EP1016326A1

EP1016326A1 - Process and apparatus for the partitioning and thermal treatment of heterogeneous feedstock

Info

Publication number: EP1016326A1
Application number: EP97950951A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Thomas L. Eddy
Original assignee: MeltTran Inc
Current assignee: MeltTran Inc
Priority date: 1996-12-12
Filing date: 1997-12-12
Publication date: 2000-07-05
Also published as: AU5381998A; CN1244332A; BR9714402A; KR20000069428A; CA2274540A1; CA2274540C; JP2001506739A

Abstract

A novel process and apparatus for the thermal partitioning of heterogeneous feedstock (11) for the production of a metal product, a glass ceramic product and a gaseous product. The process includes the capability for thermal treatment of hazardous waste as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which also contains radioactive isotopes in some cases (mixed waste as defined by the Department of Energy) and the production of stable long-lived products as a result of treatment. More specifically, this invention relates to a novel process and apparatus whereby an input feed stream (9) of a widely heterogeneous nature in the descriptors of physical form, combustibility, chemical content, and particle size and contaminated with varying concentrations of hazardous components and/or radioisotopes is treated in a direct current graphite electrode arc melter (4) with a contiguous thermal oxidizing reactor (5) for the production of a metal product, a basalt-like glass ceramic product and a fully combusted offgas. The apparatus described incorporates an offgas fast quench configuration (17) for the minimization of dioxin formation and subsequent ease of cleansing of the offgas stream.

Description

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PARTITIONING AND THERMAL TREATMENT OF HETEROGENEOUS FEEDSTOCK

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application number 60/008,928, filed 12/18/95.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains generally to the thermal processing of heterogeneous feedstock and the production of a metal product, a glass ceramic product and a gaseous product. The process includes the capability for thermal treatment of hazardous waste as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which also contains radioactive isotopes in some cases (mixed waste as defined by the Department of Energy) and the production of stable long lived products as a result of treatment. More specifically, this invention relates to a novel process and apparatus whereby an input feed stream of a widely heterogeneous nature in the descriptors of physical form, combustibility, chemical content, and particle size, and contaminated with varying concentrations of hazardous components or radioisotopes is treated in a direct or alternating current graphite electrode arc melter with a contiguous thermal oxidizing reactor for the production of a metal product, a basalt like glass ceramic product and a fully combusted offgas. The apparatus described incorporates an offgas fast quench configuration for the minimization of dioxin formation and for subsequent ease of cleansing of the offgas stream.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Joule heated melters have traditionally been used for the production of glass-based products. Graphite electrode arc melters have traditionally been used for the reduction of ores to metals and for theproduction of value added products from a controlled and well defined input feed stream. Arc melters have also been used for the production of a value added mineral wool product from a well characterized and controlled input feedstock. Plasma arc torch melters have traditionally been used for the production of higher value precious metals such as titanium The various types ot melters commonly used in industry can be classified as low temperature (900°C- 1 200°C) medium temperature ( 1 ,200°C- 1 ,500°C) and high temperature ( 1 ,500°C 2 000°C) with their use defined by the product desired and process required The joule heated melters commonly used for the production of glass (including borosilicate glass for high level radioactive waste) fall into the low temperature range Medium temperature melters are required for the production of higher temperature glasses such as aluminosi cate glasses and glass ceramics

High temperature melters are required for the reduction of ores to metals such as iron ore to iron and for the production of a basalt-like glass ceramic product without the addition of fluxing agents to lower the viscosity Arc melters use heat generated when an electric arc passes through a gas The gas is ionized and forms a very high temperature plasma The plasma temperatures can exceed many thousands of degrees centigrade The high temperatures enable rapid and intense heating of process materials, making this technology ideal for high temperature metals processing

Current research and development by government and industry is being pursued for the purpose of applying arc melter technology to the treatment of hazardous and/or radioactive wastes The application of traditional melter technology and equipment to the safe, efficient and economical treatment of heterogeneous hazardous and /or radioactive waste involves the expansion of the allowable makeup of the input feed stream, the expansion of the flexibility of process operation, and the tightening of specifications for the output products and offgases

There have been a number of testing or development programs to apply electric arc melter technology to the treatment of radioactive wastes, mixed wastes, municipal wastes, and hazardous wastes In an arc melter, waste materials are heated to (a) volatilize, pyrolyze, and destroy organics, and (b) melt inorganic materials into molten slag or metal phases By controlling reaction stoichiometry, mixing, and other operating parameters, the process can be used to chemically oxidize or reduce waste components, or react waste components to form new products

PRIOR ART

Learn In US Patent 4,421,037 discusses a waste treatment furnace

Rackley, et al In US Patent 5,052,312 discusses a cyclone furnace for hazardous waste incineration and ash vitrification Alvi, et al In US Patent 5 541 ,386 discusses the plasma arc decomposition of hazardous wastes into vitrified solids and non-hazardous gasses SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The described process and apparatus enables the continuous or intermittent feeding of widely varying heterogeneous input waste streams, the thermal partitioning of the input feed into inert and volatile fractions, the melting and oxidation or reduction of the inert fraction into a glass ceramic (slag) phase consisting of oxidized metals and low vapor pressure materials, the melting and reduction of the inert fraction metals into a metal phase, and the complete combustion and oxidation of the vapor phase. Further, the flexibility of the operation and process enables control of the volatilization of higher vapor pressure materials and forces partitioning of these materials to the glass ceramic phase.

