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EP1226638B1 - Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1226638B1
EP1226638B1 EP01978261A EP01978261A EP1226638B1 EP 1226638 B1 EP1226638 B1 EP 1226638B1 EP 01978261 A EP01978261 A EP 01978261A EP 01978261 A EP01978261 A EP 01978261A EP 1226638 B1 EP1226638 B1 EP 1226638B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
overvoltage protection
protection device
spark gap
air breakdown
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01978261A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1226638A2 (fr
Inventor
Rainer Durth
Martin Wetter
Joachim Wosgien
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Phoenix Contact GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Phoenix Contact GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10040603A external-priority patent/DE10040603B4/de
Application filed by Phoenix Contact GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Phoenix Contact GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1226638A2 publication Critical patent/EP1226638A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1226638B1 publication Critical patent/EP1226638B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T4/00—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps
    • H01T4/10—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a single gap or a plurality of gaps in parallel
    • H01T4/12—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a single gap or a plurality of gaps in parallel hermetically sealed
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T4/00—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps
    • H01T4/10—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a single gap or a plurality of gaps in parallel

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an overvoltage protection device, with a first Electrode, with a second electrode, with one between the first electrodes existing or effective air breakdown spark gap, with a third An electrode and a housing receiving the electrodes, wherein the first Electrode with the live lead and the second electrode with Ground is connectable, and wherein the third electrode has at least one impedance, in particular a varistor, directly or indirectly with the second electrode connected and associated with the first electrode and the second electrode in such a way in that between the first electrode and the third electrode is a second air breakdown spark gap existent or effective.
  • Overvoltages are all voltages above the upper tolerance limit of the rated voltage. These include above all also the transient overvoltages due to atmospheric discharges, but also by switching operations or short circuits in power supply networks can occur and galvanic, inductive or capacitive in electrical Circuits can be coupled.
  • Electric or electronic Circuits in particular electronic measuring, control, and Circuits, in particular telecommunications equipment and installations, wherever they are used to protect against transient overvoltages, Overvoltage protection devices have been developed and more known as twenty years.
  • Essential part of overvoltage protection device here in speech standing type is at least one spark gap, which at a certain overvoltage, the response, respond and thus prevents that in the overvoltage protected by a surge protector circuit occur, which are greater than the operating voltage of the spark gap.
  • the overvoltage protection device according to the invention two electrodes and one existing between the electrodes or effective air breakdown spark gap has.
  • Overvoltage protection devices with an air flashover spark gap in which a sliding discharge occurs when responding.
  • Surge protectors with an air breakdown spark gap compared with overvoltage protection devices with an air rollover spark gap the Advantage of a higher surge current carrying capacity, but the disadvantage of a higher - And not very constant - response voltage. That's why already various overvoltage protection devices with an air breakdown spark gap been proposed, with respect to the response voltage have been improved.
  • z. B such that between the electrodes at least one sliding discharge triggering ignition aid has been provided is that projects at least partially into the air breakdown spark gap, is designed web-like and made of plastic.
  • Such overvoltage protection device is known from DE 44 02 615 C2.
  • the known overvoltage protection device has two narrow electrodes on, which are each angularly formed and each a spark home and having an angled terminal leg. Furthermore are the spark horns of the electrodes in their adjacent to the terminal legs Areas provided with a hole. The ones in the sparks The electrodes provided holes ensure that at the moment of Response of the overvoltage protection element, so the ignition, the resulting Arc is set in motion by a thermal pressure effect, so walk away from its place of origin. Because the spark horns of the electrodes V-shaped are arranged to each other, thus that of the arc to be bridged route when moving out of the arc, whereby also the arc voltage increases.
  • From DE 728 678 is an overvoltage protection device described above known, in which the response voltage by the arrangement of a inner auxiliary electrode is reduced. That of the second electrode advanced Inner auxiliary electrode serves as a starting aid for reducing the response voltage the surge arrester.
  • the known surge arrester Initially ignites an arc between the first electrode and the Auxiliary electrode. After so the ignition of the surge arrester at a low response voltage has occurred, a current via the auxiliary electrode begins and to flow in series with the resistor connected to the auxiliary electrode, the at the resistor creates a voltage drop that is so great that the foot of the arc from the auxiliary electrode to the second main electrode.
  • For subsequent deletion of the arc is in the known surge arrester from the known principle of extension of the arc Use, which, however, requires that the surge arrester a correspondingly large pipe length and associated with a correspondingly large Having electrode removal.
  • the overvoltage protection device in which the previously derived and solved task is now, first and foremost characterized in that when igniting the air breakdown spark gap first an arc between the first electrode and the second electrode arises, and that after deriving the surge current via the first electrode, the first air breakdown spark gap and the second electrode of the remaining arc from the first air breakdown spark gap to second air breakdown spark gap can be brought, in particular by pneumatic or magnetic blowing, eliminating the overvoltage protection device a suddenly increased impedance is effective, so that a Network follow current prevents or an existing follow-up current to go out is brought.
