EP1146108A2 - Copolymer blends and their use as additive to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates - Google Patents
Copolymer blends and their use as additive to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates Download PDFInfo
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- EP1146108A2 EP1146108A2 EP01104847A EP01104847A EP1146108A2 EP 1146108 A2 EP1146108 A2 EP 1146108A2 EP 01104847 A EP01104847 A EP 01104847A EP 01104847 A EP01104847 A EP 01104847A EP 1146108 A2 EP1146108 A2 EP 1146108A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/146—Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
- C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
- C10L1/2364—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups
Definitions
- Copolymer mixtures and their use as an additive to improve Cold flow properties of middle distillates
- the present invention relates to mixtures of copolymers, on the one hand containing structural units of olefins, derivatives of dibasic carboxylic acids and optionally polyolefins, on the other hand containing structural units Ethylene and vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids, and their use as additives to fuel oils to improve their cold flow properties.
- Crude oils and middle distillates obtained by distilling crude oils such as gas oil, Diesel oil or heating oil contain different ones depending on the origin of the crude oils Amounts of n-paraffins which, when the temperature is lowered, are platelet-shaped Crystallize crystals and partially agglomerate with the inclusion of oil. This leads to a deterioration in the flow properties of these oils or distillates, which means, for example, during extraction, transport, storage and / or use of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates can occur. With mineral oils, this crystallization phenomenon can occur during transport Pipelines, especially in winter, to build up deposits on the pipe walls Individual cases, e.g. if a pipeline is at a standstill, even to completely block it to lead.
- the flow and cold behavior of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates is under other by specifying the cloud point (determined according to ISO 3015), the Pöur point (determined according to ISO 3016) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP; determined according to EN 116). These parameters are measured in ° C.
- Typical flow improvers for crude oils and middle distillates are copolymers of Ethylene with carboxylic acid esters of vinyl alcohol. So you bet after the DE-A-11 47 799 petroleum distillate fuels with a boiling point between about 120 and 400 ° C oil-soluble copolymers of ethylene and Vinyl acetate with a molecular weight between about 1,000 and 3,000. Copolymers which contain about 60 to 99% by weight of ethylene and about are preferred Contain 1 to 40 wt .-% vinyl acetate. They are particularly effective when passed through radical polymerization in an inert solvent at temperatures of about 70 to 130 ° C and pressures of 35 to 2,100 atm (DE-A-19 14 756).
- comb polymers are also known which are derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers with longer (for example C 8 -C 30 ), preferably linear, alkyl radicals. These are used primarily in high-boiling, paraffin-rich mineral oils, optionally in combination with ethylene copolymers to improve the cold flow properties (for example GB-A-1 469 016 and EP-A-0 214 786). According to EP-A-0 153 176, comb polymers with C 12 -C 14 -alkyl radicals are also used in narrowly cut distillates with, for example, (90-20)% distillation ranges from ⁇ 100 ° C. and boiling ends of approximately 340-370 ° C.
- copolymers of maleic anhydride (MA) and ⁇ -olefins esterified with long-chain fatty alcohols are used for the treatment of crude oils.
- GB-A-14 69 016 describes the use of mixtures of ethylene copolymers with comb polymers which are derived from C 6 -C 18 esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and olefins or vinyl esters to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates.
- DE-A-35 14 878 describes esterification products from copolymers of Maleic anhydride with olefinically unsaturated monomers (olefins, especially ethylene and acrylic acid) and primary or secondary alcohols with 16-30 C atoms as pour point depressant for mineral oils containing paraffin.
- This Products have an acid number less than 20 mg KOH / g.
- EP-A-0 214 786 describes middle distillate additives from maleic anhydride and straight-chain 1-olefins, which are esterified polymer-analogously with fatty alcohols, for Improvement of the cold flow properties of middle distillates.
- EP-A-0 320 766 describes polymer mixtures made from a copolymer (A1) made of 10-60% by weight vinyl acetate or a copolymer (A2) made from 15-50% by weight vinyl acetate, 0.5-20% by weight C. 6 -C 24 -alpha-olefin and 15.5-70% by weight of ethylene and a copolymer (B) of 10-90% by weight of C 6 -C 24 alpha-olefin and 10-90% by weight of NC 6 -C 22 alkylmaleimide, the mixing ratio of the copolymers (A1) or (A2) to (B) being 100: 1 to 1: 1.
- These polymer mixtures are used as flow improvers in middle distillates.
- EP-A-0 890 589 describes the use of ethylene-neocarboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymers to improve the Cold flow properties of middle distillates with extremely low cloud point and narrow boiling range, which may also contain comb polymers.
- EP-A-0 931 824 describes mixtures of ethylene / neocarboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymers with further ethylene copolymers with a comonomer content of 10-20 mol%. These can also contain comb polymers.
- Another object of the invention is the use of the invention Additives to improve the cold flow properties of fuel oils.
- Another object of the invention are fuel oils that the contain additives according to the invention.
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably hydrogen. In particular, they are copolymers of ethylene, where up to 10 mol%, in particular up to 5 mol%, can be replaced by lower olefins such as propene and / or butene.
- R 3 in formula A2) preferably denotes a neoalkyl radical with 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular a neoalkyl radical with 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
- the copolymer A) according to the invention preferably consists of at most 15, in particular 5 to 10 mol% of structural units of the formula A2). Especially such copolymers A) with 5 to 9 mol% of neononane or are preferred Vinyl neodecanoate as structural unit A2).
- the copolymers A) according to the invention are conventional Copolymerization processes such as suspension polymerization, Solvent polymerization, gas phase polymerization or high pressure bulk polymerization producible.
- High-pressure bulk polymerization is preferred at pressures of preferably 50 to 400, in particular 100 to 300 MPa and Temperatures of preferably 50 to 300, in particular 100 to 250 ° C.
- the Reaction of the monomers is caused by free radical initiators (Radical chain starter) initiated.
- This class of substances includes e.g.
- Oxygen, Hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide dicarbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-Butylcumyl peroxide, di- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile).
- the initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances in amounts of 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 10 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture, used.
- the copolymers A) according to the invention preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C from 20 to 10,000 mPas, especially from 30 to 5000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2000 mPas.
- the desired melt viscosity of the copolymers A) is given Composition of the monomer mixture by varying the Reaction parameters pressure and temperature and optionally by adding Moderators hired.
- Hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons e.g. Propane, aldehydes, e.g. Propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde, ketones, e.g. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, Methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone or alcohols, e.g. Butanol, proven.
- the moderators become dependent on the desired viscosity in quantities up to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the Monomer mixture, applied.
- the comonomers suitable for the preparation of the copolymers A) according to the invention are, in particular, neooctane, neononane, neodecane, neoundecane and neododecanoic acid vinyl esters. These esters can be prepared, for example, by vinylation of the neocarboxylic acids accessible by Koch's carboxylic acid synthesis from olefins, CO and H 2 O (Römpp: Chemie-Lexikon, Thieme-Verlag, 9th edition, pp. 4881 and 4901).
- the copolymers A) according to the invention can contain up to 4% by weight of vinyl acetate or up to 5 mol% of further comonomers.
- Suitable comonomers are, for example, vinyl esters of lower carboxylic acids such as vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate, vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether, (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters of C 1 -C 4 alcohols such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-, iso-, tert-butyl acrylate and the corresponding Esters of methacrylic acid and higher olefins with at least 5 carbon atoms. Hexene, 4-methylpentene, norbornene, octene and diisobutylene are preferred as higher olefins.
- copolymers of the composition mentioned under A mixtures of monomers other than ethylene and optionally a moderator Contain 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 40 wt .-% vinyl ester.
- a moderator Contain 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 40 wt .-% vinyl ester With that of the composition of the copolymer differing composition of the Monomer mixture one carries the different copolymerization factors the monomer calculation.
- the polymers are obtained as colorless melts solidify to waxy solids at room temperature.
- High pressure bulk polymerization is carried out in known high pressure reactors, e.g. Autoclaves or tubular reactors, carried out batchwise or continuously, Tube reactors have proven particularly useful.
- Solvents such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, Benzene or toluene can be contained in the reaction mixture. The is preferred solvent-free mode of operation.
- the Polymerization is the mixture of the monomers, the initiator and, if provided used, the moderator, a tubular reactor via the reactor inlet and via one or more side branches fed.
- the monomer streams be composed differently (EP-A-0 271 738).
- R 4 is preferably an alkyl radical of preferably 10 to 24, in particular 12 to 20, carbon atoms.
- the use of alcohol mixtures for example of dodecanol and tetradecanol or tetradecanol and hexadecanol in a ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, in particular 3: 1 to 1: 3, has proven particularly useful.
- the additive can be adapted to the oil to be treated by varying the alcohol component. For example, by adding 15% by weight of behenyl alcohol to the above-mentioned mixtures, the effectiveness in oils with an extremely high boiling point of > 390 ° C, in particular> 410 ° C can be optimized.
- the R 4 radicals can be linear or branched, and the branching can comprise a secondary or tertiary carbon atom.
- Linear radicals R 4 are preferred. If R 4 is branched, it preferably carries this branch in the 2 position. It is possible to use different R 4 radicals, ie to use mixtures of different alcohols in the preparation of the maleic, itaconic and / or fumaric esters.
- Preferred alcohols R 4 -OH are, for example, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, isotridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, eicosanol, docosanol, tetracosanol, their mixtures, and naturally occurring mixtures such as coconut fatty alcohol , Tallow fatty alcohol and behenyl alcohol.
- the alcohols can be of natural as well as synthetic origin.
- the radicals R 4 in formula B1) are alkoxyalkyl radicals of the formula - (OA) x - R 6 wherein A is a C 2 -C 4 alkylene radical, x is an integer from 1 to 100 and R 6 is a C 1 -C 30 alkyl radical.
- the (OA) unit is preferably an ethoxy or propoxy unit. If alkoxylated units of the formula (3) are used for R 4 , this is preferably done in a mixture with radicals R 4 which are not alkoxylated. The proportion of alkoxylated radicals R 4 preferably does not exceed 20 mol% (based on all radicals R 4 ).