The process and apparatus provides for the removal of the metal and glass ceramic phases by high temperature tapping techniques and fast cooling of the offgas from greater than 2,000°F to less than 150°F in a minimum time period. Further, the process provides for the reclamation of a glass ceramic product via product casting techniques and controlled cooling via insulation or heat addition to control the crystalline phase structure of the final cooled product.

The types of wastes applicable to treatment in the described invention include wastes having widely varying compositions in terms of soil content, metal content, combustible content, organic content and hazardous contaminant content.

The glass ceramic product produced exceeds the current requirements for Toxic Characteristic Leach Procedure (TCLP) as published in the Federal Register on March 29, 1989, and meets a more narrowly defined product specification suitable for reclamation. This specification may include narrowly defined compositional ranges and physical properties.

The metal product is also suitable for reclamation as industrial scrap metal from non- radioactive input feed and as recyclable metal within the nuclear industry from radioactive contaminated input feedstock.

The offgas is fast quenched from temperatures required for complete combustion and oxidation (>2,000°F) in minimal time to below the temperatures accepted as the formation temperature for dioxins and furans, thereby minimizing the production of dioxins. Further offgas cleansing enables the partitioning of the offgas particulates to volatile metals fractions and salts. A homogeneous or heterogeneous feedstock is thermally treated to form a molten pool and a gaseous phase in a partitioning arc melter by shredding (2) a feed material ( 1 ) to a particle size trom submicron to less than one half the melter diameter, conveying the feedstock horizontally into a melter chamber (4), partitioning the feedstock into molten metal, slag, and offgas phases, oxidizing the offgas for greater than two seconds at a temperature above 2000 °F in a thermal oxidizer (5), quenching the offgas flow from the thermal oxidizer in an offgas fast quench chamber ( 17) to a temperature to less than 150°F in a minimal time, cleansing the offgas, and removing final molten products

The nominal feedstock (11) characterization is heterogeneous and the general chemical composition of the matrix material feedstock varies between ranges of soils 0- 100%, metals 0- 35%, combustibles 0-90%, volatile organics 0-60%, chlorinated orgamcs 0-60%, chlorine 0-20%, carbon 0-40%, nitrates 0-20%, and hydroxides 0- 100%

The feedstock (1 1 ) may contain organic and non-organic compounds and metals classified as hazardous or toxic according to a US Environmental Protection Agency classification The feedstock ( 1 1 ) may contain radioactive isotopes emitting alpha, beta, or gamma radiation

The feedstock (1 1) is extruded or conveyed through a sidewall of the melter (4) and a surface of the molten pool (14, 15) may be regulated with a controlled depth of cold cap ( 13) to enhance the partitioning of volatile materials to a molten glass ceramic phase A portion of the melter chamber can be operated with a cooled exterior wall to freeze a layer of molten product on the inside wall for safe long term operation of the melter

The arc melter electrode (21) tips can be raised in conjunction with a rise of the surface of the molten pool ( 14, 15) in a portion of the melter chamber having a nominal depth to diameter ratio of less than one-half, and the chamber (4) itself may be readily removable as in a batch operation without any tapping capability

Oxygen may be injected into or near a surface of the molten pool ( 14, 15) for control of oxidation reduction reactions in and above the molten pool (14,15) for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration.

An auxiliary heat source ( 16) may be injected into the base of the thermal oxidizer (5) to maintain temperature An oxidation reduction reaction of the gaseous phase can be regulated and controlled for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas for cogeneration Oxygen enriched air is injected into the base of the thermal oxidizer (5) to maintain temperatuie and provide oxygen for oxidation reactions and for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration

The cleansed paniculate volatile metals salts and air pollution control system maintenance material such as filters can be introduced back into the feed material (1 ) and processed through the system again

A molten product tapping and casting system is operated in a manner to control the cooling rate of a cast molten glass-ceramic by means of mold insulation or addition of heat for the purpose of controlling an amorphous/crystalline phase structure of the final products

Liquid can be absorbed into the feedstock (1 1) or injected onto the top of a cold cap ( 13) or molten pool ( 14, 15) surface

