EP1196815A1 - Liquid crystal switching member and lcd device - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal electro-optical switching member that comprises at least one polariser and a liquid crystal layer having an initial orientation in which the liquid crystal molecules are oriented so as to be essentially parallel to the substrates and to each other. The change of orientation of the liquid crystals, from their initial orientation that is substantially parallel to the substrates, is induced by a corresponding electric field which is oriented so as to be practically parallel to the substrates in the case liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy and so as to be practically perpendicular to the substrates in the case liquid crystal with a positive dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal layer has an optical delay [(d< DELTA n)>LC<] of between 0.06 and 0.43 mu m. The present invention also relates to a liquid crystal display system that comprises said liquid crystal switching members.

Description

 Liquid crystal switching element and liquid crystal display device

The invention relates to an electro-optical liquid crystal switching element comprising at least one polarizer and a liquid crystal layer which has an initial orientation in which the liquid crystal molecules are oriented essentially parallel to the substrates and essentially parallel to one another, in which the reorientation of the liquid crystals from their essentially to the Output parallel orientation substrates is caused by a corresponding electrical field, which is oriented essentially parallel to the substrates in the case of liquid crystal materials with negative dielectric anisotropy and substantially perpendicular to the substrates in the case of liquid crystal materials with positive dielectric anisotropy, the liquid crystal layer an extremely low optical delay d-Δn in the range of

0.06 μm to 0.43 μm and the liquid crystal switching element preferably contains, in addition to the liquid crystal layer, a further birefringent layer, preferably a λ / 4 layer or two λ / 4 layers or a λ / 2 layer, and liquid crystal display systems containing such liquid crystal switching elements.

The present invention furthermore relates to liquid-crystal media, in particular having a small birefringence, for use in the liquid-crystal display systems. These liquid crystal display systems containing the liquid crystal switching elements include screens of televisions, computers, e.g. "Notebook" computers or "desktop" computers, control centers and other devices, e.g. Gambling devices, electro-optical displays, such as displays of clocks, pocket calculators, electronic (pocket) games, portable data storage devices, such as PDAs (personal digital assistants) or mobile phones.

In particular, the liquid crystal display systems according to the invention are well suited for applications with display of gray levels, such as. B. TVs, computer monitors and multimedia devices. In this case, network-independent operation as well as operation on the voltage network is possible. Network operation is often preferred.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) These liquid crystal display devices are also referred to as liquid crystal displays.

The liquid crystal switching elements typically used in such liquid crystal display devices are the known TN (twisted nematic) switching elements, e.g. B. according to Schadt, M. and Helfrich, W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, pp. 127 ff (1974) and in particular in their special form with a small optical delay d-Δn in the range from 150 nm to 600 nm according to DE 30 22 818, STN (super twisted nematic). B. according to GB 2 123 163, Waters, CM, Brimmel, V, and Raynes, E. Pproc. 3 ^rd Int. Display Research Conference, Kobe 1983, pp. 396 ff and Proc. SID 25/4, pp. 261 ff, 1984, Scheffer, TJ and Nehring, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, p. 1021 ff, 1984 and J. Appl. Phys. 58, p. 3022 ff, 1985, DE 34 31 871, DE 36 08 911 and EP 0 260 450, IPS (in-lan lane switching) switching elements, such as. B. in DE 40 00 451 and EP 0 588 568 and VAN (ertically aligned nematic) switching elements, such as. B. described in Tana-ka, Y. he al. Taniguchi, Y., Sasaki, T., Takeda, A., Koibe, Y., and Okamoto, K. SID 99 Digest p. 206 ff (1999), Koma, N., Noritake, K., Kawabe, M. , and Yoneda, K., International Display Workshop (IDW) '97 pp. 789 ff (1997) and Kim, KH, Lee, K., Park, SB, Song, JK, Kim, S., and Suk, JH, Asia Display 98, pp. 383 ff, (1998).

With these liquid crystal display devices which have been known to date and are largely commercially available, the optical appearance is at least insufficient for demanding applications. In particular, the contrast, especially in the case of colored representations, the brightness, the color saturation and the viewing angle dependency of these variables can be clearly improved and must be improved if the display devices are to compete with the performance features of the widespread CRTs (cathode ray tubes). Other disadvantages of the liquid crystal display devices are often their lack of spatial resolution and inadequate switching times, in particular with STN switching elements, but also with TN switching elements or IPS ("in-plane switching") - and VAN (vertically aligned nematic ") -

Switching elements, in the latter especially when these

ERZATZZ3L ATT (RULE 26) video should be used, such as in multimedia applications on computer screens or on TVs. In particular, but already for the display of fast cursor movements, short switching times, preferably less than 32 ms, particularly preferably less than 16 ms, are desirable.

The requirements regarding the viewing angle dependency of the contrast strongly depend on the use of the display devices. For example, the horizontal viewing angle range is most important for television screens and computer monitors, whereas centrosymmetrical or at least almost centrosymmetrical viewing angle distributions are desired in other applications. Displays with almost centrosymmetrical viewing angle distributions are required in particular for projection displays in order to utilize the optical apertures as well as possible, but also for computer screens with a so-called "swiss-base". These screens allow the display to be tilted by 90 ° in order to maintain the resolution of the display from Switch portrait format ("portrait mode") to wide format ("landscape mode"). Obviously, such displays must have similar horizontal and vertical viewing angles, since these are interchanged when tilted.

In general, it should be noted that the practical acceptance of a display is not primarily based on its contrast or its maximum contrast ratio, but rather that the viewing angle dependence of the contrast is often important. However, these properties have to be weighted differently depending on the application.

TN switching elements with d-Δn in the range from 0.2 μm to 0.6 μm, as described in DE 30 22 818, generally have very good color saturation and color depth, but an insufficient viewing angle for demanding users

Applications such as B. Computer monitors so-called "desktop" monitors.

In some configurations, such as, for example, in typical IPS display devices, the brightness of the display is insufficient or can only be achieved with great effort in the case of the backlight. In the In contrast, VANs are often characterized by inadequate color saturation and color depth. Furthermore, the production of VANs is complex because of the difficult to achieve homeotropic orientation and because of the long filling times.

EP 0 264 667 describes TN cells with twist angles (φ, also called twist angle or twist for short) in the range from 10 ° to 80 ° with d-Δn in the range from 0.2 μm to 0.7 μm. Compared to TN cells with 90 ° twist, these have an improved viewing angle dependency of the contrast as well as a lower steepness of the electro-optic

Curve. However, they have major disadvantages. Among other things, their brightness and contrast are significantly lower than those of conventional TN switching elements. In addition, the TN switching elements according to EP 0 264 667 switch relatively slowly.

Raynes, EP, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 4, p. 1, ff, 1986 describes the voltage dependence of the angle of attack in the middle of the liquid crystal layer (Φ _M , also called "midplane tilt angle" or "midplane Tiit" for short) as a function of the control voltage for cells with twisted oriented nominal Liquid crystal with a twist angle of 0 ° to 270 °.

DE 40 10 503 and corresponding WO 92/17 831 describe, among other things, TN switching elements with twist angles in the range from more than 0 ° to 90 °, which contain one or more compensation layers, the compensation layers for compensating the optical path difference of the switching Cell have the same optical delay as the switching cell. For cells with a twist angle called small, e.g. at 22.5 °, the compensation layer can also be omitted. However, the switching elements described in this publication in particular have an insufficient contrast, which is often accompanied by a still considerable dependence on the viewing angle of the contrast. Furthermore, the switching times, especially those for the control of gray levels, are usually insufficient.

DE 42 12 744 is used to improve the viewing angle dependence of the

Contrast and especially the display of grayscale TN cells

ERZATΣBLATT (RULE 26) with 90 ° twist and ad-Δn in the range from 0.15 μm to 0.70 μm, the use of a cholesteric liquid crystal material with a small cholesteric pitch (P) with ad / P ratio in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 proposed. The TN switching elements of DE 42 12 744 have disadvantages similar to those of the switching elements described in EP 0 264 667.

In the cells according to DE 42 12 744, too, the saturation voltage increases significantly compared to conventional TN cells, although not as strongly as in the TN switching elements of EP 0 264 667.

WO 91/06889 and the corresponding U.S.P. 5,319,478 describe the minimal optical delays of λ / 2 and λ / 4 and suggest their operation with circularly polarized light. Cells with a twisted structure of the liquid crystal are preferred.

Van Haaren et al., Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 1701 to 1713, investigates the elastic constant for the surface coupling (k ₁₃ ) of the nematic liquid crystal mixture ZLI-4792, Merck KGaA, in a planar-oriented, untwisted cell with a λ / 4-P! atte.

Tillin et al., SID 98 Digest, pp. 311-314 (1998) examines reflective liquid crystal switching elements with a single polarizer. He mentions, among other things, a liquid crystal switching element with untwisted liquid crystal which switches from 14 to V * in “normally white mode” from (d • Δn / λ) and from% to 0 in “normally black mode.” The publication prefers but liquid crystal layers with a twisted structure. In addition, liquid crystal cells with a (d • Δn / λ) of 1/3 with a birefringent layer with (d • Δn / λ) of 14 and optionally an additional birefringent layer with (d ■ Δn / λ) of 4/55 are presented. The characteristic directions of the optical components form angles to one another which are different from 0 ° and 90 °. The switching elements with birefringent layers described here have a complicated structure and are therefore not easy to manufacture. In addition, the brightness is not particularly good, particularly in the case of the switching elements with a plurality of birefringent layers.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) It has now been found that the liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention do not have the disadvantages of the known switching elements, or at least to a significantly reduced extent. They are characterized by a very good contrast with an excellent dependence on the contrast angle. You allow that

Representation of both grayscale and halftone colors over a wide range of viewing angles. In addition, the aging times are good and in particular sufficient for video playback.

The liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention contain a liquid crystal layer with a small optical delay and optionally a further birefringent layer, preferably a λ / 4 layer, a λ / 2 layer or two λ / 4 layers, and at least one polarizer. The two λ / 4 layers can replace the λ / 2 layer.

The transmissive or transflective liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention preferably contain a polarizer and an analyzer, which are arranged on opposite sides of the arrangement of liquid crystal layer and birefringent layer. In this application, the polarizer and analyzer are referred to together as

Designated polarizers.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the basic structure of a liquid switching element according to the invention in the preferred embodiment of a transmissive switching element with a light source, with a

Liquid crystal layer, with two polarizers, with a birefringent layer (here, as preferred, a λ / 4 layer) and with crossed polarizers.

Figure 1a is a side view. For the sake of clarity, the substrates of the liquid crystal cell between which the liquid crystal layer is located, the orientation layers on the inside of the substrate and the electrode layers on one or both substrates have been omitted. One of the two polarizers is located on one of the two sides of the liquid crystal cell. The birefringent layer is

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26 det between the liquid crystal cell and one of the two polarizers, preferably, as shown on the side facing away from the light source, that is between the liquid crystal cell and the analyzer. In this configuration, the fast axis of the birefringent layer is parallel to the transmission sleeve of the polarizer. The light from the light source (backlight BL for short) thus passes through the polarizer, the liquid crystal cell, the birefringent layer and the analyzer one after the other before it comes to the viewer (not shown). However, it is also possible to reverse the order of the liquid crystal layer and birefringent layer. In this case, however, the relative orientation of these two components must also be modified. Then the fast axis of the birefringent layer is preferably at an angle of 45 ° to the polarizer and the projection of the orientation of the liquid crystal in the middle of the cell between the substrates is preferably parallel to the direction of transmission of the polarizer.

