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EP1372660A2 - A combination of fbpase inhibitors and antidiabetic agents useful for the treatment of diabetes - Google Patents

A combination of fbpase inhibitors and antidiabetic agents useful for the treatment of diabetes

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Publication number
EP1372660A2
EP1372660A2 EP01952530A EP01952530A EP1372660A2 EP 1372660 A2 EP1372660 A2 EP 1372660A2 EP 01952530 A EP01952530 A EP 01952530A EP 01952530 A EP01952530 A EP 01952530A EP 1372660 A2 EP1372660 A2 EP 1372660A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
aryl
group
alicyclic
aralkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01952530A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Paul D. Van Poelje
Mark D. Erion
Toshihiko Sankyo Company Limited FUJIWARA
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Metabasis Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Sankyo Co Ltd
Metabasis Therapeutics Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sankyo Co Ltd, Metabasis Therapeutics Inc filed Critical Sankyo Co Ltd
Publication of EP1372660A2 publication Critical patent/EP1372660A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
    • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin

Definitions

  • a combination therapy of at least one FBPase inhibitor and at least one other antidiabetic agent is disclosed.
  • Diabetes mellitus (also referred to generally as “diabetes”) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world today. Diabetes patients (i.e., diabetics) are divided into two classes, namely type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). IDDM patients are typically treated with insulin and insulin analogues. However, a subset of these patients, referred to as “brittle diabetics,” are not well treated with these therapies.
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • NIDDM accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetics and is estimated to affect 12-14 million adults in the United States alone (6.6% of the population).
  • the three major metabolic abnormalities associated with NIDDM are: (a) impaired insulin secretion from the pancreas, (b) insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose, and (c) overproduction of glucose by the liver (i.e., hepatic glucose output). These abnormalities typically result in both fasting hyperglycemia and exaggerated postprandial increases in plasma glucose levels.
  • Diabetes is associated with a variety of long-term complications, including microvascular diseases such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease.
  • NIDDM neurodegenerative disease 2019
  • Current therapies used to treat NIDDM patients entail both controlling lifestyle risk factors and pharmaceutical intervention.
  • First-line therapy for NIDDM is typically a tightly controlled regimen of diet and exercise, since an overwhelming number of NIDDM patients are overweight or obese (67%) and since weight loss can improve insulin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity and, thus, lead to normoglycemia. Normalization of blood glucose occurs in less than 30% of these patients, however, due to poor compliance with therapy and poor response to therapy.
  • Patients with hyperglycemia not controlled by diet alone are typically treated with oral hypoglycemics and/or insulin.
  • the four main classes of oral agents commonly prescribed are the insulin secretagogues (e.g., the sulfonylureas: glyburide, glimeperide, and glipizide), the biguanides (e.g., metformin and phenformin), the insulin sensitizers (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), and the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose).
  • the insulin secretagogues target defects in insulin secretion by the pancreas, defects which are typically observed in diabetics.
  • the classical agents in this class stimulate insulin release from the pancreas by binding to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-de ⁇ endent potassium channels of the pancreatic beta cell.
  • Other insulin secretagogues include glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), the primary site of action of which is also the beta cell.
  • GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide
  • DPP-IY dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
  • Insulin sensitizers are another class of oral agents.
  • Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors appear to be the target of the most recently introduced class of antidiabetic agents, the insulin sensitizers. These drugs are reported to enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal and inhibition of hepatic glucose output without directly stimulating insulin secretion.
  • Agents in this class of hepatic glucose output inhibitors include: (a) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, which prevent the breakdown of hepatic glycogen stores, (b) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitors, which block the release of glucose arising from both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, (c) glucagon antagonists, which act by reducing the stimulatory effects of glucagon on hepatic glucose production, and (d) amylin agonists, which improve glycemic control in part by inhibiting glucagon secretion, and (e) fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, which reduce the stimulatory effect that the oxidation of fatty acids has on gluconeogenesis.
  • Gluconeogenesis is a highly regulated biosynthetic pathway requiring eleven enzymes by which precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, alanine, and glycerol are converted to glucose. Seven enzymes catalyze reversible reactions and are common to both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis.
  • gluconeogenesis Four enzymes catalyze reactions unique to gluconeogenesis, namely pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose- 1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Overall flux through the pathway is controlled by the specific activities of these enzymes, the enzymes that catalyze the corresponding steps in the glycolytic direction, and by substrate availability. Dietary factors (e.g., carbohydrates, protein, and fat) and hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine) coordinatively regulate enzyme activities in the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways through gene expression and post-translational mechanisms.
  • Dietary factors e.g., carbohydrates, protein, and fat
  • hormones e.g., insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine
  • Gruber reported that some nucleosides can lower blood glucose in the whole animal through inhibition of FBPase. These compounds exert their activity by first undergoing phosphorylation to corresponding monophosphate. Gruber et al. (U.S. Patent No. 5,658,889, EP 0 427 799 Bl) described the use of inhibitors of the AMP site of FBPase to treat diabetes.
  • WO 98/39342 U.S. Patent No. 6,054,587
  • WO 98/39343 U.S. Patent No. 6,110,903
  • WO 98/39344 and WO 00/14095 describe the use of FBPase inhibitors to treat diabetes.
  • the instant invention is a combination therapy and a composition for the treatment of diabetes or other diseases and conditions responding to improved glycemic control, and/or to improved peripheral insulin sensitivity, and/or to enhanced insulin secretion.
  • the therapy involves administration of at least one FBPase inhibitor and at least one antidiabetic agent, either together or at different times, such that the desired response is obtainable.
  • the antidiabetic agent(s) used in this invention is typically selected from one or more of the following: (a) insulin secretagogues, (e.g., sulfonylureas, non- sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-IV inhibitors, or other agents known to promote insulin secretion), (b) insulin or insulin analogues, (c) insulin sensitizers (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), (d) biguanides (e.g., metformin and phenformin), (e) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose), (f) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, (g) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitors, (h) glucagon antagonists, (i) amylin agonists, or (j) fatty acid secretagogues, e.g., sulfonylureas
  • the combination of at least one FBPase inhibitor with at least one of the aforementioned antidiabetic agents results in decreased hepatic glucose output beyond that observed for glucose lowering doses of the antidiabetic agent in the absence of the FBPase inhibitor.
  • the combination therapy can result in improvements in insulin sensitivity and/or insulin secretion beyond those observed for either agent alone, as well as provide beneficial effects on carbohydrate, and/or lipid (e.g., fat), and/or protein metabolism.
  • the combination therapy achieves similar benefits as observed with one of the other therapies alone, but at significantly lower doses of that therapy. This phenomenon may be particularly beneficial, for example, when potentially adverse side effects are associated with that therapy.
  • combinations of the invention are useful in attenuating certain potentially adverse effects associated with FBPase inhibitor therapy.
  • combinations of the invention can attenuate certain potentially adverse effects associated with other antidiabetic agents such as hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver abnormalities, and cardiovascular side effects.
  • combinations of the invention have the ability to improve the primary response rate.
  • combinations of the invention have the ability to reduce, delay, or prevent the incidence of secondary failures.
  • the present invention also relates to methods and compositions for treating an animal having diabetes by administering to the animal a composition containing a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one FBPase inhibitor and a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one other antidiabetic agent, h certain embodiments, compositions of the invention are useful for curing, improving, or preventing one or more symptoms of diabetes.
  • methods and compositions for treating animals having diabetes methods and compositions for treating diseases or conditions characterized by insulin resistance, including obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, and polycystic ovarian syndrome are within the scope of the invention.
  • individuals with syndrome X, renal disease, or pancreatitis are also effectively treatable with certain embodiments of the combination therapy. Particularly preferred combinations have these beneficial uses as well as high potency and low toxicity.
  • diabetes includes NIDDM and IDDM.
  • brittle diabetic refers to a person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with glycaemic instability, characterized by frequent and extreme oscillations between hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia.
  • X, X 2 , X 3 and X 4 group nomenclature as used herein in formulae IT, II- A, III, III- A, IV, IV-A, V-l, V-l-A, V-2, V-2-A, X, XA, VII-l, VII-l-A, VII-2, and VII-2-A begins with the group attached to the phosphorus and ends with the group attached to the heteroaromatic or aromatic ring.
  • X is alkylamino in formula V-l, the following structure is intended: P(O)(YR 1 ) 2 -alk-NR-(heteroaromatic ring)
  • aryl refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system.
  • aryl includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Suitable aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and furan-2,5-diyl.
  • Carbocyclic aryl are groups wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms. Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.
  • Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.
  • Heterocyclic aryl” or “heteroaryl” groups are groups having from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring atoms in the aromatic ring, with the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include, for example, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and selenium.
  • Suitable heteroaryl groups include, for example, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, and the like, all optionally substituted.
  • annulation refers to the formation of an additional cyclic moiety on an existing aryl or heteroaryl group.
  • the newly formed ring may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and contains 2-9 new atoms, of which 0-3 may be heteroatoms taken from the group of N, O, and S.
  • the annulation may incorporate atoms from the X group as part of the newly formed ring.
  • the phrase “together L 2 and E 2 form an annulated cyclic group" with respect to formula XA includes:
  • biasing represents aryl groups containing more than one aromatic ring and includes both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include, for example, naphthyl and biphenyl.
  • alicyclic means groups that combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic groups. Such cyclic groups include, but are not limited to, aromatic, cycloalkyl and bridged cycloalkyl groups.
  • the cyclic group includes heterocycles. Cyclohexenylethyl and cyclohexylethyl are examples of suitable alicyclic groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted.
  • optionally substituted includes groups substituted by zero to four substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower alicyclic, heterocyclic alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaralkyloxy, azido, amino, guanidino, amidino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, acylalkyl, carboxy esters, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, acyloxy, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoaryl, alkylaryl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkoxyaryl, arylamino, aralkylamino, phosphono, sulfonyl, -carboxamidoalkylaryl, -carboxamidoaryl, hydroxyalkyl
  • substituted includes groups substituted by one to four substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower alicyclic, heterocyclic alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaralkyloxy, azido, amino, guanidino, amidino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, acylalkyl, carboxy esters, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, acyloxy, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoaryl, alkylaryl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkoxyaryl, arylamino, aralkylamino, phosphono, sulfonyl, -carboxamidoalkylaryl, -carboxamidoaryl, hydroxyalkyl
  • Substituted aryl and “substituted heteroaryl” preferably refer to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-3 substituents. Preferably these substituents are selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and amino. "Substituted,” when describing an R 5 or R 55 group, does not include annulation.
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted.
  • -aralkyl- refers to a divalent group -aryl-alkylene-.
  • alkylaryl- refers to the group -alk-aryl- where "alk” is an alkylene group.
  • Lower -alkylaryl- refers to such groups where alkylene is lower alkylene.
  • lower referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively defines such as with up to and including 10, preferably up to and including 6, and advantageously one to four carbon atoms. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.
  • arylamino (a), and “aralkylamino” (b), respectively, refer to the group
  • R is aryl and R' is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl
  • R is aralkyl and R' is hydrogen, aralkyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • acyl refers to -C(O)R where R is alkyl or aryl.
  • Carboxy refers to -C(O)OH.
  • carboxy esters refers to -C(O)OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alicyclic, all optionally substituted.
