EP1294849A1 - Micro-organismes actifs dans l'environnement digestif - Google Patents
Micro-organismes actifs dans l'environnement digestifInfo
- Publication number
- EP1294849A1 EP1294849A1 EP01947539A EP01947539A EP1294849A1 EP 1294849 A1 EP1294849 A1 EP 1294849A1 EP 01947539 A EP01947539 A EP 01947539A EP 01947539 A EP01947539 A EP 01947539A EP 1294849 A1 EP1294849 A1 EP 1294849A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- digestive
- microorganisms
- interest
- yeasts
- peptides
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/06—Fungi, e.g. yeasts
- A61K36/062—Ascomycota
- A61K36/064—Saccharomycetales, e.g. baker's yeast
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the development of genetically modified microorganisms, in particular genetically modified yeasts, which can survive in a digestive environment and effectively express one or more genes of interest there.
- the dosage form and the mode of administration of these microorganisms are also proposed.
- the invention relates to the use of artificial digestive systems simulating the gastrointestinal functions of man for the study, control and selection of the aforementioned microorganisms.
- the invention also relates to direct applications of in situ bioconversion, in particular in the development of preventive or curative treatments for pathologies, in particular for diseases linked to the metabolism of xenobiotics.
- xenobiotics substances known to be foreign to the “normal” metabolic pathways of the cell (drugs, pesticides, pollutants, food additives, “natural” molecules of plants, etc.). These compounds, which are often too hydrophobic to be eliminated directly by the kidneys or degraded by bile, accumulate in the body's lipids.
- the enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism (or EMX) are responsible for facilitating their elimination by making them more hydrophilic.
- - phase I enzymes (functionalization phase): making the xenobiotic more hydrophilic by the introduction of polar groups (most often by oxidation reactions).
- polar groups most often by oxidation reactions.
- cytochrome P450 monooxygenases hemoproteins with a characteristic maximum absorption around 450 nm, when they are reduced and linked to carbon monoxide (Omura, 1964, 1993).
- P450s are mainly found at the level of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane, mainly in the liver, but also in the lungs and intestine, organs which play a role in controlling the entry of many xenobiotics into the body. 'organization.
- Each P450 is part of a multienzymatic complex where it is associated with two flavoprotein electron transport systems, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.
- P450s have original catalytic properties since, unlike the majority of enzymes, a given P450 can act on many substrates with very different structures and, conversely, the same substrate can be recognized by different P450s (Coon et al., 1992 ). Endogenous (species, strain %), physiological (age, sex %), but also exogenous factors can modulate the activity of P450s (Guengerich, 1993), acting at different levels: gene expression, protein stabilization, activity modulation.
- - phase II enzymes conjuggation phase: making the metabolites from phase I even more hydrophilic (if they are not excreted directly), by conjugation with various endogenous molecules (glutathione, glucuronide ).
- GST glutathione S-transferase
- NAT N-acetyl transferase
- QR quinone reductase
- ADH aldehyde dehydrogenase
- UGT uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase
- sulfotransferase epoxide hydrolase
- O-acetylase O-acetylase
- phase I enzymes can give rise to more reactive metabolites than the initial molecule, capable of binding to proteins (causing necrosis or autoimmune diseases), nucleic acids (responsible for mutagenesis or carcinogenesis) or lipids (peroxy dation lipid). This is particularly the case when phase II enzymes are absent or of too weak activity.
- EMX activity is genetically determined and highly variable depending on the individual (genetic polymorphism).
- the molecular analysis of the correlations existing between major genes involved in the detoxification and biotransformation processes, and pathologies is currently the subject of numerous research works. Indeed, anomalies in the detoxification and biotransformation processes of exogenous compounds have been clearly identified in patients suffering from so-called "multifactorial" diseases (diseases combining genetic predisposition and role of environmental factors), very widespread to date in the world , such as different cancers, various digestive pathologies, endometriosis, chronic bronchitis ...
- the risk of lung cancer induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is increased by approximately 40 times when the individual is deficient in GSTM1 (phenotype GSTM1 0/0) and has a P450 1 Al with strong enzymatic activity (Raunio et al., 1995).
- the populations at greatest risk of developing colon cancer are those with the phenotype "rapid metabolizer" for NAT2 and P4501 A2 and who are exposed to high levels of amines. heterocyclic in their diet (Lang et al., 1994).
- correlations have also been established. Women with a highly inducible form of P450 1A1 have an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
- the risk of breast cancer is increased (x4) in postmenopausal women, smoking moderately (presence of aromatic amines) and having a slow phenotype for NAT2.
- the risk group for bladder cancer is represented by individuals deficient in GSTM1 and NAT2 (Brockmoller et al., 1996).
- a positive correlation has been established between endometriosis and women deficient in GSTM1, as well as with the slow metabolizing phenotype for NAT2 (Baranova et al., 1999).
- Food is one of the main sources of xenobiotics involved in multifactorial diseases, hence the importance of ensuring the detoxification of these xenobiotics before they have negative effects on the target organs.
- the present invention relates to the development of a "living drug", genetically modified microorganisms, and more particularly yeasts, expressing in the digestive environment one or more gene (s) of interest (s) making it possible to correct dysfunctions of xenobiotic metabolism, such as those mentioned above.
- This or these genes of interest will be chosen after determining the correlations between genetic heritage and presence of pathology and after evaluation of the prevalence of this pathology.
- the first consists in expressing in the digestive environment by said microorganisms a gene of interest coding for an enzyme allowing the in situ activation of pre-substance into active substance.
- a "living medicament” making it possible to control the bioconversion of pre-substance into active substance is particularly advantageous in the case where the active substance has undesirable side effects and / or is toxic from a certain dose.
- the second consists in producing in the digestive environment by these microorganisms an active peptide or polypeptide, in particular having antigenic properties.
- the production of such peptides, in different points of the digestive tract, leads to the development of "live vaccines" making it possible to circumvent a certain number of difficulties encountered in the conventional methods of administration belonging to the state of the art, such degradation issues.
- Fahl et al (WO 99/27953) constructed cVE.coli strains expressing mammalian enzymes (P450 1A1, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and GST) whose genes were inserted into a plasmid.
- P450 1A1, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and GST mammalian enzymes
- These model constructions are made with the aim of developing “chemoprotective bacterial strains”, in particular Lactobacilli, expressing mammalian enzymes involved in the detoxification of procarcinogens and administered in the digestive environment to supplement the detoxification system of the gastrointestinal cells.
- Fahl et al. do not specify the survival time of genetically modified Lactobacilli in a digestive environment and whether they can effectively express a gene of interest there.
- the survival time depends on the microorganisms in question and the digestive environment, but we can define in the context of the invention this parameter as being greater than 6 hours in the stomach-small intestine and 48 hours in the colon, i.e. the average duration of transit in these digestive compartments in humans.
- yeasts are organisms present in animal and / or human food and well-known hosts of the digestive environment. Some of them are GRAS or "generally recognized as safe” orgams and have been used for a few years as probiotics.
- S cerevisiae is the best known and most commercially exploited.
- S cerevisiae and S boulardii are also used in the pharmaceutical industry as medicines (carbolevure® and ultralevure® respectively), mainly intended for the treatment of disorders secondary to antibiotic therapy such as diarrhea, colitis or candidiasis (Ligny G, 1975).
