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EP1390152B1 - Cold gas spraying method and device - Google Patents

Cold gas spraying method and device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1390152B1
EP1390152B1 EP02799718A EP02799718A EP1390152B1 EP 1390152 B1 EP1390152 B1 EP 1390152B1 EP 02799718 A EP02799718 A EP 02799718A EP 02799718 A EP02799718 A EP 02799718A EP 1390152 B1 EP1390152 B1 EP 1390152B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nozzle
powder tube
nozzle body
cold gas
spraying device
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EP02799718A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1390152A2 (en
Inventor
Peter Heinrich
Thorsten Stoltenhoff
Peter Richter
Heinrich Kreye
Horst Richter
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/14—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas designed for spraying particulate materials
    • B05B7/1481—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material
    • B05B7/1486—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material for spraying particulate material in dry state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/04—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge
    • B05B7/0416—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid
    • B05B7/0441—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with arrangements for mixing liquids or other fluent materials before discharge with arrangements for mixing one gas and one liquid with one inner conduit of liquid surrounded by an external conduit of gas upstream the mixing chamber
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for producing a coating or a molded part by means of cold gas spraying, in which the pulverulent spray particles are introduced into a gas jet, for which a gas is brought to a high outlet pressure of up to 6.3 MPa and expanded via a Laval nozzle. be injected by means of a powder tube and the spray particles are brought to the relaxation of the gas jet in the Laval nozzle at speeds of up to 2000 m / sec.
  • the associated gas temperature can be up to 800 ° C, but is well below the melting temperature of the coating material, so that melting of the particles in the gas jet does not take place Oxidation and / or phase transformations of the coating material can thus be largely avoided.
  • the spray particles are added as a powder, wherein the powder usually at least partially comprises particles having a size of 1 to 50 microns. The high kinetic energy obtained the spray particles during gas relaxation. After injection of the spray particles into the gas jet, the gas is expanded in a nozzle, accelerating gas and spray particles to speeds above the speed of sound.
  • Laval nozzles consist of a convergent and a downstream divergent section.
  • the contour of the nozzle must be shaped in the divergent region in a certain way, so that it does not come to flow separation and no compression shocks occur and the gas flow obeys the laws of de Laval.
  • Laval nozzles are characterized by this contour and the length of the divergent section and furthermore by the ratio of the outlet cross section to the narrowest cross section.
  • the narrowest cross section of the Laval nozzle is called nozzle throat.
  • Nitrogen, helium, argon, air or their mixtures are used as the process gas. However, nitrogen is mostly used; higher particle velocities are achieved with helium or helium-nitrogen mixtures.
  • devices for cold gas spraying are designed for pressures of about 1 MPa up to a maximum pressure of 3.5 MPa and gas temperatures up to about 800 ° C.
  • the heated gas is released together with the spray particles in a Laval nozzle. While the pressure in the Laval nozzle drops, the gas velocity increases to values up to 3000 m / s and the particle velocity to values up to 2000 m / s.
  • the spray parcels are injected into the same with the aid of a powder tube - seen in flow and injection direction - in front of the nozzle throat in the inlet region of the Laval nozzle. There prevails a pressure state near the outlet pressure, so it is possible values up to 3.5 MPa.
  • At least one such pressure must now be applied during the injection of the powdered coating material.
  • designing and operating a powder conveyor are extremely problematical and technically unsatisfactory at such high pressures.
  • Another disadvantage is disturbing turbulence of the spray particles at the end of the powder tube, with which the particles are injected into the Laval nozzle. These turbulences are a hindrance to the acceleration and have a quality-reducing effect.
  • the production of a Laval nozzle in which the high gas and particle velocities are achieved, due to their smallest narrowest cross section of only 1.5 to 3.5 mm diameter very expensive and expensive.
  • the WO 98/22639 and the US2002 / 0071906 include devices for cold gas spraying, which is characterized in that the supply of the spray particles takes place laterally in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle.
  • an opening is provided in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle, which is connected conclusively to the powder tube.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object to show a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned, which performs the injection of the spray particles while avoiding the disadvantages mentioned
  • the gas can be preheated to higher temperatures.
  • the flow velocity of the gas can be increased.
  • the spray particles first come into contact with the "cold" gas. A caking of the particles to the nozzle wall, as happens at higher gas inlet temperatures, is thus prevented.
  • the powder tube is mounted axially and centrally in the outer nozzle body.
  • the injection site for the spray particles is advantageously chosen so that the injection of the spray particles takes place in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle at a pressure of less than two thirds of the initial pressure. This ensures a simple injection of injection particles and conventional powder conveyors can be used. Even injection of the spray particles at pressures below normal pressure is possible. This means that no pressure has to be expended for the injection because the spray particles are drawn into the gas jet.
  • the inlet pressure for the gas can be chosen significantly higher than in today's conventional cold gas spraying process.
  • a high gas inlet pressure which in the process according to the invention can be up to 6.3 MPa, preferably between 1.0 and 3.5 MPa, results in high gas velocities and thus enables high velocities for the spray particles.
  • the gas passage at the narrowest point has an annular cross-section. This is limited inwardly by the outer contour of the powder tube and outwardly bounded by the inner contour of the nozzle tube. In this gas passage, the gas is accelerated. Due to the size of the gas passage, the gas consumption during cold gas spraying is also specified. Since the annular cross-section can be chosen small without problems, the method proposed here is economically applicable.
  • the required Laval nozzle according to the invention is thus much easier to manufacture than the previously used nozzles, since in particular the inner contour of a nozzle, if it is very narrow, is problematic to produce. This is of great advantage, since the nozzle is subject to great wear during cold gas spraying and therefore has to be replaced regularly.
  • the gas consumption the cold gas spraying device according to the invention does not increase due to the larger cross section of the Laval nozzle, since this is given over the narrowest distance of the outer edge of the powder tube and the inner contour of the outer nozzle body. This is necessary because the gas consumption, which is already very high in the prior art method, may not be further increased in order to carry out the method proposed here economically. Also, quality-reducing turbulence of the spray particles, which arise at the outlet, are prevented by such a configuration of the Laval nozzle of powder tube and outer nozzle body.
  • the cold gas spraying device is designed in particular such that the annular surface for the gas passage, which is determined by the distance of the outer contour of the powder tube and the inner contour of the outer nozzle body, at its smallest point a size of 1 to 30 mm 2 , preferably from 3 to 10 mm 2 .
  • This feature ensures that the gas consumption, which is given by this annular surface, comparable to the gas consumption of a cold gas spraying device according to the prior art and also the other function results in a favorable manner. This is particularly necessary to ensure the efficiency of the device.
  • a Laval nozzle results from an inside powder tube with a smooth cylindrical outer side and outer nozzle body, which is shaped accordingly on its inside.
  • the Laval nozzle is formed in another way in that the necessary contour for the Laval nozzle is partially applied to the outside of the powder tube and partly on the inside of the outer nozzle body.
  • the opening ratio of the Laval nozzle, d. H. the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas passage at the narrowest point to the cross-section at the outlet of the nozzle is in an advantageous embodiment between 1: 2 and 1:25, preferably between 1: 5 and 1: 11.
  • the outer nozzle body in the convergent region has an annular cross section, which merges into a rectangular cross section in the divergent region of the nozzle.
  • both the powder tube and the outer nozzle body each consist of a metallic material, a ceramic or a plastic.
  • Powder tube and / or outer nozzle body are in an advantageous variant of - viewed in the flow direction - two or more parts joined, in which the first part comprises the area around the nozzle neck and a second reaching to the nozzle exit part connects thereto.
  • the second part is easy to replace and is selected in terms of its shape and choice of materials according to the requirements of the different spray materials.
  • the cold gas spraying device shown schematically in FIG. 1 comprises a cylindrical housing 5 with an internal prechamber 3, which on the output side closes off a gas distributor diaphragm 4, which in turn is penetrated centrally by a powder (feed) tube 2.
  • An outer nozzle body 1 adjoins the gas distribution panel 4, wherein the aperture 4 and nozzle 1 are fastened to the housing 5 with a union nut 6.
  • the injection direction of the device shown is indicated by an arrow 7.
  • the powder tube 2 is arranged axially and centrally in the outer nozzle body 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