A thermal partitioning arc melter apparatus according to the present invention includes a refractory -lined melter chamber (4) with a molten pool ( 14,15) having a nominal depth to diameter ratio of one-quarter to one-half and having multiple side outlets ( 19,20) for tapping molten metal and slag, the refractory-lined melter chamber further comprising electrode ports (10) 30° ±10° from vertical, a feed port (9) 90° from vertical, and a central offgas port vertically above the melter chamber, an electricity-based heat source comprising of parallel axial translating graphite electrode (21) current and voltage-conveying systems operating in a submerged or short arc joule heating resistance mode or a long arc radiant heating mode, a contiguous thermal oxidizing reactor (5) sufficiently large to provide a gaseous residence time greater than two seconds, located vertically above the melter chamber, with an auxiliary heat source (16), located at a bottom of the thermal oxidizer, to maintain an operating temperature of 1 ,800°F to 2,200°F, an offgas quench chamber ( 17) directly coupled to the top of the contiguous thermal oxidizer extending downward at 45°-60° from horizontal, and an air pollution control system (6)

The two graphite electrodes (21) have a nominal electrode tip spacing of one half the molten pool ( 14, 15) nominal working diameter The graphite electrodes (21) have translating mechanisms capable of positioning the electrode tips in the x, y, and z directions (12)

The heat source may be a direct current source further comprising of two parallel axis translating graphite electrode (21 ) current and voltage conveying systems, an alternating single phase graphite electrode (21 ) current and voltage conveying system with electrodes in multiples of two, or an alternating three-phase graphite electrode (21 ) current and voltage-conveying system with electrodes in multiples of three The apparatus may further include a wet-dry offgas control system (6) for the purpose of collecting particulates, volatile metals and salts in an aqueous stream of dissolved and suspended sludge material and a gas filtration system for the purpose of final filtration of the gas stream.

The apparatus may further include a dry-wet offgas cleansing system (6) for the purpose of partitioning of particulates and volatile metals to a dry recyclable or processable secondary stream, salts from an acid gas scrubber to an aqueous stream of dissolved and undissolved suspended sludge material, and a gas filtration system for the purpose of final filtration of the gas stream.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

Reference will herein be made to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals throughout the various FIGURES denote like elements, and wherein:

FIGURE 1 schematically depicts a flow diagram for the process embodied by the present invention.

FIGURE 2 depicts a representation of the system apparatus for thermal processing of heterogeneous feedstock and the production of a metal product, a glass ceramic product, and a gaseous product according to this invention.

FIGURE 3 depicts the preferred primary heat source supply according to this invention. FIGURE 4 depicts a representation of the system apparatus for thermal processing of heterogeneous feedstock and the production of a metal product, a glass ceramic product, and a gaseous product for the treatment of radioactive or hazardous wastes according to this invention.

The invention and its various embodiments are described in more detail in the following description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION O THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invenϋon can process a wide variety of municipal, hazardous radioactive, and mixed (both radioactive and hazardous) wastes Testing conducted on the present mvention design m this patent apphcation has shown that the present mvention can process a range of feedstock shown m Table 1 The chemical makeup of many of these components and similar components are shown m Tables 2, 3 and 4

Table 1. Acceptable limits of input feedstock variations

Feedstock component Weight %

Soils 0-100

Metals 0-35

Combustibles 0-90

Volatile organics 0-60

Chlorinated organics 0-60

Chlorine 0-20

Carbon 0-40

Nitrates 0-20

Hydroxides 0-100

Table 2. Typical chemical composition of feedstock material treatable by this invention.

Wt% of waste constituent

Constituent Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Chlorine Fluorine Water Inert

Noncombustible

Glass

Glass Raschig rings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Other glass 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Metals

Carbon steel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Stainless steel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Aluminum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Tantalum 10W 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Miscellaneous metal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Lead 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

HVPM (Zn, Cd) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Miscellaneous Noncombustible

Ceramic molds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Firebrick 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 97.00

Concrete 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.72 91.28

Portland cement 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 95.00

Dirt/soil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 90.00

Ash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00

Oil-Dri 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 95.00

Vermiculite 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 95.00

Evap. salts 0.85 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 98.88

Filters Insulation

Glass filter media 3.96 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 90.50

Asbestos filter media 3.96 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 90.50

Filter dust 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 90.00

Magnesia (insulation) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 98.00

Table 2 continued

Wt% of waste constituent

Inorganic Sludge

Sludge— high Na20 000 0.00 o oo 0.00 0 00 0 00 000 60.00 40 00

Sludgo— high CaO 0.00 0 00 o oo 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 60 00 40 00

Aqueous solutions 0,00 0 00 o.oo 0.00 0 00 0 00 0 00 100.00 0 0

Partially Combustible

Leaded rubber 33 16 4.47 1 01 0 28 0 51 0 00 000 O.OO 60 56

Organic sludge 26,69 3,65 0,00 0.00 0 00 39 69 0 00 0.00 29.97

Uncemented resin 83.03 6,97 0.00 000 0 00 0,00 0,00 10,00 0.00

Cemented resins 27.68 2,32 0.00 0,00 0 00 0,00 0,00 20,00 50 00

Asphalt 4.294 0 49 0.05 0 05 0 12 0 00 0.00 0,00 95 01

Benelex/lead 33.20 3.53 25.19 0 00 0.03 0 00 o.oo 3.35 34 70

Sheetrock 0.41 0.06 0 42 0,00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 20.77 78 34

