EP1299117A2 - Vaccine against helicobacter pylori - Google Patents
Vaccine against helicobacter pyloriInfo
- Publication number
- EP1299117A2 EP1299117A2 EP01971748A EP01971748A EP1299117A2 EP 1299117 A2 EP1299117 A2 EP 1299117A2 EP 01971748 A EP01971748 A EP 01971748A EP 01971748 A EP01971748 A EP 01971748A EP 1299117 A2 EP1299117 A2 EP 1299117A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- epitopes
- cells
- protein
- cell
- epitope
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/105—Delta proteobacteriales, e.g. Lawsonia; Epsilon proteobacteriales, e.g. campylobacter, helicobacter
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a vaccine, in particular against Helicobacter pylori, based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, and to T-cell epitopes identified by the method, in particular on H. pylori antigens.
- MHC class II-restricted T cells cellular response of the immune system.
- the induction is carried out by antigen-presenting cells that express MHC class II molecules on the surface.
- the T cells recognize the epitope bound by the MHC molecule via their specific T cell receptor.
- the epitope binds to MHC molecules as follows:
- the antigen is phagocytosed by the antigen-presenting cell and processed in the phagosome (i.e. cleaved into oligopeptides).
- the oligopeptides bind to the MHC molecules and the complexes are transported to the cell surface.
- Each antigen presenting cell expresses a type of MHC molecule with special specificity. Only those processed oligopeptides (i.e. epitopes) that match the specificity of this MHC type can bind.
- T cell epitopes It is also known which amino acid sequences are able to act as T cell epitopes. This information is accessible in the form of databases. These are sequences of 15 to 20 amino acids. However, the complete sequence is not decisive here. Certain amino acids at defined positions, which are referred to as anchor residues, are crucial for binding to a given MHC allele. The anchor residues lie within the binding site of the MHC. The intervening amino acids contribute little to the binding to the MHC molecule, but are crucial for the structure that the T- Cell receptor is recognized. T cells of very different specificity can therefore be induced by oligopeptides whose anchor sequences match but whose remaining sequence is different. In general, it can be said that the MHC molecules have a lower specificity than the T cell receptors. Functional epitopes in the context of a vaccine against H. pylori must therefore be bound by as many MHC molecules as possible and recognized by appropriately resting T cells, and be as specific as possible for the pathogen.
- a protective antigen e.g. a virulence factor
- a virulence factor either as a recombinant protein or via a living carrier, which preferably expresses or secretes the virulence factor on the surface.
- a vaccine does not allow targeted selection of the epitopes that are recognized by T cells after vaccination. It is desirable to be able to limit the number of epitopes in order to achieve an increased level of vaccine tolerance, for example by excluding epitopes which may cause a cross-reaction against organism's own proteins.
- a method has been developed which successfully identifies potential epitopes in antigenic proteins from, for example, Helicobacter pylori, excludes possible cross-reactive epitopes by sequence matching with human proteins or proteins from other organisms, tests the selected epitopes in vitro or / and in the animal model and formulates them successfully tested epitopes allowed in a vaccine. Based on the prediction, it will also be possible to generate and test artificial, ie non-naturally occurring, epitopes that lead to a stronger immunization than natural epitopes and thus provide better vaccination protection.
- the invention thus relates to a method for producing a vaccine based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, comprising the steps:
- the vaccine produced according to the invention can cause an increased immunoreactivity or alternatively an increased immunotolerance.
- the type of immune response depends on the MHC-binding epitope used and the mode of administration. For example, oral administration of the immunogenic epitope sequence without an adjuvant can increase oral tolerance. In contrast, oral administration with an adjuvant can result in increased immunogenicity.
- the T cell reactive epitope is preferably derived from a pathogen or a tumor.
- Pathogen-associated epitopes originate in particular from a virus, a bacterium or a protozoan. Such epitopes can be used in particular to increase immunity.
- a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori is particularly preferably produced, with possible MHC-binding and T-cell-reactive epitopes being identified in a Helicobacter protein in step (a).
- the target proteins that can be used to preselect possible T cell-reactive epitopes are preferably proteins that originate from pathogens or / and are associated with tumors or autoimmune diseases, and in particular any Helicobacter proteins, such as those derived from the already sequenced genomes of Helicobacter pylori strains 26695 and J99 (Tomb et al., Nature 388 (1997), 539-547 and Alm et al., Nature 397 (1999), 176-180).
- the epitopes are preferably derived from pathogenicity and virulence factors, such as urease A (HP0073; nomenclature according to Tomb et al., Supra), urease B (HP0072), Cag26 (HP0547), VacA (HP0887), Cag8 (HP0528), catalase ( HP0857), SodB (HP0389), HpaA (HP0410), GroES (HP001 1), HP0231 and HP1098.
- pathogenicity and virulence factors such as urease A (HP0073; nomenclature according to Tomb et al., Supra), urease B (HP0072), Cag26 (HP0547), VacA (HP0887), Cag8 (HP0528), catalase ( HP0857), SodB (HP0389), HpaA (HP0410), GroES (HP001 1), HP0231 and HP1098.
- Step (a) of the method according to the invention comprises the identification of possible T cell-reactive epitopes from a known peptide sequence which bind to a predetermined type of MHC molecules, in particular MHC class II molecules, and can be recognized by T cells.
- sequence properties are determined based on experimental data, which are typical for T cell epitopes that bind to the predetermined MHC molecule.
- the known peptide sequence is searched for possible T cell epitopes.
- the experimentally identified T cell epitopes are preferably obtained from generally accessible collections, for example the epitope database MHCPEP (Brusic et al., Nucleic Acids Res.
- the peptide sequences of the individual epitopes are aligned as an N-terminal anchor residue (position 1), preferably using a large hydrophobic side chain (Fig.1 ac).
- sequence properties of the aligned epitopes are summarized in a matrix which indicates for each epitope position how often a particular amino acid occurs.
- matrices for preferably 15 to 19 amino acids long epitopes are preferably over 16 to 18 and most preferably for 17 amino acids long epitopes.
- the beginning of the peptide sequence is preferably aligned at position -3 or -4, in particular at position -3, with respect to the N-terminal anchor residue, since in addition to the 9 core positions of an epitope, the respectively adjacent 4 amino acids can also influence processing and presentation.
- the sequence is searched for areas which are particularly good with the sequence properties summarized in the matrix for a predetermined MHC molecule, e.g. MHC class II HLA-DR1 match.
- a predetermined MHC molecule e.g. MHC class II HLA-DR1 match.
- the Davenport et al. can be used.
- the Davenport et al. is characterized by predicting the likelihood that a given sequence will be naturally processed and presented.
- the accumulation of predicted epitopes in certain sequence sections of the corresponding proteins is preferably used to restrict the number of epitopes. Particularly good results are obtained with matrices 17 amino acids long, which both have good individual matches with database epitopes and are in areas with a high frequency of epitopes.
- the epitopes are preferably restricted according to Meister et al. (Vaccine 13 (1995), 581-591). For this purpose, the accumulation of probable epitopes within up to fifty starting positions along the amino acid sequence is determined and plotted.
- the matrix is preferably created for MHC class II-binding epitopes, for example for epitopes that bind to murine or human MHC class
- Examples of murine MHC class II molecules are H-2 d and lA b
- examples of human MHC class II molecules are HLA-DR1, DR2-18, DR-51-53 and DQ1 -9.
- Step (b) of the method according to the invention comprises the exclusion of cross-reactive epitopes, preferably epitopes, which have a complete identity or a similarity (identity at the amino acid level> 80%, preferably> 90%) with epitopes in proteins of other organisms, in particular in mammalian proteins and on most preferably have in human proteins.
- the preselected epitopes are compared to sequences from other organisms that are contained in generally accessible databases such as Genbank, SwissProt etc. Epitopes that are very similar to such sequences are excluded.
- Step (c) of the method comprises the verification of the preselected theoretically predicted epitopes in vitro or / and in vivo, in particular in the animal model.
- the epitopes are preferably tested for their ability to activate those T cells which can normally only be activated by processed native protein or which are specific for the protein from which the epitope is derived.
- modified compared to the natural sequences i.e. Epitopes not occurring in the original protein are tested, epitopes with an identity of at least 80% and preferably at least 90% being used at the amino acid level relative to the natural sequence.
- the selected epitopes of a protein can be synthesized as oligopeptides with a length of preferably 10-25 amino acids by known methods (eg Merrifield synthesis) and then used to verify their effectiveness.
- protein-specific T cell lines can be generated that recognize naturally processed oligopeptides on the corresponding MHC class II allele. These T cell lines can for example, can be obtained from transgenic mice that express a corresponding human MHC class II molecule and the human CD4 molecule (Taneja and David, J. Clin. Invest. 101 (1998), 921-926) and were immunized against the corresponding protein , These mice allow human epitopes to be tested independently of human experiments. A similar technique can be used to identify epitopes that are effective in the mouse model.
- the specific T cell lines can then be stimulated in vitro with the various synthetic peptides in order to identify functional epitopes. Functional epitopes lead to the activation of these T cells, which subsequently proliferate or secrete lymphokines.
- the epitope is preferably used to generate epitope-specific T cells. It is then tested whether these T cells can also be stimulated by those antigen presenting cells that process the protein from which the epitope was derived, e.g. from a Helicobacter antigen mixture, e.g. as a result of a Helicobacter infection.
- epitopes can be tested for their vaccination properties in a corresponding animal model, for example in a possibly transgenic mouse.