  • amino refers to -NRR' where R and R' are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alicyclic, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R' can form a cyclic ring system.
  • carbonylamino and -carbonylamino- refers to RCONR- and -CONR-, respectively, where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • halogen refers to -F, -CI, -Br and -I.
  • alkylaminoalkylcarboxy- refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk-C(O)-O- where "alk” is an alkylene group, and R is H or a lower alkyl.
  • alkylaminocarbonyl- refers to the group -alk-NR-C(O)- where "alk” is an alkylene group, and R is H or a lower alkyl.
  • -oxyalkyl- refers to the group -O-alk- where "alk” is an alkylene group.
  • -oxyalkylamino- refers to -O-alk-NR-, where "alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or alkyl.
  • alk is an alkylene group and R is H or alkyl.
  • -oxyalkylamino- is synonymous with “-oxyalkyleneamino-.”
  • alkylcarboxyalkyl- refers to the group -alk-C(O)-O-alk- where each "alk” is independently an alkylene group.
  • alkyl refers to saturated aliphatic groups including straight-chain, branched chain and cyclic groups. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkyl groups include, for example, those containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl).
  • cyclic alkyl or "cycloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, more preferably 3 to 6 atoms. Suitable cyclic groups include norbornyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.
  • heterocyclic and “heterocyclic alkyl” refer to cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, more preferably 3 to 6 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, preferably 1 to 3 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring. Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl.
  • phosphono refers to -PO 3 R 2 , where R is selected from -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • sulphonyl or “sulfonyl” refers to -S(O) 2 OR, where R is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • alkenyl refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon- carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl. "1-alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate, it is attached at the first carbon.
  • alkynyl refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon- carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. "1-alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkynyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate, it is attached at the first carbon.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group.
  • -cycloalkylene-COOR 3 refers to a divalent cyclic alkyl group or heterocyclic group containing 4 to 6 atoms in the ring, with 0-1 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S. The cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic group is substituted with -COOR .
  • acyloxy refers to the ester group -O-C(O)R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alicyclic.
  • aminoalkyl- refers to the group NR 2 -alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • alkyl(hydroxy)- refers to an alkyl chain having a pendant -OH. When this term is used to describe an X group, the -OH is at the position ⁇ to the phosphorus atom.
  • alkylaminoalkyl- refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl.
  • Lower alkylaminoalkyl- refers to groups where the alkyl and alkylene groups are lower alkyl and lower alkylene.
  • arylaminoalkyl- refers to the group aryl-NR-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. In “lower arylaminoalkyl-”, the alkylene group is lower alkylene.
  • alkylaminoaryl- refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl- wherein “aryl” is a divalent group and R is H, alkyl, aralkyl, or alicyclic. hi "lower alkylaminoaryl-", the alkyl group is lower alkyl.
  • alkyloxyaryl- refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group.
  • the alkyl group is lower alkyl.
  • aryloxyalkyl- refers to an alkylene group substituted with an aryloxy group.
  • aralkyloxyalkyl- refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. "Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene.
  • alkoxy- or "-alkyloxy-” refers to the group -alk-O- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group.
  • alkoxy- refers to the group alkyl-O-.
  • alkoxyalkyl- or "-alkyloxyalkyl-” refer to the group -alk-O-alk- wherein each "alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkoxyalkyl-”, each alkylene is lower alkylene.
  • alkylthio- and -alkylthio- refer to the groups alkyl-S-, and -alk-S-, respectively, wherein “alk” is alkylene group.
  • alkylthioalkyl- refers to the group -alk-S-alk- wherein each "alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkylthioalkyl-” each alkylene is lower alkylene.
  • alkoxycarbonyloxy- refers to alkyl-O-C(O)-O-.
  • aryloxycarbonyloxy- refers to aryl-O-C(O)-O-.
  • alkylthiocarbonyloxy- refers to alkyl-S-C(O)-O-.
  • alkoxycarbonylamino- refers to -alk-O-C(O)-NR 1 -, where "alk” is alkylene and R 1 is selected from -H, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl.
  • alkylaminocarbonylamino- refers to -alk-NR 1 -C(O)-NR 1 -, where "alk” is alkylene and each R 1 is independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • alk is alkylene and each R 1 is independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • amido or “carboxamido” refer to NR 2 -C(O)- and RC(O)-NR 1 -, where each R and R 1 is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. The term does not include urea, -NR-C(O)-NR-.
  • -carboxamidoalkylaryl and “-carboxamidoaryl” refer to an aryl-alk- NR 1 -C(O)- and ar-NR 1 -C(O)-, respectively, where "ar” is aryl, and “alk” is alkylene, R 1 each independently is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.
  • alkylcarboxamido- or "-alkylcarbonylamino-” refers to the group -alk- C(O)N(R)- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.
  • alkylaminocarbonyl- refers to the group -alk-NR-C(O)- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.
  • aminocarboxamidoalkyl- refers to the group NR 2 -C(O)-N(R)-alk- wherein R is an alkyl group or H and "alk” is an alkylene group.
  • “Lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-” refers to such groups wherein “alk” is lower alkylene.
  • thiocarbonate refers to -O-C(S)-O-, either in a chain or in a cyclic group.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one -OH.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one halo selected from the group: I, CI, Br, and F.
  • cyano refers to -C ⁇ N.
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • acylalkyl refers to an alkyl-C(O)-alk-, where “alk” is alkylene.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • the term "-1,1-dihaloalkyl-" refers to an X, X 2 , X 3 or X 4 group where the halogens in the 1 -position are to the phosphorus atom.
  • perhalo refers to groups wherein every C-H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group. Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include, for example, -CF 3 and -CFC1 .
  • amino refers to -C(NR)-NR 2 where each R group is independently selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except -H are optionally substituted.
  • 2-thiazolyl- or "2-oxazolyl-” or “2-selenozolyl” refers to the corresponding base and its attachment of the X, X 2 , X 3 or X 4 group at the 2-position of the heterocycle.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes salts of compounds of formulae I, IA, II, II- A, III, III-A, TV, IV-A, V-l, V-l-A, V-2, V-2-A, VI, VI-A, VII-1, VII- 1 -A, VII-2, VII-2-A, X, or XA, and its prodrugs derived from the combination ofa compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base.
  • Suitable acids include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and maleic acid.
  • prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the "drug” substance (a biologically active compound) in or more steps involving spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), or both.
  • Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g. HO-, HS-, HOOC-, R 2 N-, associated with the FBPase inhibitor, that cleave in vivo. Prodrugs for these groups are well known in the art and are often used to enhance oral bioavailability or other properties beneficial to the formulation, delivery, or activity of the drug.
  • Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate.
  • Standard prodrugs of phosphonic acids are also included and may be represented by R 1 in formula I, IA, II, II- A, III, III-A, IV, JV-A, V-l, V-l-A, V-2, V-2-A, VI, VI-A, VII-1, VII-l-A, VII-2, VII-2-A, X, and XA .
  • the groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs.
  • prodrugs of the compounds of formula I, IA, II, II- A, III, III-A, TV, IV-A, V-l, V-l-A, V-2, V-2-A, VI, VI-A, VII-1, VII-l-A, VII-2, VII-2-A, X, and XA fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active.
  • the prodrug is biologically active usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, etc.
  • prodrug ester as employed herein includes, but is not limited to, the following groups and combinations of these groups:
  • R, R', and R" are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or alicyclic; (see WO 90/08155; WO 90/10636).
  • acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which an alicyclic ring is formed such as shown in formula B. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus- containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (e.g., Freed et al., Biochem. Pharm. 38: 3193-3198 (1989)).
  • R is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, arylamino, cycloalkyl, or alicyclic.
  • alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl esters as shown in formula A, where R is alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, and arylamino; R', and R" are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alicyclic, have been studied in the area of ⁇ -lactam antibiotics (Tatsuo Nishimura et al. J. Antibiotics, 1987, 40(1), 81-90; for a review see Ferres, H, Drugs of Today, 1983, 7P, 499. ). More recently Cathy, M. S., et al.
  • Aryl esters have also been used as phosphonate prodrugs (e.g., Erion, DeLambert et al., J. Med. Chem. 37: 498, 1994; Serafinowska et al., j. Med. Chem. 38: 1372, 1995). Phenyl as well as mono and poly-substituted phenyl proesters have generated the parent phosphonic acid in studies conducted in animals and in man (Formula C). Another approach has been described where Y is a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate. Khamnei and Torrence, j. Med. Chem.: 39:4109-4115 (1996).
  • Formula C wherein Y is H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, cyano, or alicyclic.
  • Benzyl esters have also been reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid, hi some cases, using substituents at the para-position can accelerate the hydrolysis.
  • Formula D wherein X and Y are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, perhaloalkyl, halo, or alkyloxycarbonyl; and R and R are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, and alicyclic.
  • Thio-containing phosphonate proesters have been described that are useful in the delivery of FBPase inhibitors to hepatocytes. These proesters contain a protected thioethyl moiety as shown in formula E. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified. Since the mechanism that results in de-esterification requires the generation of a free thiolate, a variety of thiol protecting groups are possible. For example, the disulfide is reduced by a reductase-mediated process (Puech et al., Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174 (1993)). Thioesters will also generate free thiolates after esterase- mediated hydrolysis.
  • Formula E wherein Z is alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylthio.
  • suitable prodrugs include proester classes exemplified by Biller and Magnin (U.S. Patent No. 5,157,027); Serafmowska et al. (J. Med. Chem. 38, 1372 (1995)); Starrett et al. (J. Med. Chem. 37, 1857 (1994)); Martin et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 180 (1987); Alexander et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun, 59, 1853 (1994)); and EPO patent application 0 632 048 Al.
  • R is -H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or alicyclic
  • Y is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, cyano, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, alicyclic, or alkoxycarbonyl.
  • the prodrugs of Formula E-3 are an example of "optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate.”
  • Propyl phosphonate proesters can also be used to deliver FBPase inhibitors into hepatocytes. These proesters may contain a hydroxyl and hydroxyl group derivatives at the 3-position of the propyl group as shown in formula F. The R and X groups can form a cyclic ring system as shown in formula F. One or more of the oxygens of the . phosphonate can be esterified.
  • R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl
  • X is hydrogen, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkyloxycarbonyloxy; and Y is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, or amino.
  • Phosphoramidate derivatives have been explored as phosphate prodrugs (e.g., McGuigan et al., J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42: 393 and references cited therein) and phosphonate prodrugs (Bischofberger, et al, U.S. 5,798,340 and references cited therein) as shown in Formulae G and H.
  • Cyclic phosphoramidates have also been studied as phosphonate prodrugs because of their speculated higher stability compared to non-cyclic phosphoramidates (e.g., Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 37: 1857).
  • nucleotide prodrug Another type of nucleotide prodrug was reported as the combination of S-acyl-2- thioethyl ester and phosphoramidate (Egron et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1999, 18, 981) as shown in Formula j.
  • prodrugs are possible based on literature reports such as substituted ethyls for example, bis(trichloroethyl)esters as disclosed by McGuigan, et al. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett., 3:1207-1210 (1993), and the phenyl and benzyl combined nucleotide esters reported by Meier, C. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 7:99-104 (1997).
  • each -NR 6 is replaced with -O-.
