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EP1368494A2 - Procede et systeme de test pour identifier des substances qui protegent les cellules nerveuses - Google Patents

Procede et systeme de test pour identifier des substances qui protegent les cellules nerveuses

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Publication number
EP1368494A2
EP1368494A2 EP02710808A EP02710808A EP1368494A2 EP 1368494 A2 EP1368494 A2 EP 1368494A2 EP 02710808 A EP02710808 A EP 02710808A EP 02710808 A EP02710808 A EP 02710808A EP 1368494 A2 EP1368494 A2 EP 1368494A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
raf
cells
cell
iap
activity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02710808A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Sendtner
Ulf Rüdiger RAPP
Stefan Wiese
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Julius Maximilians Universitaet Wuerzburg
Original Assignee
Medinnova Gesellschaft fuer Medizinische Innovationen aus Akademischer Forschung mbH,
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Medinnova Gesellschaft fuer Medizinische Innovationen aus Akademischer Forschung mbH, filed Critical Medinnova Gesellschaft fuer Medizinische Innovationen aus Akademischer Forschung mbH,
Publication of EP1368494A2 publication Critical patent/EP1368494A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5091—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing the pathological state of an organism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6809—Methods for determination or identification of nucleic acids involving differential detection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6897—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids involving reporter genes operably linked to promoters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5058—Neurological cells

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a method for finding pharmacologically active substances which influence the function of cells of the central nervous system, which comprises the following steps: a) contacting a sample with at least one potential active substance, and b) determining the activity of Raf , especially B-Raf, in the sample.
  • nerve cells like all other cells, are known to need trophic support to survive.
  • neurotrophic factors represent members of different families. They include the neurotrophins, such as, for example, the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and the nerve growth factor (NGF) (Kaplan and Miller, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10: 381-291, 2000), the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (Maina and Klein, Nat. Neurosci. 2: 213-217, 1999) and the Gliacell Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) (Balok et al, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10: 103-110, 2000).
  • BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor
  • NT-3 neurotrophin-3
  • NGF nerve growth factor
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • GDNF Gliacell Derived Neurotrophic Factor
  • Such neurotrophic factors act by binding to and activating tyrosine phosphokinase receptors.
  • the activation signal is transmitted from these receptors into the cell nucleus via signal-transducing proteins present in the cytoplasm.
  • Several signal transmission paths are known in neurons. They include the PI-3K-AKT signal transmission path and the Ras-Raf transmission path. Both activation pathways are cross-linked by activated RAS, a protein that plays a key role in the Raf transmission path (Yuan and Yankner, Nature 407: 802-809, 2000).
  • Raf-dependent signal transmission paths are the Bag-1-C-Raf signaling path (Wang et al., PNAS USA 93: 7063-7068, 1996) and the Rap-1-B-Raf-AMP signaling path (Grewal et al, J. Biol. Chem. 275: 3722-3728, 2000).
  • Proteins of the IAP also inhibit / ITA family the function of the activated caspases-3, -6 and -7 and can also thereby inhibit the apoptosis caused by these enzymes (Devereaux et al, Nature 388: 300-304, 1997; Roy et al, EMBO J. 16: 6914-6925, 1997).
  • Akt has three cellular isomers, of which Akt-3 is particularly expressed in neurons (Datta et al, Genes Dev. 13: 2905-2927, 1999).
  • C-Raf also called Raf-1
  • A-Raf A-Raf
  • B-Raf B-Raf
  • B-Raf B-Raf protein
  • B-Raf and C-Raf can be detected not only in neurons but also in glial cells (Mikaly et al, Brain Res. 27: 225-238, 1993; Mikaly and Rapp, Acta Histochem. 96: 155-164, 1994).
  • the invention therefore relates to a method for finding pharmacologically active substances which influence the function of cells of the central nervous system, which comprises the following steps: a) bringing a sample into contact with at least one potential active substance, and b) determining the Raf activity, particularly B-Raf, in the sample.
  • the "functions" of cells of the central nervous system include, for example, the stimulus conduction and all the biochemical and / or electrochemical mixing processes understood. Furthermore, the term cell function also includes cell survival. The death of cells in the central nervous system can be observed, for example, by test methods that detect apoptosis. Such test methods are, for example, "tunnel assay” (Gavrielli et al, J. Cell BioL, 119: 493-501. 1992, Gold et al, Lab.Invest. 71: 219-225, 1994), chromatin fragmentation (Götz et al. , Hum. Mol. Genet.