A cold gas spraying method and device, whereby the sprayed particles are accelerated in a gas flow. A powder tube and an outer nozzle body together form a Laval nozzle that produces high gas flow velocities. The injection of the sprayed particles occurs in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Beschichtung oder eines Formteils mittels Kaltgasspritzen, bei dem die pulverförmigen Spritzpartikel in einen Gasstrahl, für welchen ein Gas auf einen hohen Ausgangsdruck von bis zu 6,3 MPa gebracht und über eine Lavaldüse entspannt wird, mittels eines Pulverrohrs injiziert werden und die Spritzpartikel bei der Entspannung des Gasstrahls in der Lavaldüse auf Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 2000 m/sec gebracht werden.The invention relates to a method and a device for producing a coating or a molded part by means of cold gas spraying, in which the pulverulent spray particles are introduced into a gas jet, for which a gas is brought to a high outlet pressure of up to 6.3 MPa and expanded via a Laval nozzle. be injected by means of a powder tube and the spray particles are brought to the relaxation of the gas jet in the Laval nozzle at speeds of up to 2000 m / sec.

Es ist bekannt, auf Werkstoffe unterschiedlichster Art Beschichtungen mittels ther mischen Spritzens aufzubringen. Bekannte Verfahren hierfür sind beispielsweise Flammspritzen, Lichtbogenspritzen, Plasmaspritzen oder Hochgeschwindigkeits-Flammspritzen. In jüngerer Zeit wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das sog. Kaltgasspritzen, bei welchem die Spritzpartikel in einem "kalten" Gasstrahl auf hohe Geschwindigkeiten beschleunigt werden. Die Beschichtung wird durch das Auftreffen der Partikel auf dem Werkstück mit hoher kinetischer Energie gebildet. Beim Aufprall bilden die Partikel, die in dem "kalten" Gasstrahl nicht schmelzen, eine dichte und fest haftende Schicht, wobei plastische Verformung und daraus resultierende lokale Wärmefreigabe für Kohäsion und Haftung der Spritzschicht auf dem Werkstück sorgen. Ein Aufheizen des Gasstrahls erwärmt die Partikel zur besseren plastischen Verformung beim Aufprall und erhöht die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Gases und somit auch die Partikelgeschwindigkeit. Die damit verbundene Gastemperatur kann bis zu 800 °C betragen, liegt aber deutlich unterhalb der Schmelztemperatur des Beschichtungswerkstoffs, so dass ein Schmelzen der Partikel im Gasstrahl nicht stattfindet Eine Oxidation und/oder Phasenumwandlungen des Beschichtungswerkstoffes lassen sich somit weitgehend vermeiden. Die Spritzpartikel werden als Pulver zugegeben, wobei das Pulver üblicherweise zumindest teilweise Partikel mit einer Größe von 1 bis 50 µm umfasst. Die hohe kinetische Energie erhalten die Spritzpartikel bei der Gasentspannung. Nach der Injektion der Spritzpartikel in den Gasstrahl wird das Gas in einer Düse entspannt, wobei Gas und Spritzpartikel auf Geschwindigkeiten über Schallgeschwindigkeit beschleunigt werden. Ein solches Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Kaltgasspritzen sind in der europäischen Patentschrift EP 0 484 533 B1 im einzelnen beschrieben. Als Düse wird dabei eine de Laval'sche Düse benutzt, im folgenden kurz Lavaldüse genannt. Lavaldüsen bestehen aus einem konvergenten und einem sich in Stromrichtung daran anschließenden divergenten Abschnitt. Die Kontur der Düse muß im divergenten Bereich in bestimmter Weise geformt sein, damit es nicht zu Strömungsablösungen kommt und keine Verdichtungsstöße auftreten und die Gasströmung den Gesetzen nach de Laval gehorcht. Charakterisiert sind Lavaldüsen durch diese Kontur und die Länge des divergenten Abschnitts und desweiteren durch das Verhältnis des Austrittquerschnitts zum engsten Querschnitt Der engste Querschnitt der Lavaldüse heißt Düsenhals. Als Prozessgas werden Stickstoff, Helium, Argon, Luft oder deren Gemische verwendet Meist kommt jedoch Stickstoff zur Anwendung, höhere Partikelgeschwindigkeiten werden mit Helium oder Helium-Stickstoff-Gemischen erreicht.It is known to apply to materials of all kinds coatings by means of ther mix spraying. Known methods for this are, for example, flame spraying, arc spraying, plasma spraying or high-speed flame spraying. More recently, a process has been developed, the so-called cold gas spraying, in which the spray particles are accelerated to high speeds in a "cold" gas jet. The coating is formed by the impact of the particles on the workpiece with high kinetic energy. On impact, the particles that do not melt in the "cold" gas jet form a dense and tightly adherent layer, with plastic deformation and resultant local heat release providing