Combustibles

Plastics

Poly 84.93 13 40 0 35 0 1 1 0 02 0 00 0.00 0 00 1 19

PVC 47.38 5.73 9.09 0 00 0 01 35 72 0.00 0.00 2 07

Teflon 24.00 0.00 oo 0.00 0 00 0.00 76.00 0.00 0 00

Plexiglas 59 99 8 05 31 96 000 0 00 0 00 0.00 0 00 0 00

Rubber 76.23 10 28 2 32 0 65 1 18 0 00 0.00 O.OO 9 34

Surgeon's glove 76 23 10.28 2.32 ^•0 65 1 , 18 0 00 o.oo 0,00 9 34

Miscellaneous Combustibles

Graphite 99.19 0 70 0,00 000 0 01 0.00 0 00 0,00 0 10

Paper 49.54 5.27 37.59 0.00 0 05 0,00 0 00 5.00 2.55

Wood 46.94 5 00 35.61 0 00 0 05 0 00 0.00 10,00 2 42

Cardboard 49.54 5.27 37.59 0.00 0.05 0 00 0.00 5.00 2 55

Cloth 49 54 5 27 37.59 0 00 0 05 0 00 0 00 5.00 2,55

tH of inert fr-ctioo

Constituent Boron B-rium C-Jcjum C.S04 Cirbcβ CαTOOttl-tOI Copper Galtrnxn Ifcα ad Mienrπnm M-ngxαn.

Noo-Combuβib

Gt-_- R-uu±ig rings 040 IZtO 0.00 540 aoo 0.00 0.00 0.00 040 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CXS-cg-a» 3.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 040 0.00 αoo 0.00 0.00 0.00 040 0.00

UΛύt -

CtAeo-led 0.00 0.00 0.00 aoo 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.10 040 0.00 0.45

8U-α-α--teel 0.00 0.00 αoo αoo 0.00 0.00 0.03 19.00 0.00 αoo 71.97 040 040 0.00

Akaninα 91.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 αoo αoo 040 0.70 040

TnUturalOW 0.00 αoo 0.00 αoo 0.00 0.00 aoo 040 040 040 040 αoo 0.00 0.00

U-tc Utneoαi met-J 30.00 αoo αoo 0.00 LOO 1.00 10.00 αoo 5040 140 240 0.00

Lead OOO ooo oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 040 0.10 040 0.00 99.90 040 0.00

HVTM(Zn.Crf) 0.00 0.00 αoo aoo 50.00 040 αoo αoo 040 0.00 0.00 αoo

Mm Non-Oomhθf«5le

0.00 040 0.00 aoo oo 040 040 oo 040 040 040 6 64 0.00

43.00 0.00 oo 1.00 aoo 0.00 040 αoo 040 LOO 040 140 αoo αoo 9.79 aoo αoo αoo αoo oo αoo α J oo α40 040 ωt OOO αoo 6252 aoo αoo αoo 040 αoo 2_»1 oo 2-54 040

DktfoB 12.70 040 αoo J.70 aoo αoo 040 αoo 040 αoo 5.10 αoo 2.90 040

A-fa ιs_a 040 0.12 7.74 aoo α_ι 0.00 ΪΛ4 L70 o.oo 2J-30 7-tl 3.37 0.15 oa-Dri 26_t- αoo αoo 2J5 aoo αoo 040 αoo αoo oo 434 oo 342 040

19.95 0.00 αoo oo aoo oo 040 αoo 040 oo 41.30 040 nst 0.00 93 0.00 0.00 2X7 aoo 0.00 αoo αoo αoo αoo 066 αoo 0.45 oo

Qba___-rnsdu 02- 10.47 4.19 3.14 aoo αoo αoo 040 αoo oo 0.10 040 UK αoo

OOO 0.00 0.00 oo aoo αoo αoo αoo αoo αoo 040 αoo 21.16 040

1X70 0.00 αoo S.70 aoo αoo αoo αoo oo 040 5.10 040 2.90 040

0,00 040 αoo αoo aoo oo αoo αoo oo αoo αoo 100.00 oo t_M oo oo 4J0 aoo 040 αoo 0.10 απ 5.51 6-52 064 5.20 040

4_Jl OOO αoo 2-j.l aoo αoo αoo 044 αis O.OS SJM 031 tαs. αoo

0.00 0.00 αoo oo aoo 0.00 αoo αoo oo 040 0.00 040 0.00 0.00 047 αoo 040 39 aoo αoo αoo αoo 049 αoo 047 0.4,1 αoo