  • Cells of the central nervous system in the sense of the present invention are glial cells or neuronal cells, for example sensory and sympathetic neuronal cells, motor neuronal cells, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, dopaminergic nerve cells of the midbrain (substantia nigra), granule cells and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and Hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors as well as neuronal stem cells.
  • glial cells or neuronal cells for example sensory and sympathetic neuronal cells, motor neuronal cells, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, dopaminergic nerve cells of the midbrain (substantia nigra), granule cells and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and Hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors as well as neuronal stem cells.
  • the contacting of a sample with at least one potential active ingredient comprises, for example, any form of mixing, wherein both the sample can be added to the potential active ingredient and the potential active ingredient to the sample.
  • the sample and / or the potential active ingredient can each be present as a solid, solution, suspension, slurry or bound to a solid phase. If the sample with which the potential active ingredient (s) are in contact is a cell, the contacting step also includes methods known in the art which allow substances to be introduced into intact cells, such as Infection, transfection and / or transformation.
  • the potential active substance is naked DNA, viruses, viroids, virosomes and / or liposomes, the liposomes or virosomes also being suitable, in addition to a potentially active nucleic acid molecule, further potential active substances with the sample to bring in contact.
  • a number of further methods are known to the person skilled in the art which serve to introduce potential active substances into cells.
  • a potential active substance in the sense of the present invention can be any molecular species, such as a peptide (between 1 to 50 amino acids), a protein (more than 50 amino acids), a peptoid, an oligo- or polysaccharide, a nucleic acid, a monomer such as for example a homocycle or heterocycle, a lipid, a steroid and the like.
  • any chemical substance or mixture of substances can be a potential active ingredient that is used in the method according to the invention.
  • the concentration of the potential active ingredient must be selected such that the influencing of the activity of Raf, in particular B-Raf, in the sample is not simply based on the lysis of the cells if the sample is a cell or on the denaturation of Raf, especially B-Raf, is based when the sample is a protein or a protein mixture. Accordingly, guanidine-HCl solution, urea solution and strong detergents, for example, in concentrations in which they lyse cells and / or denature proteins, are not potential active substances in the sense of this invention.
  • a sample in the sense of this invention is, for example, at least one cell, at least one cell extract, at least one protein mixture and / or at least one mixture containing Raf protein, in particular B-Raf or activated B-Raf, or a part thereof.
  • the cells include, for example, pro- and eukaryotic cells, in particular cells which express Raf, in particular B-Raf, as wild-type cells.
  • Raf protein can be expressed by methods known to the person skilled in the art. Such methods include wise infection, transfection or transformation of cells with vectors containing nucleic acids coding for Raf, in particular B-Raf, or parts thereof.
  • a preferred sample which can be used in the method according to the invention is a cell which has reduced or no Raf activity, in particular B-Raf activity.
  • a cell can be obtained, for example, from heterozygous or homozygous Raf knock-out mice. Such cells are then, for example, for a-raf, b-raf or c-raf (-l-) or (+/-).
  • Cells preferred in the context of the method according to the invention are neurons or neuronal stem cells obtained from heterozygous or homozygous Raf knock-out mice or mouse embryos. Such cells can be obtained, for example, from b-raf ' (- / -) deficient mice (Wojnowski et al, Nature Genetics 16: 293-297, 1997).
  • sample also includes cell extracts that can be obtained, for example, from one of the cells listed above using standard methods known to the person skilled in the art, but include, but are not limited to, suitable methods of “freeze thawing”, “sonification” or “French pressing” Such a cell extract can be worked up or purified in further steps. Preferred steps include, for example, precipitation, filtration and chromatographic process steps.
  • Suitable chromatographic processes are known to the person skilled in the art and include, for example, anion or cation exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and / or size exclusion chromatography
  • the sample can also be a mixture of purified or recombinant proteins containing Raf, in particular B-Raf, and / or a protein mixture which additionally contains further components, for example components which are intended for di e
  • Determination of the activity of B-Raf can be used, such as substrates from Raf, buffers, detergents, protease inhibitors, NTPs and / or suitable metal ions.
  • the Raf protein contained in the sample can be B-Raf protein, C-Raf protein and optionally also A-Raf protein, but in particular B-Raf protein.
  • the Raf protein contained in the sample is preferably an activated Raf protein, ie it has one compared to the wt Raf protein increased serine / threonine phosphokinase activity.
  • Raf protein is activated, for example, by reversible phosphorylation.