cohesion and adhesion of the sprayed layer to the workpiece. Heating the gas jet heats the particles for better plastic deformation on impact and increases the flow velocity of the gas and thus also the particle velocity. The associated gas temperature can be up to 800 ° C, but is well below the melting temperature of the coating material, so that melting of the particles in the gas jet does not take place Oxidation and / or phase transformations of the coating material can thus be largely avoided. The spray particles are added as a powder, wherein the powder usually at least partially comprises particles having a size of 1 to 50 microns. The high kinetic energy obtained the spray particles during gas relaxation. After injection of the spray particles into the gas jet, the gas is expanded in a nozzle, accelerating gas and spray particles to speeds above the speed of sound. Such a method and a device for cold gas spraying are in the European Patent EP 0 484 533 B1 described in detail. As a nozzle while a de Laval'sche nozzle is used, in the following short Called Laval nozzle. Laval nozzles consist of a convergent and a downstream divergent section. The contour of the nozzle must be shaped in the divergent region in a certain way, so that it does not come to flow separation and no compression shocks occur and the gas flow obeys the laws of de Laval. Laval nozzles are characterized by this contour and the length of the divergent section and furthermore by the ratio of the outlet cross section to the narrowest cross section. The narrowest cross section of the Laval nozzle is called nozzle throat. Nitrogen, helium, argon, air or their mixtures are used as the process gas. However, nitrogen is mostly used; higher particle velocities are achieved with helium or helium-nitrogen mixtures.

Derzeit sind Vorrichtungen zum Kaltgasspritzen auf Drücke von etwa 1 MPa bis zu einem Maximaldruck von 3,5 MPa und Gastemperaturen bis zu etwa 800 °C ausgelegt. Das erhitzte Gas wird zusammen mit den Spritzpartikeln in einer Lavaldüse entspannt. Während der Druck in der Lavaldüse abfällt, steigt die Gasgeschwindigkeit auf Werte bis zu 3000m/s und die Partikelgeschwindigkeit auf Werte bis zu 2000 m/s. Bekanntermaßen werden die Spritzpar6kel mit Hilfe eines Pulverrohrs - in Strömungs- und - Spritzrichtung gesehen - vor dem Düsenhals im Eingangsbereich der Lavaldüse in dieselbe injiziert. Dort herrscht ein Druckzustand nahe dem Ausgangsdruck, es sind also Werte bis zu 3,5 MPa möglich. Mindestens ein solcher Druck muss nun bei der Injektion des pulverförmigen Beschichtungswerkstoffes aufgebracht werden. Konzeption und Betreiben eines Pulverförderers sind jedoch bei solch hohen Drücken äußerst problematisch und technisch noch nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Von Nachteil sind weiterhin störende Verwirbelungen der Spritzpartikel am Ende des Pulverrohrs, mit dem die Partikel in die Lavaldüse injiziert werden. Diese Verwirbelungen sind hinderlich für die Beschleunigung und wirken sich qualitätsmindernd aus. Ferner ist die Herstellung einer Lavaldüse, in welcher die hohen Gas- und Partikelgeschwindigkeiten erreicht werden, aufgrund ihres kleinsten engsten Querschnittes von nur 1,5 bis 3,5 mm Durchmesser sehr aufwendig und kostenintensiv.At present, devices for cold gas spraying are designed for pressures of about 1 MPa up to a maximum pressure of 3.5 MPa and gas temperatures up to about 800 ° C. The heated gas is released together with the spray particles in a Laval nozzle. While the pressure in the Laval nozzle drops, the gas velocity increases to values up to 3000 m / s and the particle velocity to values up to 2000 m / s. As is known, the spray parcels are injected into the same with the aid of a powder tube - seen in flow and injection direction - in front of the nozzle throat in the inlet region of the Laval nozzle. There prevails a pressure state near the outlet pressure, so it is possible values up to 3.5 MPa. At least one such pressure must now be applied during the injection of the powdered coating material. However, designing and operating a powder conveyor are extremely problematical and technically unsatisfactory at such high pressures. Another disadvantage is disturbing turbulence of the spray particles at the end of the powder tube, with which the particles are injected into the Laval nozzle. These turbulences are a hindrance to the acceleration and have a quality-reducing effect. Furthermore, the production of a Laval nozzle, in which the high gas and particle velocities are achieved, due to their smallest narrowest cross section of only 1.5 to 3.5 mm diameter very expensive and expensive.