  • Cross-stereochemistry when used to describe the stereochemistry at phosphorus in the cyclic phosphoramidate, designates the configuration when V or W is trans to the phosphorus- oxygen double bond.
  • cyclic F,3'-propane ester refers to the following:
  • V 2 and Z 2 are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus.
  • the structure shown above (left) has an additional 3 carbon atoms that forms a five member cyclic group. Such cyclic groups must possess the listed substitution to be oxidized.
  • the structure above has an acyloxy substituent that is three carbon atoms from a Y, and an optional substituent, -CH 3 , on the new 6-membered ring.
  • V aryl, and a spiro-fused cyclopropyl group for W and W ⁇
  • cyclic phosph(oramid)ate refers to
  • phosph(oramid)ate refers to phosphonates and phosphoramidates, which are compounds of the formula -PO(YR 1 )(YR 1 ), including the cyclic form, where Y is independently -O- or -NR -.
  • enhancing refers to increasing or improving a specific property.
  • enhanced oral bioavailability refers to an increase of at least 50% of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug or prodrug (not of this invention) from the gastrointestinal tract. More preferably it is at least 100%. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following systemic administration.
  • parent drug refers to any compound which delivers the same biologically active compound.
  • the parent drug form is P(O)(OH) 2 -X-M and standard prodrugs, such as esters.
  • drug metabolite refers to any compound produced in vivo or in vitro from the parent drug, which can include the biologically active drug.
  • pharmacodynamic half-life refers to the time after administration of the drug or prodrug to observe a diminution of one half of the measured pharmacological response. Pharmacodynamic half-life is enhanced when the half-life is increased by preferably at least 50%.
  • pharmacokinetic half-life refers to the time after administration of the drug or prodrug to observe a dimunition of one half of the drug concentration in plasma or tissues.
  • glycosuri control refers to a lowering of postprandial and/or fasting blood glucose levels, a reduction in hemoglobin Ale concentration, an amelioration of glycosuria, a reduction in hepatic glucose output, or an improvement in whole body glucose disposal or in any other standard parameter useful for assessing glucose homeostasis.
  • therapeutic index refers to the ratio of the dose of a drug or prodrug that produces a therapeutically beneficial response relative to the dose that produces an undesired response such as death, an elevation of markers that are indicative of toxicity, and/or pharmacological side effects.
  • biologically active drug or agent refers to the chemical entity that produces a biological effect.
  • active drugs or agents include compounds which as P(O)(OH) 2 -X-M are biologically active.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount that has any beneficial effect in treating a disease or condition.
  • the instant invention is a combination therapy and a composition for the treatment of diabetes or other diseases and conditions responding to improved glycemic control, and/or to improved peripheral insulin sensitivity, and/or to enhanced insulin secretion.
  • the therapy involves administration of at least one FBPase inhibitor and at least one antidiabetic agent, either together or at different times, such that the desired response is obtainable.
  • the antidiabetic agent(s) used in this invention is typically selected from one or more of the following: (a) insulin secretagogues, (e.g., sulfonylureas, non- sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-TV inhibitors, or other agents known to promote insulin secretion), (b) insulin or insulin analogues, (c) insulin sensitizers (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), (d) biguanides (e.g., metformin and phenformin), (e) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose), (f) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, (g) glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitors, (h) glucagon antagonists, (i) amylin agonists, or (j) fatty acid secretagogues, e.g., sulfonylureas
  • the combination of at least one FBPase inhibitor with at least one of the aforementioned antidiabetic agents results in decreased hepatic glucose output beyond that observed for glucose lowering doses of the antidiabetic agent in the absence of the FBPase inhibitor.
  • the combination therapy can result in improvements in insulin sensitivity and/or insulin secretion beyond those observed for either agent alone, as well as provide beneficial effects on carbohydrate, and/or lipid (e.g., fat), and/or protein metabolism.
  • the combination therapy achieves similar benefits as observed with one of the other therapies alone, but at significantly lower doses of that therapy. This phenomenon may be particularly beneficial, for example, when potentially adverse side effects are associated with that therapy.
  • combinations of the invention are useful in attenuating certain potentially adverse effects associated with FBPase inhibitor therapy.
  • combinations of the invention can attenuate certain potentially adverse effects associated with other antidiabetic agents such as hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver abnormalities, and cardiovascular side effects.
  • combinations of the invention have the ability to improve the primary response rate, hi addition, combinations of the invention have the ability to reduce, delay, or prevent the incidence of secondary failures.
  • the present invention also relates to methods and compositions for treating an animal having NIDDM or IDDMby administering to the animal a composition containing a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one FBPase inhibitor and a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one other antidiabetic agent.
  • compositions of the invention are useful for curing, improving, or preventing one or more symptoms of NIDDM or IDDM.
  • methods and compositions for treating animals having NIDDM or IDDM methods and compositions for treating diseases or conditions characterized by insulin resistance, including obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, and polycystic ovarian syndrome are within the scope of the invention.
  • toxicity of a combination can be determined, for example, by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animal models, e.g., by determining the LD 50 and the ED 50 .
  • Combinations of the invention may be administered to a patient by any suitable route, including, for example: oral, rectal, nasal, topical, vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal), and transdermal routes.
  • suitable route including, for example: oral, rectal, nasal, topical, vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal), and transdermal routes.
  • the preferred route is oral.
  • the combined therapy entails administering the agents to a host, either separately or simultaneously.
  • both agents are administered simultaneously, either from the same capsule or from separate capsules.
  • both agents are administered during meal time (i.e., the time period beginning just prior to feeding until just after feeding).
  • the antidiabetic agent is administered during meal time and the FBPase inhibitor is administered during times of fasting, such as at bed time.
  • both agents are administered within one hour, 30 minutes, 10 minutes , 5 minutes or 1 minute of each other, hi another embodiment, one agent is administered first and the other agent is administered 1 - 12 hours, typically 3 - 6, 6 - 9 or 9 - 12 hours, after the administration of the first agent.
  • FBPase Inhibitors include at least one FBPase inhibitor, hi most embodiments, the combination will include one FBPase inhibitor.
  • FBPase inhibitors used in the invention are compounds that can inhibit human FBPase activity (Examples A-B), inhibit glucose production from hepatocytes (Examples C-D), lower glucose levels in fasted animals (Examples E-G), or decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models (Examples V and W).
  • Preferred FBPase inhibitors are compounds that inhibit enzyme activity as determined by conducting in vitro inhibition studies (Examples A and B).
  • in vivo metabolic activation of a compound may be required to generate the FBPase inhibitor.
  • This class of compounds may be inactive in the enzyme inhibition screen (Example A), may or may not be active in hepatocytes (Examples C and D), but is active in vivo as evidenced by glucose lowering in the normal, fasted rat (Examples E, F, G) and/or in animal models of diabetes (Examples K, V -Z, AA-JJ).
  • the FBPase inhibitors generally are of the following formulae:
  • Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to
  • Z is selected from the group of-CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • -NHCOR 2 -NHCO 2 R 3 , -CH 2 NHaryl, -(CH 2 ) p -OR 2 , and -(CH 2 ) P -SR 2 , where p is an integer 2 or 3; or together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or W and W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W' ' are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • Z 2 is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 , -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH-CR 2 2 )OH, -CH(C ⁇ CR 2 )OH, -SR 2 , -CH 2 NHaryl, -CH 2 aryl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H ; R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H; R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkylene, -alkylenearyl and aryl, or together R and R are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including one heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together, R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R and each R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and -NR 2 R 20 ;
  • R 15 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 1 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) friendship-C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; ⁇ n each R is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S
  • R 20 is selected from the group of -H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 .
  • FBPase inhibitors where M-PO 3 " has an IC 50 on isolated human FBPase enzyme of less than or equal to 5 ⁇ M.
  • FBPase inhibitors having an IC 50 of ⁇ 50 ⁇ M on glucose production in isolated rat hepatocytes.
  • such compounds that bind to the AMP site of FBPase.
  • oral bioavailability is at least 5%. More preferably, oral bioavailability is at least 10%.
  • the prodrugs of formula IA may have two isomeric forms around the phosphorus. Preferred is when the phosphorus is not chiral. Also preferred is when there is no chiral center in the amino groups attached to the phosphorus. Also preferred is when n is 1 and R 12 is -H, then the carbon attached to R 12 and R 13 has S stereochemistry.
  • A is selected from -H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 , -CO 2 R 3 , halo, -S(O)R 3 , -SO 2 R 3 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NR 4 , -CH 2 CN, -CN, -C(S)NH 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , -N 3 , -NHC(S)NR 4 2 , -NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , -SO 2 R ⁇ , -S(O)R 3 , -
  • E is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)OR 3 , -CONR 4 2 , -CN, -NR 9 2 , -NO 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except -H, -CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;
  • J is selected from -H and null
  • X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R 5 to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate, then there are 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R 5 and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from , -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthio-alkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl- , -al
  • R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H;
  • R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group; each R 9 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together
  • R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; and with the proviso that:
  • R 5 when R 5 is a six-membered ring, then X is not a two atom linker, an optionally substituted -alkyloxy-, or an optionally substituted -alkylthio-;
  • R 5 groups include pyrrolyl; imidazolyl; oxazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl; pyrazolyl; isoxazolyl; 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl; 1,2,4- oxadiazolyl; 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl; 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl; 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl; 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl; pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl; 1,3,5-triazinyl; 1,2,4-triazinyl; and 1,3- selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent.
  • R 5 is not 2-thiazolyl or 2-oxazolyl.
  • R 5 is 2-thiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, or 2-selenazolyl and X is -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, or -alkylthio-, then it is preferable that A is not -CONH 2 and B is not -H.
  • R 5 is 2-thiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, or 2-selenazolyl
  • X is not -alkyloxyalkyl-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, or -alkylthio-.
  • A is selected from -H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 , -CO 2 R 3 , halo, C C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, d-C 6 perhaloalkyl, d-Ce haloalkyl, aryl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NR 4 2 , -CH 2 CN, -CN, -C(S)NH 2 , -OR 4 , -SR 4 , -N 3 , -NHC(S)NR 4 2 , -NHAc, and null.
  • B and D are independently selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , -SO 2 R ⁇ , -S(O)R 3 , -CN, -NR 2 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except -H, -CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted.
  • E is selected from -H, d-C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, aryl, C -C 6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)OR 3 , -CONR 4 2 , -CN, -NR 9 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , C C 6 perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except -H, -CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted.
  • Each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and C C 2 alkyl. More preferred are compounds of formula I or IA, wherein M is -X-R 5 , wherein R 5 is selected from:
  • A" is selected from -H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 , -CO 2 R 3 , halo, C C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, Ci-C 6 perhaloalkyl, CrC 6 haloalkyl, aryl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NR 4 2 , -CH 2 CN, -CN, -C(S)NH 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , -N 3 , -NHC(S)NR 4 2 , and -NHAc;
  • B" and D" are independently selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , -SO 2 R n , -S(O)
  • X is selected from -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-; each R ⁇ is selected from -NR 4 2 , -OH, -OR 3 , d - C 6 alkyl, C 6 aryl, and C 3 - C 6 heteroaryl.
  • B" is selected from -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, -CN, -SR 3 , OR 3 and -NR 9 2 ;
  • D is selected from -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , -NR 9 2 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, and -SR 3 ;
  • E is selected from -H, CrC 6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halo, -CN, -C(O)OR 3 , and -SR 3 .