  • constitutive activation is also possible by introducing mutations; suitable mutations affect, for example, the N-terminal region of the enzyme, in particular in C-Raf-1 the mutations from 259 Ser to 259 Ala and the mutation of the analog positions in B-Raf or mutations within the CR2 region, insertion of linker structures into this area or deletion of the complete N-terminus of Raf-1 (Daum et al. TIBS 19, 474-480, 1994; Morrison and Cutler, Curr. Op. Cell. Biol 9, 174-179, 1997).
  • the activity of Raf in the sample can be determined using a number of direct and indirect detection methods. The appropriate methods depend on the nature of the sample. In cells, the activity of Raf is determined on the one hand by the amount of Rafs expressed in the cell and on the other hand by the amount of Rafs activated.
  • the transcription of the genes coding for Raf protein, in particular B-Raf protein, can be activated, for example, by determining the amount of Raf mRNA. Standard methods known in the prior art for determining the Raf mRNA amount include, for example, DNA chip hybridization, RT-PCR, “primer” extension and “RNA protection”.
  • the Raf activity which is based on the induction or repression of the transcription of the respective Raf gene (s) can also be determined by coupling the Raf promoter to suitable reporter gene constructs.
  • suitable reporter genes are the chloramphenicol transferase gene, the “green fluorescent protein” (GFP) and variants thereof, the luciferase gene and the renilla gene.
  • the detection of the expression of Raf proteins can also be detected at the protein level
  • the amount of the protein is detected, for example, by antibodies directed against Raf protein, but the change in the activity of the Raf protein can also be attributed to increased or decreased phosphoryl rank or dephosphorylation of the protein B-Raf kinase regulated by phosphorylation of the 598 Thr and 601 Ser residues (Zhang BH and Guan KL EMBO J. 19: 5429, 2000)
  • the phosphorylation of B-Raf proteins can be detected, for example, by antibodies which are directed against phosphorylated threonine or serine.
  • Raf proteins are serine / threonine kinases
  • the activity of the Raf proteins can also be determined via their enzymatic activity.
  • the MEK protein is a substrate of B-Raf and the degree of phosphorylation of MEK allows the determination of B-Raf activity in the sample.
  • the phosphorylation of other substrates such as MBP and peptides that are specifically phosphilized by Raf (Salh et al, Anticancer Res. 19, 731-740, 1999, Bondzi et al, Oncogene 19, 5030-5033, 2000)
  • Raf proteins can be used to determine the respective activity.
  • Raf is part of a signal cascade in which a number of kinases are phosphorylated and activated by a parent kinase
  • the activity of Raf can also be determined by determining the degree of phosphorylation of each Raf downstream kinase.
  • This so-called "map kinase pathway” leads, among other things, to the targeted activation of transcription factors and thus to the transcriptional activation of genes, so that the activity of Raf can be determined indirectly by measuring the activation of these target genes.
  • target genes include, for example, the genes which code for the family of IAP / ITA proteins.
  • the determination of the activity of Raf can also be determined by determining the activation of IAP / ITA proteins, in particular the activation of IAP-1, IAP-2.
  • x-IAP and The methods listed above are suitable for determining the activation of the target genes.
  • the determination of the activity is mainly aimed at determining the modification of the Raf protein itself and the resulting change in the enzymatic activity of the Raf protein using the methods previously described.
  • Preferred methods include the Determination of the phosphorylation of the immediate substrates of Raf, such as MEK, for example incorporating 32 P into MEK or phosphorylation using an activation-specific MEK antibody that only recognizes phosphorylated MEK (Bondzi C. et al. Oncogene 19 : 5030-5033, 2000)) can be done.
  • Another possibility is, for example, the use of a coupled assay which uses the signal transduction cascade already described above and measures the activity of Raf on the basis of the phosphorylation of substrates downstream of Raf, such as, for example, basic myelin (Bondzi et al., Oncogene 19, 5030-5033 , 2000).
  • a coupled assay which uses the signal transduction cascade already described above and measures the activity of Raf on the basis of the phosphorylation of substrates downstream of Raf, such as, for example, basic myelin (Bondzi et al., Oncogene 19, 5030-5033 , 2000).
  • potential active substances which increase or inhibit the activity of Raf, in particular B-Raf, in the sample compared to the untreated sample (control) are considered pharmacologically active substances which influence the function of cells of the central nervous system.
  • a pharmacologically active agent which affects the function of cells of the central nervous system changes the activity of Raf compared to the control by more than 10%, but preferably by at least 50%, by at least 100%, more preferably by at least 500%.