- R 6 can be linear or branched. If R 6 is branched, the branch is preferably in the 2 position. R 6 is preferably linear.
- the structural units of the formula B2) are derived from ⁇ -olefins. These ⁇ -olefins have from 10 to 50, preferably 12 to 40 carbon atoms. Olefins in the range C 14 -C 22 are particularly preferred.
- the carbon chain of the ⁇ -olefins can be straight-chain or branched, preferably it is straight-chain.
- olefins examples include 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-tridecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-nonadecene, 1-eicosen, 1-hemicosen, 1-docosen, 1-tetracosen, 1 -Hexacoses, 1-octacoses etc. and their mixtures.
- Commercially available olefin fractions such as, for example, C 20 -C 24 or C 30+ olefin, are also suitable.
- the bivalent structural units mentioned under B3) are derived from polyolefins which are composed of monoolefins having 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms.
- Particularly preferred monoolefins as the main body of the polyolefins are propylene and isobutylene, from which polypropylene and polyisobutylene are formed as polyolefins.
- the polyolefins preferably have an alkylvinylidene content of at least 50 mol%, in particular at least 70 mol%, especially at least 75%.
- the polyolefins that are not accessible to radical polymerization remain as non-copolymerized components in the product, which also has a positive effect on the miscibility of the esters and their mixtures with other polymers.
- Alkyl vinylidene content means the content of structural units in the polyolefins based on compounds of the formula decrease in which R 7 or R 8 are methyl or ethyl and the other group is an oligomer of the C 3 -C 5 olefin.
- the number of carbon atoms of the polyolefin is between 35 and 350. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the number of carbon atoms is between 45 and 250. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the proportion of structural units B3) is 1 to 20 mol%, in particular 2 to 15 mol%.
- the polyolefins on which the structural units B3) are based are ionic Polymerization accessible and available as commercial products (e.g. ® Ultravis, ® Napvis, ® Hyvis, ® Glissopal) (Polyisobutenes from BP, BASF with different Alkyl vinylidene contents and molecular weights).
- the average molecular weight of the copolymers B) according to the invention is in generally between 1,500 and 200,000 g / mol, in particular between 2,000 and 100,000 g / mol (GPC against polystyrene standards in THF).
- the copolymers B) according to the invention are preferably produced at Temperatures between 50 and 220 ° C, especially 100 to 190 ° C, especially 130 to 170 ° C.
- the preferred manufacturing process is solvent-free Bulk polymerization, however, it is also possible to carry out the polymerization in the presence aromatic, aliphatic or isoaliphatic aprotic solvents such as toluene, Xylene or solvent mixtures such as kerosene or solvent naphtha perform.
- radical initiators Radar chain starter
- This class of substances includes e.g. Oxygen, Hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide carbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-Butylcumyl peroxide, bi- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile) or 2,2'-azo-bis (2-methylbutyronitrile).
- the initiators are used individually or as a mixture from two or more substances in amounts of 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the
- the copolymers can be obtained by copolymerizing polyolefin (component B3) and ⁇ -olefin (component B2) with either maleic acid, fumaric acid, Itaconic acid, itaconic or maleic anhydride or maleic, fumaric, Itaconic acid ester or maleic acid, itaconic acid imide (component B1) become. If a copolymerization with acids or anhydrides is carried out, then the resulting copolymer is esterified or imidized after production. This Esterification or imidation takes place, for example, by reaction with 1.5 to 2.5 mol alcohol or 0.8 to 1.2 mol amine per mol anhydride at 50 to 300, especially 120 - 250 ° C. The water of reaction can by means of an inert gas stream distilled off or discharged by means of azeotropic distillation. Copolymers B) with acid numbers less than 50, especially less than 30, especially less than 20 mg KOH / g are preferred.
- Preferred additives according to the invention contain 20-85% by weight of one or several copolymers A and 15-80% by weight of one or more copolymers B, in particular 40-80% by weight of A and 20-60% by weight of B.
- the further ethylene copolymers C) preferably contain 8-13 mol% of at least one vinyl ester such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl octanoate, neononane and neodecanoic acid vinyl ester, a C 1 -C 30 -alkyl vinyl ester and / or C 1 -C 30 Alkyl (meth) acrylate.
- they preferably contain 1-6 mol% of at least one olefin with 3-8 C atoms such as propene, butene, isobutene, diisobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, norbornene or octene.
- mixtures of different flow improvers with different quantitative (eg comonomer content) and / or qualitative composition (type of copolymers / terpolymers, molecular weight, degree of branching) can also be used.
- the polymers C) preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of 50 to 8,000 mPas, especially 70 to 3,000 mPas.
- the additives according to the invention in a mixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / Vinyl neononanoic acid terpolymers or ethylene vinyl acetate / Neodecanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers.
- the terpolymers of Besides contain neononanoic acid vinyl ester or the neodecanoic acid vinyl ester Ethylene 10 to 35 wt .-% vinyl acetate and 1 to 25 wt .-% of the respective Neo connection.
- the Additives according to the invention with terpolymers used in addition to ethylene 10-35% by weight vinyl ester and 0.5 to 20% by weight olefins such as e.g. Diisobutylene, Contain witches, 4-methylpentene and / or norbornene.
- the mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the above described ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers or the terpolymers Ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanoic or neodecanoic acid or from ethylene, vinyl esters and olefins is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10, especially 5: 1 to 1: 5.
- the mixtures of the Additives according to the invention with the copolymers mentioned are in particular suitable for improving the flowability of middle distillates.
- the additives according to the invention are mineral oils or mineral oil distillates Form of solutions or dispersions added. These solutions or Dispersions preferably contain 1 to 90, in particular 5 to 80% by weight, specifically 10 to 75% of the mixtures.
- Suitable solvents or dispersants are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or Hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g.
- Gasoline fractions, kerosene, decane, pentadecane, Toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or commercial solvent mixtures such as solvents Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150, ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol-, ® ISOPAR- and ® Shellsol D types as well as aliphatic or aromatic alcohols, ethers and / or Esters.
- the specified solvent mixtures contain different amounts of aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the aliphates can straight-chain (n-paraffins) or branched (iso-paraffins).
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons can be mono-, di- or polycyclic and optionally carry one or more substituents.
- improved mineral oils or mineral oil distillates contain 0.001 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.5% by weight of the additives, based on the distillate.
- Additives also together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives are used, which alone have the cold flow properties of crude oils, Improve lubricating oils or fuel oils.
- oil-soluble co-additives are Alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and polar compounds that have a paraffin dispersion effect (paraffin dispersants).
- the additives according to the invention can be used in a mixture with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins.
- these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula wherein R 10 is C 4 -C 50 alkyl or alkenyl, R 9 is ethoxy and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50.
- Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of the paraffin crystals and ensure that the paraffin particles do not settle, but remain dispersed colloidally with a significantly reduced tendency to sedimentation.
- Oil-soluble polar compounds with ionic or polar groups for example amine salts and / or amides, which have been found to be suitable as paraffin dispersants, can be obtained by reacting aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or the like Anhydrides can be obtained.
- paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated compounds, which can optionally be reacted with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols, the reaction products of alkenyl spirobislactones with amines and reaction products of terpolymers based on ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid Unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols. Alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants.
- the mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the additives with paraffin dispersants is in each case 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.
- the additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the cold flow properties of To improve crude oils, distillate oils or fuel oils as well as lubricating oils.
- the Oils can be of mineral, animal or vegetable origin.
- middle distillates are mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and range from 120 to Boil 500 ° C, such as kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and heating oil.
- they are effective in oils whose GC content determines n-paraffins, which have chain lengths of 22 carbon atoms or more, at at least 1.0 area%, especially for more than 1.5 area%, especially for 2.0 and more area%.
- the 90% distillation point of the invention Oils are preferably above 345 ° C, especially above 350 ° C, especially above 355 ° C. These oils have cloud points above 5 ° C, in particular above 8 ° C.
- the additives can be used alone or together with other additives used, for example with dewaxing aids, Improving conductivity, defoaming agents, dispersing agents, Corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, lubricity additives, dehazers or Sludge inhibitors.
- the additive components can be the oils to be additized together as a concentrate mixture in suitable solvents or separately be added.
- the boiling characteristics are determined in accordance with ASTM D-86 the CFPP value according to EN 116 and the determination of the cloud point according to ISO 3015.
- the distribution of the n-paraffins is determined by gas chromatography using an HP 5890 Series II performed. The separation takes place on a silica gel column with 5% cross-linked phenylmethyl silicone ( ⁇ 0.32 mm, length 50 m, film thickness 0.17 ⁇ m). The Detection is carried out by means of a thermal conductivity detector.
- the detected total area of the injected sample is determined in the first step.
- a "valley-to-valley" integration is used to determine the areas for the individual n-paraffins. This area divided by the previously determined total area gives the area percent of the respective n-paraffin. Thus, the proportion of the area of a peak due to an n-paraffin is separated from that for the matrix (isomers of the n-paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics).
- Test oil 1 Test oil 2 Test oil 3 Initial boiling point [° C] 144 139 152 20% [° C] 234 222 231 90% [° C] 363 355 363 Cloud Point [° C] +10 +8 +16 CFPP [° C] +6 +3 +9 n-paraffins ⁇ C 22 2.4% 2.0% 2.2% CFPP effectiveness in test oil 1 example 100 ppm 150 ppm 200 ppm 250 ppm A1 + B1 (3: 1) +2 -4 -5 -10 A1 + B3 (2: 1) 0 -5 -6 -11 A2 + B2 (2: 1) 0 -4 -5 -10 A1 + C2 + B3 (1: 1: 1) -1 -5 -8th -14 A1 + C1 + B2 (1: 1: 1) 0 -4 -6 -12 C2 + B1 (2: 1) (See) +4 0 -2 -9 C3 + B2 (2: 1) (See) +5 +1 -3 -8th CFPP effectiveness in test oil 2 example 100 ppm 150
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Abstract
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Additive zur Verbesserung der
Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten, enthaltend 10 bis 95 Gew.-%
Copolymere A), 5 bis 90 Gew.-% Copolymere B) und gegebenenfalls 0 bis
70 Gew.-% Copolymere C), die folgenden Formeln entsprechen
Description
Copolymermischungen und ihre Verwendung als Additiv zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von MitteldestillatenCopolymer mixtures and their use as an additive to improve Cold flow properties of middle distillates
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Mischungen aus Copolymeren, einerseits enthaltend Struktureinheiten von Olefinen, Derivaten zweiwertiger Carbonsäuren und gegebenenfalls Polyolefinen, andererseits enthaltend Struktureinheiten aus Ethylen und Vinylestern tertiärer Carbonsäuren, sowie ihre Verwendung als Zusatz zu Brennstoffölen zur Verbesserung ihrer Kaltfließeigenschaften.The present invention relates to mixtures of copolymers, on the one hand containing structural units of olefins, derivatives of dibasic carboxylic acids and optionally polyolefins, on the other hand containing structural units Ethylene and vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids, and their use as additives to fuel oils to improve their cold flow properties.