- Numerous studies carried out in animals and humans emphasize both the safety and the positive impact of these yeasts on the digestive environment (antagonism towards Candidas for example).
- yeasts for the purposes of living drugs has considerable advantages:
- yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. Genomic integration of heterologous fragments is easily achievable
- yeasts have a subcellular organization very similar to that of higher eukaryotes and have intracellular transport mechanisms and post-translational processing essential for the functional and compartmentalized expression of many heterologous genes.
- Yeasts also have a lipid membrane environment allowing the stability of P450 and electron transfer proteins (NADPH- cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5) in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, necessary for the enzymatic activity of P450.
- yeasts such as S cerevisiae have the capacity to live aerobically and anaerobically, which makes it possible to envisage the use of such yeasts at any level of the digestive tract.
- yeasts are selected by auxotrophy and not on the basis of resistance to an antibiotic, which avoids being confronted with problems associated with the administration to humans of genetically modified organisms having an antibiotic resistance gene.
- genomic insertion of the gene of interest is facilitated by the recombination property of certain yeasts, including S cerevisiae (Bellamine, 1996).
- phase I genes from human P450 cytochromes
- phase II genes from enzyme genes "phase environment” I "(NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 for example)
- phase II genes from human P450 cytochromes
- phase I genes from human P450 cytochromes
- phase II enzyme genes "phase environment” I "(NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 for example)
- phase II genes genes from human P450 cytochromes
- phase II genes from human P450 cytochromes
- strains of S. cerevisiae were used as study models. On the one hand, they express the human P450 1A1 and the yeast or human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (respectively strains W (R) pHlAl and W (hR) pHlAl), on the other hand the plant P450 73A1 and the NADPH- cytochrome P450 yeast reductase (strain W (R) pP73Al).
- P450 1A1 exists in the majority of animal species, including humans.
- the human form has been isolated by Jaiswal et al. (1985). It is involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular that of benzo (a) pyrene, a compound present in particular in cigarette smoke and barbecue products (Sims et al., 1974; Gautier et al., 1996a). It is difficult to detect in the liver without the action of an inducer but exists in many extrahepatic tissues in the constitutive state. It is highly inducible by polycyclic aromatic compounds such as 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), by halogenated aromatic compounds such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-j? -Dioxin (TCDD) or by flavonoids like ⁇ -naphthoflavone.
- P450 73A1 (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity or CA4H) catalyzes the first stage of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher plants by transforming trans-cinnamic acid into p-coumaric acid. This path constitutes the beginning of the synthesis flavonoids (antioxidants).
- the method of assessing the fate of medicinal microorganisms in the human digestive environment is also an object of the present invention.
- one of the main problems encountered in the development of a "living" drug lies in its selection, in the evaluation of its survival, its activity and its control, within an environment. digestive.
- the present invention proposes the use of artificial digestive systems reproducing as reliably and as dynamically as possible the human digestive environment.
- these systems allow the control of the main parameters of digestion and ensure the reproducibility of experimental conditions, factors that cannot or very difficult to control in laboratory animals.
- these systems make it possible to take samples at any level of the digestive tract and to get rid of all the ethical constraints linked to animal or human experiments (potentially toxic molecules).
- Such systems also give the possibility of assessing the impact of genetically modified microorganisms on the endogenous human flora (implanted in the artificial digestive system).
- artificial digestive systems make it possible to carry out a selection of genetically modified microorganisms, in particular genetically modified yeasts, which have not only adapted to the digestive environment but which retain a good capacity for expressing a heterologous gene of interest.
- Any artificial digestive system incorporating the essential characteristics of the human digestive system can be used in the context of the invention.
- Various in vitro systems very simple (individual digestive compartments) have been described. Their use is however limited by the fragmentation of the digestive compartments and the absence of dynamism. It is therefore advantageous to use the complete artificial digestive system described in WO 94/09895.
- Another advantage of the present invention comes from the specific formulation of the living medicament so as to protect the microorganisms and to specifically target an action in such or such part of the digestive system.
- microorganisms and more particularly yeasts, must be active in the gastrointestinal tract, the route of administration is the oral or rectal route.
- the recombinant microorganisms must be administered in a galenical form which makes it possible both to transport them to their place of action, to maintain them in an active state and to protect them from the external environment.
- the devices or galenical processes used to achieve these objectives are different according to the sensitivity of microorganisms to the digestive environment and according to the places where they will have to carry out their activity (level of the gastrointestinal tract).
- the lyophilization of the microorganisms and their nutritive medium there may be mentioned: the encapsulation of the microorganisms or the coating of the galenic system containing them using polymers sensitive to pH or having muco-adhesive properties, the mixture with polymers having muco-adhesive properties, the compression of microorganisms in the presence of excipients having muco-adhesive properties, their incorporation in hydrophilic or lipophilic gels.
- the resulting galenic systems are monolithic forms of monolayer or multilayer tablet type, gelatin capsule type (hard or soft) or multiparticulate forms of microgranule or microcapsule type. These forms allow normal or delayed release of microorganisms within the digestive tract. DESCRIPTION
- the present invention relates to microorganisms comprising at least one heterologous DNA fragment comprising one or more genes of interest capable of being expressed in the digestive environment.
- said microorganisms are also characterized in that they can survive in the digestive environment for at least 6 hours, 10 hours or 12 hours in the stomach and small intestine and / or at least 12 hours, 24 hours, 60 hours or 72 hours. in the colon.
- microorganisms are obtained whose survival rate is greater than 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, preferably 90% or 95% at the outlet of the ileum after 6 h of digestion and is greater than 2%, 4%, preferably 8% after 12 h of fermentation in the colon. These measurements can be easily carried out by counting from samples easily taken in the artificial digestive systems, at any time during digestion or fermentation.
- the microorganisms mentioned above are capable of carrying out either a bioconversion reaction, or the secretion of a peptide of interest or of a protein in all the digestive compartments.
- yeasts are chosen, preferably yeasts selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S boulardii, S uvarum, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarrowia lipolitica.
- yeasts selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S boulardii, S uvarum, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarrowia lipolitica.
- bacteria such as lactobacillus described in Fahl et al (WO 99/27953).
- genes of interest is intended to mean genes coding for peptides of vaccine interest, peptides of hormonal interest (such as insulin), peptides of therapeutic interest. (such as anti-proteases, coagulation factors), antibiotic effect peptides, peptides capable of trapping or complexing molecules, enzymes or any peptide having bioconversion activities, in particular detoxification enzymes or secreted in the digestive environment.
- polypeptides, peptides or proteins may be used interchangeably from one another and in no case constitute a limitation to a given size.
- phase I enzymes P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5 and 73A1
- phase I environmental enzymes NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5
- phase II enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), N-acetyl transferase (NAT), quinone reductase (QR), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT), sulfotransferase, epoxide hydrolase and O-acetylase and phase III enzymes (ABC transport pumps, especially multidrug resistant pumps MDR).
- phase I enzymes P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5 and
- Glutathione S-transferase is a superfamily of genes made up of 4 main classes: alpha (GSTZ), mu (GSTM), pi (GSTP) and teta (GSTT). These enzymes play an essential role in cell resistance against lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein alkylation caused by electrophilic chemical species. They catalyze the binding of many electrophilic xenobiotics to glutathione and are involved in the detoxification of oxygen radicals.
