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EP1177962B1 - Device for monitoring the condition of an Eddy current brake at a railway vehicle - Google Patents

Device for monitoring the condition of an Eddy current brake at a railway vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1177962B1
EP1177962B1 EP01117700A EP01117700A EP1177962B1 EP 1177962 B1 EP1177962 B1 EP 1177962B1 EP 01117700 A EP01117700 A EP 01117700A EP 01117700 A EP01117700 A EP 01117700A EP 1177962 B1 EP1177962 B1 EP 1177962B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rail
eddy current
brake
rail vehicle
brake body
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01117700A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1177962A2 (en
EP1177962A3 (en
Inventor
Hans-Hermann Heidt
Hilmar Konrad
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP1177962A2 publication Critical patent/EP1177962A2/en
Publication of EP1177962A3 publication Critical patent/EP1177962A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1177962B1 publication Critical patent/EP1177962B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61H—BRAKES OR OTHER RETARDING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAIL VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR DISPOSITION THEREOF IN RAIL VEHICLES
    • B61H7/00—Brakes with braking members co-operating with the track
    • B61H7/02—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes
    • B61H7/04—Scotch blocks, skids, or like track-engaging shoes attached to railway vehicles
    • B61H7/06—Skids
    • B61H7/08—Skids electromagnetically operated
    • B61H7/083—Skids electromagnetically operated working with eddy currents

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an eddy current brake with a device for monitoring it Condition on a rail vehicle with a brake body facing the rail, the Brake body for grounding via an earth cable with a rail wheel of the rail vehicle is connected and on the rail vehicle is held over an insulating body.
  • an eddy current brake is part of the Brake body usually at least one electromagnet Facing rail. A current flow through such a magnet causes an eddy current in the rail and thus Braking the vehicle. If the eddy current brake at least one or more can be partially permanent Permanent magnets may be present.
  • Insulating bodies are required to keep currents out of the rail vehicle to guide past the brake body into the rail and the formation of current paths due to corrosion to avoid. Such current paths can, for example failure of an axle bearing and even blocking one Lead axis.
  • the brake body e.g. the magnets of the eddy current brake
  • temporarily put the rail on causing damage to the brake body could lead.
  • an insulating body on the bearing of the brake will be damaged could.
  • Such damage to the insulating body can by putting on the brake body but also by others external influences are caused.
  • the invention has for its object an eddy current brake with a device to monitor their condition, which both the unwanted attachment of the brake body on the rail, as well as damage to the insulating body, that would result in a current path allowed.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention in that the Earth cable is connected to an ammeter, the one Evaluation unit is connected downstream.
  • the brake body touches the rail, it results a conductive connection from the rail wheel via the underground cable and the brake body to the rail. Part of the stream that usually constantly from the rail vehicle via the rail wheel flows to the rail, then flows over the underground cable. There the current flow is recognized by the ammeter and then in the Evaluation unit evaluated.
  • the brake body consists, for example, of several pole coils, which are arranged between two end pieces. These pole coils have the function of electromagnets.
  • the brake body can also have permanent magnets.
  • the brake body has, for example, support arms that have insulating bodies are stored on the rail vehicle. You can do this Serve axle bearings.
  • the brake body over insulating body that electrically insulating bellows are suspended from the rail vehicle. Often there are both support arms and bellows.
  • the underground cable is, for example, a flexible grounding cable. This means that the required earthing is always provided.
  • the evaluation unit has, for example, a device for Detect the duration of an increased current.
  • a device for Detect the duration of an increased current In order to the advantage is achieved that when placing the brake body the duration of the touchdown recognized on the rail becomes.
  • the reliability of an eddy current brake during the operation of the rail vehicle e.g. is an ICE 3 can be monitored continuously.
  • Figure 1 shows as part of an eddy current brake of a rail vehicle several pole coils 3 arranged in a row are limited by end pieces 4.
  • the pole coils 3 and End pieces 4 form part of the brake body, the one Rail 1, on which the rail vehicle is moving, facing is.
  • a bogie is part of the rail vehicle shown. It consists of a bogie frame 6, are connected to the rail wheels 2.
  • the brake body has a pole shoe carrier 9 for the pole coils 3, the Attached to bogie frame 6 via insulating bellows 11 is.
  • the brake body support arms 10 which are electrical are isolated on axle bearing housings 5, which are supported by the Axle bearings of the rail wheels 2 are connected.
  • the bogie frame 6 is via its own underground cable 12 * and a resistor 13 connected to the bottom plate 7.
  • Figure 2 shows a bottom plate 7 of a railroad car from below with ammeters 14a to 14d integrated in underground cables.
  • Two evaluation units 8, with which the ammeter 14a to 14d connected via data lines 17 are each one Assigned bogie and via lines 18 with a diagnostic unit or a brake control unit 16.
  • Furthermore 2 shows components known from FIG.
  • FIG. 3 shows such a brake control device 16 in connection with an ammeter 14, which comprises a switch S1.
  • the Current meter 14 is assigned to the underground cable 12.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Regulating Braking Force (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Wirbelstrombremse mit einer Einrichtung zum Überwachen ihres Zustands an einem Schienenfahrzeug mit einem der Schiene zugewandten Bremskörper, wobei der Bremskörper zur Erdung über ein Erdkabel mit einem Schienenrad des Schienenfahrzeugs in Verbindung steht und am Schienenfahrzeug über einen Isolierkörper gehalten ist.The invention relates to an eddy current brake with a device for monitoring it Condition on a rail vehicle with a brake body facing the rail, the Brake body for grounding via an earth cable with a rail wheel of the rail vehicle is connected and on the rail vehicle is held over an insulating body.