Rohöle und durch Destillation von Rohölen gewonnene Mitteldestillate wie Gasöl, Dieselöl oder Heizöl, enthalten je nach Herkunft der Rohöle unterschiedliche Mengen an n-Paraffinen, die bei Erniedrigung der Temperatur als plättchenförmige Kristalle auskristallisieren und teilweise unter Einschluss von Öl agglomerieren. Dadurch kommt es zu einer Verschlechterung der Fließeigenschaften dieser Öle bzw. Destillate, wodurch beispielsweise bei Gewinnung, Transport, Lagerung und/oder Einsatz der Mineralöle und Mineralöldestillate Störungen auftreten können. Bei Mineralölen kann dieses Kristallisationsphänomen beim Transport durch Rohrleitungen vor allem im Winter zu Ablagerungen an den Rohrwänden, in Einzelfällen, z.B. bei Stillstand einer Pipeline, sogar zu deren völliger Verstopfung führen. Auch bei der Lagerung und Weiterverarbeitung der Mineralöle kann die Ausfällung von Paraffinen Schwierigkeiten verursachen. So kann es im Winter unter Umständen erforderlich sein, die Mineralöle in beheizten Tanks zu lagern. Bei Mineralöldestillaten können als Folge der Kristallisation Verstopfung der Filter in Dieselmotoren und Feuerungsanlagen auftreten, wodurch eine sichere Dosierung der Brennstoffe verhindert wird und gegebenenfalls eine völlige Unterbrechung der Kraftstoff- bzw. Heizmittelzufuhr eintritt.Crude oils and middle distillates obtained by distilling crude oils such as gas oil, Diesel oil or heating oil contain different ones depending on the origin of the crude oils Amounts of n-paraffins which, when the temperature is lowered, are platelet-shaped Crystallize crystals and partially agglomerate with the inclusion of oil. This leads to a deterioration in the flow properties of these oils or distillates, which means, for example, during extraction, transport, storage and / or use of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates can occur. With mineral oils, this crystallization phenomenon can occur during transport Pipelines, especially in winter, to build up deposits on the pipe walls Individual cases, e.g. if a pipeline is at a standstill, even to completely block it to lead. The can also be used for the storage and processing of mineral oils Precipitation of paraffins cause difficulties. So it can be in winter It may be necessary to store the mineral oils in heated tanks. At Mineral oil distillates can clog the filter as a result of crystallization Diesel engines and firing systems occur, creating safe metering the fuel is prevented and, if necessary, a complete interruption of the Fuel or heating medium supply occurs.
Neben den klassischen Methoden zur Beseitigung der auskristallisierten Paraffine (thermisch, mechanisch oder mit Lösungsmitteln), die sich lediglich auf die Entfernung der bereits gebildeten Ausfällungen beziehen, wurden in den letzten Jahren chemische Additive (sogenannte Fließverbesserer oder Paraffininhibitoren) entwickelt, die durch physikalisches Zusammenwirken mit den ausfallenden Paraffinkristallen dazu führen, dass deren Form, Größe und Adhäsionseigenschaften modifiziert werden. Die Additive wirken dabei als zusätzliche Kristallkeime und kristallisieren teilweise mit den Paraffinen aus, wodurch eine größere Anzahl von kleineren Paraffinkristallen mit veränderter Kristallform resultiert. Ein Teil der Wirkung der Additive wird auch durch eine Dispergierung der Paraffinkristalle erklärt. Die modifizierten Paraffinkristalle neigen weniger zur Agglomeration, so dass sich die mit diesen Additiven versetzten Öle noch bei Temperaturen pumpen bzw. verarbeiten lassen, die oft mehr als 20°C tiefer liegen als bei nicht additivierten Ölen.In addition to the classic methods for removing the crystallized paraffins (thermal, mechanical or with solvents) that only affect the Removal of the already formed precipitates have been made in the last Years of chemical additives (so-called flow improvers or paraffin inhibitors) developed through physical interaction with the failing Paraffin crystals cause their shape, size and Adhesion properties are modified. The additives act as additional crystal seeds and partially crystallize with the paraffins, resulting in a larger number of smaller paraffin crystals with altered Crystal form results. Part of the effect of the additives is also due to a Dispersion of paraffin crystals explained. The modified paraffin crystals tend less to agglomeration, so that the oils mixed with these additives pump or process at temperatures that are often more than 20 ° C lower than with non-additive oils.
Das Fließ- und Kälteverhalten von Mineralölen und Mineralöldestillaten wird unter anderem durch Angabe des Cloud Points (bestimmt nach ISO 3015), des Pöur-Points (bestimmt nach ISO 3016) und des Cold-Filter-Plugging-Points (CFPP; bestimmt nach EN 116) beschrieben. Diese Kenngrößen werden in °C gemessen.The flow and cold behavior of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates is under other by specifying the cloud point (determined according to ISO 3015), the Pöur point (determined according to ISO 3016) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP; determined according to EN 116). These parameters are measured in ° C.
Typische Fließverbesserer für Rohöle und Mitteldestillate sind Copolymerisate des Ethylens mit Carbonsäureestern des Vinylalkohols. So setzt man nach der DE-A-11 47 799 Erdöldestillat-Treib- bzw. -Brennstoffen mit einem Siedepunkt zwischen etwa 120 und 400 °C öllösliche Mischpolymerisate aus Ethylen und Vinylacetat mit einem Molekulargewicht zwischen etwa 1.000 und 3.000 zu. Bevorzugt werden Mischpolymerisate, die etwa 60 bis 99 Gew.-% Ethylen und etwa 1 bis 40 Gew.-% Vinylacetat enthalten. Sie sind besonders wirksam, wenn sie durch radikalische Polymerisation in einem inerten Lösungsmittel bei Temperaturen von etwa 70 bis 130°C und Drücken von 35 bis 2.100 atü hergestellt werden (DE-A-19 14 756).Typical flow improvers for crude oils and middle distillates are copolymers of Ethylene with carboxylic acid esters of vinyl alcohol. So you bet after the DE-A-11 47 799 petroleum distillate fuels with a boiling point between about 120 and 400 ° C oil-soluble copolymers of ethylene and Vinyl acetate with a molecular weight between about 1,000 and 3,000. Copolymers which contain about 60 to 99% by weight of ethylene and about are preferred Contain 1 to 40 wt .-% vinyl acetate. They are particularly effective when passed through radical polymerization in an inert solvent at temperatures of about 70 to 130 ° C and pressures of 35 to 2,100 atm (DE-A-19 14 756).
Im Stand der Technik sind weiterhin sogenannte Kammpolymere bekannt, die sich von ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren mit längeren (z.B. C8-C30), bevorzugt linearen, Alkylresten ableiten. Diese werden vor allem in höhersiedenden, paraffinreichen Mineralölen, gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit Ethylen-Copolymeren zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften eingesetzt (z.B. GB-A-1 469 016 und EP-A-0 214 786). Gemäß EP-A-0 153 176 werden Kammpolymere mit C12-C14-Alkylresten auch in eng geschnittenen Destillaten mit z.B. (90-20) % Destillationsbereichen von <100°C und Siedeenden von etwa 340 - 370°C eingesetzt. Gemäß US-2 542 542 und GB-A-1 468 588 werden mit langkettigen Fettalkoholen veresterte Copolymere aus Maleinsäureanhydrid (MSA) und α-Olefinen zur Behandlung von Rohölen eingesetzt.In the prior art, so-called comb polymers are also known which are derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomers with longer (for example C 8 -C 30 ), preferably linear, alkyl radicals. These are used primarily in high-boiling, paraffin-rich mineral oils, optionally in combination with ethylene copolymers to improve the cold flow properties (for example GB-A-1 469 016 and EP-A-0 214 786). According to EP-A-0 153 176, comb polymers with C 12 -C 14 -alkyl radicals are also used in narrowly cut distillates with, for example, (90-20)% distillation ranges from <100 ° C. and boiling ends of approximately 340-370 ° C. According to US Pat. No. 2,542,542 and GB-A-1,468,588, copolymers of maleic anhydride (MA) and α-olefins esterified with long-chain fatty alcohols are used for the treatment of crude oils.
GB-A-14 69 016 beschreibt die Verwendung von Mischungen aus Ethylen-Copolymeren mit Kammpolymeren, die sich von C6-C18-Estern ethylenisch ungesättigter Dicarbonsäuren und Olefinen bzw. Vinylestern ableiten, zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten.GB-A-14 69 016 describes the use of mixtures of ethylene copolymers with comb polymers which are derived from C 6 -C 18 esters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and olefins or vinyl esters to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates.
DE-A-35 14 878 beschreibt Veresterungsprodukte aus Copolymeren des Maleinsäureanhydrids mit olefinisch ungesättigten Monomeren (Olefine, insbesondere Ethylen sowie Acrylsäure) und primären oder sekundären Alkoholen mit 16-30 C-Atomen als Fließpunkterniedriger für paraffinhaltige Mineralöle. Diese Produkte haben eine Säurezahl kleiner 20 mg KOH/g.DE-A-35 14 878 describes esterification products from copolymers of Maleic anhydride with olefinically unsaturated monomers (olefins, especially ethylene and acrylic acid) and primary or secondary alcohols with 16-30 C atoms as pour point depressant for mineral oils containing paraffin. This Products have an acid number less than 20 mg KOH / g.