  • R 1S and R 15 are selected from H, and methyl; each R 12 and R 13 is independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together R 12 and R 13 are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group; n is 1;
  • R 14 is -OR 17 ;
  • R 16 is -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 ;
  • R 17 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, and benzyl.
  • R 5 is selected from:
  • R is selected from:
  • R 5 is selected from:
  • R 5 is
  • A" is selected from -NH 2 , -CONH 2 , halo, -CH 3 , -CF 3 -CH 2 -halo, -CN, -OCH 3 ,
  • B" is selected from-H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, -CN, -SR 3 , OR 3 and-NR 9 2 ;
  • X is selected from -heteroaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, and -alkylaminocarbonyl-, all optionally substituted.
  • Such compounds where X is selected from methylenoxycarbonyl and furan-2,5-diyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. More preferred are such compounds wherein A" is -NH 2 , X is furan- 2,5-diyl, and B" is -S(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 ; wherein A" is -NH 2 , X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B" is -CH 2 - CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; wherein A” is -NH 2 , X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B” is -COOEt; wherein A” is -NH 2 , X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B” is -SMe; or wherein A" is -NH 2 , X is methyleneoxycarbonyl, and B" is -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • a particularly preferred FBPase inhibitor is the compound of formula:
  • R is
  • X is selected from furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl, A" is -NH 2 , and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. More preferred are such compounds wherein X is furan -2,5-diyl, and B" is -SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is
  • A" is -NH 2 , E" and D" are -H, B" is selected from cyclopropyl, and n-propyl, X is selected from methyleneoxycarbonyl and furan-2,5-diyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • R 5 is
  • A" is -NH2
  • D" is -H
  • B" is selected from n-propyl and cyclopropyl
  • X is selected from furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • Preferred X groups include -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl. More preferred is -heteroaryl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-.
  • Preferred A" groups include -NH 2 , -CONH 2 , halo, -CH 3 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -halo, -CN, -OCH 3 , -SCH 3 , and -H. More preferred A" groups include -NH 2 , -CI, -Br, and -CH 3 .
  • Preferred B" groups include -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, -CN, -SR 3 , -NR 9 2 , and -OR 3 . More preferred is -H, -C(O)OR 3 , -C(O)SR 3 , d-C 6 alkyl, alicyclic, halo, heteroaryl, and -SR 3 .
  • Preferred D" groups include -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, -NR 9 2 , and -SR 3 . More preferred is -H, -C(O)OR 3 , lower alkyl, alicyclic, and halo.
  • Preferred E" groups include -H, d-C 6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halogen, -CN, -C(O)OR 3 , -SR 3 , and -CONR 4 2 . More preferred is -H, -Br, and -CI.
  • Preferred R groups include -H, methyl, and ethyl. More preferred is -H and methyl. Especially preferred is -H.
  • Preferred compounds include those wherein each R and R is independently selected from -H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, -CH 2 CH -SCH 3 , 1 1 ⁇ phenyl, and benzyl, or together R and R are connected via a chain of 2-5 carbon
  • each R and R is independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together R 12 and R 13 are connected via a chain of 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group. Also more
  • R and R are connected via 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopentyl group.
  • R and R are connected via 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopentyl group.
  • R and R are both -H, both methyl, or R is H and R is selected from methyl, i-propyl, and benzyl. Most preferred are such compounds wherein n is 1, and R 12 is -H,
  • n is an integer of from 1-2. More preferred is when n is 1.
  • Preferred compounds include those wherein each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , and -SR 17 ; and R 17 is selected from optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl. More preferred are such compounds wherein each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 ; and R 17 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and benzyl. Most preferred are such compounds wherein R 17 is selected from ethyl, and benzyl.
  • R 15 is not H. More preferred are compounds wherein R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, N, and S. Also more preferred are compounds wherein R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from d-C 6 alkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, N, and S. hi one aspect, particularly preferred are compounds wherein -NR 15 R 16 is a cyclic amine. Especially preferred are such compounds wherein -NR 15 R 16 is selected from morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.
  • R 16 is -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 .
  • Particularly preferred are such compounds that are of the formula: wherein X is selected from the group of furan-2,5-diyl; -alkoxycarbonyl-; and -alkylaminocarbonyl- .
  • n is 1.
  • H 2 N-CR 12 R 13 -C(O)-R 14 is an ester, or thioester of a naturally occurring amino acid; and R .14 . is selected from -OR , 1 and SR 17 .
  • R is selected from -H, methyl, and ethyl
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together are connected via a chain of 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group
  • R 14 is OR 17 ;
  • R 17 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl; and R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, and N.
  • G" is selected from -O- and -S- A 2 , L 2 , E 2 , and J 2 are selected from -NR 4 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 2 , -SR 2 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo,
  • X 2 is selected from -CR 2 2 -, -CF 2 -, - OCR 2 2 -, -SCR 2 2 -, -C(O)-O-, -C(O)-S-, -C(S)-O-; and CR NR 19 - , and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X 2 is not substituted with -COOR 2 , -SO 3 H, or -PO 3 R 2 2 ;
  • R is selected from R and -H; R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group; each R 9 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group; R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ;
  • R is selected from lower alkyl, -H, and -COR ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • G" is -S-.
  • a 2 , L 2 , E 2 , and J 2 are independently selected from -H, -NR 4 2 , -S-C ⁇ N, halogen, -OR 3 , hydroxy, -alkyl(OH), aryl, alkyloxycarbonyl, -SR 3 , lower perhaloalkyl, and d-d alkyl, or together L and E form an annulated cyclic group.
  • a , L , E and J 2 are independently selected from the group of -H, -NR 4 2 , -S-C ⁇ N, halogen, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower aryl, and d-C 5 alkyl, or together L 2 and E 2 form an annulated cyclic group.
  • Most preferred A 2 groups include -NH 2 , -H, halo, and d-C 5 alkyl.
  • L 2 and E 2 groups are those independently selected from the group of -H, -S-C ⁇ N, lower alkoxy, d- alkyl, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower aryl, and halogen or together L and E form an annulated cyclic group containing an additional 4 carbon atoms.
  • J 2 groups include -H, and d-C 5 alkyl.
  • Preferred X 2 groups include -CF 2 -, -CH 2 -, -C(O)-O-, -CH 2 -O-, -CH 2 -S-, -CH 2 -NH-, and -CH 2 -N(C(O)CH 3 )-. More preferred are -CH 2 -O-, -CH 2 -S-, and -CH 2 -N(C(O)CH 3 )-. Most preferred is -CH 2 -O-.
  • One preferred aspect include compound wherein A 2 is selected from -H, -NH 2 , -CH 3 , -CI, and -Br;
  • L 2 is -H, lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkyloxy, hydroxy, -alkenylene-OH, or together with E forms a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cychc alkyl, heteroaryls, heterocyclic alkyl;
  • E 2 is selected from the groups of H, lower alkyl, halogen, SCN, lower alkyloxycarbonyl, lower alkyloxy, or together with L 2 forms a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic alkyl; J 2 is selected from the group of H, halogen, and lower alkyl;
  • G" is -S-;
  • X 2 is -CH 2 -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • R 18 is selected from -H, methyl, and ethyl
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group;
  • R 14 is -OR 17 ;
  • R is selected from the group of methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl; and R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from the group of lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, and N.
  • a 2 is NH 2
  • L 2 is selected from -Et
  • E is selected from -SCN, -Et, and -Br, and J is -H. Particularly preferred are such compounds wherein ,12 ,18
  • NR 15 R 16 is selected from the group of
  • Preferred R 18 groups include -H, methyl, and ethyl. More preferred is -H and methyl. Especially preferred is -H.
  • Preferred compounds include those wherein each R 12 and R 13 is independently selected from -H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, -CH 2 CH 2 -SCH 3 , phenyl, and benzyl, or together R and R are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group. More preferred is each R and R is independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together R 12 and R 13 are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group. Also more preferred are such compounds wherein each R and R is independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, and benzyl, or together
  • R and R are connected via 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopentyl group.
  • R and R are both -H, both methyl, or R is H and R is selected from methyl, i-propyl, and benzyl. Most preferred are such compounds wherein n is 1, and R 12 is -H, then the carbon attached to R 12 and R 13 has S stereochemistry.
  • n is an integer of from 1-2. More preferred is when n is 1.
  • Preferred compounds include those wherein each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , and -SR 17 ; and R 17 is selected from optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl. More preferred are such compounds wherein each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 ; and R 17 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and benzyl. Most preferred are such compounds wherein R 17 is selected from ethyl, and benzyl.
  • R 5 and R 1 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, N, and S.
  • R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from d-C 6 alkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, N, and S.
  • particularly preferred are compounds wherein -NR 15 R 16 is a cyclic amine.
  • -NR 15 R 16 is selected from morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.
  • R 16 is -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 . More preferred are compounds where n is 1 , and wherein
  • R is selected from -H, methyl, and ethyl
  • R and R are independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group;
  • R 14 is -OR 17 ;
  • 17 R is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl;
  • R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 15 and R 16 are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, and N. Particularly preferred are such compounds that are of the formula:
  • n is 1.
  • H 2 N-CR 12 R 13 -C(O)-R 14 is an ester, or thioester of a naturally occurring amino acid; and R 14 is selected from -OR 17 and -SR 17
  • A, E, and L are selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -COR 1 -SO 2 R 3 , guanidine, amidine, -NHSO 2 R 25 , -SO 2 NR 4 2 , -CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, d- alkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A and L form a cyclic group, or together L and E form a cyclic group, or together E and J form a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic; J is selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)
  • X 3 is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonyl- alkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylammocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X 3 is not substituted with -COOR 2 , -SO 3 H, or -PO 3 R 2 2 ;
  • Y is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 R 3 , -C(O)-R n , -CONHR 3 , -NR 2 2 , and -OR 3 , all except H are optionally substituted;
  • R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H;
  • R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group; R is selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, and lower alicyclic;
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and -C(O)R 10 ;
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, -C(O)R 10 , or together they form a bidendate alkyl; each R 9 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together
  • R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl;
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • X 3 is not -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, and -alkylthio-.
  • Particularly preferred are such compounds with the additional proviso that when X 3 is aryl or alkylaryl, said aryl or alkylaryl group is not linked 1,4 through a six-membered aromatic ring.
  • Benzimidazole compounds include those wherein A, L, and E are independently selected from -H, -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , hydroxy, halogen, -OR 7 , alkylaminocarbonyl, -SR 7 , lower perhaloalkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together E and J together form a cyclic group; and wherein J is selected from -H, halogen, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, -NR 2 , lower R 2 N-alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic; and wherein Y is selected from alicyclic and lower alkyl; wherein X 3 is selected from -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl
  • R and R are independently selected from -H, methyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, and benzyl, or together are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group;
  • R 14 is -OR 17 ;
  • R is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and benzyl; and R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from lower alkyl, and lower aralkyl, or together R and R are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from O, and N. Most preferred are such compounds wherein A is selected from -H, -NH 2 , -F, and -CH 3 ;
  • L is selected from -H, -F, -OCH 3 , CI and -CH 3 ;
  • E is selected from -H, and -CI;
  • J is selected from -H, halo, d-C 5 hydroxyalkyl, d- haloalkyl, d- R 8 2 N- alkyl, d-C 5 alicyclic, and d- alkyl;
  • X 3 is selected from -CH 2 OCH2-, -methyleneoxycarbonyl-, and -furan-2,5-diyl-; and Y is lower alkyl.