  • step a) can be followed by an incubation period, which can vary in length depending on the sample.
  • the activity becomes after about one hour to 100 days, preferably after about 1 day to 50 days, more preferably after about 3 days to 10 days, especially after 3 days certainly.
  • the activity can be determined, for example, in a period of about 0 seconds (measurement of the activity immediately when it comes into contact) to 20 days.
  • the time period for the incubation after the sample has been brought into contact with the potential active ingredient is approximately 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150 or 180 min.
  • the sample contains at least one cell, at least one cell extract, at least one protein mixture and / or a mixture containing Raf, in particular activated Raf or a part thereof.
  • a portion of a Raf protein suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention can also be phosphorylated and / or can still act on the respective substrates, such as MEK, as a series and / or threonine kinase.
  • a suitable portion of Raf can be determined using, for example, MEK as the Raf substrate or Raf kinase kinase (Kinuya M et al. (2000) Biol. Pharm Bull. 23: 1158-62) for the phosphorylation of Raf using standard methods ,
  • the cell is a glial cell or a neuronal cell, in particular a sensory neuronal cell, a motor neuronal cell, a neuronal stem cell or a neuron, a neuron which can be used in the method according to the invention, for example can be differentiated from neuronal stem cells in cell culture (Vescovi and Snyder, Brain Pathol. 9, 569-598, 1999).
  • the activity of Raf in the cell is determined via a change in the survival rate of the cell.
  • This is of particular interest for cells which, for example, have a reduced or no Raf activity due to a mutation and which therefore have a reduced survival rate in the presence or absence of neurotrophic factors in comparison with the respective wt cells.
  • cells that are for b-raf (- / -) have a significantly shortened survival rate compared to wt cells even in the presence of neurotrophic factors.
  • An extension of the survival rate of these cells after incubation with at least one potential active ingredient serves as an indirect means of determining the activity of Raf.
  • sensory and / or spinal, motor neuronal cells are made as samples b-raf (-l ⁇ ) or c-raf (-l-) deficient mouse embryos, each from the pairing of b-raf or c-raf heterozygous mice.
  • neural stem cells from the brain and spinal cord can be isolated from these mouse embryos, propagated in cell culture and differentiated into nerve cells.
  • suitable neurotrophic factors for example GDNF, BDNF, CNTF to motor neurons and NGF to sensory neurons
  • Nerve cells are carried out, which were isolated from neural stem cells from b-raf ' (- / -) and / or c-raf (- / -) mice.
  • the same potential active ingredient (s) become deficient cells with c-raf (- / -) and cells with b-raf (- / -) deficient Cells contacted and determined whether deficient nerve cells survive in the presence of this test substance (s) b-raf (- / -).
  • This indirect determination also makes it possible to find pharmacological active substances which, in cells with reduced Raf activity or without detectable Raf activity, intervene in a signal transmission reaction downstream of the Raf kinase.
  • the activity of Raf in the sample is determined directly or indirectly by the amount of Raf protein, the amount of nucleic acids coding for Raf and / or the enzymatic activity of Raf. Suitable methods have already been described above.
  • the same potential active ingredient (s) are used with a cell extract or with a protein mixture containing C-Raf or with purified or with recombinant C-Raf and the other with a cell extract or one Protein mixture containing B-Raf or brought into contact with purified or with recombinant B-Raf and the activity of C-Raf and B-Raf is determined in each case.
  • a preferred pharmacological agent affects the activity of B-Raf more than the activity of C-Raf. There is a greater influence if the effect on the activity on B-Raf is at least about 2 times, more preferably about 4 times, in particular about 10 times greater than the effect on the activity of C-Raf ,
  • Another object of the method according to the invention is a method in which the activity and / or amount of IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or survivin in the sample is determined in a further step.
  • the sample is preferably a cell.
  • the activity and / or amount of IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or survivin can be determined at the protein level by means of antibodies and / or at the nucleic acid level, as described above.
  • the sample is compartmentalized, for example on a microtiter plate with 96, 348 or 1552 wells.
  • a microtiter plate with 96, 348 or 1552 wells.
  • Such microtiter plates are already routinely used in fully automated, massively parallel test procedures that allow hundreds of thousands of different potential active substances to be tested in a short time.
  • any compartmentalization is suitable which makes it possible to spatially restrict the effect of the potential active substance brought into contact with the sample, so that the effect of the potential active substance used in each case on the activity of Raf, in particular B-Raf, in the sample is determined can.