- the epitopes can be administered in the form of synthetic oligopeptides, optionally in derivatized form, for example as lipopeptides, or in combination with adjuvants, such as cholera toxin or Al 2 O 3 , coupled to a carrier, for example a protein, or in the form of salmonellae.
- the corresponding fusion proteins are expressed recombinantly, for example using the AIDA autotransporter system (for example WO97 / 35022).
- the test animals are preferably first immunized and then infected with Helicobacter.
- the protective effectiveness of the vaccination is determined by the extent to which, for example, colonization of the stomach of the test animals by Helicobacter is prevented.
- epitopes can be examined in an in vitro system that simulates the human immune system for their properties for stimulating human T cells.
- dendritic cells are differentiated from the blood of donors which have the same MHC class II alleles which have been expressed in the transgenic mice. These dendritic cells are responsible for the uptake of antigens in vivo, process them and cause T cell activation. Cultivated dendritic cells are incubated with the selected epitopes, which are taken up and presented as MHC-epitope complexes on the surface of the dendritic cells. Dendritic cells loaded in this way are used to stimulate T cells from the blood of the same donor in vitro. The level of stimulation is used as an additional parameter to identify the best epitopes for a human vaccine.
- the method according to the invention can further comprise formulating the epitopes identified as effective or sequences derived therefrom together with a suitable carrier and optionally auxiliaries and additives in a pharmaceutical preparation.
- the pharmaceutical preparation can be an injectable or otherwise administrable, for example oral or transdermal preparation.
- the epitopes can be administered in the form of oligopeptides, for example in derivatized or carrier-coupled form, as a component of fusion proteins, if appropriate in a live vaccine, for example an attenuated bacterium such as Salmonella, or as a DNA vaccine.
- the administration can take place according to standard protocols.
- the dosage depends on the individual type of vaccine and the administration. For example, dosages that correspond to the amount of 100 ⁇ g-1.5 mg peptide are suitable.
- the vaccine is preferably administered multiple times, for example at intervals of 2-8 weeks.
- the invention also relates to a vaccine, in particular against Helicobacter infections, based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, which was obtained by the method as described above.
- vaccines the effectiveness of which has already been experimentally verified, are peptides from the ranges of amino acids 28 to 44, 32 to 48, 35 to 51, 74 to 90 and 209 to 295 of urease A.
- the peptide vaccines according to the invention can be administered as individual peptide sequences. Alternatively, mixtures of peptides can also be administered. These peptide mixtures can comprise different epitopes of a protein, epitopes from different proteins or / and identical epitopes from one protein, but from different strains, in particular from different Helicobacter strains.
- Figure 1 Matrices with the length of 17 amino acids (ie the frequency of the 20 different amino acids is given for each of the 17 positions along the T cell epitopes) for the prediction of MHC-specific T cell reactive epitopes.
- Matrix for H-2d (lA d and lE d ) (mouse strain Balb / c) from 79 natural epitopes from the Brusic database
- the method also shows the prediction of H-2 d epitopes from ovalbumin (f).
- Fig. 2 shows the predictions for the Helicobacter proteins mentioned for the human HLA-DR4.
- an immunogenicity value was determined for all positions along the respective sequence, which indicates how well the respective 1 7mer is likely to be able to activate T helper cells. This immunogenicity value was determined using a program by Davenport et al. (1 995) for each position along the sequence as the match of the respective matrix (see Fig.1). An epitope was said to be "likely” if it belongs to the 20% of the epitopes that are most similar to the empirical amino acid patterns, based on the total of all theoretically possible epitopes of the protein. The displayed immunogenicity value is the proportion more likely
- ovalbumin shows that a known H-
- 2 d restricted epitope (As323-339, marked by arrow) can be successfully predicted in a particularly immunogenic protein region.
- Figure 3 the comparison of urease A sequences from different origins (N and C termini are missing)
- PA4 sequence from www.TIGR.org (origin: USA)
- pYZ97 sequence from Salmonella expression plasmid (origin: France)
- P76 challenge strain for the mouse (origin: Netherlands)
- Figure 4 the identification of functional urease-A epitopes using specific CD4 + T cells.
- Urase A-specific T cells were stimulated with the specified peptides of urease A in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells.
- the peptides were used in concentrations of 10 g / ml, 1 ⁇ g / ml, 0, 1 // g / ml and 0.01 / g / ml (black to white shading).
- T cell stimulation was measured indirectly via the determination of released IFN.
- As a negative control the cells were only cultured in the presence of spleen cells in medium. Restimulation by adding a urease A-containing lysate from H. pylori strain Hp49 was used as a positive control.
- H. pylori BALB / c mice were immunized intranasally with 1 20 pmol PAM-3CSS coupled peptide. The animals were infected with mouse-adapted H. pylori Hp76 after 10 days and after another five
- the H. pylori load in the stomach was determined using specific cultivation. Examples
- the epitopes obtained were aligned using the first anchor position 1 with a large, hydrophobic amino acid I, L, V, F, Y or W.
- the efficient processing of MHC II-restricted epitopes in endosomes depends on the 3-4 N-terminal amino acids. Therefore, in addition to the binding 9mer, the 4 neighboring amino acids were also taken into account (results in a 17mer).
- positions -3 to 14 the absolute frequency with which it occurs in the epitopes at the respective position was determined for each amino acid.
- the matrix in FIG. 1 a was obtained (frequency of each amino acid from position -3 to 14 in active T cell epitopes).
- the matrix obtained was analyzed using a program by Davenport et al. (1995) applied supra to the sequence of urease A from Helicobacter pylori and identified potential T cell epitopes based on their similarity to the empirical amino acid patterns.
- a graphic plot of the up to fifty 17mers with the highest matches to epitopes from the database showed an accumulation in certain sequence regions (around amino acid 30, amino acid 100, amino acid 190; see Fig. 2b).
- Really recognized epitopes are particularly often located in high-density sequence regions of predicted epitopes. Therefore, 17mers, which both had individual good matches with the database epitopes and were in areas with high epitope frequency, were selected and corresponding peptides synthesized.
- the following ten oligopeptides were synthesized:
- Figures 1 b and 1 c show matrices for lA b (e.g. mouse strain C57 / B6) and HLA-DR1 (human), with which predictions for urease A and B and ovalbumin were used as controls (Fig. 2a, b and c) ,
- the sequences of urease A are highly conserved in the various H.pylori strains, so that the predictions also apply to isolates other than 26695 (see Fig. 3).
- H. pylori live H. pylori were labeled with membrane impermeable sulfosuccinimidyl-6- (biotinamido) hexanoate. Briefly, the labeled cells were washed and broken up by treatment with the French press. The entire membrane fraction was solubilized with Zwittergent 3-14 and purified by means of affinity chromatography with a biotin reversibly binding avidin agarose. The biotinylated surface proteins obtained were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic fragments were identified using MALDI-MS fingerprints. Three of the Proteins identified (HP0231, HP0410, HP1098) were expressed relatively strongly compared to other proteins according to the protein staining of the entire proteome of H. pylori (Fig. 2d-f).
- BALB / c mice were immunized with recombinant salmonella expressing urease A / B (Gomez-Duarte et al., Vaccine 16 (1998) 460).
- Helper T cells were obtained from the spleens of these animals 6 weeks after immunization and restimulated with an H. pylori lysate in vitro in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells.
- the antigen specificity of the stimulated T cells was determined using SDS-PAGE purified urease A, recombinant urease B, lysates of urease A / B positive or negative H. pylori strains.
- 4 ⁇ 10 6 T cells were injected into native BALB / c mice and the animals were infected the day after with 10 9 CFU of the streptomycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain Hp76. Control animals were also infected with the same dose. After five weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the stomachs were prepared.
- One half of the stomach was buffered for the determination of urease activity in 500 ml urea (330 mM urea, 350 / M Na 2 HPO 4 , 650 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.001% (w / v) phenol red, pH 6.9) incubated for 4 h at room temperature. The color change of phenol red was then measured at 560 nm.
- the other half of the stomach was weighed, homogenized and the germ density was determined by plating the homogenate on Helicobacter agar plates in the presence of 400 mg / ml streptomcycin under microaerobic conditions.
- the urease activity (OD 560nm ) was:
- the T cell line obtained in Example 2 secretes interferon-y (IFN-y) when stimulated in an antigen-specific manner.
- Interferon- ⁇ secretion after in vitro stimulation of the T cells (10 5 per approach) with the synthetic peptides in the presence of 2.5 x 10 5 syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells was chosen as a measure of the functionality of the oligopeptides.
- the peptides were used in four different concentrations (10 // g / ml, 1 / g / ml, 0.1 / g / ml, 0.01 g / ml). The batches were stimulated in 200 ml of T cell medium (Aebischer et al., Int. Immunol.
- Fig. 4 shows that five of the predicted and selected epitopes are functional and recognized by the T cells. These are the following peptides:
- a lipopeptide was synthesized which comprises amino acids 28-52 of urease and which is linked to N-palmitoyl-S- [2,3- bis ( palmitoyloxy) - (2RS) -propyl] - (R) -cysteinyl-serylserine (P3CSS) coupled (Deres et al., Nature 342 (1989), 561-564).
- P3CSS N-palmitoyl-S- [2,3- bis ( palmitoyloxy) - (2RS) -propyl] - (R) -cysteinyl-serylserine (P3CSS) coupled (Deres et al., Nature 342 (1989), 561-564).