Die WO 98/22639 und die US2002/0071906 beinhalten Vorrichtungen zum Kaltgasspritzen, welche sich dadurch auszeichen, dass die Zufuhr der Spritzpartikel seitlich im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse erfolgt. Dazu ist im divergent Abschnitt der Lavaldüse eine Öffung angebracht, welche mit dem Pulverrohr schlüssig verbunden ist.The WO 98/22639 and the US2002 / 0071906 include devices for cold gas spraying, which is characterized in that the supply of the spray particles takes place laterally in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle. For this purpose, an opening is provided in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle, which is connected conclusively to the powder tube.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art aufzuzeigen, welche die Injektion der Spritzpartikel unter Vermeidung der erwähnten Nachteile durchführtThe present invention is therefore based on the object to show a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned, which performs the injection of the spray particles while avoiding the disadvantages mentioned

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass die Injektion der Spritzpartikel axial und zentrisch und erst im divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse erfolgt. Das Verschieben der Injektionsstelle hin in einen Bereich, wo sich die Düse bereits wieder erweitert, bedeutet, dass die Injektion bei einem Druck stattfindet, der deutlich unter dem maximalen Ausgangsdruck liegt, da in diesem Bereich bereits die Entspannung des Gases einsetzt. Der im Bereich des Düsenhalses einsetzende starke Druckabfall lässt es sogar zu, den Gaseintrittsdruck auf bis zu 6,3 MPa zu erhöhen. Wegen des Druckabfalls erleichtert sich das Injizieren der pulverförmigen Spritzpartikel wesentlich und aus den thermischen Spritzverfahren bekannte Technik kann verwendet werden. Insbesondere Konzeption und Betrieb des Pulverförderers vereinfachen sich und gängige Pulverförderer, die üblicherweise im Bereich bis zu 1,5 MPa arbeiten, können benutzt werden. Da im divergenten Teil der Lavaldüse nicht nur der Druck absinkt, sondern auch die Temperatur des Gases abfällt, kann das Gas auf höhere Temperaturen vorgewärmt werden. Damit kann die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Gases erhöht werden. Die Spritzpartikel kommen jedoch erst mit dem "kalten" Gas in Berührung. Ein Anbacken der Partikel an die Düsenwand, wie es bei höheren Gaseintrittstemperaturen geschieht, ist damit unterbunden.This object is achieved in that the injection of the spray particles takes place axially and centrally and only in the divergent portion of the Laval nozzle. Moving the injection site into an area where the nozzle is already expanding again means that the injection takes place at a pressure which is significantly lower than the maximum outlet pressure, since the gas is already released in this area. The strong pressure drop occurring in the area of the nozzle neck even makes it possible to increase the gas inlet pressure to up to 6.3 MPa. Because of the pressure drop, the injection of the powdery spray particles is substantially facilitated and the technique known from thermal spray techniques can be used. In particular, design and operation of the powder conveyor are simplified, and common powder conveyors, which usually operate in the range of up to 1.5 MPa, can be used. Since in the divergent part of the Laval nozzle not only the pressure drops, but also the temperature of the gas drops, the gas can be preheated to higher temperatures. Thus, the flow velocity of the gas can be increased. However, the spray particles first come into contact with the "cold" gas. A caking of the particles to the nozzle wall, as happens at higher gas inlet temperatures, is thus prevented.

In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ergibt die Kombination der Formen, also die Außenkontur des Pulverrohrs zusammen mit der Innenkontur des äußeren Rohrs, in welchen das Gas strömt eine Düse, die den Gesetzmäßigkeiten von de Laval gehorcht. Erfindungsgemäß wird das Pulverrohr dabei axial und zentrisch in dem äußeren Düsenkörper angebracht. Mit dieser Lavatdüse kann das Verfahren des Kaltgasspritzens vorteilhaft betrieben werden. Das vorgewärmte Gas wird auf Geschwindigkeiten von bis zu 3000m/s beschleunigt Hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten des Gases sind für hohe Partikelgeschwindigkeiten Voraussetzung. Der Kontakt der Partikel mit dem Gas erfolgt bei hohen Geschwindigkeiten und bei Temperaturen, bei welchen die Spritzpartikel nur aufgewärmt werden. Dadurch werden die angewärmten Spritzpartikel optimal beschleunigt, bevor sie auf das Werkstück treffen.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the combination of the shapes, ie the outer contour of the powder tube together with the inner contour of the outer tube, in which the gas flows, a nozzle that complies with the laws of de Laval. According to the invention, the powder tube is mounted axially and centrally in the outer nozzle body. With this Lavatdüse the method of cold gas spraying can be operated advantageously. The preheated gas is accelerated to speeds of up to 3000m / s. High gas flow rates are prerequisite for high particle speeds. The contact of the particles with the gas takes place at high speeds and at temperatures at which the spray particles are only warmed up. As a result, the warmed spray particles are optimally accelerated before they hit the workpiece.

In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung erfolgt die Injektion der Spritzpartikel an einem Ort, der in dem Bereich zwischen einem Viertel und der Hälfte einer Strecke liegt, deren Anfangspunkt durch den Düsenhals und deren Endpunkt durch den Düsenaustritt festgelegt ist, wobei vom Düsenhals aus gemessen wird.In an advantageous embodiment, the injection of the spray particles takes place at a location which is in the range between a quarter and a half of a distance whose starting point is determined by the nozzle throat and its end point through the nozzle outlet, being measured from the nozzle throat.