- the various classes of GST are present in large quantities in many tissues, with a certain specificity of tissues depending on the class considered.
- GSTM1A and GSTM1B alleles code for enzymes of similar activity while the GSTMIO allele codes for a non-functional enzyme.
- GSTMIO allele codes for a non-functional enzyme.
- individuals of the GSTM 10/0 genotype are considered to be at risk when exposed to high levels of carcinogens and toxic chemicals.
- GSTM1 deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cancer (mainly lung and bladder cancer) and certain chronic diseases (endometriosis, chronic bronchitis ).
- NAT1 and NAT2 Two N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) have been identified, catalyzing N-acetylation reactions of arylamines, as well as other detoxification reactions. They are also involved in the metabolism of drugs such as sulphonamides and in drug interactions. The variations existing in the activity of NAT correspond to their capacity to transfer acetate from acetyl coenzyme A to the substrate. Only the NAT2 gene has a polymorphism allowing the differentiation between slow acetylator (SA) and rapid acetylator (RA). Available studies suggest that slow acetylation is more of a risk factor than rapid acetylation. In fact, the SA phenotype is considered a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, postmenopausal women with the SA phenotype are 4 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women with the RA phenotype.
- SA slow acetylator
- RA rapid acetylator
- yeasts are the isoenzymes 1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, 19A.
- phase I gene coexpressions have been developed, of “phase I environment” (NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 for example) and of phase IL The effectiveness of these constructions has been demonstrated.
- phase I environment NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5 for example
- phase IL phase IL
- yeast S cerevisiae analysis of the incubation products of benzo (a) pyrene with these recombinant yeasts shows the formation of all of the metabolites expected (Gautier et al., 1996b).
- Such systems can be used as a model for the study of certain aspects of human metabolism, as an aid in the analysis of the toxicity of pollutants and above all as a bioconversion tool.
- promoters can be used, strong promoters, promoters specifically active in a segment of the digestive tract in aerobic, semi anaerobic or anaerobic conditions, promoters regulable by a molecule introduced into the intestinal medium.
- the heterologous DNA fragment may also have a genetic marker allowing selection or counter-selection or a genetic bar code. Study and selection of recombinant microorganisms using artificial digestive systems
- the invention relates to a method for studying, controlling, adapting and / or selecting the recombinant microorganisms described above by means of an artificial digestive system.
- artificial digestive system any device incorporating the essential characteristics of the human digestive system.
- the artificial digestion system can be defined as a reaction device described in WO 94/09895.
- This system is the most complete model in the world today. Indeed, it has all the compartments of the digestive system (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, Figures 1 and 2 below) and reproduces as closely as possible the digestive environment of man or the monogastric animal. It takes into account the essential parameters of digestion such as peristaltic movements, variations in pH at the gastric and intestinal level, gastric emptying and intestinal transit time, gastric, biliary and pancreatic secretions, absorption of digestion and fermentation, water absorption, faecal microflora (Minekus et al., 1995 and 1999). A computerized control of the system allows continuous control of the parameters. This system makes it possible to mimic different situations, both physiological and pathological.
- each compartment is made up of glass units containing flexible internal walls. A passage of water between the flexible walls and those of glass allows maintain a constant temperature of 37 ° C and mimic peristaltic movements (thanks to variations in water pressure).
- the different compartments are connected to each other by peristaltic valves, the opening of which is controlled by computer (sending or not sending nitrogen).
- the passage of chyme from one compartment to another is controlled by the amount of food present in each compartment (presence of level sensors).
- the volume of the digestive contents is continuously recorded by a pressure sensor and kept constant by absorption of water through dialysis fibers thanks to a pump.
- the stomach (TIM1)
- Pepsin is delivered continuously by a pump.
- the pH is continuously readjusted with HCl or water, so as to follow a predetermined curve, established according to in vivo data.
- TIM1 Small intestine
- the artificial small intestine is programmed to simulate a transit time as close as possible to that observed in vivo.
- the pH is maintained at the most physiological values possible with NaHCO 3 (6.5 at the level of the duodenum, 6.8 at the level of the jejumum and 7.2 at the level of the ileum).
- pumps provide the pancreatic enzymes (mixture of pre-enzymes which will be activated by trypsin) and bile acids.
- the absorption of water and digestion products is carried out thanks to a dialysis system operating with hollow fiber units, connected at the level of the jejunum and the ileum.
- the colon (TIM2)
- the artificial colon consists of a loop in which cyclic faeces previously installed circulate. It has been verified that the composition and the fermentative activity of this faecal microflora, resulting from stools of voluntary donors and implanted in the digestive system, were well representative of those of the human colonic flora and that this flora was kept stable and functional at over time (Minekus et al., 1999).
- a flow of nitrogen keeps the system anaerobic, a condition controlled by an indicator (resazurin solution).
- the nutritional medium is stored in a glass unit maintained at 4 ° C. where an influx of nitrogen allows its permanent mixing anaerobically.
- a set of dialysis fibers crossing the entire colon helps mimic the absorption of water and nutrients.
- the pH is kept constant and adjusted to the value of 6.5 with a solution of NaOH (instead of bicarbonate in vivo).
- Total gas production (such as H 2 , CO 2 and CH) can be determined by measuring the amount of water displaced in a bottle of Mariotte.
- the different gases, as well as the volatile fatty acids produced (acetate, butyrate and propionate mainly), can be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography.
- the artificial colon is made up of three subunits simulating the three parts, proximal, transverse and distal where sit different fermentation activities (associated with different pH).
- the invention relates to a method of studying and controlling microorganisms comprising the steps consisting in: a) adding the microorganisms according to the invention to a liquid nutritive medium, b) introducing said medium to the entry of a system as defined above, c) incubate and carry out a count of the recombinant microorganisms and / or a test of the activity of the gene or genes of interest after passage through the digestive systems or in situ.
- this step may include a PCR test.
- the test activity may include a secretion and or bioconversion test.
- the method can comprise the steps consisting in: a) adding the microorganisms according to the invention to a liquid nutritive medium, b) introducing said medium at the inlet of a system as defined above above, c) incubate and recover the surviving microorganisms after passage through TIM1 and / or TIM2; - optionally repeat steps a) to c) until a homogeneous population of microorganisms adapted to the digestive environment and capable of efficiently expressing the gene or genes of interest is obtained.
- the invention also relates to microorganisms capable of being obtained by the process mentioned above.
- These microorganisms can be characterized in that their survival rate is greater than 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, preferably 90% or 95% at the outlet of the ileum after 6 h of digestion and is greater at 2%, 4%, preferably 8% after 12 h of fermentation in the colon.
- these are yeasts.
- the survival of microorganisms can be assessed by counting.
- the presence of the gene (s) of interest can be demonstrated by molecular techniques (for example Polymerase Chain Reaction).
- the expression of the gene (s) of interest can be estimated by biochemical techniques such as mono or two-dimensional electrophoresis or Western Blot.
- the activity of the expression products of the gene or genes of interest is assessed by specific techniques (for example assay of enzymatic activity).
- the invention relates to microorganisms capable of carrying out a bioconversion reaction or of secreting a peptide or a protein of interest in all the digestive compartments.
- the oral route constitutes one of the preferred delivery routes, by its convenient administration and its low cost.