- P3CSS N-palmitoyl-S- [2,3- bis ( palmitoyloxy) - (2RS) -propyl] - (R) -cysteinyl-serylserine
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Abstract
Description
Vakzine gegen Helicobacter pyloriVaccine against Helicobacter pylori
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Impfstoffs insbesondere gegen Helicobacter pylori auf Basis von T-Zell-stimulierenden Peptidsequenzen sowie durch das Verfahren identifizierte T-Zellepitope, insbesondere auf H. pylori-Antigenen.The invention relates to a method for producing a vaccine, in particular against Helicobacter pylori, based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, and to T-cell epitopes identified by the method, in particular on H. pylori antigens.
Es ist bekannt, dass eine Impfung gegen H. pylori einer Induktion spezifischer MHC Klasse ll-restringierter T-Zellen bedarf (zelluläre Antwort des Immunsystems). Die Induktion erfolgt durch Antigen-präsentierende Zellen, die MHC Klasse Il-Moleküle auf der Oberfläche exprimieren. Die T- Zellen erkennen über ihren spezifischen T-Zellrezeptor das von dem MHC- Molekül gebundene Epitop. Natürlicherweise kommtdie Bindung des Epitops an MHC-Moleküle wie folgt zustande: Das Antigen wird von der Antigen- präsentierenden Zelle phagozytiert und im Phagosom prozessiert (d.h. in Oligopeptide gespalten). Die Oligopeptide binden an die MHC-Moleküle und die Komplexe werden an die Zelloberfläche transportiert. Jede Antigen- präsentierende Zelle exprimiert einen Typ von MHC-Molekülen mit besonderer Spezifität. Es können nur diejenigen prozessierten Oligopeptide binden (d.h. Epitope), die der Spezifität dieses MHC-Typs entsprechen.It is known that vaccination against H. pylori requires the induction of specific MHC class II-restricted T cells (cellular response of the immune system). The induction is carried out by antigen-presenting cells that express MHC class II molecules on the surface. The T cells recognize the epitope bound by the MHC molecule via their specific T cell receptor. Naturally, the epitope binds to MHC molecules as follows: The antigen is phagocytosed by the antigen-presenting cell and processed in the phagosome (i.e. cleaved into oligopeptides). The oligopeptides bind to the MHC molecules and the complexes are transported to the cell surface. Each antigen presenting cell expresses a type of MHC molecule with special specificity. Only those processed oligopeptides (i.e. epitopes) that match the specificity of this MHC type can bind.
Es ist ferner bekannt, welche Aminosäuresequenzen in der Lage sind, als T- Zell-Epitope zu fungieren. Diese Informationen sind in Form von Datenbanken zugänglich. Es handelt sich um Sequenzen von 15 bis 20 Aminosäuren. Hierbei ist jedoch nicht die vollständige Sequenz entscheidend. Für die Bindung an ein gegebenes MHC-Allel sind bestimmte Aminosäuren an definierten Positionen entscheidend, die als Ankerreste bezeichnet werden. Die Ankerreste liegen innerhalb der Bindungsstelle des MHC. Die zwischenliegenden Aminosäuren tragen wenig zur Bindung an das MHC-Molekül bei, sind aber entscheidend für die Struktur, die vom T- Zellrezeptor erkannt wird. Es können also T-Zellen von sehr unterschiedlicher Spezifität induziert werden durch Oligopeptide, deren Ankersequenzen übereinstimmen, deren restliche Sequenz aber unterschiedlich ist. Generell lässt sich sagen, dass die MHC-Moleküle eine geringere Spezifität aufweisen als die T-Zellrezeptoren. Funktionelle Epitope im Kontext einer Vakzine gegen gegen H. pylori müssen also von möglichst vielen MHC-Molekülen gebunden und von entsprechend restingierten T- Zellen erkannt werden können, sowie möglichst spezifisch für den Erreger sein.It is also known which amino acid sequences are able to act as T cell epitopes. This information is accessible in the form of databases. These are sequences of 15 to 20 amino acids. However, the complete sequence is not decisive here. Certain amino acids at defined positions, which are referred to as anchor residues, are crucial for binding to a given MHC allele. The anchor residues lie within the binding site of the MHC. The intervening amino acids contribute little to the binding to the MHC molecule, but are crucial for the structure that the T- Cell receptor is recognized. T cells of very different specificity can therefore be induced by oligopeptides whose anchor sequences match but whose remaining sequence is different. In general, it can be said that the MHC molecules have a lower specificity than the T cell receptors. Functional epitopes in the context of a vaccine against H. pylori must therefore be bound by as many MHC molecules as possible and recognized by appropriately resting T cells, and be as specific as possible for the pathogen.
Die bisher bekannten Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Untereinheitenvakzine gegen Helicobacter gehen von einer Applikation eines protektiven Antigens aus, z.B. eines Virulenzfaktors, entweder als rekombinantes Protein oder über einen lebenden Träger, der den Virulenzfaktor vorzugsweise auf der Oberfläche exprimiert oder sezerniert. Ein solcher Impfstoff erlaubt keine gezielte Auswahl der Epitope, die nach erfolgter Impfung von T-Zellen erkannt werden. Die Zahl der Epitope einschränken zu können, ist wünschenswert, um ein erhöhtes Maß an Impfverträglichkeit zu erreichen, indem beispielsweise Epitope ausgeschlossen werden, die möglicherweise eine Kreuzreaktion gegen organismuseigene Proteine hervorrufen.The previously known methods for producing a subunit vaccine against Helicobacter are based on the application of a protective antigen, e.g. a virulence factor, either as a recombinant protein or via a living carrier, which preferably expresses or secretes the virulence factor on the surface. Such a vaccine does not allow targeted selection of the epitopes that are recognized by T cells after vaccination. It is desirable to be able to limit the number of epitopes in order to achieve an increased level of vaccine tolerance, for example by excluding epitopes which may cause a cross-reaction against organism's own proteins.
Es wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das die Identifizierung potenzieller Epitope in antigenen Proteinen von z.B. Helicobacter pylori, den Ausschluss möglicher kreuzreaktiver Epitope durch Sequenzabgleich mit humanen Proteinen oder Proteinen anderer Organismen, den Test der ausgewählten Epitope in vitro oder/und im Tiermodell und die Formulierung erfolgreich getesteter Epitope in einer Vakzine erlaubt. Außerdem wird es auf Basis der Vorhersage möglich, künstliche, d.h. nicht in der Natur vorkommende Epitope zu generieren und zu testen, die zu einer stärkeren Immunisierung als natürliche Epitope führen und damit einen besseren Impfschutz gewähren. Ein Gegenstand der Erfindung ist somit ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Impfstoffs auf Basis T-Zell-stimulierender Peptidsequenzen, umfassend die Schritte:A method has been developed which successfully identifies potential epitopes in antigenic proteins from, for example, Helicobacter pylori, excludes possible cross-reactive epitopes by sequence matching with human proteins or proteins from other organisms, tests the selected epitopes in vitro or / and in the animal model and formulates them successfully tested epitopes allowed in a vaccine. Based on the prediction, it will also be possible to generate and test artificial, ie non-naturally occurring, epitopes that lead to a stronger immunization than natural epitopes and thus provide better vaccination protection. The invention thus relates to a method for producing a vaccine based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, comprising the steps:
(a) Identifizieren von möglichen T-Zell-reaktiven Epitopen in einem Zielprotein, die an einen vorbestimmten Typ von MHC-Molekülen binden,(a) identifying possible T cell-reactive epitopes in a target protein that bind to a predetermined type of MHC molecules,
(b) Ausschließen von kreuzreaktiven Epitopen, und(b) exclusion of cross-reactive epitopes, and
(c) Verifizieren der MHC-bindenden Epitope durch Bestimmen der Wirksamkeit in vitro oder/und in vivo.(c) Verify the MHC-binding epitopes by determining the effectiveness in vitro and / or in vivo.
Der erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Impfstoff kann eine erhöhte Immunoreaktivität oder alternativ eine erhöhte Immunotoleranz bewirken. Die Art der Immunreaktion hängt von dem verwendeten MHC-bindenden Epitop und der Verabreichungsart ab. Zum Beispiel kann eine orale Verabreichung der immunogenen Epitopsequenz ohne ein Adjuvans die orale Toleranz erhöhen. Im Gegensatz dazu kann eine orale Verabreichung zusammen mit einem Adjuvans zu einer erhöhten Immunogenität führen.The vaccine produced according to the invention can cause an increased immunoreactivity or alternatively an increased immunotolerance. The type of immune response depends on the MHC-binding epitope used and the mode of administration. For example, oral administration of the immunogenic epitope sequence without an adjuvant can increase oral tolerance. In contrast, oral administration with an adjuvant can result in increased immunogenicity.
Das T-Zell-reaktive Epitop wird bevorzugt von einem Pathogen oder einem Tumor abgeleitet. Pathogen-assoziierte Epitope stammen insbesondere von einem Virus, einem Bakterium oder einem Protozoon. Solche Epitope können insbesondere zur Erhöhung der Immunität herangezogen werden. Es ist erfindungsgemäß aber auch möglich, die Epitopsequenz von einem mit einer Autoimmunerkrankung verbundenen Polypeptid abzuleiten. Daraus hergestellte Impfstoffe können insbesondere zur Erhöhung der Toleranz verwendet werden.The T cell reactive epitope is preferably derived from a pathogen or a tumor. Pathogen-associated epitopes originate in particular from a virus, a bacterium or a protozoan. Such epitopes can be used in particular to increase immunity. However, it is also possible according to the invention to derive the epitope sequence from a polypeptide associated with an autoimmune disease. Vaccines made from it can be used in particular to increase tolerance.