  • the sample can be covalently or non-covalently linked to the surface of the sample carrier, such as a microtiter plate, or be in solution, suspension or slurry.
  • microtiter plate formats known in the prior art which are suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention, however, they are also planar or, for example, through depressions or channels structured sample carrier suitable.
  • the sample carrier can be made of glass, silicon, metal or plastic, for example.
  • At least one potential active substance is linked covalently or non-covalently to a sample carrier, the surface of the sample carrier preferably being structured in the form of a depression, channels or also planar.
  • the sample is then brought into contact with the immobilized potential active substance and the activity of Raf, in particular of B-Raf, in the sample is determined at the respective immobilization point of the potential active substance (s).
  • protein chips produced according to standard processes which are known, for example, from WO 89/10977, WO 90/15070, WO 95/35505 and US 5,744,305, can be used to produce a protein chip which contains different peptide fragments on the surface, the influence of which on the activity of for example Raf protein, preferably purified B-Raf protein, can be tested.
  • Raf protein preferably purified B-Raf protein
  • a multitude of different chemical substances can also be generated on a surface by combinatorial-chemical methods known in the prior art, the effect of which on the activity of Raf, in particular B-Raf, can be investigated by the method according to the invention.
  • Another embodiment of the method according to the invention is a method in which one or more further steps are added to the determination of the activity of B-Raf in the sample, in which the pharmacologically active substance is isolated.
  • the potential active ingredient is a mixture of active ingredients, such as those found in plant extracts or extracts from microorganisms.
  • the further step (s) which can be used to isolate a pharmacologically active substance from a complex substance mixture are known in the prior art. These methods include, for example, precipitation, crystallization, chromatographic and separation methods, which are based on differential solubility, for example Individual components are based in different solvents. After each isolation step, the effectiveness of the active ingredient can be repeated by contacting a sample and determining the activity of Raf in the sample.
  • the pharmacologically active ingredient is packaged in a further step.
  • this pharmacologically active ingredient can be modified with methods known to the person skilled in the art, which include, for example, modification with halogens, in particular with fluorine or chlorine, and / or combinatorial chemical approaches and examined again in the method according to the invention, the activity of Raf in the sample of the modified pharmacologically active ingredient being compared with the activity of Raf in the sample when using the starting active ingredient.
  • Another object of the present invention is therefore also a pharmacologically active substance which is found by one of the methods described above.
  • Pharmacologically active substances which increase the activity of Raf, in particular B-Raf are particularly preferred, a change in the survival rate of the cells of the central nervous system being a particularly preferred action of the pharmacologically active substance (s).
  • the pharmacologically active agents found by the method of the present invention enhance or inhibit the activity of B-Raf, but not of C-Raf or A-Raf.
  • C-Raf cells that lack the c-raf gene can be used for control purposes.
  • Such cells can be obtained, for example, from c-raf (- / -) deficient mice (Wojnowski et al., Mech. Dev. 76: 11-149, 1998).
  • Another object of the present invention is a method for in vitro analysis of the function of cells of the central nervous system, which is characterized in that the activity of Raf, in particular of B-Raf, IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or survivin is determined in the cells and / or cell extracts.
  • Raf activity of Raf
  • IAP-1 activity of B-Raf
  • IAP-2 activity of IAP-2
  • x-IAP and / or survivin is determined in the cells and / or cell extracts.
  • cells of the central nervous system are removed from the patient. These cells can now be tested directly for the activity of the proteins described above, either one of the methods described above being applied to the cell itself or to cell extracts obtained from the cell.
  • it is possible to cultivate the cells isolated from the patient it being possible to use methods known in the art for cultivating cells of the central nervous system.
  • the cultivation allows the activity of the aforementioned proteins to be determined either directly in the cells and / or cell extracts at any later point in time.
  • Another object of the present invention is a diagnostic for the in vitro analysis of the function of cells of the central nervous system, which has at least one agent for detecting the activity of Raf, in particular of B-Raf, I AP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or survivin.
  • a diagnostic agent according to the invention contains, for example, one or more pairs of DNA-oligonucleotides which are used for the amplification (PCR) of DNA fragments, in particular cDNA fragments, for the proteins Raf, in particular B-Raf, IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or encode survivin, allow.
  • a preferred diagnostic agent according to the invention contains a pair of DNA probes for detecting the activity of B-Raf and a further pair of probes for Detection of the activity of A-Raf, C-Raf, IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or Survivin.