  • the inventive overvoltage protection device usually parallel to the input of the circuit to be protected or the system to be protected or the device to be protected.
  • the - two-pole - overvoltage protection device is thus electrical, and that galvanic, connected to the lines or terminals, between which operationally the operating voltage is present.
  • the following will be, as not uncommon, the first line or the first connection also described with live, while the second line or the second connection with Mass is called. Using this terminology is then called As a rule, it is assumed that the first electrode of the overvoltage device with the live line or the live circuit Terminal and the second electrode of the overvoltage device to ground are connected or are connected.
  • connection can also the overvoltage protection device according to the invention carried out vice versa and of course, the overvoltage protection device according to the invention not only be used for the protection of circuits in which as an operating voltage is an alternating voltage, but the invention Overvoltage protection device can also be used without difficulty when the operating voltage of the circuit to be protected a DC voltage is.
  • the third electrode via at least one impedance directly or indirectly with the second electrode is connected.
  • a direct connection is meant that the third electrode within the overvoltage protection device according to the invention connected to the second electrode.
  • the third electrode with the second electrode is to be understood that these Connection outside the overvoltage protection device according to the invention to realize or is realized, for. B. in that the overvoltage protection device is three-pole and both the second electrode and the third Place the electrode on ground or ground.
  • the overvoltage protection device ignites the air breakdown spark gap when concerns the Anschschreib, as well as in the Conventional art, between the first and the second electrode.
  • there can improve the response characteristics of the overvoltage protection device As known in the art - in the field of electrodes or the effective between the electrodes air breakdown spark gap be a known ignition aid realized.
  • the ignited spark gap now - also as known - derived the surge current.
  • the third electrode is not like the second electrode directly, but at least one impedance, in particular a varistor, with Ground is now connected to the surge protector one suddenly increased impedance effectively, so that prevents a follow-up current or an existing follow-on current is extinguished.
  • the third electrode downstream impedance is between the first electrode or the live line or the live connection and ground a voltage divider, which ensures that when mains voltage the pending between the first electrode and the third electrode Partial voltage is lower than the burning voltage of the arc, this partial voltage thus is no longer sufficient to sustain the arc.
  • the way how the remaining after the discharge of the surge current Arc from the first air breakdown spark gap to the second air breakdown spark gap or from the first electrode and the second Electrode is brought to the first electrode and the third electrode can be realized by different measures, in particular, as already carried out by pneumatic or magnetic blowing.
  • a pneumatic Beblasung can be realized by the fact that from the thermals of the Arc resulting gas or plasma stream is guided specifically.
  • Overvoltage protection device is characterized in that the Housing and / or the third electrode have at least one opening or has, through the opening, a pressure equalization and the pressure equalization a targeted spread of the gas or plasma stream from the second Electrode causes the third electrode. With the spread of the gas or Plasma current from the second electrode towards the third electrode becomes the base of the arc from the second electrode to the third Electrode spent.
  • the already mentioned magnetic blowing can be realized thereby that in a known manner, the electrical connections of the overvoltage protection device are arranged to each other such that the surge current such Magnetic field generates that arc from the first air breakdown spark gap to the second air breakdown spark gap or from the first Electrode and the second electrode to the first electrode and the third electrode spends.
  • surge protection devices also both a pneumatic and a magnetic blowing of the remaining arc can be realized.
  • the teaching of the present invention is basically independent of the concrete Embodiment of the overvoltage protection device, in particular of the Type and shape of the electrodes, the design of the air breakdown spark gap or the use of ignition aids. Nevertheless, below two preferred embodiments of the overvoltage protection device according to the invention be given briefly.
  • a first preferred embodiment of the overvoltage protection device is characterized in that the housing has a in having a substantially cylindrical shape that the first electrode as a rod-shaped Center electrode is designed that the second electrode and the third electrode formed as cylindrical outer electrodes and concentrically around the first Electrode are arranged and that the second electrode and the third electrode are arranged at an axial distance from each other, - so that a part of the first Electrode from the second electrode and another part of the first electrode surrounded by the third electrode.
  • a second preferred embodiment of the overvoltage protection device is characterized in that the first electrode is formed as a flat circular disk, that the second electrode and the third Electrode of the first electrode are arranged opposite one another and that the second electrode centered to the first electrode and the third electrode concentric is arranged around the second electrode.
  • the rest is the third electrode not circular, but circular segment, in particular semicircular, formed, so that the third electrode, the second Enclosing the electrode only partially concentric.