  • benzimidazoles where A is -NH 2 , L is -F, E is -H, J is ethyl, Y is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-; or where A is -NH 2 , L is -F, E is -H, J is N,N-dimethylaminopropyl, Y is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-.
  • Particularly preferred are those compounds wherein is selected from
  • A, E, and L are selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -COR n , -SO 2 R 3 , guanidine, amidine, -NHSO 2 R 25 , -SO 2 NR 4 2 , -CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, d-d alkyl, C 2 -d alkenyl, C -C 5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A and L form a cyclic group, or together L and E form a cyclic group, or together E and J form a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic;
  • J is selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo,
  • -C(O)R ⁇ -CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y forms a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl;
  • X 3 is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and
  • Y 3 is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 R 3 , -C(O)-R n , -CONHR 3 , -NR 2 2 , and -OR 3 , all except H are optionally substituted;
  • Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -
  • Z is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 ,
  • Z 2 is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 ,
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and - OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H; R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
  • R is selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, and lower alicyclic;
  • R 7 is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and -C(O)R 10 ; o
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, -C(O)R 10 , or together they form a bidendate alkyl;
  • R 9 is selected from alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic;
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl;
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 , n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R 18 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R 12 and each R 13 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and
  • R 15 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) friendship-C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; each R is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O,
  • R 20 is selected from the group of -H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • Preferred A, L, and E groups for formula III include -H, -NR 2 , -NO 2 , hydroxy, alkylaminocarbonyl, halogen, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , lower perhaloalkyl, and d- alkyl, or together E and J form a cyclic group.
  • Such a cyclic group may be aromatic, cyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkyl, and may be optionally substituted. Suitable aromatic groups include thiazole.
  • Particularly preferred A, L and E groups are -NR 8 2 , -H, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower alkyl.
  • Preferred A groups for formula III include, -NR 8 2 , -H, halogen, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower alkyl.
  • Preferred L and E groups for formula III include -H, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, and halogen.
  • Preferred J groups for formula III include -H, halogen, lower alkyl, lower hydroxylalkyl, -NR 2 , lower R 2 N-alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic, or together with Y 3 forms a cyclic group.
  • a cyclic group may be aromatic, cyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic, and may be optionally substituted.
  • J groups include -H, halogen, and lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, -NR 8 2 , lower R 8 2 N-alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower alkenyl, alicyclic, and aryl. Especially preferred are alicyclic and lower alkyl.
  • Preferred X 3 groups for formula III include -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -carbonylalkyl-, and -alkyl(OH)-. Particularly preferred is -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl-.
  • -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl- are particularly preferred.
  • X 3 is aryl or alkylaryl, these groups are not linked 1,4 through a 6-membered aromatic ring.
  • Preferred Y groups for formula III include -H, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except -H may be optionally substituted. Particularly preferred are lower alkyl, and alicyclic.
  • Preferred R and R 7 groups include -H, and lower alkyl.
  • A, L, and E are independently
  • X is -aryl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyl-, -alkylthio-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkylcarbonylamino-; and each R and R 7 is independently -H, and lower alkyl.
  • A, L, and E are independently -H, lower alkyl, halogen, and -NR 2 ; J is -H, halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, R 2 N-alkyl, lower alkyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic, or
  • X X together with Y forms a cyclic group; and X is -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -1,1- dihaloalkyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl-.
  • A is -H, -NH 2 , -F, and -CH 3
  • L is -H, -F, -OCH 3 , -CI, and -CH 3
  • E is -H and -CH 3
  • J is -H, halo, d-C 5 hydroxyalkyl, d-C 5 haloalkyl, d-C 5 R 8 2 N-alkyl, d-C 5 alicyclic, and d-C 5 alkyl
  • X is -CH 2 OCH 2 -, and -furan-2,5-diyl-, and Y is lower alkyl.
  • Y is lower alkyl.
  • Most preferred are the following such compounds and their salts, and prodrug and their salts:
  • A is -NH 2 , L is -F, E is -H, J is -H, Y 3 is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5- diyl-;
  • A, L, and J are -H, E is -CI, Y 3 is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-;
  • A is -NH 2
  • L is -F
  • E and J are -H
  • Y 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-;
  • A is -NH 2 , L is -F, E is -H, J is ethyl, Y 3 is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5- diyl-;
  • A is -CH 3 , L is -CI, E and J are -H, Y 3 is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5- diyl-; 6) A is -NH 2 , L is -F, E is -H, J is -CI, Y 3 is isobutyl, and X 3 is -furan-2,5- diyl-;
  • A is -NH 2
  • L is -F
  • E is -H
  • J is -Br
  • Y 3 is isobutyl
  • X 3 is -CH 2 OCH 2 -;
  • A, L, E, and J are -CH 3 , Y is cyclopropylmethyl, and X is -furan-2,5- diyl-.
  • A is -NH 2
  • L is -F
  • E is -H
  • J is bromopropyl, bromobutyl, chlorobutyl, cyclopropyl, hydroxypropyl, or N,N- dimethylaminopropyl
  • X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-.
  • the preferred prodrug is where R 1 is pivaloyloxymethyl or its HCl salt.
  • compounds of formula I or I-A where M is
  • Z 7 6° . is selected from alkyl and halogen
  • U and V are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy or when taken together form a lower cyclic ring containing at least one oxygen; W 6 is selected from amino and lower alkyl amino; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • formula VI is compounds of formula VI:
  • Z 6 is selected from alkyl and halogen
  • U 6 and V 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy or when taken together form a lower cyclic ring containing at least one oxygen;
  • W 6 is selected from amino and lower alkyl amino;
  • Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 - OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -al
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to
  • Z is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H ; R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H; R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkylene, -alkylenearyl and aryl, or together R 4 and R 4 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including one heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R and each R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and -NR 2 R 20 ;
  • R 15 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • each R is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 20 is selected from the group of-H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof.
  • M is:
  • a 2 is selected from -NR 8 2 , -NHSO 2 R 3 , -OR 25 , -SR 25 , halogen, lower alkyl,
  • E is selected from -H, halogen, lower alkylthio, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, -CN, and -NR 2 ;
  • X is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-; -alkyl-; -alkynyl-; -aryl-; -carbonyl- alkyl-; -1,1-dihaloalkyl-; -alkoxyalkyl-; -alkyloxy-; -alkylthioalkyl-; -alkylthio-; -alkylaminocarbonyl-; -alkylcarbonylamino-; -alicyclic-; -aralkyl-; -alkylaryl-; -alkoxycarbonyl-; -carbonyloxyalkyl-; -alkoxycarbonylamino-; and -alkylamino- carbonylamino-, all optionally substituted, with the proviso that X is not substituted with -COOR 2 , -SO 3 H, or -PO 3 R 2 2 ; Y is selected from -H, alkyl, alken
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2
  • Af is selected from -NR 2 , NHSO 2 R , -OR 2 5 , -SR ,25 , halogen, lower alkyl,
  • E is selected from -H, halogen, lower alkylthio, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, -CN, and -NR 2 ;
  • X is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonyl- alkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-,
  • X 3 is not substituted with -COOR 2 , -SO 3 H, or -PO 3 R 2 2 ;
  • Y is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 R 3 , -C(O)-R ⁇ , -CONHR 3 , -NR 2 2 , and -OR 3 ,
  • Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 - OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; when Y is -NR 6
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; R is selected from R and -H;
  • R ,3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group; R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
  • R 25 is selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, and lower alicyclic;
  • R 7 is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and -(CO)R 10 ;
  • R 8 is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, -C(O)R 10 , or together both R 8 s form a bidentate alkyl;
  • R 9 is selected from alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic;
  • R 10 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl; and R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together, R 12 and R 18 are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R and each R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R and R , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 1 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; each R 17 is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R is -N(R 7 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; R 20 is selected from the group of -H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • Preferred A groups for formula II include -NR 2 , lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkoxy, and halogen. Particularly preferred are -NR 2 , and halogen. Especially preferred is -NR 8 2 . Most preferred is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred E 2 groups for formula II include -H, halogen, lower perhaloalkyl, -CN, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, and lower alkylthio. Particularly preferred E 2 groups include
  • Preferred X 3 groups for formula II include -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-,
  • - alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, and -heteroaryl- Particularly preferred are -alkoxyalkyl- groups include -methoxymethyl-.
  • Preferred -heteroaryl- groups include -furan-2,5-diyl-, optionally substituted.
  • Preferred Y groups for formula II include aralkyl, alicyclic, alkyl, and aryl, all optionally substituted. Particularly preferred is lower alkyl. Particularly preferred Y 3 groups include (2-naphthyl)methyl, cyclohexylethyl, phenylethyl, nonyl, cyclohexylpropyl, ethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethylphenyl, (2-methyl)propyl, neopentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, (l-imidozolyl)propyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 1-hydroxy- 2,2-dimethylpropyl, l-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl , 2-(spiro-3 ,3 - dimethylcyclohex-4-enyl)propyl, and 1-methylneopentyl. Especially preferred is
  • R and R groups are -H, and lower alkyl. Particularly preferred are -H, and methyl.
  • a 2 is -NR 8 2 or halogen
  • E 2 is -H, halogen, -CN, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkoxy, or lower alkylthio
  • X 3 is -alkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkynyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -alkyl(OH)-, -alkylcarbonylamino-,
  • R and R is -H or lower alkyl.
  • Y is aralkyl, aryl, alicyclic, or alkyl.
  • a 2 is -NR 8 2
  • E 2 is -H, C1-, or methylthio
  • X 3 is optionally substituted -furan-2,5-diyl-, or -alkoxyalkyl-.
  • Particularly preferred are such compounds where A 2 is -NH 2 , X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-, or -methoxymethyl-, and Y 3 is lower alkyl.
  • E 2 is H, X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-, and Y 3 is neopentyl; those where E 2 is -SCH 3 , X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-, and Y 3 is isobutyl; and those where E 2 is -H, X 3 is -furan-2,5-diyl-, and Y 3 is l-(3-chloro-2,2-dimethyl)-propyl.
  • R 1 is -CH 2 ⁇ -C(O)-C(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • A, E, and L are independently selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -COR ⁇ , -SO 2 R 3 , guanidine, amidine, -NHSO 2 R 25 , -SO 2 NR 4 2 , -CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, d-C 5 alkyl, d-d alkenyl, d-d alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or, together, A and L form a cyclic group, or, together, L and E form a cyclic group, or, together, E
  • J is selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -C(O)R n , -CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y 3 forms a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl;
  • X is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and
  • Y is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 R 3 , -C(O)-R ⁇ , -CONHR 3 , -NR 2 2 , and -OR 3 , all except H are optionally substituted;
  • R is independently selected from -H and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R 25 is selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, and lower alicyclic; n
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower ary '1l,, and -C(O)R ⁇ o.
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, -C(O)R 10 , or together they form a bidentate alkyl;
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl; R is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 and -OR 3 ; or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs or salts thereof.