- the active ingredients thus administered can be absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. They will eventually undergo different biodegradations at this level under the action of enzymes, digestive juices and pH variations. The fraction absorbed from the digestive tract can reach the site of action after passage through the liver and possible metabolism.
- microorganisms In contrast, in the case of microorganisms, these will not be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa but will remain in the tract for a longer or shorter time in order to exert their action at the level of the defined target.
- the dosage form containing the microorganisms is a form which makes it possible to bring them intact at the target level and to maintain their integrity at this level for a defined time of varying length. Under these conditions, the techniques used with conventional active ingredients to ensure sustained release apply to microorganisms after adaptation of the technology and operating parameters.
- the coating makes it possible by direct deposition of a protective agent (resin, polymer) to protect the active principle.
- a protective agent resin, polymer
- the purpose of the coating is to isolate them from the hostile external environment in order to protect them from attack by enzymes, the pH and the juices present at the digestive level.
- the result of the coating is the obtaining of a "sphere" or microsphere, the diameter of which is directly proportional to the quantity of coating product used and to the size of the product to be coated at the origin.
- the operating parameters, the technical equipment and the adjuvants used to carry out this coating are important factors for obtaining microspheres having defined characteristics.
- the coating is either a polymer sensitive to pH and dissolving at a given pH of the gastrointestinal tract, or a polymer including the nutrients necessary for the survival of microorganisms, or a mucoadhesive product facilitating the mucoadhesion of microorganisms to level of the gastrointestinal tract, a combination of these different compounds.
- the result obtained consists of microspheres which are then packaged in hard or soft capsules.
- another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the microorganisms defined above advantageously being in a galenical form suitable for oral or rectal administration so as to deliver them intact at the target site of the tract digestive and maintain their integrity at this level for a given time.
- the microorganisms in particular the yeasts, can be protected by an associated composition or covered by a coating and / or a membrane of the resin type and / or of the polymer type forming spheres, microspheres, granules or microgranules.
- the composition is in the form of capsules, tablets or dragees.
- the composition can also be in the form of a cell suspension.
- the invention also relates to a combination product comprising the microorganisms described above and an active substance or a precursor of an active substance for simultaneous, separate or spread over time use.
- This product is preferably characterized in that the said microorganisms interact with the active substance or the precursor.
- the active substance is intended to promote the action of recombinant microorganisms (for example, it may be a substance promoting the survival, growth or activity of microorganisms) or, conversely, micro -organisms act on the active substance or on the precursor.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of microorganisms according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament such as detoxification agents, metabolic correction agents, agents capable of modifying the intestinal flora, agents capable of increasing the bioavailability of an active substance or of its precursor and for the preparation of a medicament capable of providing in situ active peptides, peptides of vaccine interest, peptides of hormonal interest, peptides of interest therapeutic, antibiotic effect peptides or peptides capable of trapping or complexing molecules.
- a medicament such as detoxification agents, metabolic correction agents, agents capable of modifying the intestinal flora, agents capable of increasing the bioavailability of an active substance or of its precursor and for the preparation of a medicament capable of providing in situ active peptides, peptides of vaccine interest, peptides of hormonal interest, peptides of interest therapeutic, antibiotic effect peptides or peptides capable of trapping or complexing molecules.
- Figures 1 and 2 schematic representations of artificial digestive systems.
- FIG. 3 genomic and plasmid constructs for the expression of the gene for human P450 1A1 and of human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (A) or of yeast (B) and for the expression of the gene for P450 73 A1 of Jerusalem artichoke and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (C).
- A- The strain obtained is called W (hR) pHl Al.
- B- The strain obtained is called W (R) pHlAl.
- C- The strain obtained is called W (R) pP73Al.
- URA 3 wild gene for orotate decarboxylase
- ADE 2 wild gene for the aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase
- ura 3 mutated orotate decarboxylase gene
- Y red yeast P450 reductase
- H red human P450 reductase
- PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
- Y red ORF yeast P450 reductase coding sequence
- H red ORF coding sequence for human P450 reductase
- H 1A1 ORF coding sequence for human P450 1A1
- P 73A1 ORF coding sequence for Jerusalem artichoke P450 73 A1
- pro promoter
- ter terminator.
- FIG. 4 release kinetics of the recombinant yeasts W (hR) pHlAl and W (R) pHlAl at the outlet of the ileum.
- the dilution factor due to the volume of digestive secretions is taken into account in the calculations.
- FIG. 5 Monitoring of recombinant yeasts W (hR) pHlAl and W (R) pHlAl in the artificial colon. Different samples were taken in order to be able to monitor yeasts in TIM 2:
- Figure 6 PCR results performed on strains W (R) pHlAl and W (hR) pHlAl before passage through the digestive systems (A), at the exit of the small intestine (B) and colon (C)
- the number of yeasts present in each sample is expressed as a percentage of the total number of yeasts ingested.
- the monitoring curves of the recombinant yeasts in each compartment were compared with those of a nonabsorbable transit marker.
- Figure 8 kinetics of release of the recombinant yeasts W (R) pP73Al at the outlet of the ileum
- the production of p-coumaric acid j is expressed as% of trans-cinnamic acid into the stomach.
- Figure 11 Constructs of plasmids allowing secretion by S. cerevisiae yeasts, either of a "tagged" peptide (A), or of a "tagged” protein (B)
- PGAL1 promoter highly inducible by galactose
- CYCl TT terminator of the CYCl gene
- pUC ori origin of pUC replication allowing maintenance and replication of the plasmid in bacteria
- 2 ⁇ origin origin of replication 2 ⁇ allowing maintenance and replication of the plasmid in yeast
- Ampicillin gene for resistance to ampicillin serving as a selection marker in the bacteria
- URA 3 auxotrophy marker allowing the selection of transformed yeasts
- BamHI cleavage site of the restriction enzyme BamHI
- EcoRl shutdown site restriction enzyme EcoRl
- Pre pre sequence, allowing the targeting of the ⁇ peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Pro pro sequence allowing efficient secretion of the ⁇ peptide
- KR Kex2 protease cleavage site (amino acids lysine-arginine); GST: Glutathione-S-transferase
- V 5 V 5 epitope
- H 6 polypeptide
- the Western-Blots obtained with the WppN 5 H 6 and WpGSTN 5 H 6 strains are represented in FIG. 12A and 12B respectively.
- Samples were taken from the growth culture and from the induction culture, 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after addition of galactose. The samples are noted “expo” when the induction culture has been seeded at low cell density and "stat" when it has been seeded at high density.
- the supernatant proteins are precipitated, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by Western-Blot (anti-V 5 antibody). For each sample, the proteins of the supernatant corresponding to a culture volume containing 5 * 10 yeasts are deposited (except sample B6 which corresponds to 4 * 10 cells).
- A1 peptide-V 5 H 6 , growth culture control; A2: peptide-V 5 H 6 , tO induction culture; A3: peptide-N 5 H 6 , expo t2h; A4: peptide-N 5 H 6 , stat t2h; A5: peptide-V 5 H 6 , expo t4h; A6: peptide-V 5 H 6 , stat t4h; A7: peptide-V 5 H 6 , expo t6h; A8: peptide- V 5 H 6 , stat t6h.