Besonders bevorzugt wird ein Impfstoff gegen Helicobacter pylori hergestellt, wobei in Schritt (a) mögliche MHC-bindende und T-Zell-reaktive Epitope in einem Helicobacter-Protein identifiziert werden. Die Zielproteine, die zur Vorauswahl möglicher T-Zell-reaktiver Epitope verwendet werden können, sind bevorzugt Proteine, die aus Pathogenen stammen oder/und mit Tumoren oder Autoimmunerkrankungen assoziiert sind und insbesondere beliebige Helicobacter-Proteine, wie sie sich beispielsweise aus den bereits sequenzierten Genomen der Helicobacter pylori-Stämme 26695 und J99 ergeben (Tomb et al., Nature 388 (1997), 539-547 und Alm et al., Nature 397 (1999), 176-180). Vorzugsweise werden die Epitope aus Pathogenitäts- und Virulenzfaktoren, wie etwa Urease A (HP0073; Nomenklatur nach Tomb et al., supra), Urease B (HP0072), Cag26 (HP0547), VacA (HP0887), Cag8 (HP0528), Katalase (HP0857), SodB (HP0389), HpaA (HP0410), GroES (HP001 1 ), HP0231 und HP1098 ausgewählt.A vaccine against Helicobacter pylori is particularly preferably produced, with possible MHC-binding and T-cell-reactive epitopes being identified in a Helicobacter protein in step (a). The target proteins that can be used to preselect possible T cell-reactive epitopes are preferably proteins that originate from pathogens or / and are associated with tumors or autoimmune diseases, and in particular any Helicobacter proteins, such as those derived from the already sequenced genomes of Helicobacter pylori strains 26695 and J99 (Tomb et al., Nature 388 (1997), 539-547 and Alm et al., Nature 397 (1999), 176-180). The epitopes are preferably derived from pathogenicity and virulence factors, such as urease A (HP0073; nomenclature according to Tomb et al., Supra), urease B (HP0072), Cag26 (HP0547), VacA (HP0887), Cag8 (HP0528), catalase ( HP0857), SodB (HP0389), HpaA (HP0410), GroES (HP001 1), HP0231 and HP1098.
Schritt (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens umfasst die Identifizierung möglicher T-Zell-reaktiver Epitope aus einer bekannten Peptidsequenz, die an einen vorbestimmten Typ von MHC-Molekülen, insbesondere MHC Klasse Il-Molekülen binden und von T-Zellen erkannt werden können. Hierzu werden ausgehend von experimentellen Daten Sequenzeigenschaften ermittelt, die typisch für T-Zellepitope sind, die an das vorbestimmte MHC- Molekül binden. Mit Hilfe dieser Sequenzeigenschaften wird die bekannte Peptidsequenz auf mögliche T-Zellepitope abgesucht. Die experimentell identifizierten T-Zellepitope werden vorzugsweise aus allgemein zugänglichen Sammlungen, z.B. der Epitopdatenbank MHCPEP (Brusic et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998), 368-371 ) oder SYFPEITHI (H.-G. Rammensee, Universität Tübingen, http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/kxi/database.html) entnommen. Überlappende und redundante Epitope werden nur einmal berücksichtigt. Die Peptidsequenzen der einzelnen Epitope werden als N- terminaler Ankerrest ausgerichtet (Position 1 ), vorzugsweise anhand einer großen hydrophoben Seitenkette (Abb.1 a-c). Die Sequenzeigenschaften der ausgerichteten Epitope werden in einer Matrix zusammengefasst, die für jede Epitop-Position angibt, wie häufig eine bestimmte Aminosäure vorkommt. Es werden Matrizen für vorzugsweise 15 bis 19 Aminosäuren lange Epitope, besonders bevorzugt über 16 bis 18 und am meisten bevorzugt für 17 Aminosäuren lange Epitope aufgestellt. Der Beginn der Peptidsequenz wird vorzugsweise bei Position -3 oder -4, insbesondere bei Position -3 bezüglich des N-terminalen Ankerrestes ausgerichtet, da zusätzlich zu den 9 Kernpositionen eines Epitopes auch die jeweils benachbarten 4 Aminosäuren die Prozessierung und Präsentation beinflussen können.Step (a) of the method according to the invention comprises the identification of possible T cell-reactive epitopes from a known peptide sequence which bind to a predetermined type of MHC molecules, in particular MHC class II molecules, and can be recognized by T cells. For this purpose, sequence properties are determined based on experimental data, which are typical for T cell epitopes that bind to the predetermined MHC molecule. With the help of these sequence properties, the known peptide sequence is searched for possible T cell epitopes. The experimentally identified T cell epitopes are preferably obtained from generally accessible collections, for example the epitope database MHCPEP (Brusic et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998), 368-371) or SYFPEITHI (H.-G. Rammenee, University of Tübingen, http : //www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/kxi/database.html) taken. Overlapping and redundant epitopes are only taken into account once. The peptide sequences of the individual epitopes are aligned as an N-terminal anchor residue (position 1), preferably using a large hydrophobic side chain (Fig.1 ac). The sequence properties of the aligned epitopes are summarized in a matrix which indicates for each epitope position how often a particular amino acid occurs. There are matrices for preferably 15 to 19 amino acids long epitopes, particularly preferably over 16 to 18 and most preferably for 17 amino acids long epitopes. The beginning of the peptide sequence is preferably aligned at position -3 or -4, in particular at position -3, with respect to the N-terminal anchor residue, since in addition to the 9 core positions of an epitope, the respectively adjacent 4 amino acids can also influence processing and presentation.
Um mögliche T-Zellepitope aus einer bekannten Sequenz eines Proteins vorherzusagen, wird die Sequenz nach Bereichen abgesucht, die besonders gut mit den in der Matrix zusammengefassten Sequenzeigenschaften für ein vorbestimmtes MHC-Molekül, z.B. MHC Klasse II HLA-DR1 übereinstimmen. Hierzu kann z.B. der Algorithmus von Davenport et al. (Immunogenetics 42 (1995), 392-397) benutzt werden. Der Algorithmus von Davenport et al. zeichnet sich durch die Vorhersage der Wahrscheinlichkeit aus, dass eine gegebene Sequenz natürlicherweise prozessiert und präsentiert wird.In order to predict possible T cell epitopes from a known sequence of a protein, the sequence is searched for areas which are particularly good with the sequence properties summarized in the matrix for a predetermined MHC molecule, e.g. MHC class II HLA-DR1 match. For this, e.g. the Davenport et al. (Immunogenetics 42 (1995), 392-397) can be used. The Davenport et al. is characterized by predicting the likelihood that a given sequence will be naturally processed and presented.
Die Häufung vorhergesagter Epitope in bestimmten Sequenzabschnitten der entsprechenden Proteine wird vorzugsweise zur Einschränkung der Epitopanzahl verwendet. Besonders gute Ergebnisse werden mit 17 Aminosäuren langen Matrizen erhalten, die sowohl individuell gute Übereinstimmungen mit Datenbankepitopen besitzen als auch in Bereichen mit hoher Epitophäufigkeit liegen. Vorzugsweise erfolgt das Einschränken der Epitope nach Meister et al. (Vaccine 13 (1995), 581-591 ) beschrieben. Hierzu wird die Häufung von wahrscheinlichen Epitopen innerhalb von bis zu fünfzig Startpositionen entlang der Aminosäuresequenz ermittelt und graphisch aufgetragen.The accumulation of predicted epitopes in certain sequence sections of the corresponding proteins is preferably used to restrict the number of epitopes. Particularly good results are obtained with matrices 17 amino acids long, which both have good individual matches with database epitopes and are in areas with a high frequency of epitopes. The epitopes are preferably restricted according to Meister et al. (Vaccine 13 (1995), 581-591). For this purpose, the accumulation of probable epitopes within up to fifty starting positions along the amino acid sequence is determined and plotted.
Die Erstellung der Matrix erfolgt vorzugsweise für MHC Klasse ll-bindende Epitope, beispielsweise für Epitope, die an murine oder humane MHC KlasseThe matrix is preferably created for MHC class II-binding epitopes, for example for epitopes that bind to murine or human MHC class
Il-Moleküle binden. Beispiele für murine MHC Klasse Il-Moleküle sind H-2d und l-Ab, Beispiele für humane MHC Klasse Il-Moleküle sind HLA-DR1 , DR2- 18, DR-51 -53 und DQ1 -9.Bind Il molecules. Examples of murine MHC class II molecules are H-2 d and lA b , examples of human MHC class II molecules are HLA-DR1, DR2-18, DR-51-53 and DQ1 -9.