Der Injektionsort für die Spritzpartikel ist vorteilhafterweise so gewählt ist, dass die Injektion der Spritzpartikel in dem divergenten Abschnitt der Lavaldüse bei einem Druck von weniger als zwei Drittel des Ausgangsdrucks erfolgt. Damit ist eine einfache Spritzpartikelinjektion gewährleistet und gängige Pulverförderer können benutzt werden. Selbst eine Injektion der Spritzpartikel bei Drücken, die unterhalb des Normaldrucks liegen, ist möglich. Dies bedeutet, dass zur Injektion kein Druck aufgewendet werden muss, da die Spritzpartikel in den Gasstrahl eingezogen werden. Anderseits kann der Eintrittsdruck für das Gas deutlich höher gewählt werden als bei heute üblichen Kaltgasspritzen-Verfahren. Ein hoher Gaseintrittsdruck, der bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bis zu 6,3 MPa, vorzugsweise zwischen 1,0 und 3,5 MPa, betragen kann, hat hohe Gasgeschwindigkeiten zur Folge und ermöglicht somit hohe Geschwindigkeiten für die Spritzpartikel.The injection site for the spray particles is advantageously chosen so that the injection of the spray particles takes place in the divergent section of the Laval nozzle at a pressure of less than two thirds of the initial pressure. This ensures a simple injection of injection particles and conventional powder conveyors can be used. Even injection of the spray particles at pressures below normal pressure is possible. This means that no pressure has to be expended for the injection because the spray particles are drawn into the gas jet. On the other hand, the inlet pressure for the gas can be chosen significantly higher than in today's conventional cold gas spraying process. A high gas inlet pressure, which in the process according to the invention can be up to 6.3 MPa, preferably between 1.0 and 3.5 MPa, results in high gas velocities and thus enables high velocities for the spray particles.

In einer vorteilhaften Variante der Erfindung hat der Gasdurchlass an der engsten Stelle einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt. Dieser wird nach innen begrenzt durch die äußere Kontur des Pulverrohrs und nach außen begrenzt durch die innere Kontur des Düsenrohrs. In diesem Gasdurchlass wird das Gas beschleunigt. Durch die Größe des Gasdurchlasses ist ferner der Gasverbrauch beim Kaltgasspritzen vorgegeben. Da der kreisringförmige Querschnitt ohne Probleme klein gewählt werden kann, ist das hier vorgeschlagene Verfahren wirtschaftlich anwendbar.In an advantageous variant of the invention, the gas passage at the narrowest point has an annular cross-section. This is limited inwardly by the outer contour of the powder tube and outwardly bounded by the inner contour of the nozzle tube. In this gas passage, the gas is accelerated. Due to the size of the gas passage, the gas consumption during cold gas spraying is also specified. Since the annular cross-section can be chosen small without problems, the method proposed here is economically applicable.

Die erfindungsgemäße Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Pulverrohr innerhalb der Lavaldüse axial und zentrisch im divergenten Abschnitt endet Damit endet das Pulverrohr in einem Bereich, in welchem der Druck durch die einsetzende Gasbeschleunigung bereits abfällt Die Konstruktion des Pulverförderers vereinfacht sich damit wesentlich, da dieser nur für den niedrigeren Druck dimensioniert werden muss, der am Ende des Pulverrohrs herrscht. Die Lavaldüse besteht nunmehr durch das Einbringen des Pulverrohrs in einen äußeren Düsenkörper erfindungsgemäß aus zwei Teilen, die gut zu fertigen sind. Der äußere Düsenkörper, dessen Innenseite bearbeitet werden muß, ist relativ groß und das Pulverrohr, das den zweiten Teil der Lavaldüse bildet, ist nur an der Außenseite zu bearbeiten. Die erfindungsgemäße benötigte Lavaldüse ist damit deutlich leichter als die bisher verwendeten Düsen zu fertigen, da insbesondere die Innenkontur einer Düse, wenn diese sehr eng ist, problematisch herzustellen ist. Dies ist von großem Vorteil, da die Düse beim Kaltgasspritzen großem Verschleiß unterliegt und deshalb regelmäßig ausgetauscht werden muß. Der Gasverbrauch der erfindungsgemäßen Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung erhöht sich durch den größeren Querschnitt der Lavaldüse nicht, da dieser über den engsten Abstand der Außenkante des Pulverrohrs und der Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers gegeben ist. Dies ist notwendig, da der Gasverbrauch, der bereits bei dem Stand der Technik entsprechendem Verfahren sehr hoch ist, nicht weiter gesteigert werden darf, um das hier vorgeschlagene Verfahren wirtschaftlich ausführen zu können. Auch werden qualitätsmindernde Verwirbelungen der Spritzpartikel, die am Austrittsort entstehen, durch eine solche Ausgestaltung der Lavaldüse aus Pulverrohr und äußerem Düsenkörper unterbunden.The cold gas spraying device according to the invention is characterized in that the powder tube inside the Laval nozzle ends axially and centrally in the divergent section. Thus, the powder tube ends in a region in which the pressure already drops due to the onset of gas acceleration. The construction of the powder conveyor is thus considerably simplified, since this only must be dimensioned for the lower pressure prevailing at the end of the powder tube. The Laval nozzle now consists of the introduction of the powder tube in an outer nozzle body according to the invention of two parts that are easy to manufacture. The outer nozzle body, the inside of which must be processed, is relatively large and the powder tube, which forms the second part of the Laval nozzle, is to be machined only on the outside. The required Laval nozzle according to the invention is thus much easier to manufacture than the previously used nozzles, since in particular the inner contour of a nozzle, if it is very narrow, is problematic to produce. This is of great advantage, since the nozzle is subject to great wear during cold gas spraying and therefore has to be replaced regularly. The gas consumption the cold gas spraying device according to the invention does not increase due to the larger cross section of the Laval nozzle, since this is given over the narrowest distance of the outer edge of the powder tube and the inner contour of the outer nozzle body. This is necessary because the gas consumption, which is already very high in the prior art method, may not be further increased in order to carry out the method proposed here economically. Also, quality-reducing turbulence of the spray particles, which arise at the outlet, are prevented by such a configuration of the Laval nozzle of powder tube and outer nozzle body.