0-00 oo αoo 37J9 aoo αoo oo αoo 040 αoo 7.40 040 α αoo

OOO 040 αoo αoo oo αoo αoo αoo αoo αoo OOO αoo αoo αoo

631 040 oo 6440 aoo 040 αoo 040 αoo 2.91 αoo 2-54 040

Λ*_» υ αoo αoo 020 aoo αoo 040 oo αoo αoo 0-S9 αoo 0.17 040

0-Jl αoo oo 136 aoo oo 040 oo αoo αoo 023 024 049

0.06 oo oo 0-31 99.00 αoo oo oo αoo α∞ 004 OOO αo5 αo2

My 0.10 αoo αoo ♦9.70 oo oo αoo αoo αoo 040 αoo 020 040 rvc O20 oo 22.16 090 aoo 61.94 αoo 040 oo αoo 020 040 0.40 040 αoo 040 oo oo aoo αoo 040 0.00 αoo oo 040 αoo 040 αoo nαclα O00 0-00 αoo oo aoo αoo 040 αoo oo 040 αoo αoo αoo 040

Sab cr 00 αoo oo s w aoo αoo 040 αoo αoo αoo 140 αio 6-ZO ' 040

1.00 0.00 αoo 2aτo aoo αoo αoo oo 040 αoo 140 αio 6-» αoo

Oπft-fc 1340 040 αoo 7.10 aoo αoo αoo αoo 040 ooo 17-W αoo 130 040 r_p 6J1 αoo 0.00 31.79 aoo 040 0.00 040 αoo 4-5* 040 AS! \M

6J1 αoo αoo 3L79 aoo αoo αoo αoo oo 0-00 4.58 αoo 4.97 UM

-Jl 040 αoo 31.79 aoo 0.00 αoo 040 040 oo 4-» αoo 4.97 1_M

6JI 0.00 αoo 31.79 aoo αoo 040 040 040 0.00 4-5X αoo AS! 1X4

Table 3 cool αι -τ_ aM c-rn s lxπ o< the hot (rzc k_n c≠

WtS o ∞rt fracϋoα

Nk-c-t P-o-pfaoru. KN03 Sϋicoα Sodium N-N03 . re Ttmgc i Zinc S03 C02 a

Ha COB&atiblc

G_t__ R__c—_g π-tg. α∞ 040 0.00 040 62-20 2040 040 040 o.∞ α∞ 0.00 040 O.∞ 040 O.∞ 040

0__ertU 0.00 0.00 0.00 α∞ 7040 2040 0.00 040 o.∞ 040 o.∞ O.∞ o.∞ O.∞ O.∞ 040

Uct-b

C-rbon-lecl 0.00 0.00 040 040 025 0.00 040 040 040 040 040 α∞ 0.00 α∞ O.∞ a∞

8U_olc«tled 940 0.00 0.00 040 0.00 α∞ 0.00 040 040 α∞ 040 040 o.∞ 040 040 o.∞

Alun- asa 040 0.00 040 α∞ 0.40 040 040 040 α∞ o.∞ o.∞ α∞ α∞ α∞ o.∞

T_____ura lOW 040 040 040 α∞ 040 040 040 9040 040 040 lO.∞ 040 040 040 α∞ o.∞ i-n, mrt-l 2.00 αoo αoo 040 α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 140 o.∞ α∞ o.∞ 240 040 α∞ o.∞

LMd α∞ oo 040 040 α∞ 040 040 040 α∞ α∞ 040 0.00 040 040 α∞ a∞

HVΛI CZa,Cd) 040 040 040 α∞ α∞ 040 040 ∞ 040 o.∞ o.∞ 040 5040 α∞ 040 a∞ aαNeβ-

OαvafeauUi 040 oo αoo α∞ 3836 040 040 040 α∞ α∞ 040 040 040 040 040 a∞

040 αoo oo 3X00 oo 040 040 240 040 α∞ O.∞ 040 α∞ a∞ α∞ - αoo 040 040 87.85 040 α∞ α∞ α∞ α∞ 040 040 040 037 αi7 040 α∞ αoo 040 α∞ 2L92 040 040 α∞ α∞ α∞ α∞ α∞ 040 L72 148 040

Dά tea 040 ^• oo 3.10 α∞ 70.70 130 040 α∞ 040 α∞ 040 040 040 040 040 040

AΛ LU αio 038 0.94 33.13 133 048 040 π αu α∞ 040 338 033 ατ9 aoi

OMd α∞ αoo O50 α∞ 6Q-S8 040 040 α∞ c∞ 025 040 α∞ 040 040 α∞ 040

VαnieαSt α∞ oo 040 α∞ 20.77 040 040 α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ a∞

Br-p.»-lt- α∞ αoo O30 28,49 834 αi7 5659 α∞ α∞ α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 040 a∞

F__-C-/Tιwιlιlκ_- nU_. fiftiT--.dU α∞ αoo 249 α∞ 5932 10.99 α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 040 236 α∞ 040 040