Figure 1b is a top view, i.e. along the z-axis in Figure 1a. It shows the orientation of the relevant axes of the individual optical components to each other and defines the corresponding angles. The symbols from Figure 1a are used as far as reasonable. Ψ _P P denotes the angle between the transmission axes of the two polarizers (here 90 °), Ψ _PL the angle between the transmission axis of the polarizer and the preferred direction of the liquid crystal director in the middle of the layer between the substrates (n | ι) (here 45 °) , The fast axis of the λ / 4 layer is parallel to the transmission axis of the polarizer. Thus the angle ΨPD is 0 °. Finally, the viewing angle in the plane of the switching element (Φ) is given with examples of 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 °.

The viewing angles in the plane of the display (Φ or Φ ') and perpendicular to the perpendicular (Θ) are defined in Figure 2. The viewing angles Φ 'begin with Φ' = 0 ° in the quadrant with the highest contrast at the angle of the highest contrast, which is generally in the direction of n 1 1. Thus, Φ 'is shifted by 45 ° with respect to Φ.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) The fast axis of the λ / 4 layer is parallel to the direction of transmission of the polarizer, if two or more polarizers are present, to that of the polarizer adjacent to the λ / 4 layer (see Figure 1 b). The same applies to the presence of two λ / 4 layers or a λ / 2 layer.

Linear polarizers are preferably used in the switching elements according to the present application. These linear polarizers can be single-layer polarizers or consist of a combination of several layers, wherein these layers can also comprise two or more polarizing layers. The degree of polarization of the polarizers is chosen to be sufficiently high to achieve good contrast, but also low enough to obtain good brightness of the switching element. The use of a polarizer with a relatively low degree of polarization, a so-called "clean up" polarizer, often proves to be effective

Combination with a polarizer with a relatively high degree of polarization as advantageous. In this case, the polarizers are preferably connected with an adhesive of a corresponding refractive index in order to avoid light losses on the surfaces.

The liquid crystal layer is usually held between two substrates. At least one of the substrates is translucent, preferably both substrates are translucent. The translucent substrates consist, for. B. from glass, quartz glass, quartz or from transparent plastics, preferably from glass and particularly preferably from borosilicate glass.

With an adhesive frame, the substrates form a cell in which the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer is held. The substrates are preferably planar.

The spacing of the flat substrates is kept essentially constant over the entire surface by means of spacers. These spacers can only be used in the adhesive frame or, alternatively, can be distributed over the entire surface of the cell. The use of spacers only in the adhesive frame is reduced

DATASHEET RULE 26) Problems with misorientation in the liquid crystal layer. It is particularly indicated for liquid crystal cells with small area diagonals, in particular up to 5 "and preferably up to 3". In the case of large-area liquid crystal cells, in particular those with diagonals of 14 "or more and very particularly of 18" or more, spacers are preferably used distributed over the entire area. It is possible and often advantageous to use different spacers in the adhesive frame and in the cell surface. The preferred limits for the different distributions of the spacers over the cell area also depend on the thickness of the substrates used. In the case of thinner glass and larger diagonals, the use of spacers distributed over the entire display area is preferred.

The preferred substrate thicknesses are 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm, particularly preferably 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm. For the larger diagonals of the cells, the substrates with the larger thicknesses are preferred.

The liquid crystal switching elements according to the invention are distinguished by very good gray-scale capacity, a low dependency of the contrast on the viewing angle, even in color display, with a large viewing angle range and low contrast inversion, and in particular by very short switching times. In particular, the inverse contrast, such as. B. defined in DE 42 12 744, which e.g. occurs in advertisements according to DE 30 22 818, especially at larger viewing angles θ, significantly reduced.

As a spacer commercially available spacers in spherical or cylindrical form both from plastics and from inorganic materials, such as. B. glass fiber sections exist. Furthermore, more or less regular, raised structures on preferably one of the substrates can be used as spacers. These regular, raised structures can take various forms, such as: B. rectangular, square, oval or round columns or pyramid shafts, but also strip or wavy structures.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) In the case of reflective switching elements, the liquid crystal switching elements according to the present application have at least one polarizer and one reflector, at least one polarizer and the reflector being located on the opposite sides (ie substrates) of the liquid crystal cell. In the case of transmissive or reflective switching elements, these have at least two polarizers, at least one of which is arranged on each of the two opposite sides of the liquid crystal cell (so-called sandwich structure). The compulsory polarizers mentioned are preferably linear polarizers and in particular linear polarizers with a high degree of polarization.

In addition to the obligatory polarizers, the switching elements according to the invention can be made of iron or can contain several other polarizers. These can be so-called "clean up" polarizers with a lower degree of polarization but high transmission. However, in particular with reflective switching elements, a further polarizer with a high degree of polarization can also be present. This is preferably arranged between the liquid crystal cell and the reflector. The use of additional polarizers However, it is generally less preferred, since in most cases it leads to a reduction in transmission, but is particularly common in connection with so-called brightness-increasing components, which may contain cholesteric polymer films, for example.

In the case of transmissive and transflective displays according to the present application, the two obligatory polarizers are either crossed or arranged parallel to one another. In this application, the directions of the arrangement of the polarizers are related to their absorption axes. The crossed arrangement of the polarizers is preferred. The angle of the absorption axes to each other (Ψpp) is in the case of crossed polarizers in the range from 75 ° to 105 °, preferably from 85 ° to 95 °, particularly preferably from 88 ° to 92 °, particularly preferably from 89 ° to 91 ° and very particularly preferred 90 ° and in the case of parallel polarizers from -15 ° to 15 °, preferably from -5 ° to 5 °, particularly preferably from

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) -2 ° to 2 °, particularly preferably from -1 ° to 1 ° and very particularly preferably 0 °.

The angle between the absorption axis of the polarizer adjacent to the liquid crystal layer with the direction of the orientation of the director of the liquid crystal material in the unswitched (field-free) state on the adjacent substrate (Ψ _PL ) is 35 ° to 55 °, preferably 40 ° to 50 °, particularly preferably 43 ° up to 47 °, in particular 44 ° to 46 ° and ideally 45 °. This applies to the untwisted orientation of the liquid crystal. In the case of the twisted orientation of the liquid crystal, the reference direction for the indication of the angle Ψ _{P is} the projection of the orientation of the liquid crystal director in the middle between the two substrates of the cell onto the substrate adjacent to the polarizer. When using further birefringent layers and / or compensators in addition to the λ / 4 or λ / 2 layer or layers which are mandatory or preferred according to the embodiment, other angles between the polarizer direction and liquid crystal orientation can also be used. However, these are usually not preferred.

The twist angle (φ) of the liquid crystal layer between the two

Substrates, particularly in the case of switching elements with a birefringent layer, in particular with a λ / 4 or λ / 2 layer, or with a plurality of birefringent layers, in particular with two λ / 4 layers, preferably from -20 ° to 20 ° preferably from -10 ° to 10 °, particularly preferably from -5 ° to 5 °, very particularly preferably from

-2 ° to 2 ° and most preferably from -1 ° to 1 °.

For the preferred embodiment without a birefringent layer, ie without a λ / 4 or λ / 2 layer or layers, the liquid crystal layer is essentially untwisted and particularly preferably untwisted. A twist angle (φ) of -6 ° to 6 ° is preferred. The twist angle is particularly preferably from -1.0 ° to 1.0 °, very particularly preferably -0.5 to 0.5, particularly preferably 0.0 °.

The orientation of the liquid crystal materials on the substrate surfaces

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) takes place according to usual procedures. For this purpose, the oblique evaporation with inorganic compounds, preferably oxides such as SiO _x , the orientation on antiparallel rubbed surfaces, in particular on antiparallel rubbed polymer layers such as polyimide layers, or orientation on photopolymerized anisotropic polymers can be used. With vertical orientation (English: "vertical algnment", VA for short), lecithin or surface-active substances can also be used for homeotropic orientation.

The liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention can be manufactured with the production methods in the production facilities of the most widely used liquid crystal switching elements, the TN liquid crystal switching elements. In particular, there are no special efforts with regard to the orientation of the liquid crystal director, such as. B. with STN (high tilt angle) or with VAN (homeotropic orientation) necessary. In addition, in contrast to TN, IPS with a twisted initial state and in particular to STN, additives such as chiral dopants can be largely and often even completely dispensed with. This eliminates another process parameter, which is sometimes difficult to control.

The surface angle of attack on the substrates (φ ₀ , also English: Tilt angle or Tilt for short) is in the range from 0 ° to 15 °, preferably in the range from 0 ° to 10 °, particularly preferably in the range from 0.1 ° to 5 ° and particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 ° to 5 ° and most preferably in the range from 0.3 ° to 3 °. The surface angle of attack on the orientation layer on at least one of the substrate surfaces is from 0.5 ° to 3 °. The angle of attack on both substrates is preferably essentially identical.

The electrodes on the substrates are translucent, at least on one of the substrates and preferably on both substrates. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is preferably used as the material for the electrodes, but aluminum, copper, silver and / or gold can also be used.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Since the surface angle of attack can be small in the liquid crystal display elements according to the invention, the use of anisotropically photopolymerizable materials, such as. B. cinnamic acid derivatives, the so-called "photo orientation" particularly advantageous to use.

This applies in particular to a preferred embodiment of the liquid crystal display elements according to the invention with multi-domain switching elements. The individual liquid crystal switching elements or their individual display electrodes (also called picture elements, English pixels) are divided into sub-areas with different orientations of the liquid crystal director, at least in the switched state, but generally also in the unswitched state, so-called domains. These domains with different orientation in the switched state can e.g. B. induced by different surface angles or by different preferred orientations on the substrates. However, they can also be induced by corresponding, sufficiently obliquely oriented, electrical fields, for example by slotted electrodes, or by non-planar surface topographies. Particularly when inducing the domains by electrical fields that are not perpendicular to the substrates, but also in the case of non-planar surface topographies, the smallest possible angle of attack, preferably of 0 °, is preferred, as can easily be achieved by means of photo-orientation. The individual picture elements of the multidomain switching elements preferably contain two or more, preferably even multiples of two, very particularly preferably two or four domains. The angles of attack (tilt) of the liquid crystal director in the middle of the liquid crystal layer (φ _M , English: midplane tilt angle) of these domains in the switched state are preferably opposed to one another in pairs. This ensures that the viewing angle dependencies of the domains, also referred to as sub-pixels, cancel each other out and the undesired effect is averaged out. The light scattering disclinations occurring at the domain boundaries are covered by an appropriate mask, preferably a black mask, in order to improve the contrast. By appropriately designing the structure or structures inducing the domains, as well as the mask, the input

26 limitation of the luminous efficacy can be kept as low as possible due to the reduced aperture ratio.