  • D is selected from — C — and — N —
  • A, E, and L are selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -COR 11 , -SO 2 R 3 , guanidino, amidino, -NHSO 2 R 25 , -SO 2 NR 4 2 , -CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, d-C 5 alkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A and L form a cyclic group, or together L and E form a cyclic group, or together E and J form a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic;
  • J is selected from -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 7 , -SR 7 , -C(O)NR 4 2 , halo, -C(O)R , -CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y 3 forms a cyclic group selected from the group of aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl;
  • X 3 is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy
  • Y 3 is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 R 3 , -C(O)-R ⁇ , -CONHR 3 , -NR 2 2 , and -OR 3 , all except H are optionally substituted; Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • Z is selected from the group of-CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -OR 2 , -SR 2 , -CHR 2 N 3 , -CH 2 aryl,
  • W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H;
  • R is selected from R and -H;
  • R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
  • R 25 is selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, and lower alicyclic;
  • R is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and -C(O)R ;
  • R 8 is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, -C(O)R 10 , or together they form a bidentate alkyl;
  • R 9 is selected from alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic;
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, -NH 2 , lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl;
  • R ⁇ is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 and -OR 2 ;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R 12 and each R 13 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and
  • R is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 1 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 1 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • each R 17 is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected
  • R 20 is selected from the group of -H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • Preferred A, L, and E groups in formula IV include -H, -NR 8 2 , -NO 2 , hydroxy, halogen, -OR 7 , alkylaminocarbonyl, -SR 7 , lower perhaloalkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together E and J form a cyclic group.
  • Such a cyclic group may be aromatic or cyclic alkyl, and may be optionally substituted. Suitable aromatic groups include thiazole.
  • L and E groups are -NR 2 , -H, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower alkyl.
  • Preferred A groups in formula IV include -NR 2 , lower alkyl, -H, halogen, and lower perhaloalkyl.
  • Preferred L and E groups in formula IV include -H, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, and halogen.
  • Preferred J groups in formula IV include -H, halogen, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, -NR 8 2 , lower R 8 2 N-alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic or together with Y 3 forms a cyclic group.
  • Such a cyclic group may be aromatic or cyclic alkyl, and may be optionally substituted.
  • Preferred X 3 groups in formula IV include -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -aryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -carbonylalkyl-, and -alkyl(OH)-. Particularly preferred is -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, and -heteroaryl-.
  • Such compounds that are especially preferred are -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl-. Most preferred is -methylaminocarbonyl-, -methoxymethyl-, and -furan-2,5-diyl.
  • X is not -(C 2 -C 3 alkylaminocarbonyl-.
  • Preferred Y 3 groups for formula IV include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, all except -H may be optionally substituted. Particularly preferred Y 3 groups include lower alkyl, and alicyclic.
  • R and R groups include -H, and lower alkyl.
  • B 5 is NH
  • A, L, and E are independently -NR 2 , lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, -OH, or -H
  • X 3 is -aryl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyl-, -alkylthio-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -alkyl(hydroxy)-,
  • each R and R 7 is independently -H, or lower alkyl.
  • Particularly preferred are such compounds where A, L, and E are independently -H, lower alkyl, halogen, and -NR 2 ; J is -H, halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, -R 8 2 N-alkyl, lower alkyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic, or together with Y 3 forms a cyclic group; and X 3 is -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -1,1- dihaloalkyl-, and -alkoxyalkyl-.
  • A is -H, -NH 2 , -F, or -CH 3
  • L is -H, -F, -OCH 3 , or -CH 3
  • E is -H, or -CH 3
  • J is -H, halo, d-C 5 hydroxyalkyl, d-C 5 haloalkyl, C Cs R 8 2 N-alkyl, d-C 5 alicyclic or d-C 5 alkyl
  • X 3 is -CH 2 OCH 2 -, or -furan-2,5-diyl-
  • Y 3 is lower alkyl.
  • A is -NH 2
  • L is -F
  • E is -H
  • J is -CI
  • Y 3 is isobutyl
  • X 3 is -furan-2,5- diyl-
  • A is -H
  • L is -H
  • E is -CI
  • J is -H
  • B 5 is -NH
  • Y 3 is isobutyl
  • A is -CH 3
  • L is -H
  • E is -H
  • J is -H
  • D 5 is — N—
  • Y 3 is isobutyl
  • R 1 is -CH OC(O)-C(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • A, L, and E are -H, lower alkyl, halogen, or -NR 8 2
  • J is -H, halogen, lower alkyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, or alicyclic, or together with Y forms a cyclic group
  • X is -heteroaryl-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, or -alkoxyalkyl-.
  • A is selected from -H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 , -CO 2 R 3 , halo, -S(O)R 3 , -SO 2 R 3 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NR 4 2 , -CH 2 CN, -CN, - C(S)NH 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , -N 3 , -NHC(S)NR 4 2 , -NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -C ⁇ R 11 , -C(O)SR 3 , -SO 2 R 11 , -S(O)R 3 , -CN,
  • E is selected from -H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, - C(O)OR 3 , -CONR 4 2 , -CN, -NR 9 2 , -NO 2 , -OR 3 , -SR 3 , perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except -H, -CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;
  • J is selected from -H and null
  • X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R 5 to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R 5 and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamin
  • R is selected from R and -H
  • R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl eeaacchh RR 44 iiss iindependently selected from -H, and alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl group; R 6 is.
  • R 9 is independently selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; each R 9 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group; R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R 18 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R 12 and each R 13 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R .1 1 4 i-s i •nd jepend je discharge radicaln A tily se .lect ,ed .
  • R 15 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; each R 17 is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; R 20 is selected from the group of -H, ⁇ lower R 3 , and -C(O)-lower R 3 ; and with the proviso that:
  • At least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from -H or null;
  • R 5 when R 5 is a six-membered ring, then X is not any 2 atom linker, an optionally substituted -alkyloxy-, or an optionally substituted -alkylthio-; 4) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom;
  • R 5 when X is not an -aryl- group, then R 5 is not substituted with two or more aryl groups;
  • Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 - OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 ,
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • Z is selected from the group of-CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -OR 2 , -SR 2 , -CHR 2 N 3 , -CH 2 aryl,
  • W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V , W and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V 2 and Z 2 are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring'atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and - -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; In one preferred aspect of formula V-l and formula V-2 compounds, A" is selected from -NH 2 , -CONH 2 , halo, -CH 3 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 -halo, -CN, -OCH 3 , -
  • B" is selected from -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, -CN, -SR 3 , OR 3 and -NR 9 2 ; '
  • D is selected from -H, -C(O)R ⁇ , -C(O)SR 3 , -NR 9 2 , alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, and -SR 3 ;
  • E is selected from -H, C1-C6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halo, -CN, -C(O)OR 3 , and
  • X is selected from -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1- dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-,
  • R 1 is independently selected from optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)OR 3 , and -H; or when one Y is -O-, then R 1 attached to -O- is optionally substituted aryl; and the other Y iiss --NNRR 60 --,, tthhen R 1 attached to -NR 6 - is selected from -C(R 2 COOR J , and C(R ) 2 COOR 3 ; or when Y is -O- or -NR 6 , then together R 1 and R 1 form :
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • Z is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 ,
  • -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -OR 2 , -SR 2 , -CHR 2 N 3 , -CH 2 aryl, -CH(aryl)OH, -CH(CH CR 2 2 )OH, -CH(C ⁇ CR 2 )OH, -R 2 , -NR 2 2 , -OCOR 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , -SCOR 3 , -SCO2R 3 , -NHCOR 2 , -NHCO 2 R 3 , -CH 2 NHaryl, -(CH 2 ) p -OR 2 , and -(CH 2 ) P -SR 2 , where p is an integer 2 or 3; or together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V 2 and Z 2 are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D ' is -H;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all
  • both Y groups are not -NR 6 - R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;
  • R is selected from -H, and lower alkyl.
  • X is selected from methylenoxycarbonyl, and furan-2,5-diyl; at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. More preferred are such compounds wherein when Y is -O-, then R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, optionally substituted phenyl, -CH 2 OC(O)-tBu, -CH 2 OC(O)Et and -CH 2 OC(O)-iPr; when Y is -NR -, then R is attached to -NR - independently selected from
  • R 1 and R 1 are
  • V is selected from optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W', and W are H; and
  • R 6 is selected from -H, and lower alkyl.
  • A" is -NH 2 , X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B" is -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ) 2 ; 2) A" is -NH 2 , X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B" is -COOEt;
  • A" is -NH 2
  • X is furan-2,5-diyl
  • B" is -SCH 3 ;
  • A" is -NH 2
  • X is furan-2,5-diyl
  • B" is -SCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ;
  • A" is -NH 2
  • X is methyleneoxycarbonyl
  • B" is -CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • A" is, -NH 2 X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B" is 4-morpholinyl
  • X is furan-2,5-diyl, and methyleneoxycarbonyl, and A" is -NH 2 ; at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • each R 1 is independently selected from -H, optionally substituted phenyl, -CH 2 OC(O)-tBu, -CH 2 OC(O)Et, and -CH 2 OC(O)-iPr; or when Y is -NR 6 -, then each R 1 is independently selected from -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 , and -C(R 4 ) 2 COOR 3 ; or when Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 -, then together R and R are
  • V selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W', and'W are H. Also especially preferred are such compounds wherein B" is
  • A" is -NH 2 , E" and D" are -H, B" is n-propyl and cyclopropyl, X is furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl; at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • R 1 is selected from -H, optionally substituted phenyl -CH 2 OC(O)-tBu, -CH 2 OC(O)Et, and -CH 2 OC(O)-iPr, or when Y is -NR 6 -, then each R 1 is independently selected from -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 , and -C(R 4 ) 2 COOR 3 ; or when either Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 -, and at least one Y is -O-, then together R and R 1 are
  • V is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W', and W are H.
  • A" is -NH 2 , D" is -H, B" is n-propyl and cyclopropyl, X is furan-2,5-diyl and methyleneoxycarbonyl; at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • R 1 is selected from -H, optionally substituted phenyl, -CH 2 OC(O)-tBu, -CH 2 OC(O)Et, and -CH 2 OC(O)-iPr; or when one Y is -O- and its corresponding R 1 is -phenyl while the other Y is
  • R 1 and R 1 are
  • V is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W', and W are H.
  • G" is selected from -O- and -S-;
  • a 2 , L 2 , E 2 , and J 2 are selected from the group of -NR 4 2 , -NO 2 , -H, -OR 2 , -SR 2 ,
  • X 2 is selected from -CR 2 2 -, -CF 2 -, - CR 2 2 -O-, -CR 2 2 -S-, -C(O)-O-,
  • 9 9 phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X is not substituted with -COOR , - SO 3 H, or -PO 3 R 2 2 ;
  • R 19 is selected from lower alkyl, -H, and -COR 2 ; and Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic.
  • cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 - OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 ,
  • R 1 and R 1 are alkyl-S-S-C(O)R 3 , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy;
  • the R 1 attached to -NR 6 - is independently selected from -H, -[C(R 2 ) 2 ] q -COOR 3 , -C(R 4 ) 2 COOR 3 , -[C(R 2 ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR, and -cycloalkylene-COOR 3 , where q is 1 or 2; when only one Y is -O-, which -O- is not part ofa cyclic group containing the other Y, the other Y is -N(R 18 )-(CR 12 R 13 )-C(O)-R 14 ; and when Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , together R 1 and R 1 are alkyl-S-S-S-
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to
  • Z is selected from the group of-CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; R is selected from R and -H;
  • R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, or together R 4 and R 4 form a cyclic alkyl; R 6 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; each R 9 is independently selected from -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; n is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R 18 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R 12 and each R 13 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 , together, are connected via 2-6 carbon atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and -NR 2 R 20 ;
  • R 15 is selected from -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, together, R 15 and R 16 are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S; each R 17 is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or, when R 14 is -N(R 17 ) 2 , together, both R 17 s are connected via 2-6 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein the cyclic group optionally includes one heteroatom selected from O, N, and S;
  • R is selected from the group of -H, lower R , and -C(O)-lower R ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • L is -H, lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkyloxy, hydroxy, -alkenylene-OH, or together with E 2 forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryls, heterocyclic alkyl;
  • E is selected from the group of H, lower alkyl, halogen, SCN, lower alkyloxycarbonyl, lower alkyloxy, or together with L 2 forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic alkyl;
  • J is selected from the group of H, halogen, and lower alkyl; G" is -S-;
  • X 2 is -CH 2 -O-; and at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs
  • Et is SCN
  • J 2 is H. More preferred are such compounds wherein one Y is -O- and its corresponding R 1 is optionally substituted phenyl, while the other Y is -NH-, and its corresponding R 1 is -C(R 2 ) 2 -COOR 3 .
  • R 1 is -CHR 3 COOR 3
  • the corresponding R 1 is -CHR 3 COOR 3
  • both Y groups are -O-; or one Y is -O- and one Y is -NR 6 -.
  • the Y closest to W and W' is -O-.
  • prodrugs where both Y groups are -O-; In another particularly preferred aspect, both Y groups are -O-, and R 1 and R 1 together are
  • V is phenyl substituted with 1-3 halogens. Especially preferred are such 3-bromo-4- fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, and 3,5-dichlorophenyl.
  • one Y is -O- and its corresponding R 1 is phenyl, or phenyl substituted with 1-2 substituents selected from -NHC(O)CH 3 , -F, -CI, -Br, -C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 , and -CH 3 ; while the other Y is -NR 6 - and its corresponding R 1 is -C(R 2 )COOR 3 ; each R 2 is independently selected from -H, -CH 3 , and -CH 2 CH 3 . More preferred R 6 is -H, and R 1 attached to -NH- is -CH(Me)CO 2 Et.
  • R > 55 is selected from the group of:
  • G is selected from the group of C, O, and S;
  • G 3 and G 4 are independently selected from the group of C, N, O, and S; wherein a) not more than one of G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 is O, or S; b) when G 2 is O or S, not more than one of G 3 and G 4 is N; c) at least one of G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 is C; and d) G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 are not all C; G 5 , G 6 and G 7 are independently selected from the group of C and N, wherein no more than two of G , G and G are N;
  • J 3 , J 4 , J 5 , J 6 , and J 7 are independently selected from the group of -H, -NR 4 2, -CONR 4 2, -CO 2 R 3 , halo, -S(O) 2 NR 4 2 , -S(O)R 3 , -SO 2 R 3 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylenearyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylene-OH,
  • X 4 is selected from the group of: i) a linking group having 2-4 atoms measured by the fewest number of atoms connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom and is selected from the group of-furanyl-, -thienyl-, -pyridyl-, -oxazolyl-, -imidazolyl-, -phenyl-, -pyrimidinyl-, -pyrazinyl-, and -alkynyl-, all of which may be optionally substituted; and ii) a linking group having 3-4 atoms measured by the few
  • Y is independently selected from the group of -O-, and -NR 6 -; when Y is -O-, then R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted arylalkylene-, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S- alkylhydroxy, when Y is -NR 6 -,
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • W and W' are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or b) V , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D " is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; R 2 is selected from the group of R 3 and -H; R 3 is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -alkylenearyl, and aryl, or together R 4 and R 4 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including one heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R 6 is selected from the group of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl;
  • R 7 is lower R 3 ;
  • each R 9 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R 11 is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 2 , and -OR 2 ; and each R 12 and R 13 is independently selected from the group of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 together are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from the group of-OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 ,
  • R is selected from the group of-H, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R 16 is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from the group of -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R 15 is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • each R 17 is independently selected from the group of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 17 and R 17 on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group;
  • R is selected from the group of-H, and lower acyl;
  • R is selected from the group of-H, lower R , and -C(O)-(lower R );
  • X R is selected from the group of-H and lower R ; n is an integer from 1 to 3; with the provisos that:
  • R can be selected from the lower alkyl only when the other YR is -NR - C(R 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 ; and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs and salts thereof.
  • Suitable X groups include i) a linking group having 2-4 atoms measured by the fewest number of atoms connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom and is selected from the group of-furanyl-, -thienyl-, -pyridyl-, -oxazolyl-, -imidazolyl-, -pyrimidinyl-, -pyrazinyl-, and -alkynyl-, all of which may be optionally substituted; and ii) a linking group having 3-4 atoms measured by the fewest number of atoms connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom and is selected from the group of -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -alkoxy-, -alkylthio-, -alkylcarbonyloxy-, -alkyl-S(O)-, -alky
  • R ,55 is selected from the group of:
  • G is selected from the group of C, O, and S;
  • GG 33 aanndd GG 44 aarree iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy sseelleecctteedd frfroomm tthhe ⁇ group of C, N, O, and S; wherein a) not more than one of G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 is O, or S; b) when G 2 is O or.S, not more than one of G 3 and G 4 is N; c) at least one of G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 is C; and d) G 2 , G 3 , and G 4 are not all C; are independently selected from the group of C and N, wherein no more than two of G 5 , G 6 and G 7 are N;
  • J 3 , J , J 5 , J , and J 7 are independently selected from the group of -H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 , -CO 2 R 3 , halo, -S(O) 2 NR 4 2 , -S(O)R 3 , -SO 2 R 3 , alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylenearyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylene-OH, -C(O)R n , -OR 11 , -alkylene-NR 4 2 , -alkylene-CN, -CN, -C(S)NR 4 2 , -OR 2 , -SR 2 , -N 3 , -NO 2 , -NHC(S)NR 4 2 , and -NR 21 COR 2 ;
  • X 4 is selected from the group of: i) a linking group having 2-4 atoms measured by the fewest number of atoms connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom and is selected from the group of-furanyl-, -thienyl-, -pyridyl-, -oxazolyl-, -imidazolyl-, -phenyl-, -pyrimidinyl-, -pyrazinyl-, and -alkynyl-, all of which may be optionally substituted; and ii) a linking group having 3-4 atoms measured by the fewest number of atoms connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom and is selected from the group of -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -alkoxy-, and -alkoxyalkyl-, all of which may be optionally substituted;
  • Y is independently selected from the group of -O-, and -NR 6 -; when Y is -O-, then R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted arylalkylene-, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S- alkylhydroxy, when one Y is -NR 6 -
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or Z is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 ,
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or
  • W and W' are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V , W and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D " is selected from the group of-H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H ; and R 2 is selected from the group of R 3 and -H;
  • R is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group of -H, alkyl,
  • R 4 and R 4 are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including one heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R is selected from the group of-H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl, or together with R 12 is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group;
  • R is lower R 3 ;
  • each R 9 is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R 9 and R 9 form a cyclic alkyl group;
  • R is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, -NR 2 , and -OR ; and each R 12 and R 13 is independently selected from the group of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R 12 and R 13 together are connected via a chain of 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S, to form a cyclic group; each R 14 is independently selected from the group of -OR 17 , -N(R 17 ) 2 , -NHR 17 , -SR 17 , and -NR 2 OR 20 ;
  • R 15 is selected from the group of-H, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R 16 is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S;
  • R 16 is selected from the group of-(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 , -H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R 15 is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S; each R 17 is independently selected from the group of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, or together R 17 and R 17 on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group of O, N, and S; R 18 is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl, or, together,
  • R 12 and R are connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group
  • R 19 is selected from the group of-H, and lower acyl
  • R 20 is selected from the group of-H, lower R 3 , and -C(O)-(lower R 3 );
  • R is selected from the group of-H and lower R ; n is an integer from 1 to 3; with the provisos that:
  • J can be substituted with an acylated amine
  • J 4 , J 5 , and J 6 when R 55 is substituted phenyl, then J 4 , J 5 , and J 6 is not purinyl, purinylalkylene, deaza-purinyl, or deazapurinylalkylene;
  • R 1 can be lower alkyl only when the other YR 1 is -NR 18 -C(R 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-
  • compounds of formulae VII-1 or VII-2 are envisioned with the further proviso that when X 4 is -alkoxyalkyl-, and R 55 is substituted thienyl, substituted furanyl, or substituted phenyl, then J 4 , J 5 , or J 6 is not halo or alkenyl.
  • J 7 is a group attached through a nitrogen atom.
  • compounds of formulae VII-1 or VII-2 with the further proviso that when X 4 is -alkoxyalkyl- or -alkoxycarbonyl-, then R 55 is not substituted phenyl.
  • R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group of-H, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted arylalkylene-, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , and -alkyl-S- S-alkylhydroxy; when Y is -NR -, then R attached to -NR - is independently selected from the group of-H, and -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)R 14 ; or when either Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 -, then
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1- alkynyl;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D " is selected from the group of-H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; and b) both Y groups are not -NR 6 -;
  • R is selected from the group of R and -H;
  • R is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; R 6 is selected from the group of-H, and lower alkyl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from the group of optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)OR 3 , and -H; or when Y is -NR 6 -, then the R 1 attached to said -NR 6 - group is selected from the group of -C(R 4 ) 2 -C(O)OR 3 , and -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 ; or the other Y group is -O- and then R 1 attached to said -O- is selected from the group of optionally substituted aryl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)R 3 , and -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)OR 3 .
  • R 1 is H.
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, . alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W' are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V , W and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D ' is -H;
  • D is selected from the group of-H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W are not all -H ; and b) both Y groups are not -NR 6 -;
  • R 2 is selected from the group of R 3 and -H;
  • R is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; R 6 is selected from the group of-H, and lower alkyl.
  • R 1 is optionally substituted aryl; and the other Y is -NR 6 -, where R 1 attached to said -NR 6 - is selected from the group of -C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 , and -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 .
  • R 1 attached to -O- is selected from the group of phenyl, and phenyl substituted with 1-2 substituents selected from the group of -NHC(O)CH 3 , -F, -CI, -Br, -C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 , and -CH 3 ; and wherein R 1 attached to -NR 6 - is -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 ; each R 2 is independently selected from the group of -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , and -H.
  • J 3 , J 4 , J 5 , J 6 , and J 7 are independently selected from the group of-H, -NR 4 2 , -CONR 4 2 ,
  • X 4 is selected from the group of i) 2,5-furanyl, 2,5-thienyl, 1,3-phenyl, 2,6-pyridyl, 2,5-oxazolyl, 5,2- oxazolyl, 2,4-oxazolyl, 4,2-oxazolyl, 2,4-imidazolyl, 2,6- pyrimidinyl, 2,
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • Z 2 is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • V 2 and Z 2 are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D ' is -H;
  • D " is selected from the group of -H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ;
  • each W 3 is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W' are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H ; and b) both Y groups are not -NR 6 -;
  • R is selected from the group of R and -H; R is selected from the group of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; R is selected from the group of-H, and lower alkyl.