- B1 GST-N 5 H 6 , growth culture control; B2: GST-N 5 H 6 , tO induction culture; B3: GST-V 5 H 6 , expo t2h; B4: GST-V 5 H 6 , stat t2h; B5: GST-V 5 H 6 , exhibition t4h; B6: GST-V 5 H 6 , stat t4h (4 * 10 8 cells); B7: GSTN 5 H 6 , stat t4h (5 * 10 7 cells); B8: GST-N 5 H 6 , exhibition t6h; B9: GST-V 5 H 6 , stat t6h.
- FIG. 13 represents the Western-Blots obtained after analysis of the samples taken from the different compartments of TIM 1.
- a positive control was also carried out in Erlen-Meyer (samples noted as "control"). All the proteins contained in the supernatant of the samples were deposited (corresponding to a volume of 4 ml in the stomach and the duodenum and 2 ml in the food, the jejunum and the ileum).
- Figure 14 Detection, in the various TIM1 compartments, of the "tagged" GST protein secreted by the WppGSTV 5 H 6 strain
- FIG. 14 represents the Western-Blots obtained after analysis of the samples taken from the different compartments of TIM 1.
- a positive control was also carried out in Erlen-Meyer (samples noted as "control"). All the proteins contained in the supernatant of the samples were deposited (corresponding to a volume of 4 ml in the stomach and the duodenum and 2 ml in the food, the jejunum and the ileum).
- Figure 15 Quantification of "tagged" GST secreted in TIM 1 by the WppGSTV s H 6 strain In order to approximate the amount of GST secreted in the digestive environment, we compared the intensity of detection of a standard range with that of samples from TIM 1. 20 ng, 10 ng and 1 ng of 85% pure GST were thus deposited on the same gel as the proteins of samples from samples in TIM 1.
- Example 1 The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an expression system for human P450s.
- S. cerevisiae was the first system used for the expression of a rat P450 (Oeda et al., 1985). Since then, it has been widely used as a heterologous expression system in many laboratories. In particular, the team of Dr Denis Pompon chose it as a study model for the expression of human P450 (isoenzymes 1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, 19A).
- yeasts as a host for heterologous expression of P450 has many advantages. Indeed, yeasts have the criteria necessary for the synthesis of functional human P450 (Urban et al., 1994a; Pompon et al., 1997). They present the intracellular architecture and the majority of post-translational modifications of eukaryotic cells, as well as a protein addressing system ("Signal Particle Recognition" or SRP) allowing the translocation of the synthesized P450 to the endoplasmic reticulum, which results in correct intracellular localization and folding of the P450.
- SRP Protein addressing system
- Yeasts also have a lipid membrane environment allowing the stability of P450 and electron transfer proteins (NADPH- cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5) in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, necessary for the enzymatic activity of P450.
- the introduction into yeasts of expression cassettes can be carried out in two ways: on a plasmid or by genomic integration.
- yeasts allow the stable coexpression of several DNAs complementary (cDNA) and the techniques used are low cost and risk-free.
- the yeast S. cerevisiae allows the characterization of human monooxygenase activities (Urban et al., 1994a; Gautier, 1994), namely:
- yeasts as a heterologous expression system (Urban et al., 1994a; Pompon et al., 1996) has some limits:
- yeast and human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase enzymes have a low sequence similarity (33%), which reduces the coupling efficiency between human P450 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, - production of human P450 (between 50 and 500 pmol of P450 per mg of microsomal proteins) is lower than in E coli bacteria (of the order of nmol / mg) but this drawback is largely compensated for by the fact that, unlike the bacterium , yeasts produce functional P450s.
- An expression cassette inserted into a plasmid, allows the production of a human P450.
- the 5 ′ and 3 ′ non-coding sequences of the cDNA were deleted before insertion into the yeasts.
- the strong promoter GAL10-CYC1 completely repressed by glucose but highly inducible by galactose was introduced in order to separate the exponential growth phase, required to constitute the biomass, from the expression phase.
- Second generation systems optimization of the specific activity of human P450.
- yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase brought under the control of the promoter GAL10-CYC1
- phase II enzymes such as epoxide hydrolase
- human P450 has also made it possible to simulate metabolic couplings between phase I and phase II enzymes (Gautier et al, 1993).
- Example 2 Obtaining the recombinant yeast strains W (hR) pHlAl, W (R) pHlAl and W (R) pP73Al
- the S cerevisiae W (hR) pHlAl strain (FIG. 3A) is derived from the W (hR) strain.
- the two strains W (R) pHlAl ( Figure 3B) and W (R) pP73Al ( Figure 3C) are derived from the strain W (R).
- strains W (R) and W (hR) have been described respectively by Truan et al. (1993) and Urban et al. (1993).
- W strain (hR) the open reading phase of human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (2034 bp) was inserted into the yeast genome instead of that of the
- NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from yeast and placed under the control of the strong promoter GAL10-CYC1. The terminator of the yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene has been retained.
- the two strains W (hR) pHlAl and W (R) pHlAl result respectively from the transformation of W (hR) and W (R) with the plasmid pi Al.
- Plasmid pi Al results from the insertion in plasmid pV60 of the sequence coding for human P450 1A1 (1539 bp), placed between the strong promoter GAL10-CYC1 and the terminator of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene ( PGK). It contains the gene coding for ⁇ -lactamase which confers resistance to ampicillin in E coll.
- This plasmid can be maintained in yeasts thanks to auxotrophy markers
- URA 3 and AD ⁇ 2 which complement the corresponding deficient genes in the yeast genome.
- the addition of the AD ⁇ 2 auxotrophy marker allows better stability of the vector when the transformed yeasts are cultivated in a culture medium becoming spontaneously limiting in adenine with high cell density.
- the plasmid can multiply in bacteria thanks to an origin of replication of E coli and in yeasts thanks to a fragment of the origin of replication of the plasmid 2 ⁇ .
- the yeast transformation protocol adapted from Gietz et al. (1992), first requires making the yeasts competent.
- the strains W (R) and W (hR) are cultured in YPGA medium (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1 and adenine 20 mg / 1) up to '' to reach an OD 6 oo nm between 0.5 and 2.
- YPGA medium glucose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1 and adenine 20 mg / 1
- OD 6 oo nm between 0.5 and 2.
- centrifugation 6000 g, 3 min, 20 ° C
- the cell pellet is washed twice with 25 ml of sterile distilled water, then once with 2 ml of 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 1 mM ⁇ DTA, 0.1 M lithium acetate.
- the cell pellet is taken up in 1 ml of this same buffer. Then, in order to proceed with the transformation of the yeasts, the aliquot of the transforming vector pi Al, 50 ⁇ g of DNA denatured from salmon sperm, 100 ⁇ l of competent yeasts and 300 ⁇ l of a PEG-4000 solution are mixed. 40% in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, ImTA EDTA, 0.1 M lithium acetate. The mixture is incubated for 30 min at 28 ° C and then 15 min at 42 ° C. After centrifugation (11000 g, 3 min, 20 ° C), the cell pellet is taken up in 100 ⁇ l of Ringer liquid.
- the 100 ⁇ l are spread over SGI medium (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids lg / 1, tryptophan 20 mg 1 and agar 20g / l).
- SGI medium glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids lg / 1, tryptophan 20 mg 1 and agar 20g / l.
- the dishes are incubated for 2 to 3 days at 30 ° C.