EP-A-0 214 786 beschreibt Mitteldestillatadditive aus Maleinsäureanhydrid und geradkettigen 1-Olefinen, die polymeranalog mit Fettalkoholen verestert werden, zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten.EP-A-0 214 786 describes middle distillate additives from maleic anhydride and straight-chain 1-olefins, which are esterified polymer-analogously with fatty alcohols, for Improvement of the cold flow properties of middle distillates.
EP-A-0 320 766 beschreibt Polymermischungen aus einem Copolymer (A1) aus 10-60 Gew.-% Vinylacetat oder einem Copolymer (A2) aus 15-50 Gew.-% Vinylacetat, 0,5-20 Gew.-% C6-C24-alpha-Olefin und 15,5-70 Gew.-% Ethylen und einem Copolymer (B) aus 10-90 Gew.-% C6-C24 alpha-Olefin und 10-90 Gew.-% N-C6-C22-Alkylmaleinimid wobei das Mischungsverhältnis der Copolymeren (A1) oder (A2) zu (B) 100:1 bis 1:1 beträgt. Diese Polymermischungen werden als Fließverbesserer in Mitteldestillaten eingesetzt.EP-A-0 320 766 describes polymer mixtures made from a copolymer (A1) made of 10-60% by weight vinyl acetate or a copolymer (A2) made from 15-50% by weight vinyl acetate, 0.5-20% by weight C. 6 -C 24 -alpha-olefin and 15.5-70% by weight of ethylene and a copolymer (B) of 10-90% by weight of C 6 -C 24 alpha-olefin and 10-90% by weight of NC 6 -C 22 alkylmaleimide, the mixing ratio of the copolymers (A1) or (A2) to (B) being 100: 1 to 1: 1. These polymer mixtures are used as flow improvers in middle distillates.
EP-A-0 890 589 beschreibt die Verwendung von Ethylen-Neocarbonsäurevinylester-Copolymeren zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten mit extrem niedrigem Cloud Point und engem Siedebereich, wobei auch Kammpolymere enthalten sein können.EP-A-0 890 589 describes the use of ethylene-neocarboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymers to improve the Cold flow properties of middle distillates with extremely low cloud point and narrow boiling range, which may also contain comb polymers.
EP-A-0 931 824 beschreibt Mischungen aus Ethylen-/Neocarbonsäurevinylester-Copolymeren mit weiteren Ethylen-Copolymeren mit einem Comonomergehalt von 10-20 mol-%. Diese können weiterhin Kammpolymere enthalten.EP-A-0 931 824 describes mixtures of ethylene / neocarboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymers with further ethylene copolymers with a comonomer content of 10-20 mol%. These can also contain comb polymers.
Mit zunehmender Erschöpfung der Welterdölreserven werden immer schwerere und damit paraffinreichere Rohöle gefördert und verarbeitet. Die daraus hergestellten Destillate enthalten zunehmende Mengen an n-Paraffinen, deren Verteilung sich zu immer längeren Alkylketten verschiebt. Besonders problematisch ist dabei ein hoher Anteil an langkettigen n-Paraffinen mit C-Kettenlängen von 22 und darüber. Zur Behandlung derartiger Öle werden auch Kombinationen aus Fließverbesserern auf Ethylenbasis mit Kammpolymeren eingesetzt, deren Wirksamkeit oftmals jedoch nicht ausreicht. Somit besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf an effizienteren Additiven zur Behandlung schwerer und paraffinreicher Mitteldestillate.With increasing depletion of the world oil reserves become heavier and crude oils that are rich in paraffin are extracted and processed. The made from it Distillates contain increasing amounts of n-paraffins, the distribution of which increases shifting longer and longer alkyl chains. A high one is particularly problematic Proportion of long-chain n-paraffins with C chain lengths of 22 and above. For Treatment of such oils will also include combinations of flow improvers Ethylene base used with comb polymers, but often their effectiveness not enough. There is therefore an increasing need for more efficient additives for the treatment of heavy and paraffin-rich middle distillates.
Überraschenderweise wurde nun gefunden, dass Mischungen aus wenigstens 2 Polymeren, die Copolymere aus Ethylen und Vinylestern tertiärer Carbonsäuren sowie bestimmte Kammpolymere enthalten, zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von schweren, paraffinreichen Mitteldestillaten deutlich besser geeignet sind, als die Kaltfließverbesserer des Standes der Technik.Surprisingly, it has now been found that mixtures of at least 2 polymers, the copolymers of ethylene and vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids as well as certain comb polymers to improve the Cold flow properties of heavy, paraffin-rich middle distillates clearly are more suitable than the cold flow improvers of the prior art.
Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Additive zur Verbesserung der
Kaltfließeigenschaften von Mitteldestillaten, enthaltend 10 bis 95 Gew.-%
Copolymere A), 5 bis 90 Gew.-% Copolymere B) und gegebenenfalls 0 bis
70 Gew.-% Copolymere C), die folgenden Formeln entsprechen:
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Additive zur Verbesserung der Kaltfließeigenschaften von Brennstoffölen.Another object of the invention is the use of the invention Additives to improve the cold flow properties of fuel oils.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Brennstofföle, die die erfindungsgemäßen Additive enthalten.Another object of the invention are fuel oils that the contain additives according to the invention.
Im folgenden wird der Begriff Polymermischung im Sinne des erfindungsgemäßen Additivs gebraucht.In the following, the term polymer mixture in the sense of the invention Additives used.
In Formel A1) bedeuten R1 und R2 vorzugsweise Wasserstoff. Insbesondere handelt es sich um Copolymere des Ethylens, wobei bis zu 10 mol-%, insbesondere bis zu 5 mol-% durch niedere Olefine wie Propen und/oder Buten ersetzt sein können. R3 bedeutet in Formel A2) vorzugsweise einen Neoalkylrest mit 7 bis 11 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere einen Neoalkylrest mit 8, 9 oder 10 Kohlenstoffatomen.In formula A1), R 1 and R 2 are preferably hydrogen. In particular, they are copolymers of ethylene, where up to 10 mol%, in particular up to 5 mol%, can be replaced by lower olefins such as propene and / or butene. R 3 in formula A2) preferably denotes a neoalkyl radical with 7 to 11 carbon atoms, in particular a neoalkyl radical with 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
Das erfindungsgemäße Copolymer A) besteht vorzugsweise aus höchstens 15, insbesondere 5 bis 10 mol-% Struktureinheiten der Formel A2). Besonders bevorzugt sind solche Copolymere A) mit 5 bis 9 mol-% Neononan- oder Neodecansäurevinylester als Struktureinheit A2).The copolymer A) according to the invention preferably consists of at most 15, in particular 5 to 10 mol% of structural units of the formula A2). Especially such copolymers A) with 5 to 9 mol% of neononane or are preferred Vinyl neodecanoate as structural unit A2).
Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere A) sind durch die üblichen Copolymerisationsverfahren wie beispielsweise Suspensionspolymerisation, Lösungsmittelpolymerisation, Gasphasenpolymerisation oder Hochdruckmassepolymerisation herstellbar. Bevorzugt ist dabei die Hochdruckmassepolymerisation bei Drucken von vorzugsweise 50 bis 400, insbesondere 100 bis 300 MPa und Temperaturen von vorzugsweise 50 bis 300, insbesondere 100 bis 250°C. Die Reaktion der Monomeren wird durch Radikale bildende Initiatoren (Radikalkettenstarter) eingeleitet. Zu dieser Substanzklasse gehören z.B. Sauerstoff, Hydroperoxide, Peroxide und Azoverbindungen wie Cumolhydroperoxid, t-Butylhydroperoxid, Dilauroylperoxid, Dibenzoylperoxid, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)peroxiddicarbonat, t-Butylperpivalat, t-Butylpermaleinat, t-Butylperbenzoat, Dicumylperoxid, t-Butylcumylperoxid, Di-(t-butyl)peroxid, 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylpropanonitril), 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylbutyronitril). Die Initiatoren werden einzeln oder als Gemisch aus zwei oder mehr Substanzen in Mengen von 0,001 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Monomerengemisch, eingesetzt.The copolymers A) according to the invention are conventional Copolymerization processes such as suspension polymerization, Solvent polymerization, gas phase polymerization or high pressure bulk polymerization producible. High-pressure bulk polymerization is preferred at pressures of preferably 50 to 400, in particular 100 to 300 MPa and Temperatures of preferably 50 to 300, in particular 100 to 250 ° C. The Reaction of the monomers is caused by free radical initiators (Radical chain starter) initiated. This class of substances includes e.g. Oxygen, Hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide dicarbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-Butylcumyl peroxide, di- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile). The initiators are used individually or as a mixture of two or more substances in amounts of 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 10 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture, used.
Vorzugsweise haben die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere A) Schmelzviskositäten bei 140°C von 20 bis 10.000 mPas, insbesondere von 30 bis 5000 mPas, speziell von 50 bis 2000 mPas.The copolymers A) according to the invention preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C from 20 to 10,000 mPas, especially from 30 to 5000 mPas, especially from 50 to 2000 mPas.
Die gewünschte Schmelzviskosität der Copolymere A) wird bei gegebener Zusammensetzung des Monomerengemisches durch Variation der Reaktionsparameter Druck und Temperatur und gegebenenfalls durch Zusatz von Moderatoren eingestellt. Als Moderatoren haben sich Wasserstoff, gesättigte oder ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe, z.B. Propan, Aldehyde, z.B. Propionaldehyd, n-Butyraldehyd oder Isobutyraldehyd, Ketone, z.B. Aceton, Methylethylketon, Methylisobutylketon, Cyclohexanon oder Alkohole, z.B. Butanol, bewährt. In Abhängigkeit von der angestrebten Viskosität werden die Moderatoren in Mengen bis zu 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,05 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Monomerengemisch, angewandt.The desired melt viscosity of the copolymers A) is given Composition of the monomer mixture by varying the Reaction parameters pressure and temperature and optionally by adding Moderators hired. Hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. Propane, aldehydes, e.g. Propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde, ketones, e.g. Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, Methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone or alcohols, e.g. Butanol, proven. In The moderators become dependent on the desired viscosity in quantities up to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the Monomer mixture, applied.