  • an overvoltage protection device when the axial distance between the first electrode and the second Electrode is less than the axial distance between the first electrode and the third electrode. This can be due to different heights or arrangements the second electrode or the third electrode can be realized. Characterized in that the distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is less than the distance between the first electrode and the third Electrode, it is ensured that first the air breakdown spark gap between the first electrode and the second electrode ignites and the Surge current via this air breakdown spark gap, ie via the first electrode and the second electrode is derived.
  • FIG. 1 shows the functional principle of the overvoltage protection device according to the invention, which first of a first electrode 1 and a second electrode 2 and an effective between the electrodes 1, 2 air breakdown spark gap 3 exists.
  • a surge protection device is used to protect electrical circuits or systems or Used devices. If a transient overvoltage occurs, which is greater than that Operating voltage of the overvoltage protection device is, this speaks, d. h., the air breakdown spark gap 3 is ignited it arises between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 an arc. 4
  • the arc 4 creates a relatively low-resistance connection between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2, so that when abutting Operating voltage an unwanted follow current through the overvoltage protection device can flow.
  • a third electrode 5 is assigned and between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5, a second air breakdown spark gap 6 exist or is effective that the third electrode 5 via at least one impedance, in the present case via a varistor 7, directly or indirectly with the second electrode 2 is connected and that after deriving the surge current across the first electrode 1, the first air breakdown spark gap 3 and the second electrode 2 the remaining arc 4 from the first air breakdown spark gap 3rd to the second air breakdown spark gap 6 or of the first electrode.
  • first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 to the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 can be brought, in particular by pneumatic or magnetic blowing. Is the arc of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 for spent first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5, so falls a part of the adjacent Operating voltage across the varistor 7 off and by a suitable Dimensioning of the varistor 7 can be ensured that the voltage between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 is no longer sufficient, to maintain the arc 4.
  • FIG. 2 and 3 show parts of a first advantageous embodiment of the overvoltage protection device, in which the first electrode 1 as a rod-shaped center electrode is executed and the second electrode 2 and the third electrode. 5 formed as cylindrical outer electrodes and concentrically around the first Electrode 1 are arranged.
  • the second electrode 2 and the third electrode 5 are arranged at an axial distance from each other.
  • the third electrode 5 has a radial opening 9, through which a pressure equalization arises, wherein the pressure equalization a spread of the plasma stream from the area between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 in the area between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 causes.
  • the direction This plasma stream is marked P in FIG.
  • Fig. 2 and in particular of Fig. 3 is also apparent that the second electrode 2 and the third electrode 5 through an annular spacer 10 are separated from each other.
  • the radial distance between the first Electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 and the third electrode 5 is through two annular support members 11, 12 ensured, wherein the support elements 11, 12 have a radial portion 13 and an axial portion 14.
  • the axial portion 14 of the support members 11, 12 serves together with the annular spacer 10 as a support for the second Electrode 2 and the third electrode 5.
  • Both the annular spacer 10 and the support elements 11, 12 are preferably made of plastic.
  • the electrodes 1, 2, 5 in total receiving housing. Such a housing is then as well as the arrangement the electrodes 1, 2, 5 are formed substantially cylindrical.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show a second embodiment of the invention Overvoltage protection device, wherein in FIG. 4 corresponding to FIG. 2 to clarify the function of the overvoltage protection device, the wiring the third electrode 5 is indicated with a varistor 7.
  • the first electrode 1 as a flat circular disk formed, wherein in Fig. 6, only a portion of the first electrode 1 is shown.
  • the second electrode 2 and the third electrode 5 are the first electrode 1 arranged opposite, wherein the second electrode 2 is centered to the first Electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 concentrically about the second electrode. 2 is arranged.
  • FIG. 5 it can be seen that the distance between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 smaller than the distance between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 is. This ensures that initially the air breakdown spark gap 3 between the first electrode 1 and the second Electrode 2 ignites and the surge current via the second electrode 2 derived becomes.
  • FIG. 5 moreover, one of an upper housing part 15 and a Housing base 16 existing housing of the overvoltage protection device shown. To the lower housing part 16, an insulating member 17 closes made of plastic. Inside the housing is a cup-shaped receiving element 18 for the second electrode 2 and the third electrode 5, which also made of plastic. One with the cup-shaped receiving element 18th integrally formed spacer 19 ensures the separation of the second Electrode 2 from the third electrode 5.
  • the second electrode 2 is circular and the third electrode 5 semi-circular ring-shaped.
  • a plurality of openings 20 are provided in the vicinity of the upper housing part 15, wherein these openings 20 on the third electrode 5 facing side of the housing base 16 are located.
  • the openings 20 are thus in the area the housing base 16 provided adjacent to the air breakdown spark gap 6 between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5.
  • recesses 21 are provided through which the through Plasma current generated overpressure can be reduced. Through the openings 20 and the recesses 21 creates a pressure equalization, wherein the pressure equalization a spread of the plasma current from the area between the first electrode 1 and second electrode 2 in the region between the first electrode 1 and the third electrode 5 causes.