The larger of the preferred surface angles of attack are particularly advantageous for the definition of the preferred quadrant, that is to say the quadrant in which the best contrast is observed. In particular, they lead to the suppression of areas with a reverse angle of attack (“reverse tilt domains”), which occur particularly easily when non-orthogonal fields are created.

As active electrical switching elements of the active matrix come both bipolar structures such as diodes, e.g. B. MIM diodes or back to back diodes, optionally with "reset", as well as three-pole structures such as transistors, for. B. thin film transistors (TFTs of "thin film transistors") or varistors for use. TFTs are preferred for the liquid crystal display devices according to the present application. The active semiconductor medium of these TFTs is amorphous silicon (a-Si), polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) or cadmium selenide (CdSe), preferably a-Si or poly-Si. Here, poly-Si refers equally to high-temperature and low-temperature poly-Si.

In the case of liquid crystal switching elements according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal layer preferably has an optical delay (d-Δn) from 0.14 μm to 0.42 μm, particularly preferably from 0.22 μm to 0.34 μm, particularly preferably from 0, 25 μm to 0.31 μm, very particularly preferably from 0.27 μm to 0.29 μm and ideally from 0.28 μm.

Liquid crystal materials with small birefringence Δn are preferably used for this purpose. The birefringence of the liquid crystal materials is preferably 0.02 to 0.09, particularly preferably 0.04 to 0.08, particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.075, very particularly preferably 0.055 to 0.070 and ideally approximately 0.060 to 0.065.

REPLACEMENT SHEET RE EL 26 The layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer is preferably 1 μm to

10 μm, preferably 2 μm to 7 μm, particularly preferably 3 μm to 6 μm and particularly preferably 4 μm to 5 μm.

In liquid crystal display devices with liquid crystal cells with a diagonal of up to 6 ", layer thicknesses of the liquid crystal layer from 1 μm to 4 μm and particularly from 2 μm to 3 μm are preferred. In liquid crystal display devices with liquid crystal cells with a diagonal from 10", layer thicknesses of the liquid crystal layer are 3 μm up to 6 μm and particularly from 4 μm to 5 μm are preferred.

There are two different preferred sub-forms for this preferred embodiment.

In the first of these preferred sub-embodiments of the present invention, the liquid crystal layer has an optical delay (d-Δn) from 0.20 μm to 0.37 μm, preferably from 0.25 μm to 0.32 μm, particularly preferably from 0.26 μm to 0.30 microns, most preferably from 0.27 microns to 0.29 microns, and most preferably from 0.28 microns.

In this preferred sub-embodiment, the display element surprisingly does not require a λ / 4 layer in some applications. Nevertheless, with the appropriate polarizer position, preferably at an angle of essentially 45 ° to the preferred liquid crystal direction, it is characterized by good brightness, excellent contrast and excellent viewing angle dependence and very good grayscale and color level display. Without a λ / 4 layer, a very wide viewing angle area is achieved for the viewing angle Θ, but not for all viewing angles Φ. In contrast, the viewing angle area for the switching elements with λ / 4 layer is significantly more centrosymmetric, i.e. for all viewing angles Φ it extends to similar, large values of the viewing angle Θ (see also Figures 9a) and 9b) for examples 1 and 2) ,

In the second of these preferred sub-embodiments of the present invention, the display elements preferably contain a λ / 4 layer and the liquid crystal layer has an optical delay [(d-Δn) _LC ] of

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) 0.10 μm to 0.45 μm, preferably from 0.20 μm to 0.37 μm, particularly preferably from 0.25 μm to 0.32 μm, very particularly preferably from 0.26 μm to 0.30 μm, in particular particularly preferably from 0.27 μm to 0.29 μm, and most preferably from 0.28 μm. The liquid crystal layer thus behaves in the unswitched state approximately like a λ / 2-

Layer. Also preferred here is an embodiment in which (d-Δn) c differs from 0.28 μm, specifically in the range from 0.10 μm to 0.27 μm or 0.30 μm to 0.45 μm, particularly preferably from 0.14 μm to 0.25 μm or 0.32 μm to 0.42 μm, very particularly preferably from 0.22 μm to 0.25 μm, or from 0.32 μm to 0.34 μm.

In the present application, the wavelength λ always relates preferably to the wavelength of the maximum sensitivity of the human eye, to 554 nm, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

The terms λ / 4 layer and λ / 4 plate, or λ / 2 layer and λ / 2 plate are generally used synonymously in the present application. The term λ in λ / 4 layer and λ / 2 layer means a wavelength in the range of λ ± 30%, preferably λ ± 20%, particularly preferably λ ± 10%, particularly preferably λ ± 5% and entirely particularly preferably λ ± 2%. Unless otherwise stated, the wavelength here is 554 nm. The wavelength of the λ / 4 layer or λ / 2 layer is specified in general and in particular in the case of a noticeable spectral distribution as its central wavelength.

The λ / 4 layer or λ / 2 layer is an inorganic layer or preferably an organic layer, e.g. B. from a birefringent polymer, e.g. B. stretched films (PET) or liquid crystalline polymers.

The use of especially the smaller of the preferred layer thicknesses

Liquid crystal layer is preferred in view of the advantageous short switching times that can be achieved thereby. In addition, it rather allows the use of conventional liquid crystal materials or at least places less demands on the often difficult realization of the small Δn values.

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 In contrast, the use of liquid crystal materials with a particularly small Δn is preferred in view of the lower dependence of the layer thickness on the contrast and the background color of the liquid crystal switching elements. In addition, especially in the case of liquid crystal cells with larger diagonals, the production of the display elements in this embodiment is possible with significantly higher yields.

For a wide working temperature range, liquid crystal materials with a relatively high clearing point are particularly preferred since the effect of the λ / 4 layer is clearly temperature-dependent owing to the temperature dependence of the birefringence of the liquid crystal materials [Δn _L c (T)] and Δn _LC (T) for liquid crystal materials with a high clearing point is relatively low. The temperature dependency of the entire optical arrangement is thus kept relatively small and, if necessary, can also be compensated for more easily.

In a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal layer has an optical delay of 0.07 μm to 0.21 μm, preferably 0.11 μm to 0.17 μm, particularly preferably 0.12 μm to 0.16 μm, particularly preferably from 0.13 μm to

0.15 μm and very particularly preferably 0.14 μm. In this preferred embodiment, the display element preferably has at least one birefringent layer, preferably one λ / 2 layer or two λ / 4 layers, in addition to the liquid crystal layer.

For this purpose, liquid crystal materials with small birefringence Δn are also preferably used. The birefringence of the liquid crystal materials is preferably 0.02 to 0.09, particularly preferably 0.04 to 0.08, particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.07, very particularly preferably 0.055 to 0.065 and ideally approximately 0.060.

The layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer is preferably 0.5 μm to 7 μm, preferably 1 μm to 5 μm, particularly preferably 1.5 μm to 4 μm and particularly preferably 2 μm to 2.5 μm. Displays with liquid crystal cells with smaller diagonals are particularly preferred, in particular in the range from 0.5 "to 6", particularly in the range from 1 "to 4".

e In this second preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal switching elements preferably contain two λ / 4 layers or, particularly preferably, a λ / 2 layer. The two λ / 4 layers can be used on different sides of the liquid crystal layer, but they can also be on the same side of the liquid crystal layer.

Especially if the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer [(d-Δn) c] is significantly different from 0.14 μm, especially if it is in the range from 0.07 μm to 0.12 μm or from 0.16 μm to 0, 21 μm, the use of two λ / 4 layers or one λ / 2 layer is necessary.

This second preferred embodiment places high demands both on the birefringence of the liquid crystal material and on the layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer. The requirements for the layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer are somewhat alleviated by the lower layer thickness dependency of the optical properties of the switching elements. In the case of small-area liquid crystal cells, the layer thickness tolerance is also easier to maintain. In addition, the thin liquid crystal cells of this preferred embodiment have extremely short, short switching times.

The liquid crystal switching elements according to the present application can be operated transmissively, transflectively or reflectively. The transmissive or transflective mode of operation is preferred, and the transmissive mode of operation is particularly preferred.

Transflective displays enable the advantages of low power consumption of the reflective displays to be combined with good readability and low ambient brightness of the transmissive displays with backlighting.

Dielectric or metallic layers can be used as reflectors. Metallic reflector layers are preferred. If metallic reflectors are used, a greater variation in the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer can be tolerated. Becomes a

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) dielectric mirror, the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is used essentially λ / 4, especially in the switching elements without a birefringent layer. When using a second linear polarizer between the liquid crystal layer and the reflector, a dielectric reflector is preferably used, which preferably has a low proportion of depolarized reflection.

Particularly preferred combinations of the optical retardation of the liquid crystal layer and the double-breaking layer are summarized in the following table (Table 1). This table also shows the preferred positions of the polarizers both to one another and to the preferred direction of the liquid crystals.

Table 1: Preferred parameter combinations

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26) B) Reflective switching element with two polarizers

C) Reflective switching element with a polarizer

Note: the term λ / 2 plate in the table above explicitly includes two λ / 4 plates.

The angle Ψ _PD is preferably 0 ° +/- 5 °, particularly preferably 0 ° +/- 2 ° and very particularly preferably 0 ° +/- 1 °.

Preferred combinations of the optical delays of the liquid crystal layer and, if present, of the birefringent layer with the twist angles of the liquid crystal layer are compiled in the flowing table (Table 2).

Table 2: Preferred parameter combinations

A) Transmissive or transflective switching element with double-breaking layer

ERZATZ3LATT (RULE 26) B) Transmissive or transflective switching element without a double-refractive layer

The liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention act as light valves when a voltage is applied. This is for the liquid crystal switching elements of the first preferred embodiment of the present application e.g. B. shown in Figures 1 and 2. In the case of crossed polarizers, the switching element is translucent in the voltage-free state, the “off state” (“normally white” or also called positive contrast). With increasing voltage, a threshold is first reached, above which the transmission begins to decrease. Then the transmission decreases almost linearly with increasing voltage over a relatively wide range of voltage. With higher voltage, the transmission tends to a limit value, saturation is achieved.

The liquid crystal switching elements are preferably controlled in such a way that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer when switching completely goes to 0 nm or at least essentially to 0 nm. Of course, this does not preclude gray levels with the required intermediate values.

It goes without saying that in order to further improve the optical properties, the display elements according to the present invention can contain further optical layers. These layers can be compensation layers, for example, which are used in particular with display elements with a twist of the liquid crystal layer different from 0 °, or else the light, for. B. a backlight, collimating films such as the so-called "brightness enhancement films" (BEF) or cholesteric circular polarizers to utilize the otherwise absorbed by the polarizer half of the light from the backlight.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) The display of colored images with the display elements according to the present invention is possible in various ways. A backlight with an approximately white spectral distribution is preferably used and the color is separated by a color filter. The individual liquid crystal switching elements are then used as light valves for the respective primary colors. The backlight can also be adapted to the spectral characteristics of the color filter in such a way that it has corresponding intensity maxima in the respective transmission ranges. However, the color display can also be achieved by double refraction effects.