In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ergeben die innere Form eines äußeren Düsenkörpers zusammen mit der äußeren Form eines koaxial in dem äußeren Düsenkörper angeordneten, in Spritzrichtung orientiertem Pulverrohrs eine Lavaldüse. Das Pulverrohr ist dabei vorteilhafterweise axial und zentrisch im äußeren Düsenkörper angeordnet. Eine derartig gestaltete Lavaldüse ist - im Vergleich zu den nach dem Stand der Technik benutzten Düsen - unproblematisch herzustellen, da durch die erfindungsgemäße Konstruktion die Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers und/oder die Außenseite des Pulverrohrs zu fertigen ist Dies ist im Vergleich unproblematisch, da der äußere Düsenkörper im Verhältnis groß und damit relativ leicht anzufertigen ist und bei dem kleinen Pulverrohr nur die einfach zu bearbeitende Außenfläche und nicht die Innenkontur zu bearbeiten ist.In a further development of the invention, the inner shape of an outer nozzle body together with the outer shape of a coaxially arranged in the outer nozzle body, oriented in the direction of injection powder tube yield a Laval nozzle. The powder tube is advantageously arranged axially and centrally in the outer nozzle body. Such a designed Laval nozzle is - in comparison to the nozzles used in the prior art - unproblematic to produce, since the construction of the invention, the inner contour of the outer nozzle body and / or the outside of the powder tube is finished This is unproblematic in comparison, since the outer Nozzle body in relation to large and thus relatively easy to customize and is to edit the small powder tube only the easy-to-edit outer surface and not the inner contour.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist die Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung insbesondere derart gestaltet, dass die ringförmige Fläche für den Gasdurchlass, die durch den Abstand der Außenkontur des Pulverrohrs und der Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers bestimmt ist, an ihrer kleinsten Stelle eine Größe von 1 bis 30 mm2, vorzugsweise von 3 und 10 mm2, hat. Durch dieses Merkmal ist gewährleistet, dass der Gasverbrauch, der durch diese ringförmige Fläche gegeben ist, vergleichbar mit dem Gasverbrauch einer Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung nach dem Stand der Technik ist und auch die sonstige Funktion sich in günstiger Weise ergibt. Dies ist insbesondere deshalb notwendig, um die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Vorrichtung zu gewährleisten.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the cold gas spraying device is designed in particular such that the annular surface for the gas passage, which is determined by the distance of the outer contour of the powder tube and the inner contour of the outer nozzle body, at its smallest point a size of 1 to 30 mm 2 , preferably from 3 to 10 mm 2 . This feature ensures that the gas consumption, which is given by this annular surface, comparable to the gas consumption of a cold gas spraying device according to the prior art and also the other function results in a favorable manner. This is particularly necessary to ensure the efficiency of the device.

In Weiterbildung der Erfindung hat das innen befindliche Pulverrohr auf seiner Außenseite eine derart gestaltete Kontur, dass sich zusammen mit einer glatten, zylindrischen Innenkontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers eine Lavaldüse ergibt.In a further development of the invention, the inside powder tube has on its outside a contour designed in such a way that, together with a smooth, cylindrical inner contour of the outer nozzle body results in a Laval nozzle.

Alternativ ergibt sich eine Lavaldüse aus einem innen befindliche Pulverrohr mit glatter zylindrischen Außenseite und außen liegendem Düsenkörper, der auf seiner Innenseite entsprechend geformt ist.Alternatively, a Laval nozzle results from an inside powder tube with a smooth cylindrical outer side and outer nozzle body, which is shaped accordingly on its inside.

Die Lavaldüse wird in einer anderen Möglichkeit dadurch gebildet, dass die notwendige Kontur für die Lavaldüse teilweise auf der Außenseite des Pulverrohres und teilweise auf der Innenseite des äußeren Düsenkörpers aufgebracht wird.The Laval nozzle is formed in another way in that the necessary contour for the Laval nozzle is partially applied to the outside of the powder tube and partly on the inside of the outer nozzle body.

Das Öffnungsverhältnis der Lavaldüse, d. h. das Verhältnis der Querschnittsfläche für den Gasdurchlass an der engsten Stelle zum Querschnitt am Austritt der Düse, liegt in einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung zwischen 1 : 2 und 1 : 25, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 : 5 und 1 : 11.The opening ratio of the Laval nozzle, d. H. the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas passage at the narrowest point to the cross-section at the outlet of the nozzle is in an advantageous embodiment between 1: 2 and 1:25, preferably between 1: 5 and 1: 11.

In einer bevorzugten Variante hat der äußere Düsenkörper im konvergenten Bereich einen kreisringförmigen Querschnitt, der im divergenten Bereich der Düse in einen rechteckigen Querschnitt übergeht. Mit Hilfe rechteckiger Formen werden schmale Bereiche und große Flächen vorteilhaft beschichtet.In a preferred variant, the outer nozzle body in the convergent region has an annular cross section, which merges into a rectangular cross section in the divergent region of the nozzle. With the help of rectangular shapes, narrow areas and large areas are advantageously coated.

