EP1247430B1 - Device for heating air, fluids and materials, in dry or wet environment, powered with low voltage current or alternating or direct very low safe allowable voltage - Google Patents

Abstract

A device for heating air, fluids and materials, in dry or wet environments powered in low voltage current or alternating or direct very safe allowable voltage, by increasing the temperature of any type of surface, whether flat or embossed, solid or open-work. The device includes electrodes coated with a layer of electrically resistant fluid or pasty substance. The assembly of devices is very thin, and is particularly designed for heating premises, swimming pools, pipes exposed to freezing, and container for warm food.

Description

Device for heating air, fluids and materials, in a dry or wet environment, supplied with low voltage or alternating or continuous low voltage.

The present invention relates to a device for electric heating of air, fluids and materials, intended to cover surfaces or planar objects and / or reliefs, of any size, of any shape, solid or perforated, particularly under very low safety voltage (SELV), or low voltage and a method for its manufacture.

• du graphite gris ou noir, à raison de 100 parties en poids,
• une matière de charge neutre, à raison de 0 à 50 parties en poids,
• un vernis noir à feu, à raison de 75 à 150 parties en poids,
• et de la corésiline, à raison de 60 à 120 parties en poids.

We already know by the certificate of Bulgarian author BG 15934 a nonmetallic resistant material for electric radiant heating, comprising:

• gray or black graphite, at 100 parts by weight,
• a neutral filler, from 0 to 50 parts by weight,
• a black-on-fire varnish, 75 to 150 parts by weight,
• and coresiline, 60 to 120 parts by weight.

This material has the advantage of allowing the heating of a room in low temperature by consuming less energy than the traditional systems, but has the disadvantage of using gray or black graphite and black varnish fire as binder. Heating elements made of gray or black graphite and black-on-fire varnish require mechanical treatment to acquire the necessary electrical parameters. The black-on-fire varnish has a relatively low mechanical strength, it breaks very quickly, and, destroyed, it becomes unusable ...

Also known by the patent application French FR-A-2,593,185 filed October 30, 1986 an electrically resistant material for radiant heating which comprises amorphous graphite, polyvinyl acetate, denatured alcohol, and a diluent agent consisting of coresilin.

While having the advantage of having a high mechanical strength, this material also has disadvantages. For example, the measurement of the resistance of this graphitized paint shows a significant resistance, which allows the passage of a very low current intensity, for an applied voltage of the order of 50 volts at the terminals of such a coating.

Patent applications are still known French FR-A-2 709 590 as of 03.09.1993, FR-A-2,709,589 dated 29.04.1994, the European patent application dated 26 08 1994 EP-A-0 641 845 inventors Thuny and Sinigalia .

Their invention has some disadvantages which can be noted that in the binder of the description and used, is incorporated a product containing a prohibited substance (lead), but also the excessive fluidity due to Plioway® EC-1; if the fluid performs well during its application on a horizontal surface, it is different in vertical application, on the walls for example, the only lamellar support is not really suitable for the electrical connection with the elongated conductors in adhesive strips, causing multiple electrical arcs between the slats and the heating surface that is destroyed and becomes unusable. On the other hand, the powering is a real danger since achieved by overlapping the electrical son and / or conductors; but especially not usable in a humid environment.

In addition, paints containing a small percentage by weight (generally of the order of 3%) of conductive fillers are sold. The incorporation within said paintings of said charges is intended to improve their application by rendering them electrostatic. The said paintings are not, in view of the low content of charges they contain, electrically conductive.

An object of the invention is a device for electric heating of air, fluids and materials, intended to cover surfaces or planar objects and / or reliefs, of any size, of any shape, solid or perforated, said device comprises an insulating support and at least two electrodes (4 and 4 ') separated by a distance (d) fixed or variable, of length L, connected to the terminals P and N, covered by a fluid or pasty material (5) of resistivity adjustable electricity, which covers the electrodes and the surface (S) therebetween, so that at power-up, the fluid or pasty material (5) behaves as a heating resistor, in which the fluid or pasty material (5) contains in a binder, or / and a soft, elastic, malleable material, from 10 to 90% by weight of conductive fillers consisting of a mixture of two products, one with a granular support, the other with lamellar support, with different electrical resistivity te, and variable dosage from 50/50 to 10/90% depending on the expected final resistivity.

The invention overcomes these disadvantages. It comprises a powering up by at least two electrodes separated by a fixed or variable distance, of length L, covered by a fluid or pasty material of adjustable electrical resistivity connected to terminals P and N.