Bei einer solchen Wirbelstrombremse ist als Bestandteil des Bremskörpers in der Regel mindestens ein Elektromagnet der Schiene zugewandt. Ein Stromfluss durch einen solchen Magneten bewirkt einen Wirbelstrom in der Schiene und damit ein Abbremsen des Fahrzeuges. Falls die Wirbelstrombremse zumindest teilweise permanent wirken soll, können ein oder mehrere Permanentmagnete vorhanden sein.In such an eddy current brake is part of the Brake body usually at least one electromagnet Facing rail. A current flow through such a magnet causes an eddy current in the rail and thus Braking the vehicle. If the eddy current brake at least one or more can be partially permanent Permanent magnets may be present.

Isolierkörper sind erforderlich, um Ströme aus dem Schienenfahrzeug am Bremskörper vorbei gezielt in die Schiene zu führen und um das Entstehen von Strompfaden aufgrund von Korrosion zu vermeiden. Solche Strompfade können beispielsweise zum Ausfall eines Achslagers und sogar zum Blockieren einer Achse führen.Insulating bodies are required to keep currents out of the rail vehicle to guide past the brake body into the rail and the formation of current paths due to corrosion to avoid. Such current paths can, for example failure of an axle bearing and even blocking one Lead axis.

Bei schadhaften Gleisen kann es vorkommen, dass der Bremskörper, z.B. die Magnete der Wirbelstrombremse, zeitweise auf die Schiene aufsetzen, was zu einer Beschädigung des Bremskörpers führen könnte. Darüber hinaus besteht die Gefahr, dass ein Isolierkörper am Lager der Bremse beschädigt werden könnte. Eine solche Beschädigung des Isolierkörpers kann durch das Aufsetzen des Bremskörpers aber auch durch andere äußere Einwirkungen hervorgerufen werden. In the case of defective tracks, the brake body, e.g. the magnets of the eddy current brake, temporarily put the rail on, causing damage to the brake body could lead. There is also a risk that an insulating body on the bearing of the brake will be damaged could. Such damage to the insulating body can by putting on the brake body but also by others external influences are caused.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Wirbelstrombremse mit einer Einrichtung zum Überwachen ihres Zustandes anzugeben, die sowohl das unerwünschte Aufsetzen des Bremskörpers auf die Schiene, als auch eine Beschädigung des Isolierkörpers, die einen Strompfad zur Folge hätte, zu erkennen gestattet.The invention has for its object an eddy current brake with a device to monitor their condition, which both the unwanted attachment of the brake body on the rail, as well as damage to the insulating body, that would result in a current path allowed.

Die Aufgabe wird gemäß der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, dass das Erdkabel mit einem Strommesser in Verbindung steht, dem eine Auswerteeinheit nachgeschaltet ist.The object is achieved according to the invention in that the Earth cable is connected to an ammeter, the one Evaluation unit is connected downstream.

Falls der Bremskörper auf die Schiene aufsetzt, ergibt sich eine leitende Verbindung vom Schienenrad über das Erdkabel und den Bremskörper zur Schiene. Ein Teil des Stromes, der üblicherweise ständig vom Schienenfahrzeug über das Schienenrad zur Schiene fließt, fließt dann über das Erdkabel. Dort wird der Stromfluss vom Strommesser erkannt und dann in der Auswerteeinheit ausgewertet.If the brake body touches the rail, it results a conductive connection from the rail wheel via the underground cable and the brake body to the rail. Part of the stream that usually constantly from the rail vehicle via the rail wheel flows to the rail, then flows over the underground cable. There the current flow is recognized by the ammeter and then in the Evaluation unit evaluated.