Vorteilhafterweise besteht sowohl das Pulverrohr als auch der äußere Düsenkörper jeweils aus einem metallischen Werkstoff, einer Keramik oder einem Kunststoff.Advantageously, both the powder tube and the outer nozzle body each consist of a metallic material, a ceramic or a plastic.

Pulverrohr und Düsenkörper bestehen in vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung aus unterschiedlichen Materialien. In Frage kommen hierfür unterschiedliche Metalliegierungen, unter schiedliche Keramiken, unterschiedliche Kunststoffe, oder eine Kombination davon, z. B. Metall/Keramik, Metall/Kunststoff, Kunststoff/Keramik. Vorzugsweise besteht der äußere Düsenkörper aus Metall, während das innenliegende Pulverrohr aus Keramik gefertigt ist.Powder tube and nozzle body consist in an advantageous embodiment of different materials. In question come for this purpose different Metalliegierungen, under different ceramics, different plastics, or a combination thereof, for. As metal / ceramic, metal / plastic, plastic / ceramic. Preferably, the outer nozzle body is made of metal, while the inner powder tube is made of ceramic.

Pulverrohr und/oder äußerer Düsenkörper sind in einer vorteilhaften Variante aus - in Strömungsrichtung betrachtet - zwei oder mehr Teilen zusammengefügt, bei denen das erste Teil den Bereich um den Düsenhals umfasst und sich ein zweites bis zum Düsenaustritt reichendes Teil daran anschließt. Dabei ist das zweite Teil leicht zu tauschen und wird hinsichtlich seiner Gestalt und Werkstoffwahl nach den Anforderungen der verschiedenen Spritzwerkstoffen ausgewählt.Powder tube and / or outer nozzle body are in an advantageous variant of - viewed in the flow direction - two or more parts joined, in which the first part comprises the area around the nozzle neck and a second reaching to the nozzle exit part connects thereto. In this case, the second part is easy to replace and is selected in terms of its shape and choice of materials according to the requirements of the different spray materials.

Die beiden eben genannten Teile bestehen dabei vorteilhafterweise aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen.The two aforementioned parts advantageously consist of different materials.

Im folgendem soll die Erfindung anhand zweier schematisch dargestellten Beispiele näher erläutert werden:

  • In Figur 1 ist eine erfindungsgemäße Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung gezeigt, in dessen Ausführung das Pulverrohr im divergenten Bereich des äußeren Düsenkörpers endet.
  • In Figur 2 sind drei Varianten für die Ausgestaltung der Lavaldüse aus Pulverrohr und äußerem Düsenkörper gezeigt.
In the following, the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to two schematically illustrated examples:
  • FIG. 1 shows a cold gas spraying device according to the invention, in the embodiment of which the powder tube ends in the divergent region of the outer nozzle body.
  • In Figure 2, three variants for the design of the Laval nozzle of powder tube and outer nozzle body are shown.

Die in Figur 1 schematisch gezeigte Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung umfasst ein zylindrisches Gehäuse 5 mit innenliegender Vorkammer 3, die ausgangsseitig eine Gasverteilblende 4 abschliesst, die wiederum mittig von einem Pulver(zufuhr)rohr 2 durchdrungen wird. An die Gasverteilungsblende 4 schließt sich ein äußerer Düsenkörper 1 an, wobei Blende 4 und Düse 1 mit einer Überwurfmutter 6 am Gehäuse 5 befestigt sind. Die Spritzrichtung der gezeigten Vorrichtung ist durch einen Pfeil 7 gekennzeichnet. Das Pulverrohr 2 ist axial und zentrisch im äußeren Düsenkörper 1 angeordnet. Das der Mittelachse des äußeren Düsenkörpers 1 folgende Pulverrohr 2, gehalten von der Blende 4, endet vom Gehäuse kommend hinter der engsten Stelle im divergenten Bereich des äußeren Düsenkörpers 1, wo der Gasdruck bereits beträchtlich im Vergleich zum Anfangsdruck abgefallen ist und üblicherweise lediglich die Hälfte dessen beträgt. Der hohe Anfangsdruck herrscht in der Vorkammer 3 und beträgt in heute üblichen Anwendungen häufig zwischen 1 und 3,5 MPa und kann durch die erfindungsgemäße Ausgestaltung der Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung auf bis zu 6,3 MPa gesteigert werden.The cold gas spraying device shown schematically in FIG. 1 comprises a cylindrical housing 5 with an internal prechamber 3, which on the output side closes off a gas distributor diaphragm 4, which in turn is penetrated centrally by a powder (feed) tube 2. An outer nozzle body 1 adjoins the gas distribution panel 4, wherein the aperture 4 and nozzle 1 are fastened to the housing 5 with a union nut 6. The injection direction of the device shown is indicated by an arrow 7. The powder tube 2 is arranged axially and centrally in the outer nozzle body 1. The powder tube 2 following the central axis of the outer nozzle body 1, held by the diaphragm 4, terminates from the housing behind the narrowest point in the divergent region of the outer nozzle body 1, where the gas pressure has already dropped considerably in comparison to the initial pressure and usually only half of it is. The high initial pressure prevails in the pre-chamber 3 and is common in today's common applications between 1 and 3.5 MPa and can be increased by the inventive design of the cold gas spraying device to up to 6.3 MPa.