- the W (R) strain pP73Al results from the transformation of the W (R) strain with the plasmid pV60 in which the Jerusalem artinambour cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene or P450 73A1 (plasmid called p73Al - see Figure 3) has been inserted (Urban
- Example 3 Example of digestion protocol in the digestive systems TIM1 and TIM2 (modified protocol from WO 94/09895)
- variable digestion time is programmed between 240 and 360 minutes. Solutions used during digestion
- gastric juice NaCI 53 mM, KC1 15 mM, CaCl 2 1 mM and NaHCO 3 7 mM, pH 4, to which pepsin is added at a rate of 588 U / ml,
- the yeast strain studied, resuspended in 300 ml of semi-skimmed milk or YPL culture medium (yeast extract 10g / l, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, galactose 20g / l), is introduced into the stomach.
- the yeasts are prepared as described in the examples 4 and 5.
- gastric juice and lipase are delivered at a flow rate of 0.25 ml / min, 1 ⁇ C1 is introduced at a flow rate of 0.25 ml / min if necessary.
- the 7% pancreatin solutions are delivered at a flow rate of 0.25 ml / min, the bile solution (at 4 or 2%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml / min, the 1 M NaHCO 3 and the electrolyte solution IX at a total flow rate of 0.25 ml / min.
- NaHCO 3 1M is introduced at a flow rate of 0.25 ml / min, if necessary.
- fermentation can be maintained for up to a week after sowing the colon.
- the bacterial pellet and the mucus are taken up in basic medium (Ileum delivery medium), itself diluted 10 times in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.
- TBC 40X a solution containing lipids and proteins
- vitamins 10 X menadione 10 mg / 1, biotin 20 mg / 1, vitamin B12 5 mg / 1, pantothenate 100 mg / 1, nicotinamide 50 mg / 1, p-aminobenzoic acid 50 mg / 1 and thiamine 40 mg / 1.
- the dialysis solution (1 X colon electrolyte solution and 0.01 X vitamin solution, pH 6.5) is bubbled under nitrogen flow overnight. It is delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml / min for the entire duration of stabilization and fermentation (dialysis fibers: JFM M5ID X Flow).
- “Ileum delivery medium” (1 X colon electrolyte solutions, 10 X carbohydrate solution, 10 X TBC, 0.01 X vitamin solution and 20 g / 1 mucus, pH 6.5), simulating the product of digestion from the ileum, is introduced into the colon at the rate of 3 ml per hour.
- the studied yeast strain resuspended in demineralized water or in YPL culture medium (yeast extract 10 g / l, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, galactose 20 g / l), is introduced into the colon, after stabilization of the flora.
- the yeasts are prepared as described in Examples 4 and 5.
- the W (R) pHlAl and W (hR) pHlAl strains are cultured in minimum SGI medium (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids lg / 1 and tryptophan 20 mg / 1) at a concentration of 10 6 - 10 7 cells / ml.
- the culture is then centrifuged in sterile plastic tubes (3000 g, 10 min, 4 ° C). The supernatant is discarded and the cells are washed in 15 ml of physiological water (NaCl 9 g / 1).
- the yeasts are introduced into TIM 1 resuspended in 300 ml of semi-skimmed milk or are introduced into TIM2 resuspended in 5 ml of demineralized water.
- the samples are diluted in physiological water and spread on SGI medium.
- Ampicillin 100 ⁇ g / ml is added to the medium in order to eliminate the contaminants coming from the digestive system and / or the faecal flora, as well as ethanol (3% v / v) in order to promote the yeast development.
- PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
- the PCRs can be carried out using colonies isolated on a petri dish or yeasts returned to liquid culture.
- the culture In the first case, we take a pinhead from a colony which is resuspended in 10 ⁇ l of distilled water before boiling for 10 min.
- the culture In the second case, the culture must be in exponential growth phase (DOeoonm between 0.5 and 2). After centrifugation (10000g, 10 min, 4 ° C), the cell pellet is taken up in 50 ⁇ l of distilled water and boiled for 10 min.
- the best results in terms of intensity of the amplifiers and reproducibility of the experiments
- DO 6 oonm from 0.5 to 2 the yeast growth stage does not seem to influence the results.
- the primers used are either internal to the genes (P450 1A1 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases human or yeast), or located both on the gene and its promoter GAL10-CYC1 in order to verify its stability ( Figure 3) . They are chosen so that they hybridize as little as possible on themselves, with themselves and with each other using the program on the Internet at the following address: http://www.Williamstone.com/primers/calculator/calculator.cgi
- the PCR samples contain 1 X PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.2 mM 4 dXTP, 5 'and 3' primers 0.5 ⁇ M, Taq polymerase 25 U / ml and the DNA template 0.06%.
- the PCR program used is as follows (30 cycles): denaturation 5min 95 ° C, denaturation 30s 95 ° C, priming 30s 51 ° C, DNA synthesis 2min 72 ° C and final extension 10min 72 ° C.
- the samples are mixed with a stop solution (Bromophenol blue 0.25%, Ficoll 10% and SDS 1%) and deposited on a 1.5% Agarose gel containing BET 0.5 ⁇ g / ml .
- the migration is carried out in an electrophoresis tank containing 40 mM Tris-base buffer, 20 mM glacial acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA, for 15 minutes at 100V. After migration, the DNA is visualized under UV.
- yeast strains were identified by PCR both at the outlet of the small intestine up to 6 hours after their introduction into the stomach and at the outlet of the colon up to 48 hours after their introduction into it. (figure 6).
- the yeasts are precultured for 12 hours at 28 ° C., with stirring, in 30 ml of SGI (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids 1 g / 1 and tryptophan 20 mg / 1). Then, a culture of 48 h at 28 ° C, with stirring, is carried out in 250 ml of YPGE (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1 and 3% ethanol).
- CYP73A1 is caused by the addition of galactose (25 ml of a 200 g / l solution) until a density of 3 to 4 x10 7 yeasts / ml is reached.
- galactose 25 ml of a 200 g / l solution
- the culture is then centrifuged in autoclave plastic tubes at 3000 g, 10 min, 4 ° C.
- the supernatant is discarded and the cells are washed in 15 ml of physiological water (NaCl 9 g / 1).
- the yeasts After a new centrifugation (3000 g, 10 min, 4 ° C), the yeasts are introduced into TIM 1 resuspended in 300 ml of YPL culture medium (galactose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1) and are introduced into TIM 2 resuspended in 10 ml of YPL medium.
- YPL culture medium galactose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1
- the samples are diluted in physiological water and spread on SGI medium. Ampicillin (100 ⁇ g / ml) is added to the medium in order to eliminate the contaminants coming from the digestive system and / or the faecal flora.
- yeasts show great resistance to gastric and intestinal secretions since no significant difference is observed in each digestive compartment of TIM1 between the curve obtained for yeasts and that of a nonabsorbable transit marker (Figure 7).
- Example 6 Measurement of the ethoxyroresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of the W (hR) pHlAl yeasts after passage through TIM 1
- EROD ethoxyroresorufin-O-deethylase
- the W (hR) pHlAl strain is used to demonstrate the maintenance of the activity of the recombinant yeasts after passage through TIM1.
- P450 1A1 has the ethoxyroresorfin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and catalyzes the transformation of 7-ethoxyroresorfin into resorufin.