The liquid-crystal switching elements according to the invention and in particular the reflective switching elements preferably operate in the “normally white mode” (for the polarizer position, see Figure 3 and the associated description).

Liquid crystal mixtures which are used in the liquid crystal switching elements according to the invention preferably contain from 3 to 27, particularly preferably 10 to 21 and very particularly preferably 12 to 18 individual compounds. The individual compounds which are preferably used preferably each contain a 1,4'-rans-rans-bicyclohexylene unit of the sub-formula i:

With

Z is a single bond, -CH ₂ CH ₂ - or -CF ₂ CF ₂ - and n 1 or 2.

In one of the cyclohexane rings, one or preferably two non-adjacent -CH ₂ - groups can also be replaced by oxygen atoms or two adjacent -CH ₂ - groups can be replaced by a -CH = CH group.

In the case of compounds with a total of only two six-membered rings, one of the two cyclohexane rings may also be replaced by

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26) it can also be replaced twice or, preferably, simply laterally fluorinated, 1,4-phenylene.

The liquid crystal mixtures preferably contain one or more compounds having a structural unit of the formula i in which n is 2.

The liquid crystal mixtures used in the liquid crystal switching elements according to the invention preferably contain

a component A consisting of compounds with 2 six-membered rings,

- A component B consisting of compounds with 3 six-membered rings and optionally

- A component C consisting of compounds with 4 six-membered rings.

The liquid crystal mixtures preferably consist essentially of components A, B and optionally C.

Particularly preferred liquid crystal mixtures contain one or more

dielectric neutral compounds of formula I.

wherein

R> 11 n-alkyl with 1 to 5 carbon atoms,

R ¹² n-alkyl with 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 E-alkenyl, preferably vinyl or n-alkoxy with 1 to 6 carbon atoms

means optionally dielectric positive connections selected from the group of formulas II and IT

wherein

R) 2 "1 n-alkyl or 1 E-alkenyl with 3 to 7 or 2 to 8, preferably 5 to 7 or 4 to 6 C atoms,

a single bond or -CH ₂ CH ₂ -

and

X ^ OCF ₃ , CF ₃ or CH ₂ CH ₂ CF ₃ , preferably CF ₃ or CH ₂ CH CF ₃

mean,

wherein

R ^< n-alkyl or 1 E-alkenyl with 3 to 7 or 2 to 8, preferably with 5 to 7 or 4 to 6, carbon atoms,

a single bond or -CH ₂ CH ₂ -

OCF ₂ H, OCF ₃ or F, preferably F,

ATZBLATT RULE 26) and

Y ² and Z ^{2 are} independently H or F,

mean,

and

Compounds of the formula

wherein

R ^{31 is} n-alkyl or 1 E-alkenyl having 2 to 7, preferably 2 to 5, carbon atoms,

Z ³¹ and Z ³² each have a single bond of Z ³¹ and Z ³² and -

Ch ₂ CH ₂ - or -CF ₂ CF ₂ - preferably -CH ₂ CH ₂ -, but particularly preferably both a single bond,

X ³ OCF ₂ , OCF ₃ or F,

Y ³ and Z ^{3 are} independently H or F,

in the case

X ³ = OCF ₂ preferably both Y ³ and Z ³ F,

in the case of X ³ = F preferably both Y ³ and Z ³ F,

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 in the case

X ³ = OCF ₃ preferably one of Y ³ and Z ³ F, the other H,

optionally one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulas IV and V

wherein

R ^* n-alkyl or 1 E-alkenyl with 2 to 5, preferably with 2 to 5, carbon atoms

X ⁴ OCF ₂ H, OCF ₃ or F, preferably F or OCF ₃ ,

Y ⁴ and Z ^{4 are} independently H or F,

in the case

X = F and

Preferably both Y ⁴ and Z ⁴ F

in the event of

X = OCF ₃ and particularly preferred in the case

One of Y ³ and Z ³ F, the other H.

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26

wherein

R ⁵ n-alkyl or 1 E-alkenyl with 2 to 5 carbon atoms

Z ^{5 is} a single bond or -CH ₂ CH ₂ -,

X ⁵ F, OCF ₃ or OCF ₂ H,

Y ⁵ and Z ^{5 are} independently H or F,

prefers

X ^ü , Y 'and Z ³ all F

mean

optionally one or more compounds with a high clearing point selected from the group of compounds of the formulas VI to XI

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

in which R ⁷¹ and R ⁷² , R ⁸¹ and R ⁸² , R ⁹¹ and R ⁹² , R ¹⁰ and R ¹¹ each independently of one another have the meaning given above for R ¹¹ and R ¹² in formulas I,

L ⁸¹ , L ⁹¹ H or F and

X ¹⁰ , Y ¹⁰ and Z ¹⁰ and X ¹¹ , Y ¹¹ and Z ¹¹ each independently of one another have the meaning given above for X ³ , Y ³ and Z ³ in formulas III.

The liquid crystal mixtures according to the present application preferably contain 4 to 36 compounds, particularly preferably 6 to 25 compounds and very particularly preferably 7 to 20 compounds.

Particularly preferred liquid crystal mixtures contain one or more compounds selected from the group of the following compounds in Table 3 and particularly preferably in each case one or more compounds of at least three, preferably of at least four, different formulas listed in Table 3 below. Table 3: Preferred compounds

CCPC-nm

CPCC-n-m,

CCOC-n-m

CH-nm

CCP nF.F.F

F,

CCP nOCF2.FF

CCP nOCF3

CCP nOCF3.F

CCZU-n-F

DCZG-n-OT

CEDU nF

CCH nm

CCH n Om

CC-n-V

CCH nCF3

CCH n2T

ECCH-nCF3

PCH nF

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26)

CCG- (c n) m-F

CCTTCC-n-m-l-k

CCOlC-n-T or CHO-nT

CC-n- (T l) m

CC-n (T) m

CCS-n

CC-n- (S) m

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) The temperature range of the nematic phase preferably ranges from -20 ° C to 60 ° C, particularly preferably from -30 ° C to 70 ° C and very particularly from -40 ° C to 80 ° C. The birefringence is preferably from 0.040 to 0.070, particularly preferably from 0.050 to 0.065 and very particularly preferably from 0.054 to 0.063. The rotational viscosity is preferably 60 to 170 m Pa s., Particularly preferably 80 to 150 m Pa s and very particularly preferably 90 to 139 m Pa s. The threshold voltage (V1 ₀ ) in the switching elements according to the invention is preferably 0.9 V to 2.7 V, particularly preferably 1.1 V to 2.5 V and very particularly preferably 1.2 V to 2.0 V. Total switching times for switching between

V ₁₀ and V ₉₀ and back in the switching elements according to the invention are preferably at most 100 ms, particularly preferably at most 80 ms, very particularly preferably 60 ms or less. For faster applications, the total switching times are 50 ms or less, preferably 45 ms or less, particularly preferably 40 ms or less, in particular 40 ms or less and gans particularly preferably 30 ms or less.

Furthermore, the preferred parameters of the liquid crystal mixtures can easily be seen by the person skilled in the art on the basis of the examples shown below. In particular, the preferred ranges of the physical properties of the liquid crystal mixtures and their combinations are those that are covered by the values of the examples.

The liquid crystal mixtures particularly preferably consist essentially of compounds selected from the group of the compounds of forms I, II, II 'and III to XI.

The liquid crystal media used in the liquid crystal switching elements according to the present invention preferably consist of 3 to 35 compounds, particularly preferably 4 to 25, very particularly preferably 5 to 20 and particularly preferably 6 to 15 compounds.

The preferred d / P range is from -0.25 to 0.25. For the smallest possible control voltages, ad / P in the range from -0.1 to 0.1 is special of 0, preferred. For optimal display of the grayscale and for the suppression of inverse contrast, d / P values with an amount of 0.1 to 0.25, particularly 0.15 to 0.24, are preferred.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, the following applies in the present application:

- The physical properties were determined as described in: Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals, Description of the Measurement Methods, Hrg. W. Becker, status Nov. 1997,

- all physical data are given for a temperature of 20 ° C,

- all temperatures are in ° C and all temperature differences are given in degrees,

- all concentration data are in mass%, - Δn (Δn = nn - n _± ) refers to 589.3 nm,

- Δε (Δε = ε || - εj.) Refers to 1 kHz,

- γ ^ rotational viscosity,

- kii: elastic constants,

- λ is 576 nm, - V ₀ : capacitive threshold or Freedericksz threshold,

- Virj: threshold voltage (for 10% relative contrast, Θ = 0 °),

- V ₅₀ : medium gray voltage (for 50% relative contrast, Θ = 0 °),

- V ₉₀ : saturation voltage (for 90% relative contrast, Θ = 0 °),

- τ _de i _a y: dead time from 0% to 10% change in relative contrast, - τ _r i _Se : rise time from 10% to 90% change in relative contrast,

- τ _on : switch-on time from 0% to 90% change in relative contrast,

- τ _0ff : switch-off time from 90% to 10% change in the relative contrast,

- τ _SU m: total switching time = τ _on ⁺ τ ₀ ff,

- Φ or Φ ': viewing angle in the display plane, - Θ: viewing angle from the display standard,

- φ: twist angle of the liquid crystal director between the two substrates,

- φ: angle of attack (tilt) of the liquid crystal director,

- φ ₀ : angle of attack (tilt) of the liquid crystal director on the substrate surface or on the orientation layer,

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26) - φM: angle of attack (tilt) of the liquid crystal director in the middle of the liquid crystal layer,

- ψ _PP (identical to Ψp _A ): angle between the transmission axes of the polarizers, - ψ _PD : angle between the transmission axis of the polarizers and the fast axis of the birefringent layer,

- Ψp _L or ΨAL .: angle between the transmission axis of the polarizer or analyzer and the direction of orientation of the liquid crystal material on the adjacent substrate, - the electro-optical properties and switching times were determined with a square-wave voltage control with a frequency of 60 Hz,

- The specified voltage values are root mean square (rms) values, - "essentially 0" means, unless otherwise stated, 0 +/- 1, preferably 0 +/- 0.1 and particularly preferred 0 +/- 0.1,

Unless otherwise stated, “essentially” in connection with physical properties means a deviation of not more than +/- 10%, preferably +/- 5% and particularly preferably +/- 2% of the respective value

Unless otherwise stated, "essentially consisting of" means that the proportion of further constituents does not exceed 10%, preferably not more than 5% and particularly preferably not more than

Is 2%, - unless otherwise stated, the numerical values given in the present application are accurate to +/- one unit in the last digit given,

- Unless otherwise stated, the limits of the specified ranges are inclusive, but preferably exclusive, -> = or <=,> / = or </ =, and> or <are each less than or equal to, or greater than or same and

- +/- means plus or minus.

The rotational viscosity of the nematic liquid crystal mixture ZLI-4792 (Merck KGaA) at 20 ° C with the calibrated rotational viscometer was 133 mPa-s.

