely surrounds the shaft body. This ensures even removal guaranteed by gas from the feed. It is particularly preferred here that the gas plenum is arranged in the area of the gasification zone is or surrounds the gasification zone.

In the lower part of the gasification zone there is preferably a cooling device, for example in the form of a double-walled shaft wall. According to the invention, this cooling device results in a first cooling of the in the gas collection chamber. In the evenly around the perimeter of the gas collecting space is distributed, sufficiently long gas discharge lines preferably indirect cooling is provided. The design of the walls of the Discharge lines are, for example, double-walled with water cooling. The rapid cooling of the gas there under approx. 800 ° C with its gaseous, liquid and solid components avoid the risk of sintering and Deposits in downstream units and pipes. By the Cooling the gas in the gas discharge lines thus reduces the particle load reduced.

The invention is described below on the basis of a preferred embodiment explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Show it:

Fig. 1

1 shows a schematic side view of a direct current shaft reactor,

Fig. 2

2 shows a schematic sectional view along the line II-II in FIG. 1, and

Fig. 3

2 shows a schematic sectional view along the line III-III in FIG. 2.

The DC shaft reactor has a shaft body 10. The In the exemplary embodiment shown, the shaft body 10 can be converted into a Lock arrangement 12, one adjoining the lock arrangement 12 Drying zone 14, a subsequent to the drying zone 14 Degassing zone 16 and a gasification zone 18 adjoining it be divided. The gasification zone 18 of the shaft body 10 adjoins a receiving body 20 to receive molten Feed material 22 is used. In the border area between the gasification zone 18 and the receiving body 20, the cross section of the receiving body is expanded, so that an annular gas collecting space 24 is formed, which surrounds the lower part of the gasification zone 18. The gas collection chamber 24 is with a gas discharge device 26 for removing useful gases from the gas collection space 24 connected.

The feed material is fed into the shaft body 10 through a feed opening 28 introduced over the lock assembly 12. Feeding the feed takes place via the lock arrangement in order to introduce large quantities Ambient air through which the melting and gasification process is uncontrolled can be influenced to prevent. The lock arrangement points to this two lock devices or lock gates 30, 32 between which the Lock chamber 34 is formed, wherein the lock chamber 34 is already a Is part of the shaft body 10.

The feed material then passes through the lock arrangement 12 into the Drying zone 14. Is in the drying zone 14 and the subsequent zones 16, 18 the shaft body 10 almost completely with during operation Feed material filled.

In the illustrated embodiment, in the area of the drying zone A gas supply device 36 is provided in the shaft body 10. The gas supply device 36 has a ring line surrounding the shaft body 10 38, which are connected to a plurality of nozzles 40 which are evenly distributed around the circumference is. Via the gas feed device 36, the feed material in the area of Drying zone 14 preferably air, which may be enriched with oxygen can be fed to dry the feed.

In the degassing zone 16 adjoining the drying zone 14 there is a arranged further gas supply device 42, which is also a Has shaft body 10 surrounding ring line 44. The ring line 44 is with several nozzles 46, which are preferably evenly distributed on the circumference. Energy-rich gases, oxygen, air can be supplied via the gas supply device 42 or others suitable for controlling the melting and gasification process Gases are fed to the feed.

Further nozzles 48 are provided in the gasification zone 18. Via the nozzles 48 can turn high energy gas or other the melting and Gases or substances controlling the gasification process can be supplied. As well instead of the nozzles 48, burners can also be provided which are located in the Gasification zone 18 immediately supply heat to the feed. The End region of the shaft body 10 which is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis 50 slightly tapered so that the feed material in the Area of the gasification zone 18 is somewhat retained.

In a side wall 52 of the receiving body 20 there are also a plurality of Circumferentially distributed nozzles 54 are arranged. The nozzles 54 are used for insertion energy-rich gases or similar substances. Through the nozzles 54 is ensures that the melt 22 remains liquid. Likewise, instead of Nozzles 54 may also be provided to burners.

The gas discharge device 26 has several with the gas collecting space 24 connected gas discharge lines 56. The gas discharge lines 56 are arranged regularly around the shaft body 10. In the illustrated Four gas discharge lines 56 are provided via an exemplary embodiment common ring line 58 are interconnected (Fig. 2). That from the Gas collecting space 24 through the gas discharge line 56 into the ring line 58 removed useful gas is then passed according to the invention into a gas line 60.