Schritt (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens umfasst das Ausschließen von kreuzreaktiven Epitopen, vorzugsweise von Epitopen, die eine vollständige Identität oder eine Ähnlichkeit (Identität auf Aminosäureebene > 80 %, vorzugsweise > 90 %) mit Epitopen in Proteinen anderer Organismen, insbesondere in Säugerproteinen und am meisten bevorzugt in menschlichen Proteinen aufweisen. Hierzu werden die vorausgewählten Epitope gegen Sequenzen anderer Organismen, die in allgemein zugänglichen Datenbanken, wie etwa Genbank, SwissProt etc., enthalten sind, abgeglichen. Epitope, die eine hohe Ähnlichkeit zu solchen Sequenzen besitzen, werden ausgeschlossen.Step (b) of the method according to the invention comprises the exclusion of cross-reactive epitopes, preferably epitopes, which have a complete identity or a similarity (identity at the amino acid level> 80%, preferably> 90%) with epitopes in proteins of other organisms, in particular in mammalian proteins and on most preferably have in human proteins. For this purpose, the preselected epitopes are compared to sequences from other organisms that are contained in generally accessible databases such as Genbank, SwissProt etc. Epitopes that are very similar to such sequences are excluded.
Schritt (c) des Verfahrens umfasst die Verifizierung der vorausgewählten theoretisch vorhergesagten Epitope in vitro oder/und in vivo, insbesondere im Tiermodell. Hierbei werden die Epitope vorzugsweise auf ihre Fähigkeit getestet, solche T-Zellen zu aktivieren, die normalerweise nur durch prozessiertes natives Protein aktiviert werden können bzw. die spezifisch für das Protein sind, aus dem das Epitop abgeleitet ist. In diesem Schritt können auch gegenüber den natürlichen Sequenzen modifizierte, d.h. im ursprünglichen Protein nicht vorkommende Epitope getestet werden, wobei vorzugsweise Epitope mit einer Identität von mindestens 80 % und vorzugsweise mindestens 90 % auf Aminosäureebene gegenüber der natürlichen Sequenz eingesetzt werden.Step (c) of the method comprises the verification of the preselected theoretically predicted epitopes in vitro or / and in vivo, in particular in the animal model. Here, the epitopes are preferably tested for their ability to activate those T cells which can normally only be activated by processed native protein or which are specific for the protein from which the epitope is derived. In this step, modified compared to the natural sequences, i.e. Epitopes not occurring in the original protein are tested, epitopes with an identity of at least 80% and preferably at least 90% being used at the amino acid level relative to the natural sequence.
Die ausgewählten Epitope eines Proteins können als Oligopeptide mit einer Länge von vorzugsweise 10-25 Aminosäuren nach bekannten Methoden (z.B. Merrifield-Synthese) synthetisiert und anschließend zur Verifizierung ihrer Wirksamkeit verwendet werden. Hierzu können proteinspezifische T- Zelllinien erzeugt werden, die natürlich prozessierte Oligopeptide auf dem entsprechenden MHC Klasse Il-Allel erkennen. Diese T-Zelllinien können beispielsweise aus transgenen Mäusen gewonnen werden, die ein entsprechendes menschliches MHC Klasse Il-Molekül sowie das humane CD4-Molekül exprimieren (Taneja und David, J. Clin. Invest. 101 (1998), 921 -926) und gegen das entsprechende Protein immunisiert wurden. Diese Mäuse erlauben Tests humaner Epitope unabhängig von Humanversuchen. Ein entsprechendes Verfahren kann angewendet werden, um Epitope zu identifizieren, die im Mausmodell wirksam sind.The selected epitopes of a protein can be synthesized as oligopeptides with a length of preferably 10-25 amino acids by known methods (eg Merrifield synthesis) and then used to verify their effectiveness. For this, protein-specific T cell lines can be generated that recognize naturally processed oligopeptides on the corresponding MHC class II allele. These T cell lines can for example, can be obtained from transgenic mice that express a corresponding human MHC class II molecule and the human CD4 molecule (Taneja and David, J. Clin. Invest. 101 (1998), 921-926) and were immunized against the corresponding protein , These mice allow human epitopes to be tested independently of human experiments. A similar technique can be used to identify epitopes that are effective in the mouse model.
Anschließend können die spezifischen T-Zelllinien in vitro mit den verschiedenen synthetischen Peptiden stimuliert werden, um funktioneile Epitope zu identifizieren. Funktionelle Epitope führen zur Aktivierung dieser T-Zellen, die in der Folge proliferieren bzw. Lymphokine sezernieren.The specific T cell lines can then be stimulated in vitro with the various synthetic peptides in order to identify functional epitopes. Functional epitopes lead to the activation of these T cells, which subsequently proliferate or secrete lymphokines.
In einer zweiten Stufe des Verfizierungsschritts (c) wird vorzugsweise das Epitop verwendet, um epitopspezifische T-Zellen zu erzeugen. Dann wird getestet, ob diese T-Zellen auch durch solche Antigen präsentierenden Zellen stimuliert werden können, die das Protein, aus dem das Epitop abgeleitet wurde, prozessieren, z.B. aus einem Helicobacter- Antigengemisch, z.B. infolge einer Helicobacter-Infektion.In a second stage of verification step (c), the epitope is preferably used to generate epitope-specific T cells. It is then tested whether these T cells can also be stimulated by those antigen presenting cells that process the protein from which the epitope was derived, e.g. from a Helicobacter antigen mixture, e.g. as a result of a Helicobacter infection.
Weiterhin können funktionell aktive Epitope in einem entsprechenden Tiermodell, z.B. in einer gegebenenfalls transgenen Maus, auf ihre Impfeigenschaft geprüft werden. Die Verabreichung der Epitope kann in Form von synthetischen Oligopeptiden, gegebenenfalls in derivatisierter Form, z.B. als Lipopeptide, oder in Kombination mit Adjuvanzien, wie etwa Choleratoxin oder AI2O3, gekoppelt an einen Träger, z.B. ein Protein, oder in Form von Salmonellen, die entsprechende Fusionsproteine rekombinant, z.B. mit dem Autotransportersystem AIDA (z.B. WO97/35022) exprimieren, erfolgen. Vorzugsweise werden die Versuchstiere zuerst immunisiert und dann mit Helicobacter infiziert. Die protektive Wirksamkeit der Impfung wird durch das Ausmaß bestimmt, mit dem z.B. eine Besiedelung des Magens der Versuchstiere durch Helicobacter verhindert wird. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können Epitope in einem in vitro-System, welches das menschliche Immunsystem nachstellt, auf ihre Eigenschaft zur Stimulierung humaner T-Zellen untersucht werden. Dazu werden dendritische Zellen aus dem Blut von Spendern ausdifferenziert, die dieselben MHC Klasse Il-Allele besitzen, die in den transgenen Mäusen exprimiert worden sind. Diese dendritischen Zellen sind in vivo für die Aufnahme von Antigenen verantwortlich, prozessieren diese und rufen eine T-Zellaktivierung hervor. Kultivierte dendritische Zellen werden mit den selektionierten Epitopen inkubiert, wobei diese aufgenommen werden und als MHC-Epitopkomplexe an der Oberfläche der dendritischen Zellen präsentiert werden. So beladene dendritische Zellen werden benutzt, um T- Zellen aus dem Blut desselben Spenders in vitro zu stimulieren. Der Grad der Stimulation wird als zusätzlicher Parameter genützt, um die besten Epitope für einen humanen Impfstoff zu identifizieren.In addition, functionally active epitopes can be tested for their vaccination properties in a corresponding animal model, for example in a possibly transgenic mouse. The epitopes can be administered in the form of synthetic oligopeptides, optionally in derivatized form, for example as lipopeptides, or in combination with adjuvants, such as cholera toxin or Al 2 O 3 , coupled to a carrier, for example a protein, or in the form of salmonellae. the corresponding fusion proteins are expressed recombinantly, for example using the AIDA autotransporter system (for example WO97 / 35022). The test animals are preferably first immunized and then infected with Helicobacter. The protective effectiveness of the vaccination is determined by the extent to which, for example, colonization of the stomach of the test animals by Helicobacter is prevented. Alternatively or additionally, epitopes can be examined in an in vitro system that simulates the human immune system for their properties for stimulating human T cells. For this purpose, dendritic cells are differentiated from the blood of donors which have the same MHC class II alleles which have been expressed in the transgenic mice. These dendritic cells are responsible for the uptake of antigens in vivo, process them and cause T cell activation. Cultivated dendritic cells are incubated with the selected epitopes, which are taken up and presented as MHC-epitope complexes on the surface of the dendritic cells. Dendritic cells loaded in this way are used to stimulate T cells from the blood of the same donor in vitro. The level of stimulation is used as an additional parameter to identify the best epitopes for a human vaccine.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann weiterhin das Formulieren der als wirksam identifizierten Epitope oder davon abgeleiteter Sequenzen zusammen mit einem geeigneten Träger sowie gegebenenfalls Hilfs- und Zusatzstoffen in eine pharmazeutische Zubereitung umfassen. Die pharmazeutische Zubereitung kann ein injizierbares oder auf andere Weise verabreichbares, z.B. orales oder transdermales Präparat sein. Die Epitope können in Form von Oligopeptiden, z.B. in derivatisierter oder trägergekoppelter Form, als Bestandteil von Fusionsproteinen gegebenenfalls in einem Lebendvakzin, z.B. einem attenuierten Bakterium wie etwa Salmonella, oder als DNA-Vakzine verabreicht werden. Die Verabreichung kann entsprechend Standardprotokollen erfolgen. Die Dosierung hängt im Einzelfall von der jeweiligen Art des Impfstoffs und der Verabreichung ab. Beispielsweise sind Dosierungen geeignet, die der Menge von 100 μg - 1 ,5 mg Peptid entsprechen. Vorzugsweise erfolgt eine mehrfache Verabreichung des Impfstoffes, z.B. in Intervallen von 2-8 Wochen. Ein Gegenstand der Erfindung ist auch ein Impfstoff insbesondere gegen Helicobacter-Infektionen auf Basis von T-Zell-stimulierenden Peptidsequenzen, der durch das Verfahren wie zuvor beschrieben erhalten wurde. Beispiele für solche Impfstoffe, deren Wirksamkeit bereits experimentell verifiziert wurde, sind Peptide aus den Bereichen der Aminosäuren 28 bis 44, 32 bis 48, 35 bis 51 , 74 bis 90 und 209 bis 295 von Urease A.The method according to the invention can further comprise formulating the epitopes identified as effective or sequences derived therefrom together with a suitable carrier and optionally auxiliaries and additives in a pharmaceutical preparation. The pharmaceutical preparation can be an injectable or otherwise administrable, for example oral or transdermal preparation. The epitopes can be administered in the form of oligopeptides, for example in derivatized or carrier-coupled form, as a component of fusion proteins, if appropriate in a live vaccine, for example an attenuated bacterium such as Salmonella, or as a DNA vaccine. The administration can take place according to standard protocols. The dosage depends on the individual type of vaccine and the administration. For example, dosages that correspond to the amount of 100 μg-1.5 mg peptide are suitable. The vaccine is preferably administered multiple times, for example at intervals of 2-8 weeks. The invention also relates to a vaccine, in particular against Helicobacter infections, based on T-cell-stimulating peptide sequences, which was obtained by the method as described above. Examples of such vaccines, the effectiveness of which has already been experimentally verified, are peptides from the ranges of amino acids 28 to 44, 32 to 48, 35 to 51, 74 to 90 and 209 to 295 of urease A.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Peptid-Impfstoffe können als einzelne Peptidsequenzen verabreicht werden. Alternativ können auch Peptidgemische verabreicht werden. Diese Peptidgemische können verschiedene Epitope eines Proteins, Epitope aus verschiedenen Proteinen oder/und gleiche Epitope aus einem Protein, aber aus verschiedenen Stämmen, insbesondere aus verschiedenen Helicobacter-Stämmen, umfassen.The peptide vaccines according to the invention can be administered as individual peptide sequences. Alternatively, mixtures of peptides can also be administered. These peptide mixtures can comprise different epitopes of a protein, epitopes from different proteins or / and identical epitopes from one protein, but from different strains, in particular from different Helicobacter strains.