Die für die Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere A) geeigneten Comonomere sind insbesondere Neooctan-, Neononan-, Neodecan-, Neoundecan- und Neododecansäurevinylester. Diese Ester sind beispielsweise durch Vinylierung der durch die Kochsche Carbonsäuresynthese aus Olefinen, CO und H2O zugänglichen Neocarbonsäuren darstellbar (Römpp: Chemie-Lexikon, Thieme-Verlag, 9. Auflage, S. 4881 und 4901).The comonomers suitable for the preparation of the copolymers A) according to the invention are, in particular, neooctane, neononane, neodecane, neoundecane and neododecanoic acid vinyl esters. These esters can be prepared, for example, by vinylation of the neocarboxylic acids accessible by Koch's carboxylic acid synthesis from olefins, CO and H 2 O (Römpp: Chemie-Lexikon, Thieme-Verlag, 9th edition, pp. 4881 and 4901).
Die erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere A) können bis zu 4 Gew.-% Vinylacetat oder bis zu 5 mol-% weiterer Comonomere enthalten. Geeignete Comonomere sind beispielsweise Vinylester niederer Carbonsäuren wie Vinylpropionat und Vinylbutyrat, Vinylether wie Vinylmethylether und Vinylethylether, (Meth)acrylsäurealkylester von C1-C4-Alkoholen wie Methylacrylat, Ethylacrylat, Propylacrylat, n-, iso-, tert.-Butylacrylat und die entsprechenden Ester der Methacrylsäure sowie höhere Olefine mit mindestens 5 Kohlenstoffatomen. Bevorzugt als höhere Olefine sind Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Norbornen, Octen und Diisobutylen.The copolymers A) according to the invention can contain up to 4% by weight of vinyl acetate or up to 5 mol% of further comonomers. Suitable comonomers are, for example, vinyl esters of lower carboxylic acids such as vinyl propionate and vinyl butyrate, vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether, (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters of C 1 -C 4 alcohols such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-, iso-, tert-butyl acrylate and the corresponding Esters of methacrylic acid and higher olefins with at least 5 carbon atoms. Hexene, 4-methylpentene, norbornene, octene and diisobutylene are preferred as higher olefins.
Um Copolymere der unter A) genannten Zusammensetzung zu erhalten, verwendet man Monomerengemische, die außer Ethylen und gegebenenfalls einem Moderator 1 bis 50 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 3 bis 40 Gew.-% Vinylester enthalten. Mit der von der Zusammensetzung des Copolymerisats abweichenden Zusammensetzung des Monomerengemisches trägt man den unterschiedlichen Copolymerisationsfaktoren der Monomeren Rechnung. Die Polymerisate fallen als farblose Schmelzen an, die bei Raumtemperatur zu wachsartigen Feststoffen erstarren.In order to obtain copolymers of the composition mentioned under A) mixtures of monomers other than ethylene and optionally a moderator Contain 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 3 to 40 wt .-% vinyl ester. With that of the composition of the copolymer differing composition of the Monomer mixture one carries the different copolymerization factors the monomer calculation. The polymers are obtained as colorless melts solidify to waxy solids at room temperature.
Die Hochdruckmassepolymerisation wird in bekannten Hochdruckreaktoren, z.B. Autoklaven oder Rohrreaktoren, diskontinuierlich oder kontinuierlich durchgeführt, besonders bewährt haben sich Rohrreaktoren. Lösungsmittel wie aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische, Benzol oder Toluol, können im Reaktionsgemisch enthalten sein. Bevorzugt ist die lösungsmittelfreie Arbeitsweise. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Polymerisation wird das Gemisch aus den Monomeren, dem Initiator und, sofern eingesetzt, dem Moderator, einem Rohrreaktor über den Reaktoreingang sowie über einen oder mehrere Seitenäste zugeführt. Hierbei können die Monomerenströme unterschiedlich zusammengesetzt sein (EP-A-0 271 738). High pressure bulk polymerization is carried out in known high pressure reactors, e.g. Autoclaves or tubular reactors, carried out batchwise or continuously, Tube reactors have proven particularly useful. Solvents such as aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures, Benzene or toluene can be contained in the reaction mixture. The is preferred solvent-free mode of operation. In a preferred embodiment of the Polymerization is the mixture of the monomers, the initiator and, if provided used, the moderator, a tubular reactor via the reactor inlet and via one or more side branches fed. Here the monomer streams be composed differently (EP-A-0 271 738).
Bei den Struktureinheiten der der Formel B1) zugrunde liegenden Verbindungen handelt es sich um Derivate der Malein-, Fumar- oder Itaconsäure. Vorzugsweise ist R4 ein Alkylrest von vorzugsweise 10 bis 24, insbesondere 12 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen.The structural units of the compounds on which the formula B1) is based are derivatives of maleic, fumaric or itaconic acid. R 4 is preferably an alkyl radical of preferably 10 to 24, in particular 12 to 20, carbon atoms.
Neben dem Einsatz einzelner Alkohole R4-OH zur Veresterung hat sich hier die
Verwendung von Alkoholmischungen z.B. aus Dodecanol und Tetradecanol oder
Tetradecanol und Hexadecanol im Verhältnis 1:10 bis 10:1, insbesondere 3:1 bis 1:3
besonders bewährt. Durch Variation der Alkoholkomponente kann das Additiv dem
zu behandelnden Öl angepasst werden. So kann z.B. durch Zugabe von
beispielsweise 15 Gew.-% Behenylalkohol zu oben genannten Mischungen die
Wirksamkeit in Ölen mit extrem hohem Siedeende von
> 390°C, insbesondere >410°C optimiert werden. Die Reste R4 können linear oder
verzweigt sein, wobei die Verzweigung ein sekundäres oder tertiäres
Kohlenstoffatom umfassen kann. Lineare Reste R4 sind bevorzugt. Ist R4 verzweigt,
dann trägt es diese Verzweigung vorzugsweise in 2-Stellung. Es ist möglich,
verschiedene Reste R4 zu verwenden, d.h. bei der Herstellung der Maleinsäure-,
Itaconsäure- und/oder Fumarsäureester Mischungen verschiedener Alkohole
einzusetzen.In addition to the use of individual alcohols R 4 -OH for esterification, the use of alcohol mixtures, for example of dodecanol and tetradecanol or tetradecanol and hexadecanol in a ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, in particular 3: 1 to 1: 3, has proven particularly useful. The additive can be adapted to the oil to be treated by varying the alcohol component. For example, by adding 15% by weight of behenyl alcohol to the above-mentioned mixtures, the effectiveness in oils with an extremely high boiling point of
> 390 ° C, in particular> 410 ° C can be optimized. The R 4 radicals can be linear or branched, and the branching can comprise a secondary or tertiary carbon atom. Linear radicals R 4 are preferred. If R 4 is branched, it preferably carries this branch in the 2 position. It is possible to use different R 4 radicals, ie to use mixtures of different alcohols in the preparation of the maleic, itaconic and / or fumaric esters.
Bevorzugte Alkohole R4-OH sind beispielsweise 1-Decanol, 1-Dodecanol, 1-Tridecanol, Isotridecanol, 1-Tetradecanol, 1-Hexadecanol, 1-Octadecanol, Eicosanol, Docosanol, Tetracosanol, deren Mischungen, sowie natürlich vorkommende Mischungen wie z.B. Cocosfettalkohol, Talgfettalkohol und Behenylalkohol. Die Alkohole können natürlichen wie auch synthetischen Ursprungs sein.Preferred alcohols R 4 -OH are, for example, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, isotridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-octadecanol, eicosanol, docosanol, tetracosanol, their mixtures, and naturally occurring mixtures such as coconut fatty alcohol , Tallow fatty alcohol and behenyl alcohol. The alcohols can be of natural as well as synthetic origin.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei den Resten R4 in
Formel B1) um Alkoxyalkylreste der Formel
Besonders geeignet für die Imidierung (Struktureinheiten B1b) haben sich primäre Amine mit 12 bis 30 , insbesondere 12 bis 22 C-Atomen wie Dodecylamin, Tetradecylamin, Hexadecylamin und Octadecylamin sowie deren Mischungen wie Cocosfettamin und Talgfettamin erwiesen.Primary ones have been particularly suitable for imidation (structural units B1b) Amines with 12 to 30, in particular 12 to 22, carbon atoms, such as dodecylamine, Tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine and octadecylamine and their mixtures such as Coconut fatty amine and tallow fatty amine proven.
Die Struktureinheiten der Formel B2) leiten sich von α-Olefinen ab. Diese α-Olefine haben von 10 bis 50, vorzugsweise 12 bis 40 Kohlenstoffatome. Olefine im Bereich C14-C22 sind besonders bevorzugt. Die Kohlenstoffkette der α-Olefine kann geradkettig oder verzweigt sein, vorzugsweise ist sie geradkettig. Beispiele für geeignete Olefine sind 1-Dodecen, 1-Tetradecen, 1-Tridecen, 1-Hexadecen, 1-Heptadecen, 1-Octadecen, 1-Nonadecen, 1-Eicosen, 1-Hemicosen, 1-Docosen, 1-Tetracosen, 1-Hexacosen, 1-Octacosen etc. sowie deren Mischungen. Ebenfalls geeignet sind kommerziell erhältliche Olefin-Fraktionen, wie z.B. C20-C24- oder C30+-Olefin.The structural units of the formula B2) are derived from α-olefins. These α-olefins have from 10 to 50, preferably 12 to 40 carbon atoms. Olefins in the range C 14 -C 22 are particularly preferred. The carbon chain of the α-olefins can be straight-chain or branched, preferably it is straight-chain. Examples of suitable olefins are 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-tridecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-nonadecene, 1-eicosen, 1-hemicosen, 1-docosen, 1-tetracosen, 1 -Hexacoses, 1-octacoses etc. and their mixtures. Commercially available olefin fractions, such as, for example, C 20 -C 24 or C 30+ olefin, are also suitable.