Alternatively, the useful gas discharged via the ring line 58 is at least derived two gas lines. In this design, the ring line is 58 not connected between the two gas exhaust lines. It is also preferred a separation is realized on the opposite side. The ring line 58 consists in this embodiment of two not connected Partial rings. The heat of the discharged gases is preferably used in each connected to the gas exhaust pipes heat exchangers. To Flow through the heat exchangers can lead to a gas exhaust line common gas line 60 are merged.

The gas discharge lines 56 are in the lower part of the ring line 58 with this connected. The individual gas line 60 or the gas discharge lines is or are preferably connected to the upper part of the ring line 58. Likewise However, a design is also possible in which the gas line 60 or the Gas discharge lines are carried out horizontally or diagonally upwards or be (Fig. 3). A horizontal design of the gas line 60 or the gas discharge lines is or are closed until the next processing facility avoid or keep it as short as possible to avoid dust buildup avoid. The connection of the gas discharge lines 56 to the ring line 58 takes place via funnel-shaped openings 68, which is because of the Cross-sectional expansion a gas calming and equalization occurs and any particles that are also transported fall back into the gas discharge lines 56. A further calming of the discharged gases occurs through an indirect Water cooling, the over the double-walled design of the tube 66 Gas discharge line 56 takes place. There is also a gas calming and equalization by a cross-sectional expansion of the ring line 58 to the gas line 60.

The gas collecting space 24 (FIG. 1), which surrounds the gasification zone 18 in a ring, is limited on the inside by a shaft wall 62. The shaft wall 62 is for example double-walled and serves as a cooling device for this area of Manhole body 10 to ensure that no in this area Temperatures occur that damage the shaft walls. Because the gas collection room 24 is also limited by the shaft wall 62, this can be designed such that at the same time cooling in the gas collecting space gases is guaranteed. This is another Particle reduction in the gas that is in the gas plenum in front of the Drainage by the gas discharge device 26 calms down and in the gas discharge lines 56 is further cooled.

When the starting material is heated, the drying zone 14 takes place Evaporation of the water takes place. The temperature in the goods rises only slightly above 100 ° C. As the temperature increases, as the process progresses adsorbed gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which are not released by Splitting reactions have arisen. At the latest here from the degassing be spoken. Above 250 to 300 ° C the development of Gases and vapors, which are low molecular weight distilled off Compounds and first fission products. A further increase in Temperature causes the course of reactions that lead to the formation of methane and Lead hydrogen.

The degassing zone 16 can also continue the drying zone 14 be double-walled.

The result is in the lower third of the drying and degassing zone 14, 16 Area in which the internal reactor temperature is greater than that Hot air temperature is. Here, the double-walled version can be replaced by a silicate brickwork to be replaced. An execution of the whole Drying and degassing zone 14, 16 with a ramming mass, even with one double-walled design, is advantageous. Less wear and tear on the Steel shell, less heat transfer of hot air to the interior and lower thermal shock resistance to the ramming mass.

If the bulk column is heated further from approx. 700 ° C, in addition to the Splitting of fuel under the influence of heat is heterogeneous Reaction between the fuel and the unreacted oxygen Air.

The gasification zone 18 is the main reaction zone within the Shaft reactor. This takes place at temperatures of 1,200 to 1,400 ° C Material and energetic implementation of the solids. From solid fuel gases and solid products from coke to ash are created. For the complete and uniform reaction is crucial that a homogeneous pouring through the degassing gas already generated and the gas to be introduced here Gasification agent is evenly flowed through. The gasification zone 18 must are of sufficient height for these reasons. In this respect, this is because achieved that the gasification zone 18 as a straight cylindrical region Transition to a conical reduction of the cross section or immediately as increasing taper is formed. Because the material Implementations and related destructive forces that Reduced material grain, the voids inside the Bulk column. By reducing the shaft cross-section in this area the rate of descent of the material column can be evened out, unwanted flow channels are destroyed and the formation of Larger voids in the bed are avoided.

In continuation of the degassing zone 16 located above, the area of Gasification also lined with a silicate mass.

The lower cylindrical or tapered area of the gasification area 18 protrudes into the melting zone 20. The part above is on this part The pillar at least partially, at the same time there are high ones Temperatures. To ensure mechanical strength and protection before too high temperatures, cooling takes place by means of indirect Water cooling in the shaft wall 62.