Falls der Isolierkörper beschädigt ist, kommt es zu einem Stromfluss vom Schienenfahrzeug über den dann leitenden Isolierkörper, den Bremskörper, das Erdkabel und das Schienenrad zur Schiene. Der Stromfluss wird im Erdkabel vom Strommesser erkannt und dann in der Auswerteeinheit ausgewertet.If the insulator is damaged, there will be a Current flow from the rail vehicle through the then conductive insulating body, the brake body, the underground cable and the rail wheel to the rail. The current flow in the underground cable is from the ammeter recognized and then evaluated in the evaluation unit.

Falls keine Störung vorliegt, fließt kein Strom durch das Erdkabel.If there is no fault, no current will flow through the Underground cables.

Es wird der Vorteil erzielt, dass sowohl das Berühren der Schiene durch den Bremskörper, als auch eine Beschädigung des Isolierkörpers frühzeitig erkannt werden, so dass rechtzeitig vor einem größeren Schaden geeignete Maßnahmen, eine Reparatur oder ein Austausch von Komponenten, vorgenommen werden kann.The advantage is achieved that both touching the Rail through the brake body, as well as damage to the Insulator are recognized early, so that in time before a major damage appropriate measures, a repair or an exchange of components can.

Der Bremskörper besteht beispielsweise aus mehreren Polspulen, die zwischen zwei Endstücken angeordnet sind. Diese Polspulen haben die Funktion von Elektromagneten. Der Bremskörper kann auch Permanentmagneten aufweisen.The brake body consists, for example, of several pole coils, which are arranged between two end pieces. These pole coils have the function of electromagnets. The brake body can also have permanent magnets.

Der Bremskörper hat beispielsweise Tragarme, die über Isolierkörper am Schienenfahrzeug gelagert sind. Dazu können Achslager dienen.The brake body has, for example, support arms that have insulating bodies are stored on the rail vehicle. You can do this Serve axle bearings.

Beispielsweise ist der Bremskörper über Isolierkörper, die elektrisch isolierende Bälge sind, am Schienenfahrzeug aufgehängt. Häufig sind sowohl Tragarme als auch Bälge vorhanden.For example, the brake body over insulating body that electrically insulating bellows are suspended from the rail vehicle. Often there are both support arms and bellows.

Das Erdkabel ist beispielsweise ein flexibles Erdungsseil. Dadurch ist die gewünschte Erdung stets gegeben.The underground cable is, for example, a flexible grounding cable. This means that the required earthing is always provided.

Die Auswerteeinheit weist beispielsweise eine Vorrichtung zum Erkennen der zeitlichen Dauer eines erhöhten Stromes auf. Damit wird der Vorteil erzielt, dass beim Aufsetzen des Bremskörpers auf die Schiene die Dauer des Aufsetzens erkannt wird.The evaluation unit has, for example, a device for Detect the duration of an increased current. In order to the advantage is achieved that when placing the brake body the duration of the touchdown recognized on the rail becomes.

Mit der Einrichtung nach der Erfindung wird insbesondere der Vorteil erzielt, dass die Zuverlässigkeit einer Wirbelstrombremse während des Betriebes des Schienenfahrzeuges, das z.B. ein ICE 3 ist, laufend überwacht werden kann.With the device according to the invention, in particular Advantage achieved that the reliability of an eddy current brake during the operation of the rail vehicle, e.g. is an ICE 3, can be monitored continuously.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Einrichtung zum Überwachen des Zustandes einer Wirbelstrombremse an einem Schienenfahrzeug wird anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert:

  • FIG 1 zeigt die Einrichtung zum Überwachen einer Wirbelstrombremse an einem Drehgestell ohne Auswerteeinheit.
  • FIG 2 zeigt entsprechende Einrichtungen an den beiden Drehgestellen eines Eisenbahnwagens mit einer gemeinsamen Auswerteeinheit.
  • FIG 3 zeigt eine Kombination aus Strommesser und Auswerteeinheit im Detail.
    • An embodiment of a device for monitoring the state of an eddy current brake on a rail vehicle is explained in more detail with reference to the drawing:
  • 1 shows the device for monitoring an eddy current brake on a bogie without an evaluation unit.
  • 2 shows corresponding devices on the two bogies of a railroad car with a common evaluation unit.
  • 3 shows a combination of ammeter and evaluation unit in detail.