  • Further diagnostics according to the invention of the present invention include, for example, antibodies which are active against Raf, in particular B-Raf, IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP, Survivin, activated Raf, in particular activated B-Raf and / or a protein that directly or is indirectly activated by Raf, such as MEK.
  • a preferred object of the diagnostic agent according to the invention consists of at least two antibodies selected from the aforementioned antibodies. Preferred combinations here are an antibody against B-Raf and against activated B-Raf, against activated B-Raf and IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and / or survivin.
  • test system for finding pharmacologically active substances which influence the function of cells of the central nervous system.
  • the test system contains: a) at least one sample, in particular at least one cell, at least one cell extract, at least one protein mixture and / or at least one mixture containing Raf, preferably activated Raf, or a part thereof; and b) at least one means for detecting the Raf activity, in particular the B-Raf activity.
  • the sample is compartmentalized, for example on a microtiter plate with 96, 348 or 1552 wells.
  • a microtiter plate with 96, 348 or 1552 wells.
  • Such microtiter plates are already routinely used in fully automatic, massively parallel test procedures.
  • any compartmentalization is suitable which makes it possible to spatially restrict the effect of the potential active substance brought into contact with the sample, so that the effect of the potential active substance used in each case on the activity of Raf in the sample can be determined.
  • the sample can be covalently or non-covalently linked to the surface of the sample carrier, such as a microtiter plate, or be in solution, suspension or slurry.
  • the present invention further provides a medicament for the treatment of diseases which are associated with a disturbance in the function of cells of the central nervous system, the medicament containing Raf, in particular B-Raf, and, if appropriate, suitable auxiliaries and additives.
  • the medicament can contain, for example, Raf protein and / or DNA segments coding for Raf protein.
  • auxiliaries and additives are, for example, protease inhibitors, detergents, buffers, viral vectors, such as, for example, recombinant adenoviruses (Gravel et al, Nature Med. 3: 765-770, 1997), transfection reagents, such as, for example, lipofectamines and substances with a comparable mode of action ( Götz et al, Hum. Mol. Genet. 9: 2479-2489, 2000) or buffer reagents for the transfer of expression vectors into cells with transient membrane permeability (Wiese et al., Nature Neurosci. 2: 978-983, 1999).
  • the medicament of the present invention is preferably used in disorders of the function of cells of the central nervous system which are characterized by a reduction in the survival rate of the cells, such as cerebral ischemia (stroke), amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alsheimer's disease, nerve lesions, Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, spinal muscular atrophy, prion diseases, such as Creutzfeld-Jakob Desease (CJD).
  • stroke cerebral ischemia
  • ALS amylotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Alsheimer's disease nerve lesions
  • Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease
  • Parkinson's disease diabetic neuropathy
  • spinal muscular atrophy prion diseases, such as Creutzfeld-Jakob Desease (CJD).
  • a preferred drug of the present invention contains Raf, particularly B-Raf, in a vector.
  • the term vector in the sense of the present invention relates to plasmid vectors, in particular episomal replicating plasmid vectors, viral vectors, suitable viral vectors being, for example, herpes viruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, papilloma viruses or HIV1 or being derived from these viruses.
  • Raf protein in particular B-Raf proteins and / or for the transfer of nucleic acids which code for Raf protein, in particular for B-Raf, such as, for example Liposomes, virosomes, fusion proteins with e.g. Antennapedia (Thoren et al., FEBS Lett. 482: 265-268, 2000) or HIV-TAT (Arese et al., J. Immunol. 166: 1380-1388, 2001).
  • Antennapedia Thioren et al., FEBS Lett. 482: 265-268, 2000
  • HIV-TAT Rese et al., J. Immunol. 166: 1380-1388, 2001.
  • ventrolateral parts of the lumbar spinal cord were mechanically crushed, transferred into hepespuffer solution (containing 10 ⁇ M 2-mercaptoethanol) and incubated with trypsin (0.05%, 10 min).
  • trypsin 0.05%, 10 min.
  • the single cell suspension in the supernatant was transferred to a culture dish coated with the anti p75 antibody and at room temperature for 30 min. incubated.
  • the individual culture dishes were then washed, and then the adhering cells were removed from the culture plate by 0.8% saline solution containing 35 mM KC1 and 1 ⁇ M 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • the cells obtained in this way were sown at a density of 2000 cells / cm 2 in culture plates (Greiner, Nuertingen, Germany) which were precoated with polyornithine and laminin.