The gas flowed through the zone of the feedstock in cocurrent High temperature gasification 18. The from the expired degassing and Thermolysis reactions of longer chain hydrocarbons are here were thermally split and were at the same time running out Gasification processes involved. A medium combustible gas is formed Calorific value with the main components carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Hydrogen and water vapor without components of condensable Hydrocarbons. Many of the chemical reactions that have occurred are endothermic. The temperature of the gas and the bed is thus reduced.

Experienced below the water-cooled area of the gasification area 18 the gas in the melting zone and at correspondingly high temperatures a deflection of approximately 180 ° and reaches the free layer 24. Due to the endothermic processes described above, the gas has one Temperature of approx. 1,000 ° C. After a certain gas calming and -Compensation, the gas is sucked out of the reactor above.

The gas collecting space 24 is already part of the melting zone 20, which the top is much wider than the protruding gasification zone 18. The cylindrical melting zone 20 shrinks conically downwards and closes from the base plate, above which the melted phase collects.

The melting zone 20 is in its entirety with a multilayer Provide ramming compound or equipped with a lining. reason for that are the necessary high temperatures. Only in the area of the gas collection room brick lining may not be necessary.

The completely degassed and coked solid is already sintered in places or melted and sinks from the gasification zone 18 into the Melting zone 20.

A level with several oxygen nozzles is integrated into the melting zone 20 or injectors and / or oxidizing burners 54, which also are symmetrically distributed on the axis.

The supply of gas with a high proportion of oxygen leads to this strong exothermic reactions with the gas and the solid from the Gasification zone 18. There are temperatures which are significantly above the The melting point of the material is usually about 1400 ° C to 1600 ° C. in the In the area of the oxygen nozzles there are even hot temperature zones from 1800 to 2000 ° C. Under these conditions and by adding Slag formers and / or materials that lower the melting point, all inorganic pollutants are melted safely.

The melted material collects as a melt at the bottom of the Reactor. This liquid melt is emptied as in the foundry usual via a tap hole and a gutter 64. A construction with forehearth or Siphon is possible.

With a sufficiently large design and corresponding residence time of the melt the melt turns into a heavy metal-containing phase and one on top of it separate floating slag. Here there is the possibility of different high empties, a usable metallic phase and a slag to be able to win. There are no organic substances in the product slag contained and the inorganic components are in a silicate matrix stably installed. Use as material for port, landfill and Road construction is known, and the production of special ones is also possible Molds and products that are common in the glass industry.

Claims (14)

DC shaft reactor for melting and gasifying feed, with a vertical shaft body (10) for drying, heating and gasifying the feed material, a receiving body (20) adjoining the shaft body (10) for receiving molten feed material (22) and a gas discharge device (26) connected to the shaft body (10) and / or the receptacle body (20) for the discharge of gases formed, the gas discharge device (26) connected to the shaft body (10) and / or the receptacle body (20) several gas discharge lines (56) having,
characterized in that the gas discharge lines (56) are brought together to form a common gas line (60). DC shaft reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas discharge lines (56) are arranged regularly. DC shaft reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the gas discharge lines (56) are guided upwards, in particular vertically upwards. DC shaft reactor according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the gas discharge lines (56) are brought together via a ring line (58). DC shaft reactor according to claim 4, characterized in that gas discharge lines are arranged between the ring line (58) and the common gas line (60). DC shaft reactor according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the ring line (58) has in particular two partial rings which are separated from one another at least on one side. DC shaft reactor according to one of claims 4-6, characterized in that the common gas line (60) or gas discharge lines between two gas discharge lines (56) is or are connected to the ring line (58). DC shaft reactor according to one of claims 4-7, characterized in that the common gas line (60) with the upper part of the ring line (58) and / or the gas discharge lines (56) with the lower part of the ring line (58 ) is or are connected in particular via a funnel-shaped junction (68). DC shaft reactor according to one of claims 4-8, characterized in that the cross section of the ring line (58) widens towards the common gas line (60) or towards the gas discharge lines. DC shaft reactor according to one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the shaft body (10) and / or the receiving body (20) has a gas collecting space (24) to which the gas discharge lines (56) are connected , DC shaft reactor according to claim 10, characterized in that the gas collecting space (24) at least partially surrounds the shaft body (10). DC shaft reactor claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the gas collecting space (24) is annular. DC shaft reactor according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the gas collecting space (24) surrounds the shaft body (10) in the region of a gasification zone (18). DC shaft reactor according to claim 13, characterized in that a cooling device (62) is provided in the gasification zone (18), through which the mechanical strength and thermal protection of the shaft body (10) is given and the gas after flowing through the gasification zone (18) to deflect preferably 180 °.

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