- EROD ethoxyroresorfin-O-deethylase
- the yeasts are precultured for 12 hours at 28 ° C., with stirring, in 30 ml of SGI (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids 1 g / 1 and tryptophan 20 mg / 1). Then, a culture of 48 h at 28 ° C, with stirring, is carried out in 250 ml of YPGE (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1 and 3% ethanol). During the last 12 hours, the induction of P450 1A1 is caused by the addition of galactose (25 ml of a 200 g / l solution). The yeast culture is then either used as such for the assay of EROD on cells, or undergoes various treatments in order to prepare microsomes (Pompon et al., 1996).
- SGI yeast nitrogen base 7g / l
- the P450 1A1 content was measured on microsomes of the W (hR) pHl Al strain after passage through the digestive systems.
- EROD ethoxyroresorufin-O-deethylase
- the W (hR) pHl Al strain always has the EROD activity, characteristic of P450 1A1, at the outlet of the small intestine and in the colon, whether this is assayed on microsomes (approximately 20 pmol of resorufin per ml microsomal suspension per minute) or on cells (approximately 5 pmol of resorufin per ml of culture per minute).
- the yeast strain used to demonstrate the activity in situ is the W (R) pP73Al strain.
- P450 73A1 has cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity and catalyzes the transformation of tram-cinnamic acid into 7-coumaric acid.
- the yeasts are precultured for 12 hours at 28 ° C., with stirring, in 30 ml of SGI (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, bactocasamino acids 1 g / 1 and tryptophan 20 mg / 1). Then, a culture of 48 h at 28 ° C, with stirring, is carried out in 250 ml of YPGE (glucose 20 g / 1, yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1 and 3% ethanol).
- CYP73A1 is caused by the addition of galactose (25 ml of a 200 g / l solution) until a density of 3 to 4 x10 7 yeasts / ml is reached.
- the culture is then centrifuged in autoclave plastic tubes at 3000 g, 10 min, 4 ° C. The supernatant is discarded and the cells are washed in 15 ml of physiological water (NaCl 9 g / 1).
- the supernatant is discarded and the cell pellet is resuspended in the food (300 ml of YPL medium for monitoring the bioconversion reaction in TIM 1 and 10 ml of YPL medium for monitoring the reaction in TIM 2).
- the substrate (tr ras-cinnamic acid) is introduced extemporaneously into the stomach at a concentration of 670 ⁇ M (concentration in food). Digestion is carried out over 240 minutes.
- Samples (1 ml) are taken at different levels of the digestive tract: in food (tO), in the stomach after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min of digestion, in the duodenum after 15 , 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 and 150 min of digestion, in the jejunum after 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min of digestion, in the ileum after 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min of digestion and in the accumulated ileal outflows on 0-30 min, 30-45 min, 45-60 min, 60-90 min, 90-120 min , 120-180 min and 180-240 min at 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min.
- the substrate (tr ⁇ s-cinnamic acid) is introduced into the colon at a concentration of 1.7 mM (initial concentration in the colon).
- Samples (1 ml) are taken at tO then 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after simultaneous introduction of the yeasts and the substrate into the colon.
- the samples are diluted to 1 A before being treated as described below.
- Phase A Water 95, Methanol 5 and acetic acid 0.1 (v / v),
- Phase B Acetonitrile 95, Methanol 5 and acetic acid 0.1 (v / v),
- Detection is carried out by spectrophotometry at 314 nm between 0 and 16 min, then at 280 nm between 16 and 34 min.
- the retention time of the compounds is 6 + 0.5 min for 7-coumaric acid and
- the signal sequence of the ⁇ peptide is divided into three domains, located directly upstream of the ⁇ peptide and necessary for its maturation and its secretion: 1- the sequence of addressing the peptide to the endoplasmic reticulum: Pre sequence,
- the bacteria / yeast shuttle vector pYES2-CT (commercial plasmid, Invitrogen) served as a basis for the construction of the plasmids ppV H 6 and ppGSTV 5 H 6 (FIG. 11A and 1 IB).
- pYES2-CT carries an expression cassette comprising the strong promoter GAL 1 (inducible by galactose) and the terminator of the CYCl gene.
- GAL 1 inducible by galactose
- This vector also presents, under the control of GAL 1, a sequence coding for an epitope called V 5 and for a polypeptide chain of 6 histidines.
- the plasmid ppVjHk was constructed by inserting the sequence coding for PreProKR upstream of the sequence coding for the epitope V 5 . To do this, the restriction sites BamHI and EeoR1 were added, by PCR amplification, respectively to the 5 'and 3' ends of the sequence coding for PreProKR. The PCR product was then subcloned into the vector pYes2 / CT, opened by double digestion BamHl - ⁇ coRl.
- the construction was carried out from the plasmid ppV 5 H 6 into which the sequence of the coding phase of GST was inserted, upstream of the sequence V 5 H 6 . This insertion was carried out by homologous recombination directly in the host yeast. For this, homologous sequences were added, by PCR amplification, to the ends of the coding phase of GST (GST from Schistosoma japonicum).
- the plasmids ppV 5 H 6 and ppGSTV 5 H 6 were introduced by transformation into the yeast strain W303 with the sexual sign MAT ⁇ (leu 2, his 3, trp 1, ura 3 and ade 2 ), giving respectively the strains WppV H 6 and WppGSTV 5 H 6 .
- the “tagged” model protein (noted GST-V 5 H 6 ) secreted by the WppGSTV 5 H 6 strain has a size of 29.7 kDa (calculated PM).
- the WppV 5 H 6 or WppGSTV 5 H 6 strains are precultured (24h, 30 ° C, 210 rpm) in minimum SRAI medium (bactocasamino acids lg / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1), until it is in the stationary phase. Then, a growth culture (12 h, 37 ° C, 210 rpm) is carried out in complete YPRA medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1) , until being in stationary phase.
- minimum SRAI medium bactocasamino acids lg / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1
- complete YPRA medium yeast extract 10 g /
- the culture is centrifuged (2000 g, 6 min, room temperature), the supernatant is removed, then the YPLRA induction medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml, galactose 20 g / 1 and raffinose 10 g / 1) is seeded either at high cell density (OD 6 oo nm of 4), or at low cell density (OD 6 nonm of e 0.6).
- the induction culture is carried out for 6 h, at 37 ° C., with stirring (210 rpm).
- Samples are taken from the growth culture and from the induction culture at tO, t2h, t4h and t6h, under the two cell concentration conditions. Sample processing
- Protein electrophoresis For each sample, the proteins of the supernatant are deposited, corresponding to a culture volume containing 5 * 10 7 yeasts. The proteins are separated by electrophoresis on 12% polyacrylamide gel (GST-V 5 H 6 ) or 16.5% (peptide-V H 6 ), under denaturing conditions (addition of SDS). A migration buffer containing tricin, more suitable for the separation of low molecular weight proteins, was used in the case of the peptide-V 5 H 6 (Shagger H. and Von Jagow G., 1987). The migration parameters are as follows: 30 mA, 150 V, 1 h (GST-V 5 H 6 ) or 3 h (peptide-V 5 H 6 ).
- the proteins are transferred onto a polyvinyldifluorene membrane (PVDF).