• les électrodes phase sont reliées entre elles comme les dents d'un peigne par un conducteur ou une barrette conductrice, que les électrodes neutres sont reliées entre elles comme les dents d'un peigne par un conducteur ou une barrette conductrice, disposées tête bêche en simple ou en multiples enchevêtrés, l'ensemble des conducteurs/électrodes étant fixé, sur le support isolant.
• il comprend plusieurs électrodes de phase et de neutre et que les électrodes de phase sont reliées à une même borne de phase et sont parallèles, que les électrodes de neutre sont reliées à une même borne de neutre et sont parallèles, lesdites électrodes de phase et de neutre étant parallèles entre elles et disposées de façon alternée.
• il est constitué en deux parties symétriques par rapport à l'épaisseur du support sur lequel il est appliqué, les électrodes de chaque partie étant organisées de telle sorte que les électrodes de neutre d'une partie sont placées en symétrie des électrodes de phase de l'autre partie.
• les dits produits sont, pour l'un, de support minéral granulaire constitué de particules dont le noyau est en dioxyde de titane ou en silice, recouvert d'une solution solide d'un mélange d'antimoine métal et de dioxyde d'étain, et pour l'autre, de support minéral lamellaire à base de mica enrobé par un oxyde double d'étain et d'antimoine.
• une couche d'un produit fluide isolant électrique et protecteur contre l'oxydation couvre l'ensemble des électrodes et de la surface de chauffage.
• un isolant électrique anti-feu, simple ou double par feuille et/ou par fluide le recouvre en totalité.
• un conducteur électrique fluide ou en feuille collée ou autocollante appelé « terre » en recouvre l'ensemble, et est relié à la terre de l'installation électrique.
• l'ensemble des dispositifs inclus en sandwich dans une gaine formant une gaine est étanche, préalablement appliquée sur le support, puis fermée étanche par un fluide ou par feuille (s) collée (s) ou autocollante (s), thermodurcissable (s), assurant une étanchéité contre l'humidité, et/ou une protection contre les chocs, et/ou se comportant comme un isolant électrique.

According to particular embodiments:

• the phase electrodes are interconnected as the teeth of a comb by a conductor or a conductive strip, the neutral electrodes are interconnected as the teeth of a comb by a conductor or a conductive strip, arranged head to tail in single or in multiple entanglements, all of the conductors / electrodes being fixed on the insulating support.
• it comprises a plurality of phase and neutral electrodes and that the phase electrodes are connected to the same phase terminal and are parallel, that the neutral electrodes are connected to the same neutral terminal and are parallel, the said phase electrodes and the neutral being parallel to each other and arranged alternately.
• it is constituted in two symmetrical parts with respect to the thickness of the support on which it is applied, the electrodes of each part being organized in such a way that the neutral electrodes of a part are placed in symmetry of the phase electrodes of the other part.
• the said products are, for one, a granular mineral support consisting of particles whose core is in titanium dioxide or silica, covered with a solid solution of a mixture of antimony metal and tin dioxide, and for the other, a lamellar mineral support based on mica coated with a double oxide of tin and antimony.
• a layer of an electrical insulating fluid and protective against oxidation covers all of the electrodes and the heating surface.
• an electrical insulating fireproof, single or double per sheet and / or fluid covers it completely.
• a fluid electrical conductor or glued or self-adhesive sheet called "earth" covers the assembly, and is connected to the earth of the electrical installation.
• the set of devices included in a sheath forming a sheath is sealed, previously applied to the support, then sealed by a fluid or foil (s) glued (s) or adhesive (s), thermosetting (s), providing a seal against moisture, and / or protection against shock, and / or behaving as an electrical insulator.

• on applique des électrodes de phase et de neutre sur un support préalablement recouvert d'une pellicule isolante s'il n'est pas électriquement isolant, lesdites électrodes étant reliées aux bornes P et N de phase et de neutre d'une source d'alimentation électrique ;
• on applique une matière fluide ou pâteuse de résistivité électrique ajustable sur les électrodes et entre celles-ci ;
• on laisse sécher la matière fluide ou pâteuse ;
• on pose une couche d'une matière électriquement isolante sur l'ensemble ainsi formé.