Weiterhin wird die Erfindung durch die nachfolgenden Figuren und Beispiele erläutert. Es zeigen:The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples. Show it:
Abbildung 1 : Matrizen mit der Länge von 17 Aminosäuren (d.h. für jede der 17 Positionen entlang der T-Zellepitope ist die Häufigkeit der 20 verschiedenen Aminosäuren angegeben) zur Vorhersage von MHC-spezifischen T- Zell-reaktiven Epitopen. (a) Matrix für H-2d (l-Ad und l-Ed) (Mausstamm Balb/c) aus 79 natürlichen Epitopen der Brusic-DatenbankFigure 1: Matrices with the length of 17 amino acids (ie the frequency of the 20 different amino acids is given for each of the 17 positions along the T cell epitopes) for the prediction of MHC-specific T cell reactive epitopes. (a) Matrix for H-2d (lA d and lE d ) (mouse strain Balb / c) from 79 natural epitopes from the Brusic database
(b) Matrix für l-Ab (Mausstamm C57/B6) aus 37 natürlichen Epitopen der Brusic-Datenbank(b) Matrix for lA b (mouse strain C57 / B6) from 37 natural epitopes from the Brusic database
(c) Matrix für HLA-DR1 (human) aus 26 natürlichen Epitopen der Brusic-Datenbank(c) Matrix for HLA-DR1 (human) from 26 natural epitopes from the Brusic database
(d) Matrix für HLA-DR4 (human) aus 41 natürlichen Epitopen der Brusic-Datenbank bzw. der Datenbank von H.-G. Rammensee Abbildung 2: die Vorhersagen von T Helferzell-Epitopen(d) Matrix for HLA-DR4 (human) from 41 natural epitopes from the Brusic database or the database of H.-G. Rammensee Figure 2: the predictions of T helper cell epitopes
Vorhersagen von T Helferzell-Epitopen für die MHCII-Gene H-2d und l-Ab (Maus) sowie HLA-DR1 (Mensch) aus folgenden H. pylori Proteinen: Ovalbumin (a), Urease A (b), Urease B (c), HP0231 (d), HP0410 (e), HP1098 (f). Als Beispiel für die Aussagekraft desPredictions of T helper cell epitopes for the MHCII genes H-2 d and lA b (mouse) and HLA-DR1 (human) from the following H. pylori proteins: ovalbumin (a), urease A (b), urease B (c ), HP0231 (d), HP0410 (e), HP1098 (f). As an example of the significance of the
Verfahrens wird auch die Vorhersage von H-2d Epitopen aus Ovalbumin (f) gezeigt. Abb.2 zeigt die Vorhersagen für die genannten Helicobacter-Proteine für das menschliche HLA-DR4.The method also shows the prediction of H-2 d epitopes from ovalbumin (f). Fig. 2 shows the predictions for the Helicobacter proteins mentioned for the human HLA-DR4.
Für jede Sequenz und jedes MHCII-Allel wurden für alle Positionen entlang der jeweiligen Sequenz ein Immunogenitätswert ermittelt, der angibt, wie gut das jeweilige 1 7mer voraussichtlich T Helferzellen aktivieren kann. Dieser Immunogenitätswert wurde mit Hilfe eines Programmes von Davenport et al. ( 1 995) für jede Position entlang der Sequenz als die Übereinstimmung der jeweiligen Matrix (siehe Abb.1 ) berechnet. Ein Epitop wurde als "wahrscheinlich" bezeichnet, wenn es zu den 20% der Epitope gehört, die die größte Ähnlichkeit zu den empirischen Aminosäuremustern aufweisen, bezogen auf die Gesamtheit aller theoretisch möglichen Epitope des Proteins. Der dargestellte Immunogenitätswert ist der Anteil wahrscheinlicherFor each sequence and each MHCII allele, an immunogenicity value was determined for all positions along the respective sequence, which indicates how well the respective 1 7mer is likely to be able to activate T helper cells. This immunogenicity value was determined using a program by Davenport et al. (1 995) for each position along the sequence as the match of the respective matrix (see Fig.1). An epitope was said to be "likely" if it belongs to the 20% of the epitopes that are most similar to the empirical amino acid patterns, based on the total of all theoretically possible epitopes of the protein. The displayed immunogenicity value is the proportion more likely
Epitope (17mere) innerhalb der folgenden 49 (Abb.2a, c und g ureB), 21 (Abb.2b und g ureA) bzw. 29(Abb.2d-f, g HP0231 , g HP0410 und g HP 1098) Startpositionen.Epitopes (17mers) within the following 49 (Fig.2a, c and g ureB), 21 (Fig.2b and g ureA) and 29 (Fig.2d-f, g HP0231, g HP0410 and g HP 1098) starting positions.
Das Beispiel Ovalbumin zeigt, dass auf diese Weise ein bekanntes H-The example of ovalbumin shows that a known H-
2d-restringiertes Epitop (As323-339, durch Pfeil markiert) erfolgreich in einem besonders immunogenen Proteinbereich vorhergesagt werden kann.2 d restricted epitope (As323-339, marked by arrow) can be successfully predicted in a particularly immunogenic protein region.
Für Proteine mit Signalpeptiden sollten die N-terminalen Regionen mit dem jeweiligen Signalpeptid nicht berücksichtigt werden, da diese Sequenzen in vivo vermutlich abgespalten und schnell abgebaut werden.For proteins with signal peptides, the N-terminal regions with the respective signal peptide should not be taken into account, as these Sequences are presumably split off in vivo and degraded quickly.
Abbildung 3: den Vergleich vo n U rease A-Sequenzen unterschiedlicher Herkunft (N- und C-Termini fehlen jeweils) PA4: Sequenz aus www.TIGR.org (Herkunft: USA) pYZ97: Sequenz aus Salmonella Expressionsplasmid (Herkunft: Frankreich) P76: challenge Stamm für die Maus (Herkunft: Niederlande)Figure 3: the comparison of urease A sequences from different origins (N and C termini are missing) PA4: sequence from www.TIGR.org (origin: USA) pYZ97: sequence from Salmonella expression plasmid (origin: France) P76 : challenge strain for the mouse (origin: Netherlands)
TA2: challenge Stamm für Gerbil (Herkunft: Japan) P92: challenge Stamme für die Maus (Herkunft: Australien)TA2: challenge strain for Gerbil (origin: Japan) P92: challenge strain for the mouse (origin: Australia)
Abbildung 4: die Identifizierung von funktioneilen Urease-A Epitopen mittels spezifischer CD4+ T-Zellen.Figure 4: the identification of functional urease-A epitopes using specific CD4 + T cells.