Landscapes

  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions comprenant une première électrode (1), comprenant une deuxième électrode (2), comprenant entre les premières électrodes (1, 2) un trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (3) existant ou actif, comprenant une troisième électrode (5) et comprenant un boítier recevant les électrodes (1, 2, 5), la première électrode (1) pouvant être reliée à la ligne conductrice de tension et la deuxième électrode (2) à la masse, et la troisième électrode (5) étant reliée directement ou indirectement à la deuxième électrode (2) par le biais d'au moins une impédance, notamment une varistance (7), et étant associée à la première électrode (1) et à la deuxième électrode (2) de telle sorte qu'un deuxième trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (6) soit existant ou actif entre la première électrode (1) et la troisième électrode (5),
    caractérisé en ce que
    lors de l'amorçage du trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (3), il se produit tout d'abord un arc électrique (4) entre la première électrode (1) et la deuxième électrode (2) et
    qu'après avoir évacué le courant de choc par le biais de la première électrode (1), du premier trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (3) et de la deuxième électrode (2), l'arc électrique (4) restant peut être amené du premier trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (3) vers le deuxième trajet de décharge par claquage dans l'air (6), notamment par un soufflage pneumatique ou magnétique, ce qui a pour effet d'activer une impédance brutalement accrue pour le dispositif de protection contre les surtensions de manière à éviter un courant de suite du réseau ou à supprimer un courant de suite du réseau existant.
  2. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le boítier et/ou la troisième électrode (5) présente ou présentent au moins une ouverture (9), l'ouverture (9) donne lieu à un équilibrage de la pression, et l'équilibrage de la pression produit une propagation voulue du flux de gaz ou de plasma de la deuxième électrode (2) vers la troisième électrode (5).
  3. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon les revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce que le boítier présente une forme essentiellement cylindrique, que la première électrode (1) est réalisée sous la forme d'une électrode centrale en forme de barreau, que la deuxième électrode (2) et la troisième électrode (5) sont réalisées sous la forme d'électrodes extérieures cylindriques et sont disposées de manière concentrique autour de la première électrode (1) et que la deuxième électrode (2) et la troisième électrode (5) sont disposées avec un écart axial l'une par rapport à l'autre.
  4. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon les revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce que la première électrode (1) est réalisée sous la forme d'une plaque circulaire plate, que la deuxième électrode (2) et la troisième électrode (5) sont disposées à l'opposé de la première électrode (1) et que la deuxième électrode (2) est disposée au centre par rapport à la première électrode (1) et la troisième électrode (5) est disposée de manière concentrique autour de la deuxième électrode (2).
  5. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la troisième électrode (5) est réalisée en forme de segment d'anneau circulaire.
  6. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon les revendications 2 et 5, caractérisé en ce que les ouvertures (18) dans le boítier sont seulement disposées sur le côté du boítier qui est associé à la troisième électrode (5), de préférence dans la zone entre la première électrode (1) et la troisième électrode (5).
  7. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon l'une des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé en ce que l'écart axial entre la première électrode (1) et la deuxième électrode (2) est inférieur à l'écart axial entre la première électrode (1) et la troisième électrode (5).
EP01978261A 2000-07-21 2001-07-23 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions Expired - Lifetime EP1226638B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10035952 2000-07-21
DE10035952 2000-07-21
DE10040603 2000-08-16
DE10040603A DE10040603B4 (de) 2000-07-21 2000-08-16 Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung
PCT/EP2001/008487 WO2002009251A2 (fr) 2000-07-21 2001-07-23 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1226638A2 EP1226638A2 (fr) 2002-07-31
EP1226638B1 true EP1226638B1 (fr) 2005-10-05