REPLACEMENT SHEET REG The electro-optical properties were tested in our own test cells

Manufacturing of Merck KGaA examined:

Layer thickness:

Glass: 1.1 mm thick borosilicate glass (Pilkington) ITO: 100 ohms / square inch (Ω / square inch)

Orientation layer: AL-1054 from Japan Synthetic Rubber, Japan,

Tilt angle: 1 ° to 2 ° (determined with liquid crystal material ZLI-4792 der

Merck KgaA, Germany,

Twist angle: 0 ° (glass plates rubbed antiparallel), d / P: 0 (undoped).

The optical and electro-optical properties of the test cells were determined in commercial devices from Autronic-Melchers, Karlsruhe, Germany (DMS 301 and DMS 703) and additionally in a self-made device from Merck KGaA, each using white

Measure light. The self-made device uses a photomultiplier as a detector and a filter to adapt the response sensitivity of the detector to the sensitivity curve of the human eye.

The λ / 4 layer was fixed as a plate in the self-made device from Merck KGaA in the beam path. A λ / 4 film made of liquid crystalline polymer from Merck Ltd, Great Britain was used for the measurements with the DMS 703.

In the present application and in particular in the examples, the liquid crystal compounds are designated by abbreviations. The coding of the structures is obvious and is carried out according to Tables A and B. All groups C _n H _{2n + 1} , C _m H _{2m + 1} C | H ₂ | ₊₁ and C _k H _{2k +} ι are straight-chain alkyl chains with n, m, I or k carbon atoms. The coding in Table B is self-explanatory. Table A shows only the respective core frameworks of the structures. The individual compounds are followed by the name of the nucleus followed by a hyphen-separated name for the substituents Ri, R2, Li and L2, which is given below:

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26

Table A:

PYP PYRP

BCH CBC

CCH CCP

CP CPTP

CEPTP

D ECCP

CECP EPCH

HP ME

PCH PDX

PTP BECH

EBCH CPC

EHP

BEP

ET

Table B:

PTP-n (O) MFF

T15 K3n

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

M3n BCH-n.FX

inm

C-nm C15

CB15

^C n ^H 2n * 1 \ / \ ° / \ ° / \ / ^C m ^H 2m + 1

CBC-nm

CBC NMF

CCN-nm G3n

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

CCEPC nm

CCPC-nm

CPCC-n-m

CH-nm

HD nm

HH-nm

NCB-nm

OS-nm

CHE

ECBC nm

ECCH-nm CCH-n1 EM

T-nFN B-nO.FN

CVCC-n-m

CVCP-n-m

CVCVC-n-m

CP-V-N

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

CC-n-V

CCG V F

CPP nV2-m

CCP-V-m

CCP-V2-m

CPP-V-m

CPP-nV-m

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26)

CPP-V2-m

CC V V

CH ₃ -CH = CH ^> - (-CH = CH ₂

CC-1V-V

CC-1 V-V1

CC-2V V

CC-2V-V2

CH ₃ - -CH ₂ -CH = CHW MV -CH = = CH- <CC-2V-V1

CC-V1-V

CC V1-1V

CC V2-1V

PCH-n (O) MFF

CCP-n (O) MFF

C _n ^H 2n + 1 -COO <O ^" Cm ^H 2m + 1

CCPC-nm

CPCC-n-m,

CCOC-n-m

CH-nm

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

CCP nF.F.F

CCP nOCF3

CCP nOCF3.F

CCZU-nF

DCZG-n-OT

CEDU-n-F

CCH nm

CCH n Om

1

CC-n-V

CCH nCF3

CCH n2T

ERZATZBLATT

ECCH-nCF3

PCH nF

cyc (C _n H _{2r 1} ) - (CH ₂ 2) 'm O

CCG- (c n) m-F

CCTTCC-n-m-l-k

CCOlC-n-T or CHO-nCF3

CC-n- (T l) m

CC-n- (S) m

The liquid crystal mixtures of the present invention preferably contain

15 moves:

- four or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of Tables A and B and / or

- Five or more compounds selected from the group of 2 compounds in Table B and / or

- two or more compounds selected from the group of compounds in Table A.

In the following, the effect of the present invention is described formations of waste 2 ₅ and illustrated examples and compared with the prior art.

Examples

The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention without restricting it in any way. However, the described embodiments are preferred and cover the range of variation of the various parameters of the liquid crystal switching elements as well as those of the liquid crystal mixtures and their composition. Those skilled in the art can see from the examples preferred ranges for these conditions and properties.

REPLACEMENT SHEET R example 1

A liquid crystal switching element with anti-parallel edge orientation and a polyimide orientation layer, a twist angle of 0 ° and a surface tilt angle of 1.4 ° was realized. The switching element contained a λ / 4 layer and crossed polarizers, which took an angle of 45 ° to the rubbing direction of the substrates. The structure of the liquid crystal switching element corresponds to the structure shown in Figure 1. The optical delay of the liquid crystal layer was 0.277 μm. The composition of the liquid crystal mixture used is given in the following table, together with the properties of the mixture as such and the characteristic voltages in the switching element according to the invention.

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 5.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CH-33 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +68.0 ° C

CH-35 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0602

CCP-2F.F.F 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +10.3

CCZU-2-F 6.0 γi (20 ° C) = 161 m Pa s

CCZU-3-F 16.0 d • Δn = 0.277 μm

CCZU-5-F 6.0 Twist = 0 °

CDU-2-F 10.0 V ₀ (20 ° C) = 0.99 V

CDU-3-F 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.29 V

CDU-5-F 8.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 1.76 V

CCH-3CF3 9.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.15 V

CCH-5CF3 12.0

CCPC-34 4.0

Σ 100.0

First of all, the liquid crystal switching element was examined for its transmission when the analyzer angle was varied. The result is shown in Figure 3. The optical delay was 277 nm. It can be seen that in the voltage-free state with parallel polarizers, ie in each case at angles Ψ _PP of 0 °, 180 ° and 360 °, minimal transmission occurs and that this minimal transmission goes down to almost 0%. These mutually identical polarization positions correspond to the "normally black" mode. In contrast, with crossed polarizers, ie at angles Ψ _PP of 90 ° and 270 °, which correspond to the "normally white" mode, the maximum transmission occurs.

Then the electro-optical characteristic curve was recorded from different viewing angles both with the self-made device and with the device from Autronic-Melchers. The results obtained with the self-made device for two cells in "normally black mode" at two viewing angles Θ (Θ = 0 ° and Θ = 30 °) in the quadrant with the best contrast (Φ = -45 °) are shown in Figure 4 as an example The definition of the viewing angles Θ and Φ is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 shows the definition of the viewing angle in the plane of the display (Φ or Φ ') and perpendicular to the perpendicular (Θ).

Figure 4 shows the transmission voltage characteristics obtained for two switching elements. The results of the different cells were so reproducible that they are shown in a single curve. Two curves are shown. The first curve shows the results for the two different cells for Θ = 0 °. The second curve applies to Θ = 30 ° and Φ = -45 °. It clearly shows the flatter rise in the characteristic curve with a larger viewing angle Θ.

The maximum transmission in the fully switched state is approximately 45%. It is essentially determined by the transmission of the polarizers. With high control voltages of approx. 6 to 7 V, a very high transmission is achieved. The minimum transmission mainly depends on the degree of polarization of the polarizers used.

The spectral distribution of the transmission was then determined for the switching element driven with different voltages. The

ORE Results are shown in Figure 7. Here the wavelength dependencies of the transmission of the liquid crystal switching element according to the invention are shown as continuous curves in comparison to those of a TN display with d-Δn = 0.5 μm from comparative example 1 (dashed curves). The three sets of curves correspond to the drive voltages for 10, 50 and 90% relative contrast. It is striking that the spectral distribution in both switching elements is almost identical and that the spectrum is almost colorless. At most, a slight decrease in the integral transmission can be observed in the element according to the invention compared to the TN switching element.

The transmission of the controlled element in the hemisphere above the element was then measured using the Autronic-Melchers device, as shown in Figure 8b). Figure 8b) shows the results of the liquid crystal switching element according to the invention from the present

Example 1 and Figure 8a) that of the conventional TN switching element of Comparative Example 1.

In Figure 8, the representation in polar coordinates was chosen (for definition see Figure 2). The transmission is for each point in the

Hemisphere determined over the liquid crystal switching element at a fixed drive voltage, which leads to a minimum transmission of 10%. Points of the same transmission are marked with the same shade of gray. The iso transmission lines are staggered at intervals of 10% absolute. The darkest area corresponds to a transmission from 0% to 10% inclusive, the next gray area from more than 10% to 20% inclusive, the light gray area from more than 20% to 30% inclusive and so on, always with the lower limit exclusively and the upper limit is inclusive. The other areas with a transmission above 30% are not tinted gray.

In a direct comparison of Figures 8b) and 8a), the significantly lower viewing angle dependence of the transmission of the switching element according to the invention in Figure 8b) clearly catches the eye.

ATZBLATT RULE 26) Finally, isocontrast measurements were performed on liquid cells according to the present invention and on comparison cells using the Autronic-Melchers device. Here, the threshold voltage (V ₁₀ ) and the saturation voltage (V ₉₀ ) of the respective cell were used as the two drive voltages. The results are shown in Figure 9.

The two drive voltages for the cell of the present example were 1, 13 V and 2.64 V. The result is shown in Figure 9a). The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1 from inside to outside. The maximum contrast ratio here was 9.6 and the minimum contrast ratio was 0.58. The viewing angle dependency of the contrast ratio (CR, English: "contrast ratio") is very small over the entire viewing angle range. With CR _mm = 0.58, only a moderate inverse contrast occurs.

Figure 9c) shows the results for the TN switching element of comparative example 1 for direct comparison. The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1 from inside to outside. Here, a clear inverse contrast occurs.

Switching times for different switching voltages were also determined. Exemplary results are listed in Table 4. Particularly in comparison with the results for the TN switching element of Comparative Example 1, the surprisingly short switching times of the switching elements according to the invention are remarkable. The switching times were determined under three different control conditions. In the first two series, the switching times for a change from a voltage of 0 volts to a fixed value and back were determined. In the first

Series was 9.9 volts when switched on and 5.0 volts in the second series. The third series switched from V ₁₀ to V _go and back. This is equivalent to switching a display between two gray levels. The results are summarized in the following table (Table 4).

ERZATZ Table 4: Switching times

Comparative Example 1

A liquid crystal switching element was produced and investigated analogously to Example 1, but now a TN switching element with an optical delay of 0.50 μm, without another birefringent layer, with crossed polarizers, which were also crossed to the rubbing directions.

The composition of the liquid crystal mixture used is shown in the following table, as are the properties of the mixture and the characteristic voltages of the TN element.