Die unter B3) genannten bivalenten Struktureinheiten sind von Polyolefinen abgeleitet, die aus Monoolefinen mit 3,4 oder 5 Kohlenstoffatomen aufgebaut sind. Besonders bevorzugte Monoolefine als Grundkörper der Polyolefine sind Propylen und Isobutylen, woraus Polypropylen und Polyisobutylen als Polyolefine entstehen. Die Polyolefine haben vorzugsweise einen Alkylvinylidengehalt von mindestens 50 mol-%, insbesondere von mindestens 70 mol-%, speziell mindestens 75 %. Die der radikalischen Polymerisation nicht zugänglichen Polyolefine verbleiben als nicht copolymerisierte Bestandteile im Produkt, was sich auch positiv auf die Mischbarkeit der Ester sowie deren Mischungen mit anderen Polymeren auswirkt. Unter Alkylvinylidengehalt versteht man den Gehalt der Polyolefine an Struktureinheiten, die auf Verbindungen der Formel zurückgehen, worin R7 oder R8 Methyl oder Ethyl bedeuten und die andere Gruppe ein Oligomeres des C3-C5-Olefins ist. Die Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome des Polyolefins beträgt zwischen 35 und 350. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung beträgt die Zahl der Kohlenstoffatome zwischen 45 und 250. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung beträgt der Anteil der Struktureinheiten B3) 1 bis 20 mol-%, insbesondere 2 bis 15 mol-%.The bivalent structural units mentioned under B3) are derived from polyolefins which are composed of monoolefins having 3, 4 or 5 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred monoolefins as the main body of the polyolefins are propylene and isobutylene, from which polypropylene and polyisobutylene are formed as polyolefins. The polyolefins preferably have an alkylvinylidene content of at least 50 mol%, in particular at least 70 mol%, especially at least 75%. The polyolefins that are not accessible to radical polymerization remain as non-copolymerized components in the product, which also has a positive effect on the miscibility of the esters and their mixtures with other polymers. Alkyl vinylidene content means the content of structural units in the polyolefins based on compounds of the formula decrease in which R 7 or R 8 are methyl or ethyl and the other group is an oligomer of the C 3 -C 5 olefin. The number of carbon atoms of the polyolefin is between 35 and 350. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the number of carbon atoms is between 45 and 250. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the proportion of structural units B3) is 1 to 20 mol%, in particular 2 to 15 mol%.
Die den Struktureinheiten B3) zugrunde liegenden Polyolefine sind durch ionische Polymerisation zugänglich, und als Handelsprodukte erhältlich (z.B. ® Ultravis, ® Napvis, ® Hyvis, ® Glissopal) (Polyisobutene von BP, BASF mit unterschiedlichen Alkylvinylidengehalten und Molekulargewichten).The polyolefins on which the structural units B3) are based are ionic Polymerization accessible and available as commercial products (e.g. ® Ultravis, ® Napvis, ® Hyvis, ® Glissopal) (Polyisobutenes from BP, BASF with different Alkyl vinylidene contents and molecular weights).
Die mittlere Molekülmasse der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere B) beträgt im allgemeinen zwischen 1.500 und 200.000 g/mol, insbesondere zwischen 2.000 und 100.000 g/mol (GPC gegen Polystyrolstandards in THF).The average molecular weight of the copolymers B) according to the invention is in generally between 1,500 and 200,000 g / mol, in particular between 2,000 and 100,000 g / mol (GPC against polystyrene standards in THF).
Die Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Copolymere B) erfolgt vorzugsweise bei Temperaturen zwischen 50 und 220°C, insbesondere 100 bis 190°C, speziell 130 bis 170°C. Das bevorzugte Herstellungsverfahren ist die lösemittelfreie Massepolymerisation, es ist jedoch auch möglich, die Polymerisation in Gegenwart aromatischer, aliphatischer oder isoaliphatischer aprotischer Lösemittel wie Toluol, Xylol oder von Lösemittelgemischen wie Kerosin oder Solvent Naphtha durchzuführen. Besonders bevorzugt ist die Polymerisation in wenig moderierenden, aliphatischen oder isoaliphatischen Lösemitteln. Bei der Lösungspolymerisation kann die Temperatur durch den Siedepunkt des Lösemittels oder durch Arbeiten unter Unter- oder Überdruck besonders einfach eingestellt werden.The copolymers B) according to the invention are preferably produced at Temperatures between 50 and 220 ° C, especially 100 to 190 ° C, especially 130 to 170 ° C. The preferred manufacturing process is solvent-free Bulk polymerization, however, it is also possible to carry out the polymerization in the presence aromatic, aliphatic or isoaliphatic aprotic solvents such as toluene, Xylene or solvent mixtures such as kerosene or solvent naphtha perform. Polymerization in moderating, aliphatic or isoaliphatic solvents. In solution polymerization the temperature can be determined by the boiling point of the solvent or by working can be set particularly easily under negative or positive pressure.
Die Reaktion der Monomeren wird durch Radikale bildende Initiatoren (Radikalkettenstarter) eingeleitet. Zu dieser Substanzklasse gehören z.B. Sauerstoff, Hydroperoxide, Peroxide und Azoverbindungen wie Cumolhydroperoxid, t-Butylhydroperoxid, Dilauroylperoxid, Dibenzoylperoxid, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)peroxidcarbonat, t-Butylperpivalat, t-Butylpermaleinat, t-Butylperbenzoat, Dicumylperoxid, t-Butylcumylperoxid, bi-(t-butyl)peroxid, 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylpropanonitril) oder 2,2'-Azo-bis(2-methylbutyronitril). Die Initiatoren werden einzeln oder als Gemisch aus zwei oder mehr Substanzen in Mengen von 0,01 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,05 bis 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Monomerengemisch, eingesetzt.The reaction of the monomers is initiated by radical initiators (Radical chain starter) initiated. This class of substances includes e.g. Oxygen, Hydroperoxides, peroxides and azo compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, bis (2-ethylhexyl) peroxide carbonate, t-butyl perpivalate, t-butyl permaleinate, t-butyl perbenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, t-Butylcumyl peroxide, bi- (t-butyl) peroxide, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropanonitrile) or 2,2'-azo-bis (2-methylbutyronitrile). The initiators are used individually or as a mixture from two or more substances in amounts of 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, based on the monomer mixture, used.
Die Copolymere können durch Copolymerisation von Polyolefin (Komponente B3) und α-Olefin (Komponente B2) mit entweder Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Itaconsäure,Itacon-oder Maleinsäureanhydrid oder Maleinsäure-, Fumarsäure-, Itaconsäureester oder Maleinsäure-, Itaconsäureimid (Komponente B1) hergestellt werden. Wird eine Copolymerisation mit Säuren oder Anhydriden durchgeführt, so wird das entstandene Copolymer nach der Herstellung verestert bzw. imidiert. Diese Veresterung bzw. Imidierung erfolgt beispielsweise durch Umsetzung mit 1,5 bis 2,5 mol Alkohol bzw. 0,8 bis 1,2 mol Amin pro mol Anhydrid bei 50 bis 300, insbesondere 120 - 250°C. Das Reaktionswasser kann mittels eines Inertgasstroms abdestilliert oder mittels azeotroper Destillation ausgetragen werden. Copolymere B) mit Säurezahlen von weniger als 50, insbesondere weniger als 30, speziell weniger als 20 mg KOH/g sind bevorzugt.The copolymers can be obtained by copolymerizing polyolefin (component B3) and α-olefin (component B2) with either maleic acid, fumaric acid, Itaconic acid, itaconic or maleic anhydride or maleic, fumaric, Itaconic acid ester or maleic acid, itaconic acid imide (component B1) become. If a copolymerization with acids or anhydrides is carried out, then the resulting copolymer is esterified or imidized after production. This Esterification or imidation takes place, for example, by reaction with 1.5 to 2.5 mol alcohol or 0.8 to 1.2 mol amine per mol anhydride at 50 to 300, especially 120 - 250 ° C. The water of reaction can by means of an inert gas stream distilled off or discharged by means of azeotropic distillation. Copolymers B) with acid numbers less than 50, especially less than 30, especially less than 20 mg KOH / g are preferred.
Bevorzugte erfindungsgemäße Additive enthalten 20-85 Gew.-% eines oder mehrerer Copolymere A und 15-80 Gew.-% eines oder mehrerer Copolymere B, insbesondere 40-80 Gew.-% A und 20-60 Gew.-% B.Preferred additives according to the invention contain 20-85% by weight of one or several copolymers A and 15-80% by weight of one or more copolymers B, in particular 40-80% by weight of A and 20-60% by weight of B.
Die weiteren Ethylen-Copolymeren C) enthalten bevorzugt 8-13 mol-% mindestens eines Vinylesters wie Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Vinylbutyrat, Vinylhexanoat, Vinyloctanoat, Neononan- und Neodecansäurevinylester, eines C1-C30-Alkylvinylesters und/oder C1-C30-Alkyl-(meth)acrylats. Weiterhin enthalten sie bevorzugt 1-6 mol-% mindestens eines Olefins mit 3-8 C-Atomen wie Propen, Buten, Iso-Buten, Diisobutylen, Penten, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten, Norbornen oder Octen. Desgleichen können auch Mischungen verschiedener Fließverbesserer mit unterschiedlicher quantitativer (z.B. Comonomergehalt) und/oder qualitativer Zusammensetzung (Art der Co-/Terpolymere, Molekulargewicht, Verzweigungsgrad) eingesetzt werden. Vorzugsweise haben die Polymere C) Schmelzviskositäten bei 140°C von 50 bis 8.000 mPas, speziell 70 bis 3.000 mPas.The further ethylene copolymers C) preferably contain 8-13 mol% of at least one vinyl ester such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl hexanoate, vinyl octanoate, neononane and neodecanoic acid vinyl ester, a C 1 -C 30 -alkyl vinyl ester and / or C 1 -C 30 Alkyl (meth) acrylate. Furthermore, they preferably contain 1-6 mol% of at least one olefin with 3-8 C atoms such as propene, butene, isobutene, diisobutylene, pentene, hexene, 4-methylpentene, norbornene or octene. Likewise, mixtures of different flow improvers with different quantitative (eg comonomer content) and / or qualitative composition (type of copolymers / terpolymers, molecular weight, degree of branching) can also be used. The polymers C) preferably have melt viscosities at 140 ° C. of 50 to 8,000 mPas, especially 70 to 3,000 mPas.