  • R 55 is substituted phenyl;
  • X 4 is furan-2,5-diyl;
  • J 3 , J 4 , J 5 , J 6 , and J 7 are independently selected from the group of -OR 3 , -SO 2 NHR 7 , -CN, -H, halo, -NR 4 2 , -(CH 2 )aryl, -(CH 2 )NHaryl, and -NO 2 ; at least one Y group is -O-; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof.
  • R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group of-H, optionally substituted phenyl, -CH 2 OC(O)-tBu, -CH 2 OC(O)OEt, and -CH 2 OC(O)OiPr; when Y is -NR 6 -, then R 1 is attached to -NR 6 - independently selected from the group of -C(R 2 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)OR 3 , or when Y is -O- or -NR 6 -, and at least one Y is -O-, then together R 1 and R 1 are
  • V is selected from the group of optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; and Z, W', and W are H; and
  • R 6 is selected from the group of-H, and lower alkyl.
  • V is phenyl substituted with 1-3 halogens.
  • V is selected from the group of 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 3- chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, and 3-bromophenyl.
  • n is 1, and the carbon attached to R 12 and R 13 has S stereochemistry.
  • -NR 15 R 16 is a cyclic amine.
  • R 16 groups include -(CR 12 R 13 ) n -C(O)-R 14 .
  • n is 1.
  • R 12 and R 13 are not the same, then R 14 -C(O)- CR 12 R 13 -NH 2 is an ester or thioester of a naturally occurring amino acid; and R 14 is selected from the group of -OR 17 and -SR 17 .
  • one Y is -O- and its corresponding R 1 is optionally substituted phenyl, while the other Y is -NH-, and its corresponding R 1 is -C(R 2 ) 2 -COOR 3 .
  • R 1 is -CHR 3 COOR 3
  • the corresponding -NR 6 -*CHR 3 COOR 3 generally has L stereochemistry.
  • Y when Y is independently selected from -O- and -NR 6 , with the provisos that: when Y is -O-, the R 1 attached to -O- is independently selected from -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alicyclic where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or a thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -arylalkyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)NR 2 2 , -NR 2 -C(O)-R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 - OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 -O-C(O)OR 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)SR 3 , -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, said cyclic group is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y adjacent to V; or together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or
  • W and W are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • Z 2 is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 ,
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • c) Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of-H, alkyl, -OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; b) both Y groups are not -NR -; R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H;
  • R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; R is selected from -H, and lower alkyl.
  • R is independently selected from optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted benzyl, -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)R 3 , -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)OR 3 , and -H; and when Y is -NR 6 -, then the R 1 attached to said -NR 6 - group is selected from -C(R 4 ) 2 -COOR 3 , and -C(R 2 ) 2 COOR 3 ; and the other Y group is -O- and then R 1 attached to
  • X said -O- is selected from optionally substituted aryl, -C(R ) 2 OC(O)R , and -C(R 2 ) 2 OC(O)OR 3 .
  • R 1 is phenyl
  • R 1 is -CH 2 CO 2 Et.
  • one Y is -O-, its corresponding R 1 is phenyl, and the other Y is -NH- and its corresponding R 1 is -C(Me) 2 CO 2 Et.
  • both Y groups are O-, and at least one R is selected from -C(R 2 ) 2 -OC(O)R 3 , and -C(R 2 ) 2 -OC(O)OR 3 .
  • Y groups are -O- and at least one R 1 is -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxyl, -alkyl-S-C(O)R 3 , and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy, or together R 1 and R 1 are -alkyl-S-S-alkyl- to form a cyclic group.
  • particularly preferred are compounds wherein both Y groups are -O- , and R 1 is H.
  • V is selected from the group of aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkynyl and 1-alkenyl; or
  • Z is selected from the group of-CHR 2 OH , -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • V; or together Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing one heteroatom, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; or W and W are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl and 1-alkynyl; or together W and W are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 0-2 heteroatoms, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;
  • V 2 , W 2 and W" are independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1-alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl;
  • Z 2 is selected from the group of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 ,
  • V 2 and Z 2 are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 ring atoms, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, and substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from a Y attached to phosphorus;
  • Z' is selected from the group of -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)SR 3 ;
  • D is selected from the group of-H, alkyl, -OR , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; each W 3 is independently selected from the group of-H, alkyl, aralkyl, alicyclic, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl; with the proviso that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H and V 2 , Z 2 , W 2 , W" are not all -H; b) both Y groups are not -NR 6 -; R 2 is selected from R 3 and -H; R 3 is selected from alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; R is selected from -H, and lower alkyl.
  • R 1 attached to -O- is selected from phenyl and phenyl substituted with 1-2 substituents selected from -NHAc, -F, -CI, -Br, -COOEt, and -CH 3 ; and R 1 attached to -NR 6 , is -C(R 2 ) 2 COOR 3 where R 2 and R 3 independently is -H, -CH 3 , and -Et.
  • R 1 attached to -O- is phenyl substituted with -NHAc or -COOEt, then preferably any -NHAc is at the 4- position, and any -COOEt is at the 2-position.
  • the substituents on the substituted phenyl is 4-NHC(O)CH 3 , -CI, -Br, 2-C(O)OCH 3 CH 3 , or -CH 3 .
  • prodrugs of formula 6-i are preferred: wherein
  • V is selected from aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl, 1- alkenyl, and 1-alkynyl. More preferred V groups of formula 6-i are aryl, substituted, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl. Preferably Y is -O-. Particularly preferred aryl and substituted aryl groups include phenyl and substituted phenyl: Particularly preferred heteroaryl groups include monocyclic substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl groups. Especially preferred are 4-pyridyl and 3-bromopyridyl.
  • V groups of formula 6-i are aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl.
  • Y is -O-.
  • Particularly preferred aryl and substituted aryl groups include phenyl, and phenyl substituted with 1-3 halogens. Especially preferred are 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, and 3-bromophenyl.
  • V is selected from monocyclic heteroaryl and monocyclic substituted heteroaryl containing at least one nitrogen atom. Most preferred is when such heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl is 4-pyridyl, and 3-bromopyridyl, respectively.
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, optionally containing 1 heteroatom, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma positions to the Y attached to phosphorus.
  • said aryl group is an optionally substituted monocyclic aryl group and the connection between Z and the gamma position of the aryl group is selected from O, CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , OCH 2 or CH 2 O.
  • V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and monosubstituted with one substituent selected from hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, and aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to one of said additional carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • V and W form a cyclic group selected from -CH 2 -CH(OH)-CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OCOR 3 )-CH 2 -, and -CH 2 CH(OCO 2 )R 3 )-CH 2 -.
  • V group is 1-alkene. Oxidation by p450 enzymes is known to occur at benzylic and allylic carbons.
  • a preferred V group is -H, when Z is selected from -CHR OH,
  • preferred Z groups include-OR 2 , -SR 2 , -CHR 2 N 3 , -R 2 , -NR 2 2 , -OCOR 2 , -OCO 2 R 3 , -SCOR 3 , -SCO 2 R 3 , -NHCOR 2 , -NHCO 2 R 3 , -CH 2 NHaryl, -(CH 2 ) p OR 2 , and -(CH 2 ) p -SR 2 .
  • More preferred Z groups include-OR 2 , -R 2 , -OCOR 2 , -OCO 2 R 3 , -CH 3 , -NHCOR 2 , -NHCO 2 R 3 , -(CH 2 ) p -OR 2 , and , -(CH 2 ) P -SR 2 .
  • Most preferred Z groups include -OR 2 , -H , -OCOR 2 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -NHCOR 2 .
  • W and W groups include H, R 3 , aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted aryl.
  • W and W are the same group. More preferred is when W and W are H.
  • the compounds of formulae I and IA preferably have a group Z
  • Preferred Z groups are groups that donate electrons to the vinyl group which is a known strategy for decreasing the propensity of ⁇ , ⁇ - unsaturated carbonyl compounds to undergo a Michael addition. For example, a methyl group in a similar position on acrylamide results in no mutagenic activity whereas the unsubstituted vinyl analogue is highly mutagenic.
  • Z OH, -OC(O)R, -OCO2R, and NH , which will rapidly undergo retautomerization after the elimination reaction.
  • Certain and W groups are also advantageous in this role since the group(s) impede the addition reaction to the ⁇ -carbon or destabilize the product.
  • Another preferred Z group is one that contains a nucleophilic group capable of adding to the cc, ⁇ -unsaturated double bond after the elimination reaction i.e. (CH 2 ) p SH or (CH 2 ) p OH where p is 2 or 3.
  • Yet another preferred group is a group attached to V which is capable of adding to the , ⁇ -unsaturated double bond after the elimination reaction:
  • prodrugs of formula 7-i are preferred:
  • Z is selected from: -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OCOR 3 , -CHR 2 OC(S)R 3 , -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 , -CHR 2 OC(O)SR 3 , and -CHR 2 OC(S)OR 3 .
  • Y is -O-. More preferred groups include -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 3 , and -CHR 2 OCO 2 R 3 .
  • prodrugs of formula 8-i are preferred:
  • Z' is selected from -OH, -OC(O)R 3 , -OCO 2 R 3 , and -OC(O)S R 3 ;
  • D 4 and D 3 are independently selected from -H, alkyl, OR 2 , -OH, and -OC(O)R 3 ; with the proviso that at least one of D 4 and D 3 are -H.
  • Y is -O-.
  • W and Z are -H
  • W and V are both the same aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl such that the phosphonate prodrug moiety: has a plane of symmetry.
  • Y is -O-.
  • W and W are H
  • V is selected from aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl
  • Z is selected from -H, OR 2 , and -NHCOR . More preferred are such compounds where Z is -H.
  • p450 oxidation can be sensitive to stereochemistry which might either be at phosphorus or at the carbon bearing the aromatic group.
  • the prodrugs of the present invention have two isomeric forms around the phosphorus. Preferred is the stereochemistry that enables both oxidation and the elimination reaction. Preferred is the cis-stereochemistry at the phosphorus.
  • the preferred compounds of formula 8-i utilize a Z' group that is capable of undergoing an oxidative reaction that yields an unstable intermediate which via elimination reactions breaks down to the corresponding R 5 -X-PO 2" , R 5 -X-P(O)(NHR )2, or R 5 -X-P(O)(O " )(NHR 6 ).
  • Especially preferred Z' groups is OH.
  • Groups D 4 and D 3 are preferably hydrogen, alkyl, and -OR 2 , -OC(O)R 3 , but at least one of D 4 or D 3 must be H.
  • prodrugs of formulae I, II, III, IV, V-l, V-2, VI, VII-1, VII-2, and X are preferred:
  • NHAc (NH-CH 2 CO 2 Et) O-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-[N-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphoramidates (-P(O)(OPh-2-CO 2 Et)(NH-CH 2 CO 2 Et)
  • Bis-pivaloyloxymethyl esters Bis-isobutyryloxymethyl esters; Cyclic-(2-hydroxymethylpropan-l,3-diyl) ester; Cyclic-(2-acetoxymethylpropan-l,3-diyl) ester;

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AU7327101A (en) 2002-01-21
IL153513A0 (en) 2003-07-06
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