HE Composition conc. /% Properties

BCH-2F.F 9.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +69.5 ° C

BCH-3F.F 9.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.1039

BCH-3F.F.F 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +10.2

BCH-5F.FF 7.0 _γι (20 ° C) = 156 m Pa s

CGU-2-F 10.0 d • Δn = 0.50 μm

CGU-3-F 9.0 Twist = 90 °

CCP-3F.FF 10.0 V ₀ (20 ° C) = 0.94 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.08 V

CCZU-2-F 4.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 1.35 V

CCZU-3-F 13.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 1.72 V

CCG-V-F 15.0

BCH-32 3.0

Σ 100.0

The electro-optical characteristic of the TN switching element is shown in Figure 5. Cells were examined at Θ = 0 °. The results were identical. In comparison with Figure 4, Figure 5 shows that the characteristics of the TN switching element with d-Δn of 0.5 μm (corresponding to the 1st minimum according to Gooch and Tarry) of this comparative example 1 are significantly steeper and therefore less favorable for displaying gray levels, than that of the inventive liquid crystal switching element of the example!

It should be noted here that both in the “normally white mode” and in the “normally black mode” the reduction in the steepness of the characteristic curve of the switching elements according to the invention is most pronounced at high voltages compared to the prior art. Since the human eye is more sensitive to changes in transmission in the area of low transmission (ie lower brightness) than in the area of large transmission (ie higher brightness), the effect in "normally white" mode is more favorable than in "normally black" mode, since it is in " normally white "mode occurs in the area of lower transmission.

ZBLATT RULE 26 The spectral distribution of the transmission in Figure 7 is directly compared to that of the element in Example 1 and has already been discussed in Example 1.

Figure 8a) shows the isotransmission results for this comparative example 1, which were obtained under the same conditions as the results for example 1. The results have already been discussed in example 1.

Figure 9c) shows the isocontrast results obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1. The two driving voltages were 1, 07 and V 1, V 71, and V ₀ corresponding Vι _90th The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1 from inside to outside. The maximum contrast ratio was 15, the minimum contrast ratio 0.43. So it is obvious

The angle of view dependence of the contrast is markedly more pronounced than in the switching elements of Examples 1 and 2. In addition, there is a clear inverse contrast. The apparently larger maximum contrast ratio in comparison to Examples 1 and 2 is probably due to the measurement conditions. With separate measurements of the transmission under vertical observation and under control with sufficiently high voltages, the same contrast was determined for all three types of switching elements.

The switching times are included in Table 4. As from the table

4 clearly shows the total switching time of the switching element according to the invention for each of the three control conditions is almost halved compared to that of the conventional TN switching element. This is all the more surprising since both switching elements have the same layer thickness (4.8 μm each). The rotational viscosities cannot explain the observed change in switching times either. The rotational viscosity of the liquid crystal mixture of Example 1 is almost exactly as great as that of the liquid crystal mixture of Comparative Example 1. It is even about 3% larger, which would have expected a correspondingly small increase in switching times for the switching element according to the invention. Example 2

A switching element like that of Example 1 was produced, the construction with one exception. No λ / 4 layer was used.

The switching element had almost the same electro-optical characteristics, both in the self-made device and in the device from Autronic-Melchers, with a viewing angle of 0 ° as that of Example 1. The maximum contrast was practically identical to that of Example 1.

The viewing angle dependency of the contrast was excellent when viewed visually. This was confirmed by measuring the isocontrast curves under the same conditions as in Example 1. As in Example 1, the two control voltages were 1, 13 V and 2.64 V. The result is shown in Figure 9b). The individual curves successively stand for the same contrast ratios from inside to outside as in Figure 9a), whereby only the last curve is omitted, i.e. for 7, 5, 3 and 2. The maximum contrast ratio here was 10.0, the minimum 1, 08 , So there was no inverse contrast at all under these conditions.

The direct comparison between the values for the switching elements of Examples 1 and 2 gives the following. In relation to the viewing angle Θ, example 2 clearly has the broader, i.e. better, viewing angle range. The element of example 2 is also slightly superior to that of example 1 with regard to the integral consideration. In contrast to this, the angle range of the element of example 1 is significantly better with regard to the viewing angle Φ. This can be seen particularly in the area of the quadrant with the lowest contrast. As a result, the viewing angle range of the switching element of Example 1 is significantly more centrosymmetric. Example 3

A switching element was implemented as in example 1 with a λ / 4 plate. However, ZLI-4792, a commercial product of Merck KGaA, was used here as the liquid crystal material. This material has a birefringence of

0.0969. The layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer was 5.1 μm. The electro-optical characteristic curve for a "normally black" switching element (with parallel polarizers) was determined under a viewing angle of Φ = -45 ° and Θ = 10 °, as described in Example 1. The result is shown in Figure 6.

In Figure 6, the characteristic curve of a TN switching element with d-Δn of 0.50 μm and a switching element according to the invention are both shown with almost the same capacitive threshold, also called the Freedericksz threshold. The curves were obtained under observation angles of Θ = 10 °, Φ = -45 °. In a direct comparison with this liquid crystal switching element from the prior art, it is striking that, with an almost unchanged maximum transmission, the switching element according to the invention both has a significantly lower slope than the comparable TN switching element, and also shows no signs of inverse contrast. As a result, the switching element according to the invention is much better suited for displaying gray levels and in particular color levels.

Comparative Example 2

Analogously to example 3, a switching element was implemented using ZLI-4792, but this time a TN switching element in the first transmission minimum (optical delay 0.50 μm), as implemented in comparative example 1. As in Example 3, the electro-optical characteristic curve was determined at a viewing angle of Φ = -45 ° and 0 = 10 °. The result is shown in Figure 6 for comparison with that of Example 3.

The occurrence of the inverse contrast, i.e. the reversal of the slope of the electro-optical characteristic with increasing voltage, is for the curve for

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 the TN switching element can be clearly recognized from a voltage of about 2.4 volts. In contrast to this, the characteristic curve of the switching element according to the invention is significantly flatter, that is to say it has a lower slope (also called steepness), which is more suitable for displaying gray levels. Furthermore, from this point of view, no inverse contrast occurs at all in the switching element according to the invention.

Figure 6 shows the characteristic of the liquid crystal switching element according to the invention with that of the TN switching element from comparative example 1. Both switching elements have almost the same capacitive threshold, also called the Freedericksz threshold. The curves were obtained under observation angles of Θ = 10 ° and Φ = -45 °. In a direct comparison with this liquid crystal switching element from the prior art, it is noticeable that the switching element according to the invention is both significantly less with almost unchanged maximum transmission

Has steepness as the comparable TN switching element, and also shows no signs of inverse contrast. As a result, the switching element according to the invention is much better suited for displaying gray levels and in particular color levels.

In the following, further examples (No. 4 to 63) for switching elements according to the invention and liquid crystal mixtures are given in short form. For simplification, only the characteristic voltages V ₁₀ , V ₅₀ and V ₉₀ are given for the switching elements, which are derived from the electro-optical characteristics for "normally white" switching elements according to the example

1 as described there.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Example 4

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 14.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +76.0 ° C

CCH-501 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0597

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.5

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0 γi (20 ° C) [m Pa s]

CCP-5F.FF 4.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.80 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 2.48 V

CCZU-3-F 16.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.44 V

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCH-301 18.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 5

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 6.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +75.0 ° C

CCH-501 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 Δε (1 kHz 20 ° C) = +6.4

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.60 V

CCP-5F.FF 5.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 2.23 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.95 V

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCH-301 18.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 6

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-3CF3 8.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 12.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +72.0 ° C

CC-5-V 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0578

CCH-303 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.5

CCH-501 12.0 γi (20 ° C) = 129 m Pa s

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.72

CCP-3F.FF 6.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 2.34 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.13 V

CCZU-3-F 19.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CCPC-34 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 7

Composition Conc.% Properties

CC-5- (S) 3 10.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-301 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.5 ° C

CCH-303 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0568

CCH-501 14.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.8

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 _γι (20 ° C) = 142 m Pa s

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.64 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 2.23 V

CCZU-3-F 22.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.98 V

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CH-33 3.0

CCPC-34 4.0

100.0 Example 8

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 14.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +76.0 ° C

CCH-301 18.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0608

CCH-303 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.5

CCH-501 5.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.77 V

CCP-2F.FF 10.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.28 V

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0

CCP-5F.F.F 4.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 9

Composition Koπz ./% properties

CC-5-V 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +75.5 ° C

CCH-301 18.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0596

CCH-34 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.4

CCH-501 6.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.63 V

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.91 V

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0 Example 10

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-501 12.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CH-33 4.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81, 0 ° C

CH-35 4.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0610

CH-43 4.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.9

CCP-2F.F.F 9.0 γi (20 ° C) = 154 m Pa s

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.49 V

CCZU-3-F 16.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.55 V

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 11.0

CCH-3CF3 7.0

CCH-5CF3 8.0

CCPC-34 4.0

Σ 100.0

Example 11

Composition conc. /% Properties

ECCH-5CF3 20.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +74.0 ° C

CC-5-V 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0585

CCH-303 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.5

CCH-501 12.0 γi (20 ° C) = 141 m Pa s

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.79 V

CCP-3F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.27 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 19.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CCPC-34 3.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Example 12

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 10.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCP-20CF3 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +77.0 ° C

CCP-40CF3 4.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0608

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.4

CCP-3F.FF 11.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.91 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.66 V

CCP-20CF3.F 9.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CZU-3-F 10.0

CCPC-34 3.0

CC-5- (T) 5 15.0

CC-5- (T1) 5 10.0

Σ 100.0

Example 13

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-501 12.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CH-33 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81.5 ° C

CH-35 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CH-43 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.4

CH-45 3.0 γι (20 ° C) = 160m Pas

CCP-2F.FF 9.0 V ₀ (20 ° C) = 1.22 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 Vι ₀ (20 ^β C) = 1.51 V

CZU-3-F 15.0 V ₅₀ (20 ° C) = 2.03 V

CZU-5-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.59 V

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 9.0

CDU-5-F 3.0

CCH-3CF3 7.0

CCH-5CF3 8.0

CCPC-34 4.0

Σ 100.0

Example 14

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 17.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 14.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81, 0 ° C

CCH-34 4.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0598

CH-33 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.1

CH-35 3.0 V10 (20 ° C) = 1.65 V

CH-43 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.96 V

CCPC-34 4.0

CCZU-2-F 4.0

CCZU-3-F 17.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 9.0

CDU-5-F 8.0

Σ 100.0

ERZATZBLAT Example 15

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 14.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-34 4.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +78.0 ° C

CC-5-V 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0601

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.6

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.72 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.17 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCP-20CF3.F 2.0

CCH-3CF3 10.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 3.0

CH-45 2.0

Σ 100.0

L 26 Example 16

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 16.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +95.5 ° C

CCH-35 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0608

CCH-5CF3 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.5

CCP-2F.FF 10.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 2.26 V

CCP-3F.FF 8.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.41 V

CCZU-2-F 4.0

CCZU-3-F 13.0

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CCPC-33 3.0

CCPC-34 4.0

CCPC-35 4.0

CCOC-3-3 3.0

CCOC-4-3 5.0

CCOC-3-5 2.0

Σ 100.0

Example 17

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 14.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +71, 0 ° C