The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a device for electric heating of air, fluid and materials, intended to cover surfaces or planar objects and / or reliefs, usable for the manufacture of a device according to the invention:

• phase and neutral electrodes are applied to a support previously covered with an insulating film if it is not electrically insulating, said electrodes being connected to the phase and neutral terminals P and N of a power source electric;
• a fluid or pasty material of adjustable electrical resistivity is applied to the electrodes and between them;
• the fluid or pasty material is allowed to dry;
• a layer of an electrically insulating material is placed on the assembly thus formed.

• La figure 1 représente le dispositif de l'invention, selon un premier mode de réalisation.
• La figure 2a représente en coupe les structures moléculaires du mélange de type lamellaire.
• La figure 2b représente en coupe les structures moléculaires du mélange de type granulaire et lamellaire.
• La figure 3 représente en coupe les différents composants des dispositifs.
• La figure 4 représente deux modes de réseaux d'électrodes.
• La figure 5 qui montre un mode de réalisation est d'alimentation particulier des électrodes constitutives de mise sous tension.
• La figure 6 illustrant en perspective un mode de réalisation particulier du dispositif selon l'invention apte à couvrir deux faces d'un support.

The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention without being limiting thereto.

• FIG. 1 represents the device of the invention, according to a first embodiment.
• Figure 2a shows in section the molecular structures of the lamellar mixture.
• Figure 2b shows in section the molecular structures of the mixture of granular and lamellar type.
• Figure 3 shows in section the various components of the devices.
• Figure 4 shows two electrode array modes.
• FIG. 5, which shows an embodiment, is a particular power supply for the electrodes that make up the power supply.
• Figure 6 illustrating in perspective a particular embodiment of the device according to the invention adapted to cover two faces of a support.

With reference to these drawings, the device comprises a power-up between two electrodes (4 and 4 ') connected to terminals P and N, of length L, fixed on a support (1) and spaced apart by a distance d, forming a heating surface (S).

On cylindrical or elongated electrodes and between them, a layer (5) of fluid or pasty material is spread. This fluid or pasty material contains in a binder for surface coating and / or a flexible, elastic, malleable material, from 10 to 90% by weight of resistant / electrically conductive charges consisting of a mixture of two types of different supports: one granular so that the particles are lodged in the spaces and nooks and between, under and on the lamellae of the other support which is said to him: lamellar. Selecting a different resistivity between these two products, we can act on the temperature of the heating surface (S) by producing a mixture in variable proportions of 50/50 to 10/90%. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4a, the slat-shaped electrodes arranged in parallel are connected to a conductor (10 and 10 ') like the teeth of a comb, then arranged head-to-tail in order to obtain an alternation of phase electrodes and neutral electrodes and to allow power up P and N without overlapping the connection son and that at one end and / or both ends of the device. In this way, it is possible to produce a generally strip heating surface by multiplying the number of electrodes with a uniform temperature in all points.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 4b, the lamella-shaped electrodes are interconnected either parallel or transversely. This type of entangled multiple arrangement placed side by side allows the realization of large heating surfaces.

The layer of fluid or pasty material is allowed to dry, then a layer is passed over the whole of a protective fluid (6) against oxidation. This fluid is also electrical insulation.

On an electrical insulator (7) covering the layer (6), an electrical conductor (8) formed by a layer of conductive fluid or a conductive sheet forming "the earth" covers the electrical insulation (7), is connected to the ground of the electrical installation.

• la résistivité de la matière fluide ou pâteuse
• la longueur L des électrodes
• l'écartement d des électrodes
• la tension d'alimentation

The set of devices is sandwiched by a waterproof layer (9) coming into contact with the waterproof sub-layer (2) forming a tight sheath. The latter can be made of fluid, heat-curable material, thermosetting material, or with materials such as tiling, plastic, glass ... To vary the heating power, we act on four parameters that are:

• the resistivity of the fluid or pasty material
• the length L of the electrodes
• the spacing d of the electrodes
• the supply voltage

• le bâtiment pour le chauffage de locaux, de piscines,
• l'agriculture, pour réaliser l'effet de serre, le réchauffage des terres de culture,
• l'automobile, le nautisme, l'aviation, habillement, le textile, le conditionnement alimentaire.

The technical field of the invention is that of coating components, for example paints, varnishes, thick coatings. It can be used in fields as varied as:

• the building for the heating of premises, swimming pools,
• agriculture, to achieve the greenhouse effect, the heating of cultivated land,
• automotive, boating, aviation, clothing, textiles, food packaging.

However, those skilled in the art will appreciate the reading of the above description, that the present invention to other non-limiting applications.