Urase A-spezifische T-Zellen wurden mit den angegebenen Peptiden von Urease A in Gegenwart von syngenen Milzzellen stimuliert. Die Peptide wurden in Konzentraitonen von l O g/ml, 1 μg/ml, 0, 1 //g/ml und 0,01 /g/ml eingesetzt (schwarz bis weisse Schattierung). T- Zellstimulierung wurde indirekt über die Bestimmung von freigesetztem IFN- gemessen. Als Negativkontrolle wurden die Zellen in Gegenwart von Milzzellen nur in Medium kultiviert. Restimulierung durch Zugabe eines Urease A enthaltenden Lysats von H. pylori Stamm Hp49 wurde als Positivkontrolle eingesetzt.Urase A-specific T cells were stimulated with the specified peptides of urease A in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells. The peptides were used in concentrations of 10 g / ml, 1 μg / ml, 0, 1 // g / ml and 0.01 / g / ml (black to white shading). T cell stimulation was measured indirectly via the determination of released IFN. As a negative control, the cells were only cultured in the presence of spleen cells in medium. Restimulation by adding a urease A-containing lysate from H. pylori strain Hp49 was used as a positive control.
Abbildung 5: Peptid-immunisierte Mäuse zeigen eine erniedrigteFigure 5: Peptide-immunized mice show a decreased
Besiedlung mit H. pylori BALB/c Mäuse wurden mit 1 20 pmol PAM-3CSS gekoppeltem Peptid intranasal immunisiert. Die Tiere wurden nach 10 Tagen mit mausadaptiertem H. pylori Hp76 infiziert und nach weiteren fünfColonization with H. pylori BALB / c mice were immunized intranasally with 1 20 pmol PAM-3CSS coupled peptide. The animals were infected with mouse-adapted H. pylori Hp76 after 10 days and after another five
Wochen wurde die H. pylori Last im Magen mittels spezifischer Anzucht bestimmt. BeispieleFor weeks, the H. pylori load in the stomach was determined using specific cultivation. Examples
Beispiel 1example 1
Vorhersage von T-Zell-Epitopen von H. pylori Urease A (Stamm 26695, TIGR), die von MHC Klasse II lad-Molekülen der Maus präsentiert werden:Prediction of H. pylori Urease A (strain 26695, TIGR) T cell epitopes presented by mouse MHC class II lad molecules:
Anhand der öffentlich zugänglichen Epitop-Datenbank MHCPEP von Brusic et al. (1998), supra wurden für Balb/c-Mäuse mit dem Haplotyp H-2d alle bekannten MHC Klasse Il-Epitope identifiziert, die spezifische T-Zellen aktivieren können. Redundante und überlappende Epitope wurden nicht berücksichtigt. Insgesamt wurden 79 unabhängige Epitope identifiziert.Based on the publicly accessible epitope database MHCPEP by Brusic et al. (1998), supra, all known MHC class II epitopes that can activate specific T cells were identified for Balb / c mice with the haplotype H-2 d . Redundant and overlapping epitopes were not taken into account. A total of 79 independent epitopes were identified.
Die erhaltenen Epitope wurden anhand der ersten Anker-Position 1 mit einer großen, hydrophoben Aminosäure I, L, V, F, Y oder W ausgerichtet. Die effiziente Prozessierung MHC ll-restringierter Epitope in Endosomen hängt von den 3 - 4 N-terminalen Aminosäuren ab. Deshalb wurden zusätzlich zum bindenden 9mer auch die jeweils 4 benachbarten Aminosäuren berücksichtigt (ergibt zusammen ein 17mer). Für die Positionen -3 bis 14 wurde für jede Aminosäure die absolute Häufigkeit ermittelt, mit der sie in den Epitopen an der jeweiligen Position vorkommt. Es wurde die Matrix in Abb. 1 a erhalten (Häufigkeit jeder Aminosäure von Position -3 bis 14 in aktiven T-Zell-Epitopen).The epitopes obtained were aligned using the first anchor position 1 with a large, hydrophobic amino acid I, L, V, F, Y or W. The efficient processing of MHC II-restricted epitopes in endosomes depends on the 3-4 N-terminal amino acids. Therefore, in addition to the binding 9mer, the 4 neighboring amino acids were also taken into account (results in a 17mer). For positions -3 to 14, the absolute frequency with which it occurs in the epitopes at the respective position was determined for each amino acid. The matrix in FIG. 1 a was obtained (frequency of each amino acid from position -3 to 14 in active T cell epitopes).
Die erhaltene Matrix wurde mit einem Programm von Davenport et al. (1995), supra auf die Sequenz von Urease A aus Helicobacter pylori angewendet und potenzielle T-Zell-Epitope aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit zu den empirischen Aminosäure-Mustern identifiziert. Eine graphische Auftragung der bis zu fünfzig 17mere mit den höchsten Übereinstimmungen zu Epitopen aus der Datenbank ergab eine Häufung in bestimmten Sequenzregionen (um Aminosäure 30, Aminosäure 100, Aminosäure 190; siehe Abb. 2b). Wirklich erkannte Epitope liegen besonders häufig in Sequenzregionen mit hoher Dichte von vorhergesagten Epitopen. Deshalb wurden 17mere, die sowohl individuelle gute Übereinstimmungen mit den Datenbank-Epitopen besaßen als auch in Bereichen mit hoher Epitophäufigkeit lagen, ausgewählt und entsprechende Peptide synthetisiert. Folgende zehn Oligopeptide wurden synthetisiert:The matrix obtained was analyzed using a program by Davenport et al. (1995) applied supra to the sequence of urease A from Helicobacter pylori and identified potential T cell epitopes based on their similarity to the empirical amino acid patterns. A graphic plot of the up to fifty 17mers with the highest matches to epitopes from the database showed an accumulation in certain sequence regions (around amino acid 30, amino acid 100, amino acid 190; see Fig. 2b). Really recognized epitopes are particularly often located in high-density sequence regions of predicted epitopes. Therefore, 17mers, which both had individual good matches with the database epitopes and were in areas with high epitope frequency, were selected and corresponding peptides synthesized. The following ten oligopeptides were synthesized:
Die Abbildungen 1 b und 1 c zeigen Matrizen für l-Ab (z.B. Mausstamm C57/B6) und HLA-DR1 (human), mit denen Vorhersagen für Urease A und B und Ovalbumin als Kontrolle gerechnet wurden (Abb. 2a, b und c). Die Sequenzen von Urease A sind in den verschiedenen H.pylori-Stämmen hoch konserviert, sodass die Vorhersagen auch für andere Isolate als 26695 gelten (siehe Abb. 3).Figures 1 b and 1 c show matrices for lA b (e.g. mouse strain C57 / B6) and HLA-DR1 (human), with which predictions for urease A and B and ovalbumin were used as controls (Fig. 2a, b and c) , The sequences of urease A are highly conserved in the various H.pylori strains, so that the predictions also apply to isolates other than 26695 (see Fig. 3).
Zusätzlich zu Urease A und Urease B wurden stark exprimierte Oberflächen- Proteine ausgewählt. Zur Auswahl dieser Proteine wurden lebende H. pylori mit membranimpermeablem Sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)hexanoat markiert. Kurz zusammengefasst wurden die markierten Zellen gewaschen und durch Behandlung mit der French press aufgebrochen. Die Gesamtmembranfraktion wurde mit Zwittergent 3-14 solubilisiert und über eine Affinitätschromatographie mit einer Biotin reversibel bindenden Avidin- Agarose aufgereinigt. Die erhaltenen biotinylierten Oberflächenproteine wurden über zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese getrennt und anhand von MALDI-MS-Fingerprints tryptische Fragmente identifiziert. Drei der identifizierten Proteine (HP0231 , HP0410, HP1098) wurden laut Proteinfärbung des gesamten Proteoms von H. pylori relativ stark im Vergleich zu anderen Proteinen exprimiert (Abb. 2d-f).In addition to urease A and urease B, highly expressed surface proteins were selected. To select these proteins, live H. pylori were labeled with membrane impermeable sulfosuccinimidyl-6- (biotinamido) hexanoate. Briefly, the labeled cells were washed and broken up by treatment with the French press. The entire membrane fraction was solubilized with Zwittergent 3-14 and purified by means of affinity chromatography with a biotin reversibly binding avidin agarose. The biotinylated surface proteins obtained were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic fragments were identified using MALDI-MS fingerprints. Three of the Proteins identified (HP0231, HP0410, HP1098) were expressed relatively strongly compared to other proteins according to the protein staining of the entire proteome of H. pylori (Fig. 2d-f).