Family

ID=26006497

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01978261A Expired - Lifetime EP1226638B1 (fr) 2000-07-21 2001-07-23 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6671126B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1226638B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100355164C (fr)
AT (1) ATE306134T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU1042802A (fr)
DE (1) DE50107609D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2250488T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002009251A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100372203C (zh) * 2003-09-05 2008-02-27 上海电器科学研究所（集团）有限公司 电涌保护器
US20080266730A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-10-30 Karsten Viborg Spark Gaps for ESD Protection
DK2987212T3 (da) 2013-02-20 2023-01-09 Techhold Llc Overspændingsbeskyttelse for strømsystemer
DE102014215279A1 (de) * 2014-08-04 2016-02-04 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Schmelzsicherung für eine zu schützende Einrichtung
DE102015225377A1 (de) * 2015-12-16 2017-06-22 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Laststromtragende Sicherung mit internem Schaltelement
DE102017114383B4 (de) * 2017-06-28 2019-04-18 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Überspannungsableiter
DE102019101212A1 (de) * 2018-07-04 2020-01-09 Dehn Se + Co Kg Überspannungsschutzanordnung mit einer in einem Gehäuse befindlichen Hörnerfunkenstrecke mit Kammer zur Lichtbogenlöschung
WO2020069384A1 (fr) 2018-09-28 2020-04-02 Emprimus, Llc Protection de réseau électrique par l'intermédiaire de systèmes de blocage neutre de transformateur et déconnexion de phase déclenchée
CA3179585A1 (fr) 2020-05-22 2021-11-25 Techhold, Llc Ensemble de protection contre les surtensions

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DE728678C (de) * 1939-03-08 1942-12-02 Aeg UEberspannungsableiter

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US3811064A (en) * 1972-12-20 1974-05-14 Joslyn Mfg & Supply Co Spark-gap device
GB1468677A (en) * 1973-11-20 1977-03-30 Comtelco Ltd Duplex surge arrestors
CH590572A5 (fr) * 1975-07-29 1977-08-15 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie
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US4325100A (en) * 1980-06-12 1982-04-13 Reliable Electric Company Line protector for a communications circuit
DE4141682C2 (de) 1991-12-17 1996-09-26 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co Überspannungsschutzelement
DE4402615C3 (de) * 1993-05-31 2000-01-05 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co Überspannungsschutzelement
JP2888754B2 (ja) * 1993-05-31 1999-05-10 フェニックス、コンタクト、ゲゼルシャフト、ミット、ベシュレンクテル、ハフツング、ウント、コンパニー 過電圧保護装置
DE19510181C1 (de) * 1995-03-21 1996-06-05 Dehn & Soehne Anordnung zur Ableitung von Überspannungen und zur Löschung des Netzfolgestromes
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DE728678C (de) * 1939-03-08 1942-12-02 Aeg UEberspannungsableiter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1226638A2 (fr) 2002-07-31
AU1042802A (en) 2002-02-05
US6671126B2 (en) 2003-12-30
WO2002009251A3 (fr) 2002-05-23
ES2250488T3 (es) 2006-04-16
DE50107609D1 (de) 2005-11-10
ATE306134T1 (de) 2005-10-15
CN100355164C (zh) 2007-12-12
CN1386315A (zh) 2002-12-18
WO2002009251A2 (fr) 2002-01-31
US20020149898A1 (en) 2002-10-17

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