  • the cells were in at 37 ° C Neurobasal medium (Life Technologies, supplemented with B27 supplement, 10% horse serum, 500 ⁇ M glutamax and 50 ⁇ g / ml apotransferrin) and kept in a 5% CO atmosphere. 50% of the cell culture medium was replaced on day 1 and every other day thereafter.
  • the primer sequences for the amplification of IAP-1, IAP-2, x-IAP and t-IAP were as follows: IAP-lf: 5'- TACTACATAGGACCTGGAGA-3 ', IAP-lr: 5' -CCCACCATCACAGCAAAA- ⁇ annealing temperature: 55 ° C; IAP-2f: 5 '-GGAGAAGAAAATGCTGACCC- 3', IAP-2r: 5 '-GCTTGTAAGGGTATCTGTGT-3' annealing temperature 55 ° C; x-IAPf: 5'-TGCAAGAGCTGGATTTTATG-3 ', x-IAPr: 5'-CCCGATCTGGCA GCTGTACC-3' annealing temperature 55 ° C; t-IAP (SURVIVIN), tIAPf: 5'-CCA GAT CTG GCA GCT GTA CC-3 'and tIAPr: 5'-GCC AGC
  • part of the ⁇ -actin mRNA was amplified with the following primers: ⁇ -actinf: 5'-GTGGGCCGCCCTAGGCACCAG-3 ', ⁇ -actinr 5'-CTCTTTAATGT CACGCACGATTTC-3', attachment temperature 64 ° C.
  • the RT-PCR was carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol with random hexamer primers. The PCR amplification was carried out as follows: 94 ° C, 30 sec, indicated annealing temperature, 1 min, 72 ° C, 1 min.
  • IAP-1 and t-IAP were used for 33 and 35 cycles, IAP-2 and x-IAP for 28 and 30 cycles and ß-actin for 26 and 28 cycles.
  • RT-PCR on RNA from E12.5 brains of b-raf and c-raf +/- mating showed a significant reduction of an average of 60% and 55% for IAP-1 in b-raf ' and c-raf- / - Embryos compared to the wild-type control, of 52% for IAP-2 for b-raf - / - and 46% for x-IAP for b-raf - / - embryos compared to the wild-type control.
  • Embryos aged 12.5 days as well as unborn mice that were homozygous for b-raf (- / -) or c-raf (- / -) were also sensory neurons isolated.
  • dorsal root ganglia were isolated, in PBS and with trypsin (0.05% in hepespuffer) for 30 min. incubated. The trypsin digestion was stopped by adding L15 medium containing 10% horse serum and then the cells were plated in culture plates for 3-4 hours. Cells in the supernatant were centrifuged (10 min. 400 g) and the cell sediment was kept in the neurobasal medium as described for spinal motoneurons.
  • Neural stem cells are isolated from the brain from normal, b-raf ' (- / -) or c-raf (- / -) deficient mouse embryos as well as from newborn mice.
  • the area of the forebrain is removed under a dissecting microscope, and in more developed embryos also the area of the hippocampus and the periventricular zone.
  • HBSS Hybrid balanced salt solution
  • trypsin inhibitor from egg yolk sack (Sigma, Deisenhofen)
  • stock solution 1% in HBSS / 25 mM HEPES
  • the cells 10X are triturated with a 200 ⁇ l pipette and placed in medium [ (Neurobasal medium (Life Technologies), B27 Supplement (Life Technologies Stock 50x, EK lx) Glutamax II (Life Technologies Stock lOOx, EK lx), basicFGF (20ng / ml), EGF (20 ng / ml) l] in one Volume of 5 ml transferred.
  • the dissociated cells are cultivated in Sarstedt dishes (50 ml) (incubator, 37 C, 5% CO moisture-saturated atmosphere), the medium is changed every two days.
  • the cells grow as embroid bodies and do not attach, therefore transfer the cells to a Falcon tube to change the medium and 5 m centrifuged at 400 g. The supernatant is suctioned off and the cell sediment is triturated and taken up in f medium.
  • large embroid bodies are formed which are trypsinized (see above) and in low cell density (max. 10000 cells / plate) on 10 cm dishes (Sarstedt) can be plated.
  • Individual cells are then picked and expanded first in 96-well plates, later in 24-well and 12-well plates. These single cell clones of neural stem cells can then be examined for their differentiation capacity and then used in test procedures.
  • the cells are also established as lines and frozen and stored for later experiments.