A_be<to.-iker-_c S_ι α∞ αoo 040 α∞ 7834 040 040 α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ 040 040 040

Fatαrdkn α∞ αoo 3.10 α∞ 7α70 130 040 α∞ 040 α∞ 040 α∞ 040 α∞ 040 040

11-twιlι α∞ αoo 040 α∞ α∞ 040 040 α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ 040 040 040

(j-nlti α) i-βta alβSMg- f-ttai MghM-ao α∞ αoo 4.46 α∞ 3649 28.14 •40 α∞ 040 042 α∞ α∞ 041 α∞ 040 040 f_»_g»ι tighC-O 040 αoo 3.74 α∞ 4632 539 α∞ α∞ 040 α« 040 040 041 040 040 a∞

Aqaommihtm α∞ αoo αoo α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ 040 040 α∞ α∞ α∞ 040 α∞ α∞ a∞

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The present invention can process wastes to (a) reduce volume and solid mass by evaporating moisture, thermally decomposing carbonates, and pyrolyzing organics, (b) destroy hazardous and non-hazardous organics, (c) melt inorganic oxides to form a homogeneous, easy to characterize and dispose/recycle slag (glass ceramic rock-like waste form), (d) separate metals into a molten, tappable metal phase, and (e) decontaminate the metal phase from radionuclides (if present). The resultant products are very homogeneous and easy to characterize, compared to the variety of heterogeneous materials which can be fed to the melter. The melter chamber 4 can receive wastes that vary widely in physical and chemical content. The slag composition is inherently less variable owing to (a) less variability of the inorganic materials of many waste materials, and (b) mixing effects of varying inorganic feed in the molten slag pool. Occasionally, depending on the feed compositions, desired operating conditions, and slag or metal products, additives are used to modify the glass ceramic rock-like waste form or metal products.

An example schematic of the process embodied by the present patent is shown in Figure 1 . The particle size of the feed material 1 can range from submicron-size up to one-half of the melter diameter. Feed materials and containers of feed materials are fed through a shredder hopper 8 and size-reduced in the waste handling and feeding system using a low-speed, high-torque shredder 2 This type of shredder, commercially available and included as a component of the present invention, can process most types of waste including heterogeneous combustibles, inorganics including bricks and concrete, and metals up to 1/4-inch thick. The shredder 2 is capable of shredding the contents of waste containers and/or entire waste drums, boxes, and other containers.

The waste is shredded into a hopper which also serves as the feed hopper for a commercial feeder 3. The feeder 3 can reliably extrude or convey the shredded feed material (feedstock) through a feed port in the sidewall of the melter chamber 4.

A close-coupled thermal oxidizer 5 effectively oxidizes gaseous and entrained organics that evolve from the melt and feed materials. The offgas with entrained and volatilized particulate is cleansed and treated in an offgas treatment system 6 to control emissions. Output products 7 which may included a metal form and a glass ceramic form are removed and processed into value added products.

The present invention can process waste liquids, sludges, slurries, or gases. Liquids, sludges, and slurries can be fed into the melter through injectors or nozzles, absorbed into the dry sorbents, or delivered in small, intact containers. The present invention is also capable of processing a • feedstock 11 containing radioactive isotopes emitting alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. The present invention can meet or surpass the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA i best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) treatment requirements for essentially any hazardous organic contaminants, and can produce a very leach-resistant glass ceramic rocklike waste form or value-added product that can immobilize oxides of toxic metals and radionuclides in compliance with regulatory limits.

A more detailed illustration of the present inventions process and apparatus is shown in FIGURES 2, 3, and 4. Processes that occur in the melter chamber 4 include rapid heat transfer, chemical reactions, and physical transformations from solids to liquids and gases. Feedstock 11 that enters the melter chamber 4 is heated and absorbed into the melt through a cold cap 13 due to (a) radiant heat transfer from the arc and the melt pool, (b) conductive and convective heat transfer and mixing in the melt pool, and (c) resistance heating (joule heating) in the melt. As the feedstock heats up. (a) moisture and water of hydration evaporate, (b) organics, nitrates, carbonates, sulfates, and other materials thermally decompose, pyrolize, and oxidize to form primarily gases and oxides that are soluble in the melt, (c) inorganics melt into the molten slag 14. and (d) metals in the feedstock 11 either oxidize when there is sufficient oxygen available from solid or gaseous oxidants and combine with the slag 14 or melt and sink through the slag, due to a greater metal density and form a metal pool 15. Some elements such as plutonium are highly oxidizable, but very non-volatile, and will tend to concentrate in the molten slag 14, as desired, leaving the offgas and metal products with reduced contamination. Volatile species like chlorides, sulfates, and some metals ( such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic) partially or more completely volatilize. This can enable concentration of these species in the offgas for cleansing, if desired, or the present invention's operating conditions can be adjusted to more effectively retain some of these species in the melt by creating a continuously consumable filter (cold cap) 13 thereby increasing the residence time of a volatile material in the melt for increased chemical reactions and incorporation into the slag. The surface of the molten pool ( 14,15) is regulated with a controlled depth of cold cap 13 to enhance the partitioning of volatile material to the molten glass ceramic phase. Liquid can be absorbed into the feedstock ( 1 1) or injected onto the top of the cold cap (13) or molten pool surface.