Nach einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung setzt man die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in Mischung mit Ethylen/Vinylacetat/ Neononansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten oder Ethylen-Vinylacetat/ Neodecansäurevinylester-Terpolymerisaten ein. Die Terpolymerisate der Neononansäurevinylester bzw. der Neodecansäurevinylester enthalten außer Ethylen 10 bis 35 Gew.-% Vinylacetat und 1 bis 25 Gew.-% der jeweiligen Neoverbindung.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the additives according to the invention in a mixture with ethylene / vinyl acetate / Vinyl neononanoic acid terpolymers or ethylene vinyl acetate / Neodecanoic acid vinyl ester terpolymers. The terpolymers of Besides contain neononanoic acid vinyl ester or the neodecanoic acid vinyl ester Ethylene 10 to 35 wt .-% vinyl acetate and 1 to 25 wt .-% of the respective Neo connection.
In weiterer bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung werden die erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit Terpolymeren eingesetzt, die neben Ethylen 10 - 35 Gew.-% Vinylester und 0,5 bis 20 Gew.-% Olefine wie z.B. Diisobutylen, Hexen, 4-Methylpenten und/oder Norbornen enthalten.In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the Additives according to the invention with terpolymers used in addition to ethylene 10-35% by weight vinyl ester and 0.5 to 20% by weight olefins such as e.g. Diisobutylene, Contain witches, 4-methylpentene and / or norbornene.
Das Mischungsverhältnis der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit den vorstehend beschriebenen EthylenNinylacetat-Copolymerisaten bzw. den Terpolymerisaten aus Ethylen, Vinylacetat und den Vinylestern der Neononan- bzw. der Neodecansäure bzw. aus Ethylen, Vinylestern und Olefinen beträgt (in Gewichtsteilen) 20:1 bis 1:20, vorzugsweise 10:1 bis 1:10, speziell 5:1 bis 1:5. Die Mischungen der erfindungsgemäßen Additive mit den genannten Copolymerisaten sind insbesondere zur Verbesserung der Fließfähigkeit von Mitteldestillaten geeignet.The mixing ratio of the additives according to the invention with the above described ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers or the terpolymers Ethylene, vinyl acetate and the vinyl esters of neononanoic or neodecanoic acid or from ethylene, vinyl esters and olefins is (in parts by weight) 20: 1 to 1:20, preferably 10: 1 to 1:10, especially 5: 1 to 1: 5. The mixtures of the Additives according to the invention with the copolymers mentioned are in particular suitable for improving the flowability of middle distillates.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive werden Mineralölen oder Mineralöldestillaten in Form von Lösungen oder Dispersionen zugesetzt. Diese Lösungen oder Dispersionen enthalten vorzugsweise 1 bis 90, insbesondere 5 bis 80 Gew.-%, speziell 10 bis 75 %, der Mischungen. Geeignete Lösungs- oder Dispersionsmittel sind aliphatische und/oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oder Kohlenwasserstoffgemische, z.B. Benzinfraktionen, Kerosin, Decan, Pentadecan, Toluol, Xylol, Ethylbenzol oder kommerzielle Lösungsmittelgemische wie Solvent Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150, ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol-, ® ISOPAR- und ® Shellsol D-Typen sowie aliphatische oder aromatische Alkohole, Ether und/oder Ester. Die angegebenen Lösemittelgemische enthalten unterschiedliche Mengen an aliphatischen und/oder aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Die Aliphaten können geradkettig (n-Paraffine) oder verzweigt sein (iso-Paraffine). Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe können mono-, di- oder polyzyklisch sein und gegebenenfalls einen oder mehrere Substituenten tragen. Durch die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in ihren rheologischen Eigenschaften verbesserte Mineralöle oder Mineralöldestillate enthalten 0,001 bis 2 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,005 bis 0,5 Gew.-% der Additive, bezogen auf das Destillat.The additives according to the invention are mineral oils or mineral oil distillates Form of solutions or dispersions added. These solutions or Dispersions preferably contain 1 to 90, in particular 5 to 80% by weight, specifically 10 to 75% of the mixtures. Suitable solvents or dispersants are aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons or Hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. Gasoline fractions, kerosene, decane, pentadecane, Toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or commercial solvent mixtures such as solvents Naphtha, ® Shellsol AB, ® Solvesso 150, ® Solvesso 200, ® Exxsol-, ® ISOPAR- and ® Shellsol D types as well as aliphatic or aromatic alcohols, ethers and / or Esters. The specified solvent mixtures contain different amounts of aliphatic and / or aromatic hydrocarbons. The aliphates can straight-chain (n-paraffins) or branched (iso-paraffins). Aromatic Hydrocarbons can be mono-, di- or polycyclic and optionally carry one or more substituents. By the additives according to the invention in their rheological properties improved mineral oils or mineral oil distillates contain 0.001 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.5% by weight of the additives, based on the distillate.
Zur Herstellung von Additivpaketen für spezielle Problemlösungen können die Additive auch zusammen mit einem oder mehreren öllöslichen Co-Additiven eingesetzt werden, die bereits für sich allein die Kaltfließeigenschaften von Rohölen, Schmierölen oder Brennölen verbessern. Beispiele solcher Co-Additive sind Alkylphenol-Aldehydharze und polare Verbindungen, die eine Paraffindispergierung bewirken (Paraffindispergatoren).For the production of additive packages for special problem solutions the Additives also together with one or more oil-soluble co-additives are used, which alone have the cold flow properties of crude oils, Improve lubricating oils or fuel oils. Examples of such co-additives are Alkylphenol-aldehyde resins and polar compounds that have a paraffin dispersion effect (paraffin dispersants).
So können die erfindungsgemäßen Additive in Mischung mit Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen eingesetzt werden. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung handelt es sich bei diesen Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharzen um solche der Formel worin R10 für C4-C50-Alkyl oder -Alkenyl, R9 für Ethoxy und/oder Propoxy, n für eine Zahl von 5 bis 100 und p für eine Zahl von 0 bis 50 steht. Paraffindispergatoren reduzieren die Größe der Paraffinkristalle und bewirken, dass die Paraffinpartikel sich nicht absetzen, sondern kolloidal mit deutlich reduziertem Sedimentationsbestreben, dispergiert bleiben. Als Paraffindispergatoren haben sich öllösliche polare Verbindungen mit ionischen oder polaren Gruppen, z.B. Aminsalze und/oder Amide bewährt, die durch Reaktion aliphatischer oder aromatischer Amine, vorzugsweise langkettiger aliphatischer Amine, mit aliphatischen oder aromatischen Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetracarbonsäuren oder deren Anhydriden erhalten werden. Andere Paraffindispergatoren sind Copolymere des Maleinsäureanhydrids und α,β-ungesättigten Verbindungen, die gegebenenfalls mit primären Monoalkylaminen und/oder aliphatischen Alkoholen umgesetzt werden können, die Umsetzungsprodukte von Alkenylspirobislactonen mit Aminen und Umsetzungsprodukte von Terpolymerisaten auf Basis α,β-ungesättigter Dicarbonsäureanhydride, α,β-ungesättigter Verbindungen und Polyoxyalkylenether niederer ungesättigter Alkohole. Auch Alkylphenol-Formaldehydharze sind als Paraffindispergatoren geeignet.Thus, the additives according to the invention can be used in a mixture with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, these alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are those of the formula wherein R 10 is C 4 -C 50 alkyl or alkenyl, R 9 is ethoxy and / or propoxy, n is a number from 5 to 100 and p is a number from 0 to 50. Paraffin dispersants reduce the size of the paraffin crystals and ensure that the paraffin particles do not settle, but remain dispersed colloidally with a significantly reduced tendency to sedimentation. Oil-soluble polar compounds with ionic or polar groups, for example amine salts and / or amides, which have been found to be suitable as paraffin dispersants, can be obtained by reacting aliphatic or aromatic amines, preferably long-chain aliphatic amines, with aliphatic or aromatic mono-, di-, tri- or tetracarboxylic acids or the like Anhydrides can be obtained. Other paraffin dispersants are copolymers of maleic anhydride and α, β-unsaturated compounds, which can optionally be reacted with primary monoalkylamines and / or aliphatic alcohols, the reaction products of alkenyl spirobislactones with amines and reaction products of terpolymers based on α, β-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid Unsaturated compounds and polyoxyalkylene ethers of lower unsaturated alcohols. Alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins are also suitable as paraffin dispersants.
Das Mischungsverhältnis (in Gewichtsteilen) der Additive mit Paraffindispergatoren beträgt jeweils 1:10 bis 20:1, vorzugsweise 1:1 bis 10:1.The mixing ratio (in parts by weight) of the additives with paraffin dispersants is in each case 1:10 to 20: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Additive eignen sich dazu, die Kaltfließeigenschaften von Rohölen, Destillatölen oder Brennstoffölen sowie Schmierölen zu verbessern. Die Öle können mineralischen, tierischen wie auch pflanzlichen Ursprungs sein.The additives according to the invention are suitable for improving the cold flow properties of To improve crude oils, distillate oils or fuel oils as well as lubricating oils. The Oils can be of mineral, animal or vegetable origin.