  • the neural stem cells are frozen according to the standard protocol, ie after centrifugation the cells are taken up in medium with 10% DMSO and first cooled to -86 C at 1 C / min (in MrFrosti) and then stored in liquid N 2 at -186 C to become.
  • GDNF, BDNF and CNTF were added to motor neurons and NGF (1 ng / ml) to sensory neurons.
  • NGF (1 ng / ml)
  • nerve cells obtained, for example, with the above-mentioned method can be used to search for substances which protect nerve cells from cell death.
  • b-raf (- / -), b-raf (+/-), c-raf (- / -) deficient and normal motor neurons and sensory neurons are obtained as described above, sown in cell cultures and mixed with the test substance.
  • Neuron protective substances are able to prevent the death of b-raf (- / -) neurons without affecting the survival of b-raf (+/-), c-raf (- / -) or normal neurons ,
  • the substances were in concentrations of 0.1; 1.0; 10 and 100 ⁇ M were added to the motor neurons in culture with and without CNTF (1 ng / ml) and the number of apoptotic and surviving cells counted after 24 hours. While the B-Raf inhibitor caused a strong apoptosis of the motor neurons both with and without CNTF, the same number of cells survived in the cell cultures treated with C-Raf inhibitors as in the respective control groups in which no inhibitor had been added. These experiments show that specific inhibition of B-Raf leads to apoptosis of neurons, whereas, in contrast, inhibition of C-Raf does not affect neuron survival.
  • the facial nerve was cut under ketanest / rompun anesthesia (100mg / kg) and locally applied to the severed nerves GW 5074 and EMD400073 in amounts of 20 ⁇ M each, applied to a piece of gel foam and attached to the distal nerve stump.
  • a control group had the nerve cut and the gel foam piece with the solvent (100% DMSO) was applied.
  • An examination of the animals after 14 days will result in a survival of over 90% in the control group, since the motor neurons of the facial nerve regenerate in the adult mouse after severing the axons.
  • GW 5084 should not be a disadvantage for the regeneration ability of the motor neurons, while the application of EMD400073 should lead to a significant loss of motor neurons. (Saturating amounts of the respective substances were used, since titration of the substances is not possible in vivo due to the unclear absorption by the surrounding tissue.)

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Abstract

L'objet de la présente invention porte sur un procédé permettant d'identifier des principes pharmacologiquement actifs qui influent sur la fonction des cellules du système nerveux central. Ce procédé comprend les étapes suivantes : a) mise en contact d'un échantillon avec au moins un principe actif potentiel et b) détermination de l'activité de Raf, en particulier de B-Raf, dans l'échantillon.
EP02710808A 2001-01-22 2002-01-22 Procede et systeme de test pour identifier des substances qui protegent les cellules nerveuses Withdrawn EP1368494A2 (fr)

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DE10102722A DE10102722A1 (de) 2001-01-22 2001-01-22 Verfahren und Testsystem zum Auffinden von Nervenzell-schützenden Substanzen
DE10102722 2001-01-22
PCT/EP2002/000590 WO2002057484A2 (fr) 2001-01-22 2002-01-22 Procede et systeme de test pour identifier des substances qui protegent les cellules nerveuses

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SG178561A1 (en) 2009-08-28 2012-03-29 Array Biopharma Inc 1h-pyrazolo [ 3, 4-b] pyridine compounds for inhibiting raf kinase
SG178854A1 (en) 2009-08-28 2012-04-27 Array Biopharma Inc Raf inhibitor compounds and methods of use thereof
SG178899A1 (en) 2009-08-28 2012-04-27 Array Biopharma Inc Raf inhibitor compounds and methods of use thereof
SG178900A1 (en) 2009-08-28 2012-04-27 Genentech Inc Raf inhibitor compounds and methods of use thereof
EP2470539A1 (fr) 2009-08-28 2012-07-04 Array Biopharma, Inc. Composés inhibiteurs de raf kinases et leurs procédés d'utilisation
SG178534A1 (en) 2009-08-28 2012-03-29 Array Biopharma Inc Raf inhibitor compounds and methods of use thereof
WO2012118492A1 (fr) 2011-03-01 2012-09-07 Array Biopharma Inc. Sulfonamides hétérocycliques en tant qu'inhibiteurs de raf

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US5981731A (en) * 1994-05-31 1999-11-09 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of B-raf gene expression
DE69739105D1 (de) * 1996-11-20 2008-12-24 Univ Yale Survivin, ein protein das zelluläre apoptosis hemmt, und dessen modulation

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