The melter chamber 4 can be operated with a cooled exterior wall bottom to freeze a layer of molten product on the sidewall bottom for the safe long term operation of the melter. The refractory- lined melter chamber 4 is comprised of an electrode port 10 at 30 degrees ±10 degrees from vertical, a feed port 9 at 90 degrees from vertical, and a central offgas port vertically above the melter chamber.. In this present invention, oxygen is injected into the molten pool through an owgen port 22 or near the surface ot the molten pool through an oxygen port 25 for control of oxidation reduction reactions in and above the molten pool

A contiguous thermal oxidizer 5 sufficiently large to provide a gaseous residence time greater than two seconds is located vertically above the melter chamber 4 In the present invention, an auxiliary heat source 16 is injected into the base of the thermal oxidizer 5 to maintain an operating temperature of 1 ,800 °F to 2,200 °F In addition, oxygen enriched air is injected through an oxygen port 27 into the base of the thermal oxidizer 5 to help maintain the desired temperature and provide additional oxygen for oxidation reactions, and for regeneration of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration Other operating conditions can be varied to optimize or reduce the amount of metal 15 product or change the slag 14 chemistry

The present invention includes a tapping and casting system which can be operated in such a manner as to control the cooling rate of the cast molten glass-ceramic by means of a mold insulation or the addition of heat for the purpose of controlling the amorphous/crystalline phase structure of the final cooled product The present invention incorporates a refractory- lined melter chamber 4 with a melt pool 14, 15 having a nominal depth to diameter ratio ranging from one quarter to one-half and includes multiple side outlets for tapping molten metal and slag A slag port 19 is located at a depth from the desired melt surface equal to one half the melt radius and a metal port 20 is located at the bottom of the melt zone to allow for intermittent or continuous tapping of either materials Alternatively a portion of the melt chamber 4 containing the molten products can be readily removable as in a batch operation without any tapping capability or need.

The offgas with entrained and volatilized particulate is cleansed and treated in an offgas treatment system 6 to efficiently control emissions of organics, particulate, acid gases, toxic metals, or other undesired emissions In the present invention the cleansed particulate, volatile metals, salts and air pollution control system maintenance material such as filters can be introduced back into the feed material 1 and processed through the system again. The unique, close-coupled thermal oxidizer 5 is designed to efficiently oxidize gaseous and entrained organics that evolve from the melt and feed materials. The thermal oxidizer 5 is designed specifically to perform oxidation of gas which contains large amounts of entrained particulate without problematic particulate slagging or fouling by close coupling the thermal oxidizer 5 vertically to the melter chamber 4. This capability is very important for hazardous and radioactive waste treatment, when worker access for maintenance is limited or prevented A unique arrangement of an offgas quench chamber 17 to the thermal oxidizer 5 enables near instantaneous reduction of gas temperature from greater than 2000 °F to less than 150 °F in a minimum space The offgas quench chamber 17 is directly coupled to the top of the contiguous thermal oxidizer 5 extending downward at 45-60 degrees from horizontal The quench chamber 17 to thermal oxidizer 5 configuration reduces the potential for offgas duct plugging common in horizontal crossover duct arrangements and also minimizes the potential for dioxin formation due to the \ ery short gas residence time in the dioxin formation/synthesis temperature range (around 450 °F - 750 °F).

An alternative option included in the present invention is to produce a synthesis gas or low-Btu fuel gas from the melter offgas The oxidation reduction reactions of the gaseous phase can be regulated and controlled to maximize the generation of a syngas for process feedstocks or fuel gas for cogeneration. In this option, the thermal oxidizer 5 is replaced with a reaction chamber 5 that allows the addition of steam or other reagents to react with the melter offgas to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane gas, or other gases. Particulate in the offgas is filtered either upstream or downstream of the reaction chamber 5. Thus, oxygen is injected into or near a surface of the molten pool for control of oxidation reduction reactions in and above the molten pool for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration.

The present invention has an offgas treatment system 6 with particulate and acid gas removal options that include (a) wet particulate and acid gas removal, followed by reheating and removal of trace organics, trace toxic metals, and trace submicron particulate, or (b) dry particulate removal in a baghouse or high temperature filter, followed by wet acid gas removal, gas reheating, and removal of trace organics, trace toxic metals, and trace submicron particulate. Heat recovery through gas-to-air heat exchange, water heating, or steam generation are additional options.