Finally, it is proposed to illustrate the invention in its first aspect.

• * 1410 T : commercialisé par SPCI. Il s'agit de particules granulaires de dioxyde de titane, recouvert d'une solution solide d'un mélange d'antimoine métal et de dioxyde d'étain de résistivité 3 ohm/cm.
• * Minatec0 31 : commercialisé par Merck. Il s'agit de particules lamellaires de mica enrobées par un oxyde double d'étain et d'antimoine, de résistivité de 4 Kohm (méthode Merck) inférieure à 100 ohm/cm. Le produit 1410 T est incorporé au liant à raison de 1 volume pour 5 volumes de liant. Laisser reposer une journée. Puis le produit Minatec® 31 est incorporé à la substance la veille de l'emploi à raison de 4 volumes en remuant lentement.

The electrically resistant fluid material called heating material has been made with the following components and order of incorporation:
- binder: a varnish in two parts, then incorporated together Part 1 Part 2 Plioway® EC 1 6.45 Plioway® EC-L 7.67 White spirit-1% 38.55 Dowanol DPnB 0.95 Bentone® SD 1 0.12 White Spirit-1% 46.00 Soy lecithin 0.05 Bentone®SD1 0. 15 Subtotal 45.17 Soy lecithin 0.06 Total 100
- resistant loads:

• * 1410 T: marketed by SPCI. These are granular particles of titanium dioxide, covered with a solid solution of a mixture of antimony metal and tin dioxide resistivity 3 ohm / cm.
• * Minatec0 31: marketed by Merck. These are lamellar particles of mica coated with a double oxide of tin and antimony, resistivity of 4 Kohm (Merck method) less than 100 ohm / cm. The product 1410 T is incorporated in the binder at a rate of 1 volume per 5 volumes of binder. Let rest a day. Then the product Minatec® 31 is incorporated into the substance the day before use at the rate of 4 volumes, stirring slowly.

With one liter of heating material according to the manufacturing method above, it can cover 6m2 of heating surface.

The following results were obtained according to different criteria:

On materials BA 13 (plasterboard covered with a layer of paper) Voltage d surface temperature intensity 220 volts 12 cms 62 ° C 0.01 A 220 volts 9 cms more than 100 ° C 0.01 A 45 volts 2.8 cms 65 ° C 0.1 A 12 v continuous 0,5 cm 50 ° C 0.11 A for a surface of 8x2 cm 12 v alternative 0,5 cm 54 ° C 0.08 A for a surface of 8x2 cm On fabric 220 volts 10 cms 50 ° C 0.1 mA

Referring to Figure 5, there is shown schematically a power supply housing (11) containing a bipolar power source having a phase terminal (P) and a neutral terminal (N). According to this particular embodiment, a plurality of phase (4) and neutral (4 ') electrodes is formed in a particular manner. As illustrated, the phase electrodes (4) are all commonly connected to the phase terminal (P). Similarly, the neutral electrodes (4 ') are connected to the neutral terminal (N). Moreover, the set of electrodes here consists of parallel metal bars and alternately arranged with respect to the neutrals and phases.

In another variant of the invention as illustrated in FIG. 6, a split device is formed capable of covering each of the faces of the support (1). FIG. 6 schematizes only the particular positioning of the electrodes (4 and 4 ') without illustrating the other constituent elements of the device.

According to this embodiment, two substantially identical assemblies are formed on either side of the support (1). Moreover, the electrodes (4 and 4 ') here made of elongated metal bars are positioned in correspondence on each of the two faces. In addition, facing a phase electrode of one face is placed a neutral electrode on the other side and vis-versa. The other steps of realization of the device according to the invention are the same as previously described, and carried out for each of the faces of the support (1).

The particular positioning adopted for phase and neutral electrodes (4 and 4 ') has the advantage of increased safety.

Indeed, if inadvertently the user had to pierce the support (1) (for example by means of a nail or a screw passing therethrough) this assembly would immediately lead to a break in the power supply circuit by short circuit. The user will systematically pass through at least one phase electrode (4).

The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the device described here.

The following are the essential phases of realization of this method. This is to provide a support (1) for example in the form of a plate or a sheet or other surface of a heating device. To do this, a film of insulating material is first positioned on the surface (1) if it is electrically conductive.

Phase (4) and neutral (4 ') electrodes are then positioned on the support (1) thus prepared. Preferably, the electrodes (4 and 4 ') are elongated conductive metal elements.