Beispiel 2Example 2
Gewinnung einer protektiven, H. pylori Urease A-spezifischen Helfer-T- Zelllinie (zur ersten Stufe des funktionellen Screeings):Obtaining a protective, H. pylori urease A-specific helper T cell line (for the first stage of functional screening):
BALB/c-Mäuse wurden mit rekombinanten, Urease A/B exprimierenden Salmonellen (Gomez-Duarte et al., Vaccine 16 (1998) 460) immunisiert. Helfer T-Zellen wurden 6 Wochen nach Immunisierung aus den Milzen dieser Tiere gewonnen und mit einem Lysat von H. pylori in vitro restimuliert in Gegenwart von syngenen Milzzellen als Antigen-präsentierende Zellen. Die Antigen-Spezifität der stimulierten T-Zellen wurde mit SDS-PAGE gereinigter Urease A, rekombinanter Urease B, Lysaten von Urease A/B positiven oder negativen H. pylori Stämmen bestimmt. Die gewonnenen T- Zellen reagierten ausschließlich mit den Urease A enthaltenden Antigenpräparationen. Adoptive Transferexperimente zeigten, dass diese T- Zelllinie vor einer Infektion mit H. pylori schützt. Dazu wurden 4 x 106 T- Zellen in native BALB/c-Mäuse injiziert und die Tiere am Tag danach mit 109 CFU des Streptomycin-resistenten Helicobacter pylori-Stammes Hp76 infiziert. Kontrolltiere wurden ebenfalls mit derselben Dosis infiziert. Nach fünf Wochen wurden die Tiere getötet und die Mägen präpariert. Eine Magenhälfte wurde für die Bestimmung der Urease-Aktivität in 500 ml Harnstoff puff er (330 mM Harnstoff, 350 / M Na2HPO4, 650 mM KH2PO4, 0,001 % (w/v) Phenolrot, pH 6,9) für 4 h bei Raumtemperatur inkubiert. Der Farbumschlag von Phenolrot wurde dann bei 560 nm gemessen. Die andere Magenhälfte wurde gewogen, homogenisiert und die Keimdichte durch Ausplattieren des Homogenats auf Helicobacter-Agarplatten in Gegenwart von 400 mg/ml Streptomcycin bei unter mikroaeroben Bedingungen bestimmt. Die Urease-Aktivität (OD560nm) lag bei: BALB / c mice were immunized with recombinant salmonella expressing urease A / B (Gomez-Duarte et al., Vaccine 16 (1998) 460). Helper T cells were obtained from the spleens of these animals 6 weeks after immunization and restimulated with an H. pylori lysate in vitro in the presence of syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells. The antigen specificity of the stimulated T cells was determined using SDS-PAGE purified urease A, recombinant urease B, lysates of urease A / B positive or negative H. pylori strains. The T cells obtained reacted exclusively with the antigen preparations containing urease A. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that this T cell line protects against infection with H. pylori. For this purpose, 4 × 10 6 T cells were injected into native BALB / c mice and the animals were infected the day after with 10 9 CFU of the streptomycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain Hp76. Control animals were also infected with the same dose. After five weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the stomachs were prepared. One half of the stomach was buffered for the determination of urease activity in 500 ml urea (330 mM urea, 350 / M Na 2 HPO 4 , 650 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 0.001% (w / v) phenol red, pH 6.9) incubated for 4 h at room temperature. The color change of phenol red was then measured at 560 nm. The other half of the stomach was weighed, homogenized and the germ density was determined by plating the homogenate on Helicobacter agar plates in the presence of 400 mg / ml streptomcycin under microaerobic conditions. The urease activity (OD 560nm ) was:
Dies entspricht im Mittel einer Protektion von 77 %. Das bedeutet, dass die Urease A abgeleitete T-Zelle protektive Wirkung hat und T-Zell-Epitope, die von dieser Linie erkannt werden, potenziell protektiv sein müssen. Beispiel 3This corresponds to an average protection of 77%. This means that the urease A derived T cell has a protective effect and T cell epitopes recognized by this line must be potentially protective. Example 3
Epitop-Screening mit Hilfe der Urease A-spezifischen T-Zelllinie (zur erstenEpitope screening using the urease A-specific T cell line (for the first
Stufe des funktioneilen Screenings):Functional screening level):
Die in Beispiel 2 gewonnene T-Zelllinie sezerniert Interferon-y (IFN-y), wenn sie antigen-spezifisch stimuliert wird. Interferon-^ Sekretion nach in vitro Stimulierung der T-Zellen (105 pro Ansatz) mit den synthetischen Peptiden in Gegenwart von 2,5 x 105 syngenen Milzzellen als Antigen-präsentierende Zellen wurde als Maß für die Funktionalität der Oligopeptide gewählt. Die Peptide wurden dazu in vier verschiedene Konzentrationen (10 //g/ml, 1 / g/ml, 0,1 /g/ml, 0,01 g/ml) eingesetzt. Die Ansätze wurden in 200 ml T- Zellmedium (Aebischer et al., Int. Immunol. 6 (1994), 1535-1543) stimuliert und die Kulturüberstände nach 24 Stunden Inkubation bei 37 °C abgenommen. Die lnterferon- Sekretion in die Kulturüberstände wurde mittels eines Bioassays (nach Aebischer et al., 1994) bestimmt.The T cell line obtained in Example 2 secretes interferon-y (IFN-y) when stimulated in an antigen-specific manner. Interferon- ^ secretion after in vitro stimulation of the T cells (10 5 per approach) with the synthetic peptides in the presence of 2.5 x 10 5 syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells was chosen as a measure of the functionality of the oligopeptides. The peptides were used in four different concentrations (10 // g / ml, 1 / g / ml, 0.1 / g / ml, 0.01 g / ml). The batches were stimulated in 200 ml of T cell medium (Aebischer et al., Int. Immunol. 6 (1994), 1535-1543) and the culture supernatants were removed after 24 hours of incubation at 37 ° C. Interferon secretion in the culture supernatants was determined by means of a bioassay (according to Aebischer et al., 1994).
Abb. 4 zeigt, dass fünf von den vorhergesagten und ausgewählten Epitopen funktionell sind und von den T-Zellen erkannt werden. Es handelt sich dabei um folgende Peptide:Fig. 4 shows that five of the predicted and selected epitopes are functional and recognized by the T cells. These are the following peptides:
Urease A Aminosäure (As)Urease A amino acid (As)
As 28-44As 28-44
As 32-48As 32-48
As 35-51As 35-51
As 74-90As 74-90
As 209-225As 209-225
Das Experiment zeigt, dass 50 % der synthetisierten Oligopeptide erkannt werden und funktioneile Epitope beinhalten. Beispiel 4The experiment shows that 50% of the oligopeptides synthesized are recognized and contain functional epitopes. Example 4
Protektive Immunisierung von BALB/c-Mäusen mit synthetischen EpitopenProtective immunization of BALB / c mice with synthetic epitopes
(zur zweiten Stufe des funktionellen Screenings):(for the second stage of functional screening):
Ausgehend von den Peptiden, die durch Urease A-spezifische, protektive T- Helfer-Zelllinie erkannt werden, wurde ein Lipopeptid synthetisiert, das die Aminosäuren 28 - 52 der Urease umfasst und an N-Palmitoyl-S-[2,3- bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-serylserin (P3CSS) gekoppelt (Deres et al., Nature 342 (1989), 561-564). BALB/c-Mäuse wurden mit 120 pmol des Lipopeptids intranasal immunisiert, da Vorversuche gezeigt hatten, dass diese Applikation am wirksamsten ist. Diese Tiere und Kontrolltiere (nur mit PBS behandelt) wurden 10 Tage später mit H. pylori P76 infiziert. Nach weiteren fünf Wochen wurden die Tiere getötet und die Kolonisierung mittels Kultur und Urease-Test wie oben beschrieben analysiert. Die Keimzahl in den immunisierten Tieren war im Mittel von 44.000 ± 22.000 (SEM) auf 22.000 ± 12.000 (SEM) CFU reduziert. Die Resultate weisen auf eine Wirksamkeit einer Peptid-Vakzinierung hin (Abb. 5). Starting from the peptides that are recognized by urease A-specific, protective T helper cell line, a lipopeptide was synthesized which comprises amino acids 28-52 of urease and which is linked to N-palmitoyl-S- [2,3- bis ( palmitoyloxy) - (2RS) -propyl] - (R) -cysteinyl-serylserine (P3CSS) coupled (Deres et al., Nature 342 (1989), 561-564). BALB / c mice were immunized intranasally with 120 pmol of the lipopeptide, since preliminary experiments had shown that this application was the most effective. These animals and control animals (treated with PBS only) were infected with H. pylori P76 10 days later. After a further five weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the colonization was analyzed by means of culture and urease test as described above. The bacterial count in the immunized animals was reduced on average from 44,000 ± 22,000 (SEM) to 22,000 ± 12,000 (SEM) CFU. The results indicate the effectiveness of peptide vaccination (Fig. 5).
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10032538A DE10032538A1 (en) | 2000-07-05 | 2000-07-05 | Vaccine against Helicobacter pylori |
| DE10032538 | 2000-07-05 | ||
| PCT/EP2001/007656 WO2002002141A2 (en) | 2000-07-05 | 2001-07-04 | Vaccine against helicobacter pylori |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1299117A2 true EP1299117A2 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01971748A Withdrawn EP1299117A2 (en) | 2000-07-05 | 2001-07-04 | Vaccine against helicobacter pylori |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1299117A2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10032538A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002002141A2 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100391969C (en) * | 2006-01-28 | 2008-06-04 | 中国人民解放军第三军医大学 | Th epitope peptide of Helicobacter pylori urease B subunit, its coding DNA, vaccine and its application |
| CA3007036A1 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2017-06-22 | Technische Universitat Munchen | Helicobacter pylori vaccines |
| EP3272354A1 (en) | 2016-07-20 | 2018-01-24 | Technische Universität München | Agents and methods for the prevention or treatment of h. pylori infections |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1996034624A1 (en) * | 1995-05-02 | 1996-11-07 | Institut Pasteur | Immunogenic compositions against helicobacter infection, polypeptides for use in the compositions, and nucleic acid sequences encoding said polypeptides |
| GB2307987A (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-11 | Univ Manchester | Epitopes of the urease of Helicobacter pylori as dignostic agents; pharmaceuticals comprising such epitopes or the antibodies thereto |
-
2000
- 2000-07-05 DE DE10032538A patent/DE10032538A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-07-04 EP EP01971748A patent/EP1299117A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-07-04 WO PCT/EP2001/007656 patent/WO2002002141A2/en not_active Ceased
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2002002141A2 (en) | 2002-01-10 |
| DE10032538A1 (en) | 2002-01-17 |
| WO2002002141A3 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
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