- PVDF polyvinyldifluorene membrane
- the transfer parameters are as follows: 350 mA, 100 V, 1 h (GST- V 5 H 6 ) or 20 min (peptide- V 5 H 6 ).
- the peptide-V 5 H 6 and the GST-V 5 H 6 are revealed after successive incubations of the membranes with the specific anti-V 5 antibody and a secondary antibody coupled to alkaline phosphatase (Western-Breeze Kit, Invitrogen, WB7103) .
- the addition of the substrate (BCIP / NBT) causes the formation of a purple precipitate.
- FIG. 12 represents the Western-Blots obtained with the strain WppV 5 H 6 (12A) and with the strain Wp ⁇ GSTV 5 H 6 (12B).
- the basal level of secretion obtained on raffinose is too low to be visible on Western-Blot.
- the secretion products are detectable as early as 2 hours after induction of the GAL1 promoter by galactose. In view of the Western-Blots, the secretion seems more important when the induction culture is carried out at low cell density, either for the peptide-V 5 H 6 or for the GST-V 5 H 6 .
- the secretion products are also detectable in the form of precursors (with the sequence Pre-Pro-KR) and in glycosylated or hyperglycosylated form.
- the WppV 5 H 6 or WppGSTV 5 H 6 strains are precultured (24h, 30 ° C, 210 rpm) in minimum SRAI medium (bactocasamino acids lg / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1), until it is in the stationary phase. Then, a growth culture (12 h, 37 ° C, 210 rpm) is carried out in complete YPRA medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1) , until being in stationary phase.
- minimum SRAI medium bactocasamino acids lg / 1, yeast nitrogen base 7g / l, adenine 2 mg / ml and raffinose 20 g / 1
- a growth culture (12 h, 37 ° C,
- the culture is centrifuged (3000 g, 10 min, room temperature) and the cell pellet is resuspended in 300 ml of the YPLRA induction medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml , galactose 40 g / 1 and raffinose 20 g / 1), thus constituting the food which will be introduced into the YPLRA induction medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml , galactose 40 g / 1 and raffinose 20 g / 1), thus constituting the food which will be introduced into the YPLRA induction medium (yeast extract 10 g / 1, bactopeptone 10 g / 1, adenine 2 mg / ml , galactose 40 g / 1 and raffinose 20 g /
- the digestion is carried out according to a conventional digestion protocol (see example 3) but without the digestive proteases (to avoid degradation of the secretion products).
- Samples are taken at different levels of the digestive tract: in the food before introduction into the system (tO), in the stomach after 90 and 120 min of digestion, in the duodenum after 90, 160 and 210 min digestion, in the jejunum after 90, 160 and 210 min of digestion and in the ileum after 90, 160,
- Counts are carried out in the food and in the cumulative outflows over 0-90, 90-180 and 180-270 min, at 90, 180 and 270 min, by counting on medium
- Protein precipitation The precipitation protocol is that described in Example 9. The samples from the stomach are neutralized beforehand with 1M sodium bicarbonate.
- Protein electrophoresis The electrophoresis protocol is that described in Example 9. All of the proteins contained in the supernatant of the samples are deposited (corresponding to a volume of 2 ml in TIM 1, except for the stomach and the duodenum where the volume of the samples is 4 ml, and 600 ⁇ l in the Erlen Meyer).
- the Western-Blot protocol is that described in Example 9.
- the anti-GST antibody was used in place of the anti-V 5 antibody in order to carry out a semi-quantification of GST-V 5 H 6 secreted.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 represent the Western-Blots obtained during digestion in TIM 1 in the presence of the strains WppV 5 H 6 and WppGSTV 5 H 6 respectively .
- the V 5 H 6 peptide was detected in all of the TIM 1 compartments as early as 90 minutes after the start of digestion. The amount of peptides detected increases during digestion and along the digestive tract (from the stomach to the ileum) for a time given digestion. GST-V 5 H 6 was detected in all compartments except the stomach. The amount of protein secreted also increases during digestion.
- FIG. 15 represents a semi-quantification of the GST-V 5 H 6 produced during digestion in TIM 1 in the presence of the strain WppGSTV 5 H 6 .
- the concentration of GST-V 5 H 6 in the digestive samples can be evaluated at: - ⁇ 1 ng / ml for the duo, jej and ile samples 90 min, lo 10 ng / ml for the jej and ile samples at time 160 and 210 min.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR0007843 | 2000-06-20 | ||
| FR0007843A FR2810337B1 (fr) | 2000-06-20 | 2000-06-20 | Micro-organismes actifs dans l'environnement digestif |
| PCT/FR2001/001925 WO2001098461A1 (fr) | 2000-06-20 | 2001-06-20 | Micro-organismes actifs dans l'environnement digestif |
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| EP (1) | EP1294849A1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2001269203A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2413526A1 (fr) |
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| AU2006286563B2 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2012-02-23 | Intrexon Actobiotics Nv | Anti-TNF alpha producing lactic acid bacteria for the treatment of chronic enterocolitis |
| US20080254014A1 (en) * | 2005-10-03 | 2008-10-16 | Actogenix N V | Use of Recombinant Yeast Strain Producing an Anti-Inflammatory Compound to Treat Colitis |
| JP2010513245A (ja) * | 2006-12-14 | 2010-04-30 | アクトジェニックス・エヌブイ | 免疫調節を誘起するための結合分子の送達 |
| CN109722464B (zh) * | 2017-10-27 | 2022-05-31 | 中粮营养健康研究院有限公司 | 一种体外模拟微生物受胃、十二指肠环境胁迫的方法 |
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| AU754020B2 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 2002-10-31 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Chemoprotective bacterial strains |
| SE510505C2 (sv) * | 1998-02-20 | 1999-05-31 | Almqvist Wallenbeck Ab | Probiotisk komposition innehållande sporer från jästarten Endomyces fibuliger och användning därav |
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- 2001-06-20 WO PCT/FR2001/001925 patent/WO2001098461A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| P. MARTEAU ET AL.: "Survival of lactic acid bacteria in a dynamic model of the stomach and small intestine: Validation and the effects of bile", JOURNAL OF DIARY SCIENCE, vol. 80, 1997, pages 1031 - 1037, XP002268667 * |
| Retrieved from the internet on 16.2.2006 http://www.boomer.org/c/p4/c17/c1702.html PHAR 7632 Chapter 17. Metabolism * |
| S. BLANQUET ET AL.: "Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing P450 in artificial digestive systems: a model for biodetoxication in the human digestive environment", APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 69, no. 5, May 2003 (2003-05-01), pages 2884 - 2892 * |
| See also references of WO0198461A1 * |
| STÉPHANIE BLANQUET ET AL.: "A dynamic artificial gastrointestinal system for studying the behavior of orally administered drug dosage forms under various conditions", PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH, vol. 21, no. 4, April 2004 (2004-04-01), pages 585 - 591, XP008053155 * |
| STÉPHANIE BLANQUET ET AL.: "Living recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae secreting proteins or peptides as a new drug delivery system in the gut", JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 110, 2004, pages 37 - 49 * |
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| FR2810337A1 (fr) | 2001-12-21 |
| FR2810337B1 (fr) | 2002-09-13 |
| AU2001269203A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 |
| WO2001098461A1 (fr) | 2001-12-27 |
| CA2413526A1 (fr) | 2001-12-27 |
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