CCH-303 18.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0593

CCH-501 4.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.0

CCH-34 6.0

CCH-35 6.0

CCP-20CF3 5.0

CCP-40CF3 5.0

CCP-50CF3 7.0

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0

CCP-3F.F.F 15.0

CCP-5F.F.F 8.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 18

Composition conc. /%. characteristics

CC-5-V 14.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +76.0 ° C

CCH-501 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0597

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.5

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0 V10 (20 ° C) = 1.80 V

CCP-5F.FF 4.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.44 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCH-301 18.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 19

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 6.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +75.0 ° C

CCH-501 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.4

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.60 V

CCP-5F.FF 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.94 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCH-301 18.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 20

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 4.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0601

CCH-501 7.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.6

CCP-2F.FF 11.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.57 V

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.89 V

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCH-301 20.0

CH-35 2.0

CCP-20CF2.F.F 2.0

Σ 100.0

Example 21

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 23.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0610

CCH-501 4.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.1

CCP-30CF3 3.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 2.10 V

CCP-40CF3 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.05 V

CCP-50CF3 3.0

CCP-2F.F.F 5.0

CCP-3F.F.F 10.0

CCP-5F.F.F 8.0

CC-5-V 16.0

CCP-30CF3.F 6.0

CCP-50CF3.F 8.0

CCP-30CF2.F.F 4.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 4.0

Σ 100.0 Example 22

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 23.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0610

CCH-501 4.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.1

CCP-30CF3 3.0 V1 ₀ (20 ° C) = 2.10 V

CCP-40CF3 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.05 V

CCP-50CF3 3.0

CCP-2F.F.F 5.0

CCP-3F.F.F 10.0

CCP-5F.F.F 8.0

CC-5-V 16.0

CCP-30CF3.F 6.0

CCP-50CF3.F 8.0

CCP-30CF2.F.F 4.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 4.0

Σ 100.0

Example 23

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 16.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-301 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +86.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0606

CCH-501 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.0

CCP-2F.F.F 7.0 yi (20 ° C) = 123 m Pa s

CCP-3F.FF 5.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 2.18 V

CCZU-2-F 4.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.30 V

CCZU-3-F 13.0

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 2.0

CH-45 3.0

CCPC-34 3.0

CCPC-35 2.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 7.0

PCH-7F 5.0

Σ 100.0

Example 24

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 20.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +95.0 ° C

CC-5-V 11.5 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CDU-2-F 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.0

CDU-3-F 6.0 γi (20 ° C) = 127 m Pa s

CDU-5-F 3.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 2.31 V

CCZU-2-F 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.55 V

CCZU-3-F 11.0

CCZU-5-F 3.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-43 2.5

CCPC-33 5.0

CCPC-34 4.0

CCPC-35 4.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Example 25

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 18.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCH-501 8.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0602

CCH-34 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.9

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-45 3.0

CCPC-34 3.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 17.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CDU-2-F 11.0

CDU-3-F 12.0

CDU-5-F 7.0

Σ 100.0

Example 26

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 12.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-501 8.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CC-5-V 8.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0606

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.3

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 17.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 3.0

CCH-3CF3 7.0

CCPC-33 2.0

Σ 100.0

REZATΣBLATT RE EL 6 Example 27

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 14.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-501 11.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0607

CCP-3F.F.F 13.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.5

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 17.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 3.0

CCPC-33 3.0

CCH-3CF3 8.0

Σ 100.0

Example 28

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 4.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0601

CCH-301 20.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +6.6

CCH-501 7.0

CH-35 2.0

CCP-2F.F.F 11, 0

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCP-20CF2.F.F 2.0

Σ 100.0 Example 29

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 17.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-501 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CC-5-V 14.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0605

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.7

CCP-3F.F.F 10.0 γi (20 ° C) = 104 m Pa s

CCP-5F.FF 5.0 V ₀ (20 ° C) = 1.50 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 18.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 30

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 18.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81, 0 ° C

CCH-501 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CC-5-V 14.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.5

CCP-2F.F.F 9.0

CCP-3F.F.F 13.0

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0

CCZU-2-F 4.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 2.0

CH-45 3.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 31

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 16.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-301 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +86.0 ° C

CCH-303 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0606

CCH-501 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.0

CCP-2F.FF 7.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 2.18 V

CCP-3F.FF 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.30 V

CCZU-2-F 4.0

CCZU-3-F 13.0

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 2.0

CH-45 3.0

CCPC-34 3.0

CCPC-35 2.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 7.0

PCH-7F _ 5.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET R Example 32

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 20.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +95.0 ° C

CC-5-V 11.5 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0604

CDU-2-F 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.0

CDU-3-F 6.0 γi (20 ° C) = 127 m Pa s

CDU-5-F 3.0 V10 (20 ° C) = 2.31 V

CCZU-2-F 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 5.53 V

CCZU-3-F 11.0

CCZU-5-F 3.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-43 2.5

CCPC-33 5.0

CCPC-34 4.0

CCPC-35 4.0

Σ 100.0

co co cn cn o cn o cn

Π

J

π -

co co ro ro cn cn o cn o cn

Example 37

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 7.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-301 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +82.0 ° C

CCH-303 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0630

CCH-501 14.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.0

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.69 V

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.08 V

CCP-5F.F.F 4.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 22.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CH-33 2.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-45 2.0

Σ 100.0

Example 38

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-303 11.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-501 17.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +83.5 ° C

CH-33 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0624

CH-35 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.7

CH-45 3.0 γi (20 ° C) = 151 m Pas

CCP-5F.FF 3.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.51 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.64 V

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCPC-34 2.0

CDU-2-F 10.0

CDU-3-F 12.0

CDU-5-F 8.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 39

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 19.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CC-5-V 17.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +76.5 ° C

CCP-20CF3 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0639

CCP-40CF3 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +5.2

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 γi (20 ° C) = 92 m Pa s

CCP-3F.F.F 11.0 Vo (20 ° C) = 1.50 V

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0 V10 (20 ° C) = 1.87 V

CCP-20CF3.F 9.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.59 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 7.0

CCPC-34 3.0

Σ 100.0

Example 40

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 20.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CC-5-V 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.5 ° C

CCP-20CF3 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0620

CCP-40CF3 5.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.4

CCZU-2-F 5.0 Vo (20 ° C) = 1, 23 V

CCZU-3-F 8.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.52 V

CCPC-34 4.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.71 V

CDU-2-F 12.0

CDU-3-F 14.0

CDU-5-F 10.0

Σ 100.0 Example 41

Composition Conc.% Properties

CCH-3CF3 9.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 12.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCH-302 10.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0633

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.9

CCP-3F.FF 11.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.72 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.13 V

CCP-20CF3.F 3.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCPC-34 5.0

CH-35 6.0

Σ 100.0

Example 42

Composition conc. /% Properties

CH-33 4.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CH-35 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +82.0 ° C

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0645

CCZU-2-F 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +11, 2

CCZU-3-F 16.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.35 V

CCZU-5-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.26 V

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 11.0

CDU-5-F 8.0

CCH-3CF3 11.0

CCH-5CF3 9.0

CCPC-33 4.0

CCPC-34 3.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET R Example 43

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-501 7.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CH-33 4.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81.0 ° C

CH-35 4.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0624

CH-43 4.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +9.5

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 γi (20 ° C) = 180mPas

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.34 V

CCZU-3-F 16.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.23 V

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 11.0

CDU-5-F 6.0

CCS-3 8.0

CCS-5 7.0

Σ 100.0

Example 44

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 14.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CC-5-V 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +79.5 ° C

CH-33 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0640

CH-35 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +9.7

CH-45 3.0 V ₀ (20 ° C) = 1.04 V

CCP-2F.FF 8.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.33 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.25 V

CCZU-3-F 19.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCPC-34 1.0

CDU-2-F 11.0

CDU-3-F 12.0

CDU-5-F 9.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Example 45

Composition conc. /% Properties

ECCH-5CF3 21, 0 clearing point T (N, I) = +82.0 ° C

CC-5-V 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0654

CH-33 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.5

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 γi (20 ° C) = 165 m Pa s

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.58 V

CCP-5F.FF 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.88 V

CCP-20CF3.F 6.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 20.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCPC-34 4.0

Σ 100.0

Example 46

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-303 11.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 17.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +84.5 ° C

CH-33 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0628

CH-35 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +9.2

CH-45 3.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.58 V

CCP-5F.FF 3.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.83 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCPC-34 2.0

CEDU-3-F 15.0

CEDU-5-F 15.0

Σ 100.0 Example 47

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-501 7.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CH-33 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +86.0 ° C

CH-35 3.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0645

CH-43 3.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +10.2

CCP-2F.F.F 7.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.44 V

CCP-3F.FF 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.44 V

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 15.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CDU-2-F 9.0

CDU-3-F 9.0

CDU-5-F 6.0

CCH-3CF3 7.0

CCH-5CF3 8.0

CCPC-34 3.0

CCPC-33 3.0

100.0

ERZATZBLATT Example 48

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 5.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 16.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +86.0 ° C

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0622

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +4.8

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 2.10 V

CCP-20CF3 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.98 V

CCP-40CF3 6.0

CCP-20CF3.F 9.0

CH-33 4.0

CH-35 3.0

CH-43 3.0

CH-45 3.0

CCPC-34 4.0

CCH-3CF3 6.0

CCH-5CF3 6.0

Σ 100.0

Example 49

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-5CF3 10.0 transition T (S, N) <-30.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +79.5 ° C

CC-5-V 16.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0650

CCP-2F.F.F 12.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.4

CCP-3F.F.F 10.0 γi (20 ° C) = 1 13 m Pa s

CCP-5F.F.F 7.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.67 V

CCP-20CF3.F 12.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.08 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 16.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCPC-34 2.0

Σ 100.0 Example 50

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CCH-3CF3 3.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +75.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 8.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0644

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +10.1

CCP-3F.FF 10.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.42 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.47 V

CCP-20CF3.F 4.0

CCP-40CF3 8.0

CDU-2-F 10.0

CDU-3-F 12.0

CDU-5-F 10.0

CCOC-3-3 4.0

CCOC-3-3 8.0

Σ 100.0

Example 51

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81, 0 ° C

CC-5-V 11.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0653

CC-3-2T 9.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.7

CC-5-2T 9.0 Vι ₀ (20 ° C) = 1.70 V

CCP-2F.FF 11.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.20 V

CCP-3F.F.F 11, 0

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0

CCP-40CF3 6.0

CCP-20CF3.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) Example 52

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 5.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CC-5-V 8.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0642

CCH-3CF3 6.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.8

CCH-5CF3 8.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.68 V

CCP-2F.FF 11.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.08 V

CCP-3F.F.F 11, 0

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CCP-20CF3.F 8.0

CCP-40CF3 4.0

CCOC-4-3 5.0

CCOC-3-3 2.0

Σ 100.0

Example 53

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +79.5 ° C

CC-5-V 14.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0649

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +9.5

CCP-3F.F.F 11.0 Vιo (20 ° C) = 1.46 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.60 V