    • Figur 1 zeigt als Teil einer Wirbelstrombremse eines Schienenfahrzeugs mehrere Polspulen 3, die in einer Reihe angeordnet durch Endstücke 4 begrenzt sind. Die Polspulen 3 und die Endstücke 4 bilden einen Teil des Bremskörpers, der einer Schiene 1, auf der sich das Schienenfahrzeug bewegt, zugewandt ist. Als Teil des Schienenfahrzeuges ist ein Drehgestell dargestellt. Es besteht aus einem Drehgestellrahmen 6, mit dem Schienenräder 2 in Verbindung stehen. Der Bremskörper weist einen Polschuhträger 9 für die Polspulen 3 auf, der über isolierende Bälge 11 am Drehgestellrahmen 6 befestigt ist. Außerdem hat der Bremskörper Tragarme 10 die elektrisch isoliert an Achslagergehäusen 5 abgestützt sind, die mit den Achslagern der Schienenräder 2 verbunden sind. Zwischen jedem Tragarm 10 und dem dazugehörigen Achslagergehäuse 5 sind dazu Isolierungen angebracht, die einen korrodierenden Stromfluss von den Polspulen 3 über die Achslager zu den Schienenrädern 2 unterbinden. Der Bremskörper ist ausgehend vom Polschuhträger 9 über Erdkabel 12 und andere leitende Bauteile mit dem Schienenrad 2 und damit mit der Schiene 1 verbunden.Figure 1 shows as part of an eddy current brake of a rail vehicle several pole coils 3 arranged in a row are limited by end pieces 4. The pole coils 3 and End pieces 4 form part of the brake body, the one Rail 1, on which the rail vehicle is moving, facing is. A bogie is part of the rail vehicle shown. It consists of a bogie frame 6, are connected to the rail wheels 2. The brake body has a pole shoe carrier 9 for the pole coils 3, the Attached to bogie frame 6 via insulating bellows 11 is. In addition, the brake body support arms 10 which are electrical are isolated on axle bearing housings 5, which are supported by the Axle bearings of the rail wheels 2 are connected. Between everyone Support arm 10 and the associated axle bearing housing 5 are included Insulations attached to a corrosive current flow from the pole coils 3 via the axle bearings to the rail wheels 2 prevent. The brake body starts from the pole shoe carrier 9 via underground cable 12 and other conductive components with the Rail wheel 2 and thus connected to the rail 1.

    Um einerseits feststellen zu können, ob die Isolierungen und auch die isolierende Wirkung der Bälge 11 noch funktionstüchtig sind und um andererseits feststellen zu können, ob infolge einer unebenen Schiene 1 der Bremskörper beim Fahren auf die Schiene 1 aufsetzt, ist in das Erdkabel 12 ein Strommesser 14 eingebunden, der über eine Datenleitung 17 mit einer Auswerteeinheit 8 verbunden ist, die an einer Bodenplatte 7 des Schienenfahrzeugs befestigt ist.On the one hand to be able to determine whether the insulation and the insulating effect of the bellows 11 is still functional and on the other hand to be able to determine whether as a result an uneven rail 1 of the brake body when driving puts on the rail 1, is an ammeter in the underground cable 12 14 involved, the via a data line 17 with a Evaluation unit 8 is connected to a base plate 7 of the rail vehicle is attached.

    Der Drehgestellrahmen 6 ist über ein eigenes Erdkabel 12* und einen Widerstand 13 mit der Bodenplatte 7 verbunden.The bogie frame 6 is via its own underground cable 12 * and a resistor 13 connected to the bottom plate 7.

    Falls eine Isolierung zwischen Tragarm 10 und Achslagergehäuse 5 defekt bzw. die isolierende Wirkung der Bälge 11 gestört sein sollten, fließt ein Kurzschlussstrom durch das Erdkabel 12, der mit Hilfe des Strommessers 14 von der Auswerteeinheit 8 erkannt wird.
    Ein erhöhter Stromfluss durch das Erkabel 12 wird auch erkannt, falls der Bremskörper auf die Schiene 1 aufsetzt.    If insulation between the support arm 10 and axle bearing housing 5 is defective or the insulating effect of the bellows 11 is disturbed, a short-circuit current flows through the underground cable 12, which is detected by the evaluation unit 8 with the aid of the ammeter 14.
    An increased current flow through the cable 12 is also recognized if the brake body touches the rail 1.

    Mit Hilfe der Einrichtung nach der Erfindung können Schäden an der Wirbelstrombremse frühzeitig erkannt werden.With the help of the device according to the invention can damage can be recognized early on by the eddy current brake.