Als Brennstofföle sind neben Roh- und Rückstandsölen Mitteldestillate besonders gut geeignet. Als Mitteldestillate bezeichnet man insbesondere solche Mineralöle, die durch Destillation von Rohöl gewonnen werden und im Bereich von 120 bis 500°C sieden, wie beispielsweise Kerosin, Jet-Fuel, Diesel und Heizöl. Sie können Anteile an alkoholischen Treibstoffen, wie z.B. Ethanol und Methanol, oder auch Biobrennstoffe, wie z.B. Rapsöl oder Rapsölsäuremethylester, enthalten. Insbesondere sind sie in Ölen wirksam, deren mittels GC bestimmter Gehalt an n-Paraffinen, die Kettenlängen von 22 Kohlenstoffatomen oder mehr aufweisen, bei mindestens 1,0 Flächen-%, insbesondere bei mehr als 1,5 Flächen-%, speziell bei 2,0 und mehr Flächen-% liegt. Der 90 %-Destillationspunkt der erfindungsgemäßen Öle liegt vorzugsweise oberhalb 345°C, insbesondere oberhalb 350°C, speziell oberhalb 355°C. Diese Öle haben Cloud Points oberhalb 5°C, insbesondere oberhalb 8°C. In addition to crude and residue oils, middle distillates are special as fuel oils well suited. Middle distillates are mineral oils which are obtained by distillation of crude oil and range from 120 to Boil 500 ° C, such as kerosene, jet fuel, diesel and heating oil. You can Proportions of alcoholic fuels, e.g. Ethanol and methanol, or too Biofuels, e.g. Rapeseed oil or rapeseed acid methyl ester. In particular, they are effective in oils whose GC content determines n-paraffins, which have chain lengths of 22 carbon atoms or more, at at least 1.0 area%, especially for more than 1.5 area%, especially for 2.0 and more area%. The 90% distillation point of the invention Oils are preferably above 345 ° C, especially above 350 ° C, especially above 355 ° C. These oils have cloud points above 5 ° C, in particular above 8 ° C.
Die Additive können allein oder auch zusammen mit anderen Zusatzstoffen verwendet werden, beispielsweise mit Entwachsungshilfsmitteln, Leiffähigkeitsverbessaeren, Entschäumern, Dispergierhilfsmittel, Korrosionsinhibitore, Antioxidantien, Lubricity-Additiven, Dehazern oder Schlamminhibitoren. Die Additivkomponenten können den zu additivierenden Ölen gemeinsam als Konzentratmischung in geeigneten Lösemitteln oder auch getrennt zugesetzt werden.The additives can be used alone or together with other additives used, for example with dewaxing aids, Improving conductivity, defoaming agents, dispersing agents, Corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, lubricity additives, dehazers or Sludge inhibitors. The additive components can be the oils to be additized together as a concentrate mixture in suitable solvents or separately be added.
Die Bestimmung der Siedekenndaten erfolgt gemäß ASTM D-86, die Bestimmung des CFPP-Werts gemäß EN 116 und die Bestimmung des Cloud Points gemäß ISO 3015.The boiling characteristics are determined in accordance with ASTM D-86 the CFPP value according to EN 116 and the determination of the cloud point according to ISO 3015.
Die Verteilung der n-Paraffine wird gaschromatographisch mit einem HP 5890 Series II durchgeführt. Die Trennung erfolgt auf einer Kieselgelsäule mit 5 % vernetztem Phenylmethylsilikon (Ø 0,32 mm, Länge 50 m, Filmdicke 0,17 µm). Die Detektion erfolgt mittels Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor.The distribution of the n-paraffins is determined by gas chromatography using an HP 5890 Series II performed. The separation takes place on a silica gel column with 5% cross-linked phenylmethyl silicone (Ø 0.32 mm, length 50 m, film thickness 0.17 µm). The Detection is carried out by means of a thermal conductivity detector.
Für die Analyse werden 3 µl des Mitteldestillates in den auf 230°C aufgeheizten Einlassraum eingespritzt. Die Säule wird von 40°C mit 5 K/min auf 310°C aufgeheizt und diese Temperatur für 5 Minuten gehalten.For the analysis, 3 µl of the middle distillate are heated to 230 ° C Inlet space injected. The column is heated from 40 ° C at 5 K / min to 310 ° C and kept this temperature for 5 minutes.
Zur Bestimmung der Flächenprozente der n-Paraffine wird im ersten Schritt die
detektierte Gesamtfläche der eingespritzten Probe bestimmt. Im zweiten Schritt
erfolgt durch eine "valley-to-valley"-lntegration die Bestimmung der Flächen für die
einzelnen n-Paraffine. Diese Fläche dividiert durch die vorher bestimmte
Gesamtfläche ergibt die Flächenprozente des jeweiligen n-Paraffins. Somit wird der
Anteil der Fläche eines Peaks, der auf ein n-Paraffin zurückzuführen ist, von dem für
die Matrix (Isomere der n-Paraffine, Naphthene und Aromaten) separiert.
Die Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemäßen, Neocarbonsäurevinylester enthaltenden Ethylen-Copolymere enthaltenden Mischungen ist den entsprechenden Copolymeren bzw. Polymermischungen des Standes der Technik überlegen.The effectiveness of the inventive vinyl neocarboxylic acid containing Mixtures containing ethylene copolymers are the corresponding ones Superior copolymers or polymer mixtures of the prior art.
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10012267 | 2000-03-14 | ||
| DE10012267A DE10012267B4 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2000-03-14 | Copolymer blends and their use as an additive to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1146108A2 true EP1146108A2 (en) | 2001-10-17 |
| EP1146108A3 EP1146108A3 (en) | 2002-08-07 |
| EP1146108B1 EP1146108B1 (en) | 2006-09-20 |
Family
ID=7634598
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01104847A Expired - Lifetime EP1146108B1 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-02-28 | Copolymer blends and their use as additive to improve the cold flow properties of middle distillates |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6565616B1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1146108B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2001288484A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0100233B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2340524A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE10012267B4 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2272366T3 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20011254L (en) |
| PT (1) | PT1146108E (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP1380635A3 (en) * | 2002-07-09 | 2004-03-10 | Clariant GmbH | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of vegetable or animal origin. |
| EP1526167A3 (en) * | 2003-10-25 | 2005-05-11 | Clariant GmbH | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of animal or vegetable origin |
| EP1541664A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-15 | Clariant GmbH | Fuel oils comprising middle distillates and oils of vegetable or animal origin with improved cold properties |
| EP1541662A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-15 | Clariant GmbH | Fuel oils comprising middle distillates and oils of vegetable or animal origin with improved cold properties. |
| EP1857528A1 (en) * | 2006-05-16 | 2007-11-21 | Clariant International Ltd. | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of animal or vegetable origin |
| EP1881054A3 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2011-02-02 | Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
| US8979951B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2015-03-17 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
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| DE10245737C5 (en) * | 2002-10-01 | 2011-12-08 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Process for the preparation of additive mixtures for mineral oils and mineral oil distillates |
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| DE10349850C5 (en) | 2003-10-25 | 2011-12-08 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of vegetable or animal origin |
| DE10357878C5 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2013-07-25 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Fuel oils from middle distillates and oils of vegetable or animal origin with improved cold properties |
| US7326453B2 (en) * | 2004-02-04 | 2008-02-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Article with selectively activated adhesive |
| DE102006016588A1 (en) * | 2006-04-06 | 2007-10-18 | Rohmax Additives Gmbh | Fuel compositions comprising renewable resources |
| DE102006033150B4 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2008-10-16 | Clariant International Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
| PL2305753T3 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2012-07-31 | Evonik Oil Additives Gmbh | A composition to improve cold flow properties of fuel oils |
| JP5737190B2 (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2015-06-17 | 日油株式会社 | Oil and fluidity improver |
| JP5634302B2 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2014-12-03 | 株式会社Adeka | Low temperature fluidity improver for fatty acid methyl esters |
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| WO2013075300A1 (en) * | 2011-11-23 | 2013-05-30 | Xiong Liang | Copolymer for use in low-temperature diesel fluidity improving agent and method for synthesizing the copolymer |
| US20130212931A1 (en) * | 2012-02-16 | 2013-08-22 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Biofuel having improved cold flow properties |
| JP2015528523A (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2015-09-28 | エボニック オイル アディティヴス ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングEvonik Oil Additives GmbH | Composition for improving low temperature properties and oxidative stability of vegetable oils and animal fats |
| KR102038904B1 (en) | 2013-02-04 | 2019-10-31 | 에보니크 오일 아디티페스 게엠베하 | Cold flow improver with broad applicability in mineral diesel, biodiesel and blends thereof |
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| DE19802690C2 (en) * | 1998-01-24 | 2003-02-20 | Clariant Gmbh | Additive for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oils |
-
2000
- 2000-03-14 DE DE10012267A patent/DE10012267B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-01-31 BR BRPI0100233-3A patent/BR0100233B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-02-28 PT PT01104847T patent/PT1146108E/en unknown
- 2001-02-28 DE DE50111031T patent/DE50111031D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-28 EP EP01104847A patent/EP1146108B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-28 ES ES01104847T patent/ES2272366T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-13 JP JP2001070794A patent/JP2001288484A/en active Pending
- 2001-03-13 NO NO20011254A patent/NO20011254L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-03-13 CA CA002340524A patent/CA2340524A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-03-14 US US09/808,454 patent/US6565616B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1380635A3 (en) * | 2002-07-09 | 2004-03-10 | Clariant GmbH | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of vegetable or animal origin. |
| US7041738B2 (en) | 2002-07-09 | 2006-05-09 | Clariant Gmbh | Cold flow improvers for fuel oils of vegetable or animal origin |
| EP1526167A3 (en) * | 2003-10-25 | 2005-05-11 | Clariant GmbH | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of animal or vegetable origin |
| EP1541664A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-15 | Clariant GmbH | Fuel oils comprising middle distillates and oils of vegetable or animal origin with improved cold properties |
| EP1541662A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-15 | Clariant GmbH | Fuel oils comprising middle distillates and oils of vegetable or animal origin with improved cold properties. |
| EP1857528A1 (en) * | 2006-05-16 | 2007-11-21 | Clariant International Ltd. | Cold flow improver for fuel oils of animal or vegetable origin |
| EP1881054A3 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2011-02-02 | Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
| US8961622B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2015-02-24 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
| US8979951B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2015-03-17 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Additives for improving the cold properties of fuel oils |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PT1146108E (en) | 2007-01-31 |
| ES2272366T3 (en) | 2007-05-01 |
| BR0100233A (en) | 2001-11-06 |
| DE10012267A1 (en) | 2001-10-11 |
| NO20011254L (en) | 2001-09-17 |
| NO20011254D0 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
| DE10012267B4 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
| US6565616B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 |
| BR0100233B1 (en) | 2011-05-03 |
| EP1146108A3 (en) | 2002-08-07 |
| DE50111031D1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
| JP2001288484A (en) | 2001-10-16 |
| CA2340524A1 (en) | 2001-09-14 |
| EP1146108B1 (en) | 2006-09-20 |
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