CCP-20CF3.F 6.0

CDU-2-F 10.0

CDU-3-F 14.0

CDU-5-F 10.0

CCOC-3-3 4.0

CCOC-4-3 8.0

Σ 100.0

ORE Example 54

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +78.5 ° C

CC-5-V 15.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0652

CCH-5CF3 9.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +9.4

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.48 V

CCP-3F.FF 11.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.66 V

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0

CCP-40CF3 4.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

DCZG-2-OT 4.0

DCZG-3-OT 4.0

DCZG-5-OT 4.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26) co co ro ro cn cn o cn o cn

Example 57

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 5.0 transition T (S, N) <-40.0 ° C

CC-5-V 6.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.5 ° C

CCH-3CF3 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0644

CCH-5CF3 8.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +7.9

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 γi (20 ° C) = 124 m Pa s

CCP-3F.FF 12.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.65 V

CCP-5F.FF 5.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 4.06 V

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 15.0

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CCP-20CF3.F 10.5

CCP-40CF3 6.5

CCOC-4-3 4.0

CCOC-3-3 2.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 58

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-3CF3 8.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +81, 0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0655

CCH-301 9.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.7

CCP-2F.F.F 8.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.56 V

CCP-3F.FF 13.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.77 V

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 8.0

CCZU-5-F 5.0

CCP-30CF3.F 8.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 8.0

CDU-3-F 9.0

CCOC-3-3 5.0

CPCC-2-3 4.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 59

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-3CF3 9.0 transition T (S, N) = <-30.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 7.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCH-34 5.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0652

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.6

CCP-3F.F.F 12.0 γi (20 ° C) = 144 m Pa s

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0 Vio (20 ° C) = 1.58 V

CCP-20CF3 4.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.88 V

CCP-30CF3 2.0

CCP-40CF3 7.0

CCP-20CF3.F 10.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 15.0

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CCTTCC-5-5-5-5 4.0

Σ 100.0

Example 60

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 transition T (S, N) = <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 8.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 8.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = +0.0656

CCP-2F.F.F 11.0 Δε (1 kHz, 20 ° C) = +8.4

CCP-3F.FF 11.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.57 V

CCP-5F.FF 6.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.89 V

CCP-40CF3 8.0

CCP-20CF3.F 10.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

CHO-3CF3 6.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 61

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-34 6.0 transition T (S, N) = <-40.0 ° C

CCH-501 10.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCH-5CF3 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = 0.0653

CCP-2F.FF 11.0 Vι ₀ (20 ° C) = 1.41 V

CCP-3F.FF 11.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.45 V

CCP-5F.F.F 6.0

CCP-20CF3.F 8.0

CCZU-2-F 6.0

CCZU-3-F 14.0

CCZU-5-F 6.0

DCZG-2-OT 4.0

DCZG-3-OT 4.0

DCZG-5-OT 4.0

CCOC-3-3 4.0

Σ 100.0 Example 62

Composition conc. /% Properties

CC-5-V 18.5 clearing point T (N, I) = +70.0 ° C

CCH-303 6.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = 0.0650

CCH-501 6.0 V ₁₀ (20 ° C) = 1.56V

CCP-2F.FF 12.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.93 V

CCP-3F.F.F 13.0

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0

CCP-20CF2.F.F 10.0

CCP-30CF2.F.F 10.0

CCZU-2-F 5.0

CCZU-3-F 10.0

PCH-7 4.5

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RULE 26 Example 63

Composition conc. /% Properties

CCH-301 11.5 transition T (S, N) = <-30.0 ° C

CCP-2F.F.F 10.0 clearing point T (N, I) = +80.0 ° C

CCP-3F.F.F 13.0 Δn (589 nm, 20 ° C) = 0.0653

CCP-5F.F.F 5.0 γi (20 ° C) = 161 m Pa s

CCZU-2-F 5.0 Vι ₀ (20 ° C) = 1, 54 V

CCZU-3-F 16.0 V ₉₀ (20 ° C) = 3.76 V

CCZU-5-F 4.0

CCP-20CF2.F.F 5.0

CCP-30CF2.F.F 6.0

CCP-50CF2.F.F 6.0

CH-33 3.0

CH-35 2.0

CH-43 2.5

CCH-3CF3 7.0

CCH-5CF3 4.0

Σ 100.0

REPLACEMENT SHEET RE EL 26 pictures

Figure 1 shows the basic structure of a liquid crystal switching element according to the invention with crossed polarizers.

Figure 1 a) shows the arrangement of the most important components of the switching elements of the first preferred embodiment and the beam path in a side view. It means:

BL: backlight,

P: polarizer or analyzer (the direction of transmission is indicated by the respective bars.), Z: normal to the display surface, n 1 1: preferred direction of the liquid crystal director in the middle of the layer between the substrates (not shown), corresponds to the direction of the extraordinary Refractive index (n ₀ ) and ΠJL: Direction perpendicular to the preferred direction of the liquid crystal director in the middle of the layer between the substrates (in the x-axis and in the z-axis), corresponds to the direction of the proper refractive index (n _e ).

Figure 1 b) shows the orientation of the relevant axes under supervision. The symbols from Figure 1 a are also used here, where appropriate.

Figure 2 shows the definition of the viewing angle in the plane of the display (Φ or Φ ') and perpendicular to the perpendicular (Θ).

Figure 3 shows the transmission through the arrangement shown in Figure 1, but the angle of the polarizer to the second polarizer Ψp was varied. The optical delay (d ^• ΔΠ) LC was 277 nm.

REPLACEMENT SHEET R Figure 4 shows the transmission-voltage characteristic of a liquid crystal switching element according to the invention in the "normally black mode" according to Example 1. The parameters are as given in the text. Two curves are shown which were obtained for two different cells with the same results in each case. The curves were for Θ = 0 ° and for

Get Θ = 30 ° and Φ = -45 °.

Similar to Figure 4, Figure 5 shows the characteristics of a liquid crystal switching element, but here a TN switching element with d-Δn of 0.5 μm (corresponding to the 1st minimum according to Gooch and Tarry) of Comparative Example 1. The curve gives the results of two different cells at Θ = 0 ° again.

Figure 6 shows the characteristic of a TN switching element with d-Δn of 0.50 μm in comparison with that of a switching element according to the invention both with almost the same capacitive threshold, also called the Freedericksz threshold, at an observation angle of Θ = 10 °, Φ = - 45 ° represents

Figure 7 shows the wavelength dependency of the transmission of the liquid crystal switching element according to the invention from example 1 (continuous curves) compared to that of a TN display with d-Δn = 0.50 μm from comparative example 1 (dashed curves). The three sets of curves correspond to the drive voltages for 10, 50 and 90% relative contrast.

Figure 8 shows the isocon transmission curves of two liquid crystal switching elements in two parts. Here the representation in polar coordinates was chosen, as defined in Figure 2. The transmission was determined for every point in the hemisphere above the liquid crystal switching element at a fixed drive voltage which leads to a minimum transmission of 10%. Points of equal transmission are connected by isotransmission lines. The iso transmission lines are staggered at intervals of 10%. Areas with a transmission in the range of the same multiple of 10% are marked with the same shade of gray. The darkest area corresponds to a transmission from 0% to

26 10% inclusive, the next gray area more than 10% to 20% inclusive, the light gray area more than 20% to 30% inclusive and so on. The other areas are not tinted gray.

Figure 8a) shows the results of Comparative Example 1.

Figure 8b) shows the results of the liquid crystal switching element according to the invention from Example 1.

Figure 9 shows the isocontrast curves for three different switching elements in three parts. Polar coordinates were used as in Figure 8. All three sets of isocontrast curves were obtained for control with two voltages which correspond to the two characteristic voltages Vι ₀ and V _g0 for the respective switching element. The curves connect points of the same contrast ratio. The contrast ratios gradually decrease towards the outside, starting with the shortest, closed curve. The preferred quadrant with the highest contrast ratio at Φ = -45 ° (corresponds to 315 °) is in the figure on the bottom right.

Figure 9a) shows the results for the switching element according to the invention in example 1. The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1 from the inside to the outside.

Figure 9b) shows the results for the switching element according to the invention in example 2. The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 7, 5, 3 and 2 from inside to outside.

Figure 9c) shows the results for the TN switching element of comparative example 1. The individual curves successively stand for contrast ratios of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1 from inside to outside.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26

Claims

claims

1. A liquid crystal switching element comprising a liquid crystal layer with an initial orientation which is essentially parallel to the substrabs and essentially untwisted, at least one polarizer, a device for generating an electric field which, in the case of liquid crystal materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, is essentially parallel to the substrates and in the case of liquid crystal materials with positive dielectric anisotropy is oriented essentially perpendicular to the substrates and optionally at least one birefringent layer, characterized in that the liquid crystal layer has an optical delay [(d-Δn) c] in the range from 0, 05 μm to 0.46 μm.

2. Liquid crystal switching element according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one linear polarizer.

3. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the twist angle of the liquid crystal layer (φ) is in the range from -25 ° to + 25 °.

4. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is switched from its initial value to essentially 0 nm or can be.

5. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it is a transmissive or a transflective liquid crystal switching element.

6. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is from 0.20 μm to 0.37 μm.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

7. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is from 0.07 μm to 0.17 μm.

8. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it contains at least one birefringent layer.

9. Liquid crystal switching element according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains a λ / 4 layer, a λ / 2 layer or two λ / 4 layers.

10. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 8 and 9, characterized in that the optical delay of the birefringent layer or the birefringent layers

[(d-Δn) os] corresponds either to substantially half or substantially twice the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer [(d-Δn) _L c] -

11. A liquid crystal switching element according to claim 10, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is from 0.20 μm to 0.37 μm and the liquid crystal switching element contains a λ / 4 layer.

12. A liquid crystal switching element according to claim 10, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer is from 0.07 μm to 0.17 μm and the liquid crystal switching element contains one λ / 2 layer or two λ / 4 layers.

13. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the switching element does not contain a birefringent layer.

14. A liquid crystal switching element according to claim 13, characterized in that the twist angle of the liquid crystal layer (φ) from -6 ° to

Is + 6 °.

15. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 and 14, characterized in that the optical delay of the liquid crystal layer in the fully switched state 0 nm to

80 nm, preferably 0 nm to 40 nm.

16. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the liquid crystal layer has a positive dielectric anisotropy.

17. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that it can be operated in normally white mode.

18. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that it is a reflective liquid crystal switching element.

19. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that it is a transmissive

Liquid crystal switching element is.

20. Liquid crystal switching element according to at least one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the liquid crystal layer has a negative dielectric anisotropy.

21. Electro-optical liquid crystal display device, characterized in that it contains one or more liquid crystal switching elements according to at least one of claims 1 to 20.

22. Electro-optical liquid crystal display device according to claim 21, characterized in that it contains a plurality of liquid crystal switching elements and these are arranged in matrix form.

REPLACEMENT SHEET (RULE 26)

23. Electro-optical liquid crystal display device according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that the liquid crystal switching elements are controlled by means of a matrix of active electrical switching elements.

24. Use of an electro-optic liquid crystal switching element or a plurality of electro-optic liquid crystal switching elements according to at least one of claims 1 to 20 in a liquid crystal display device.

L 26