Fig. 2 zeigt drei besonders vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen einer erfindungsgemäßen Kaltgasspritzeinrichtung wobei insbesondere Bezug auf die Gestaltung des Pulverrohrs 2 und des äußeren Düsenkörpers 1 genommen wird (Bezugsziffem wie in Fig. 1). In den Figuren 2a, b und c ist das Pulverrohr 2 jeweils von dem äußeren Düsenkörper 1 umgeben. Die Kombination der inneren Kontur des äußeren Düsenkörpers und der äußeren Form des Pulverrohrs ergeben eine Lavaldüse. In Fig. 2a ergibt eine glatte, zylindrische Innenform des äußeren Düsenkörpers zusammen mit einer nach außen gewölbten Außenkontur des Pulverrohrs die Lavaldüse. In Fig. 2b ist hingegen das Pulverrohr zylindrisch geformt und der äußere Düsenkörper in seiner Innenseite geschwungen. Düsenkörper und Pulverrohr sind in Fig. 2c derartig geschwungen, so dass sich die für die Lavaldüse notwendige Kontur aus der Kombination der Formen der Außenseite des Pulverrohrs und der Innenseite des äußeren Düsenkörpers ergibt.Fig. 2 shows three particularly advantageous embodiments of a cold gas spraying device according to the invention with particular reference to the design of the powder tube 2 and the outer nozzle body 1 is taken (reference numerals as in Fig. 1). In FIGS. 2 a, b and c, the powder tube 2 is surrounded by the outer nozzle body 1 in each case. The combination of the inner contour of the outer nozzle body and the outer shape of the powder tube result in a Laval nozzle. In Fig. 2a, a smooth, cylindrical inner shape of the outer nozzle body together with an outwardly curved outer contour of the powder tube the Laval nozzle. In Fig. 2b, however, the powder tube is cylindrically shaped and the outer nozzle body swung in its inside. Nozzle body and powder tube are such curved in Fig. 2c, so that the necessary for the Laval nozzle contour results from the combination of the shapes of the outside of the powder tube and the inside of the outer nozzle body.

Claims (17)

  1. Method for producing a coating or a moulded part by means of cold gas spraying, in which powdered sprayed particles are injected into a gas jet, for which a gas is compressed and made to expand by means of a Laval nozzle, and the sprayed particles are brought to speeds of up to 2000 m/s when the gas jet expands in the Laval nozzle, characterized in that the injection of the sprayed particles takes place axially and centrally and only in the divergent portion of the Laval nozzle.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the sprayed particles are injected into the gas jet by means of a powder tube arranged coaxially in an outer nozzle body and oriented in the spraying direction, the powder tube in its outer form producing together with the inner form of the outer nozzle body a de Laval-type nozzle.
  3. Method according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the injection of the sprayed particles takes place at a location which lies in the region between one quarter and half a distance whose starting point is defined by the nozzle neck and whose end point is defined by the nozzle outlet, measured from the nozzle neck.
  4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the injection of the sprayed particles into the divergent portion of the Laval nozzle takes place at a pressure of less than two thirds of the starting pressure.
  5. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the gas passage at the narrowest point has an annular cross section, which is inwardly delimited by the outer contour of the powder tube and outwardly delimited by the inner contour of the nozzle body.
  6. Cold gas spraying device with a Laval nozzle, comprising an outer nozzle body (1) and a powder tube (2), the powder tube providing the supply of sprayed particles within the outer nozzle body, characterized in that the powder tube ends axially within the outer nozzle body and centrally in the divergent portion of the Laval nozzle.
  7. Cold gas spraying device according to Claim 6, characterized in that the inner form of an outer nozzle body together with the outer form of a powder tube arranged coaxially in the outer nozzle body and oriented in the spraying direction produce a Laval nozzle.
  8. Cold gas spraying device according to either of Claims 6 and 7, characterized in that the annular area for the gas to pass through, which is determined by the distance between the outer contour of the powder tube and the inner contour of the outer nozzle, has at its smallest point a size of between 1 and 30 mm2, preferably 3 and 10 mm2.
  9. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the powder tube located on the inside has on its outer side a contour of such a configuration that, together with a smooth, cylindrical inner contour of the outer nozzle body, a Laval nozzle is produced.
  10. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the powder tube located on the inside has a smooth cylindrical outer side and the nozzle body lying on the outside is formed on its inner side in such a way that a Laval nozzle is produced.
  11. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the necessary contour for a Laval nozzle is provided partly on the outer side of the powder tube and partly on the inner side of the outer nozzle body.
  12. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 11, characterized in that the aperture ratio of the Laval nozzle, i.e. the ratio of the cross-sectional area for the gas to pass through at the narrowest point to the cross section at the outlet of the nozzle, lies between 1:2 and 1:25, preferably between 1:5 and 1:11.
  13. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 12, characterized in that the outer nozzle body has in the convergent region an annular cross section, which goes over into a rectangular cross section in the vicinity of the nozzle neck or in the divergent region of the nozzle.
  14. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the powder tube and the outer nozzle body respectively consist of a metallic material, a ceramic or a plastic.
  15. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 14, characterized in that the powder tube and the outer nozzle body consist of different materials.
  16. Cold gas spraying device according to one of Claims 6 to 15, characterized in that the powder tube and/or the outer nozzle body are assembled - when viewed in the direction of flow - from two or more parts, of which the first part comprises the region around the nozzle neck and a second part, reaching as far as the nozzle outlet, follows on, the second part being easily exchangeable.
  17. Cold gas spraying device according to Claim 16, characterized in that the two parts consist of different materials.
EP02799718A 2001-05-29 2002-05-06 Cold gas spraying method and device Expired - Lifetime EP1390152B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE10126100A DE10126100A1 (en) 2001-05-29 2001-05-29 Production of a coating or a molded part comprises injecting powdered particles in a gas stream only in the divergent section of a Laval nozzle, and applying the particles at a specified speed
DE10126100 2001-05-29
PCT/EP2002/004978 WO2003041868A2 (en) 2001-05-29 2002-05-06 Cold gas spraying method and device

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EP1390152B1 true EP1390152B1 (en) 2007-09-05

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ATE372172T1 (en) 2007-09-15
US20040166247A1 (en) 2004-08-26

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