Once the electrodes (4 and 4 ') positioned are covered and covers the intermediate portion between the electrodes (4 and 4') of a fluid or pasty material (5) as described above.

To protect the assembly and isolate it electrically from its environment, it is covered by means of a layer of electrically insulating material (6).

The present invention is particularly applicable to the production of heating devices powered by low voltage or very low voltage but is not limited thereto.

REFERENCES

1.

Support

2.

Sheath

3.

Insulating support

4.

Phase electrode

4 '.

Neutral electrode

5.

Fluid or pasty substance

6.

Layer

7.

Electrically insulating material

8.

Electrical conductor

9.

Fluid

10.10.

Driver

11.

Power box

P.

Phase

NOT.

Neutral

Claims (10)

1. An electric device for heating air, fluids and materials which is intended to cover smooth or/and raised surfaces or any objects of any sizes or shapes, entire or pierced, said device including an insulating support and at least two electrodes (4 and 4') which are separated by a fixed or variable distance (d), have a length L, are linked to the connecting terminals P and N and covered by a fluid or pasty material (5) which has an adjustable electrical resistivity and which covers the electrodes and the surface (S) between them, such that, when activated, the fluid or pasty material (5) acts as a heating resistor, characterised in that the fluid or pasty material (5) contains, in a binder or/and a pliable, elastic, malleable substance, from 10 to 90 % by weight of conducting loads constituted by a mixture of two products, one being a granular support and one being a laminar support, having different electrical resistivity and variable dosage from 50/50 to 10/90% depending on the expected final resistance.
2. The device according to Claim 1, characterised in that the phase electrodes (4) are linked to one another like the teeth of a comb by a conductor (10) or a conducting bar and in that the neutral electrodes (4') are linked to one another like the teeth of a comb, by a conductor (10') or a conducting bar, arranged head to foot singly or multiply intermingled, all of the conductors/electrodes being fixed onto the insulated support (3).
3. The device according to Claim 1, characterised in that it includes several phase (4) and neutral (4') electrodes and in that the phase electrodes (4) are linked to the same phase terminal (P) and are parallel, in that the neutral electrodes (4') are linked to the same neutral terminal (N) and are parallel, said phase (4) and neutral (4') electrodes being parallel with each other and alternatingly arranged.
4. The device according to Claim 1, characterised in that it is constituted by two parts which are symmetrical in respect of the thickness of the support (1) onto which it is applied, the electrodes (4, 4') of each part being organised such that the neutral electrodes (4') of one part are placed in symmetry to the phase electrodes (4) of the other part.
5. The device according to any one of claims 1 - 4, characterised in that one of said products has granular mineral support constituted of particles which have titanium dioxide or silica cores covered in a solid solution of a mixture of metal antimony and tin dioxide and the other has laminar mineral support based on mica coated by a tin and antimony double oxide.
6. The device according to any one of claims 1 - 5, characterised in that a layer (6) of a fluid electrical insulant product which protects against oxidisation covers all of the electrodes (4 and 4') and the heating surface (S).
7. The device according to any one of claims 1 - 6, characterised in that it is covered in its entirety by a single or double anti-fire electric insulant (7) by means of a sheet and/or a fluid.
8. The device according to any one of claims 1 - 7, characterised in that an electrical conductor (8), which is fluid or in the form of a stuck or self-adhesive sheet which is called earth covers all of it, and is linked to the earth of the electrical installation.
9. The device according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterised that the unit of the devices which are sandwiched in a sheath (2) which forms a sheath, is impenetrable, previously applied onto the support (1), then closed in an impenetrable manner by a fluid (9) or by thermosetting stuck or self-adhesive sheet(s) which ensure(s) impenetrability to humidity and/or protection against shocks and/or which acts as an electrical insulation.
10. A method of manufacturing an electrical device for heating air, fluid and materials intended to cover smooth or/and raised surfaces or objects, able to be used for the manufacture of a device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterised by the fact that:

    - the phase (4) and neutral (4') electrodes on a support (1) which is previously covered with an insulating film if it is not electrically insulating, said electrodes being linked to phase and neutral terminals P and N of an electrical power source;

    - a fluid or pasty material (5) which has an adjustable electrical resistivity is applied onto the electrodes (4, 4') and between them;

    - the fluid or pasty material (5) is left to dry;

    - a layer of an electrically insulating material (7) is placed on the unit which is formed in this manner.

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