    Figur 2 zeigt von unten eine Bodenplatte 7 eines Eisenbahnwagens mit in Erdkabel eingebundenen Strommessern 14a bis 14d. Zwei Auswerteeinheiten 8, mit denen die Strommesser 14a bis 14d über Datenleitungen 17 verbunden sind, sind jeweils einem Drehgestell zugeordnet und über Leitungen 18 mit einer Diagnoseeinheit oder einem Bremssteuergerät 16 verbunden. Im übrigen zeigt Figur 2 aus Figur 1 bekannte Bauteile.Figure 2 shows a bottom plate 7 of a railroad car from below with ammeters 14a to 14d integrated in underground cables. Two evaluation units 8, with which the ammeter 14a to 14d connected via data lines 17 are each one Assigned bogie and via lines 18 with a diagnostic unit or a brake control unit 16. Furthermore 2 shows components known from FIG.

    Figur 3 zeigt ein solches Bremssteuergerät 16 in Verbindung mit einem Strommesser 14, der einen Schalter S1 umfasst. Der Strommesser 14 ist dem Erdkabel 12 zugeordnet.FIG. 3 shows such a brake control device 16 in connection with an ammeter 14, which comprises a switch S1. The Current meter 14 is assigned to the underground cable 12.

    Claims (5)

    1. Eddy current brake having a device for monitoring its state on a rail vehicle having a brake body which faces the rail (1), the brake body being connected to a rail wheel (2) of the rail vehicle in order to earth it via an earthing cable (12), and said brake body being secured to the rail vehicle by means of an insulating body, characterized in that the earthing cable (12) is connected to an ammeter (14) which has an evaluation unit (8) connected downstream of it.
    2. Eddy current brake according to Claim 1, characterized in that the brake body has supporting arms (10) which are mounted on the rail vehicle by means of insulating bodies.
    3. Eddy current brake according to one of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the brake body is suspended from the rail vehicle by means of insulating bodies which are electrically insulating bellows (7).
    4. Eddy current brake according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the earthing cable (12) is a flexible earthing cable.
    5. Eddy current brake according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the evaluation unit (8) has an apparatus for detecting the chronological duration of an increased current.
    EP01117700A 2000-08-01 2001-07-26 Device for monitoring the condition of an Eddy current brake at a railway vehicle Expired - Lifetime EP1177962B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DE10037471 2000-08-01
    DE10037471 2000-08-01

    Publications (3)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP1177962A2 EP1177962A2 (en) 2002-02-06
    EP1177962A3 EP1177962A3 (en) 2003-02-05
    EP1177962B1 true EP1177962B1 (en) 2004-12-01

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    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP01117700A Expired - Lifetime EP1177962B1 (en) 2000-08-01 2001-07-26 Device for monitoring the condition of an Eddy current brake at a railway vehicle

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    DE (1) DE50104663D1 (en)

    Cited By (1)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2009013172A1 (en) 2007-07-23 2009-01-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for statistically checking a brake system of a vehicle

    Families Citing this family (7)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE102007029850A1 (en) * 2007-06-28 2009-01-02 Siemens Ag Rail vehicle with a car body and method for protective earth of such a car body
    DE102008029312B3 (en) * 2008-06-20 2009-12-24 Knorr-Bremse Systeme für Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Method for monitoring the effect of rail brakes
    DE102013219826A1 (en) * 2013-09-30 2015-04-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Linear magnetic rail brake
    CN103693070B (en) * 2013-12-20 2016-04-06 江苏大学 A kind of all formula track train both sides magnetic rail brake device brake-force balance device and methods
    DE102014103627A1 (en) 2014-03-17 2015-09-17 Knorr-Bremse Gmbh Housing device for a magnetic body for an electromagnetic or permanent magnetic rail brake for a rail vehicle and electromagnetic or permanent magnetic rail brake for a rail vehicle
    DE102016121458A1 (en) * 2016-11-09 2018-05-09 Bombardier Transportation Gmbh Effective monitoring of a magnetic rail brake
    CN109747676B (en) * 2019-02-27 2020-01-31 中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司 Railway vehicle bogie with eddy current braking device and railway vehicle

    Family Cites Families (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    CH592534A5 (en) * 1973-10-24 1977-10-31 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag
    DE19817233C1 (en) * 1998-04-17 2000-01-05 Knorr Bremse Systeme Method for controlling and / or regulating an eddy current brake

    Cited By (2)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    WO2009013172A1 (en) 2007-07-23 2009-01-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for statistically checking a brake system of a vehicle
    DE102007034799A1 (en) 2007-07-23 2009-02-05 Siemens Ag Method for statically checking a brake system of a vehicle

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    EP1177962A2 (en) 2002-02-06
    EP1177962A3 (en) 2003-02-05
    DE50104663D1 (en) 2005-01-05

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