The wet-dry offgas treatment system 6 is designed specifically for radioactive waste applications, and is very reliable and compact. A single secondary waste stream consisting of scrubber liquor blowdown is produced, with much smaller amounts of recyclable, spent HEPA filters, and possibly spent charcoal absorbers or other trace organics and metals absorbers. The scrubber liquor contains dissolved salts of any absorbed chloride, sulfate, and fluoride acid gases, other dissolved species absorbed from the offgas such as nitric acid and carbonic acid, and suspended undissolved particulate solids.

The dry- wet offgas treatment system 6 is designed to enable automatic separation of a dry particulate secondary waste stream separately from a wet scrubber aqueous blowdown. This is desired if the particulate can be (a) used as a value added product such as a feedstock for metals recovery operations, (b) recycled to the melter, or (c) stabilized in processes that do not readily tolerate chlorides or other scrubber species. Filtration of the particulate separately from acid gas scrubbing reduces the amounts, if any. of chlorides that are not desired in dow nstream particulate processing or recycling.

Other offgas treatment systems 6 that may also be incorporated based on regulatory or other requirements include dry or semi-dry scrubbing for acid gas control, followed by dry particulate filtration.

The present invention uses a direct current electricity-based heat source comprising of two axial translating (as at arrow 18) graphite electrodes 21 penetrating at an angle to the axis of the melter chamber 4. Two alternatives for current and voltage-conveying systems are alternating single-phase graphite electrodes 21 in multiples of two and alternating three-phase graphite electrodes 21 in multiples of three. The graphite electrodes 21 are located with the nominal tip spacing of one half the molten pool diameter and can be operated in either an immersed short arc joule heating resistance mode or a long arc radiant heating mode. The graphite electrodes 21 are equipped with translating mechanisms capable of positioning the electrode tips in the x, y, and z directions 12. The graphite electrodes 21 tips can be adjusted separately to account for a changing melt surface level or electrode consumption rate. 8. The arc melter electrode tips can be raised in conjunction with a rise of the surface of the molten pool in a portion of the melter chamber having a nominal depth to diameter ratio of less than one-half, and the chamber itself being readily removable as in a batch operation without any tapping capability.

This invention has benefits for the industrial thermal partitioning (processing) of heterogeneous feedstock. The invention process and apparatus extend to the treatment of industrial hazardous wastes, medical wastes, and radioactive (mixed) wastes. The invention can also extend to the thermal treatment of municipal solid wastes or sludges.

The output products 7 (Fig. 1) are a metal form suitable for recycling, a glass ceramic form stable in nature with high leach resistance, a fully combusted offgas form suitable for final cleansing, or a fuel-rich gaseous form suitable for process feedstocks or cogeneration. An additional advantage from the production of solid products is a significant volume reduction compared to the input feedstock.

Referring exclusively to FIGURE 4, when radioactive or hazardous material is processed an additional isolation gate 24 and air lock 23 is added to the shredder hopper 8 to ensure complete containment. From the foregoing description, it will thus be evident that the present invention provides a design for process and apparatus for the partitioning and thermal treatment of heterogeneous feedstock. Various changes can be made in the above embodiments and operating methods without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Variations or modifications to the design and construction of this invention, within the scope of the appended claims, may occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the disclosure herein (especially to those using computer aided design systems). Such variations or modifications, if within the spirit of this invention, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of any claims to patent protection issuing upon this invention.

Claims

I. Claim:

1. A process wherein a homogeneous or heterogeneous feedstock is thermally treated to form a molten pool and a gaseous phase in a partitioning arc melter comprising:

a. shredding (2) a feed material (1) to a particle size from submicron to less than one half the melter diameter;

b. conveying the feedstock horizontally into a melter chamber (4);

c. partitioning the feedstock into molten metal, slag, and offgas phases;

d. oxidizing the offgas for greater than two seconds at a temperature above 2000 °F in a thermal oxidizer (5);

e. quenching the offgas flow from the thermal oxidizer in an offgas fast quench chamber (17) to a temperature to less than 150°F in a minimal time;

f. cleansing the offgas; and,

g. removing final molten products.

2. The process as in claim 1 wherein the nominal feedstock (1 1) characterization is heterogeneous and the general chemical composition of the matrix material feedstock varies between, ranges of: soils 0-100%, metals 0-35%, combustibles 0-90%, volatile organics 0-60%, chlorinated organics 0- 60%, chlorine 0-20%, carbon 0-40%, nitrates 0-20%, and hydroxides 0-100%.

3. The process as in claim 1 wherein the feedstock (11) contains organic and non-organic compounds and metals classified as hazardous or toxic according to a US Environmental

Protection Agency classification.

4. The process as in claim 1 wherein the feedstock ( 1 1) contains radioactive isotopes emitting alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.

5 The process as in claim 1 wherein the feedstock ( 1 1 ) is extruded or conveved through a sidewall of the melter

6 The process as in claim 1 wherein a surface of the molten pool ( 14 15) is regulated with a controlled depth of cold cap (13) to enhance the partitioning of volatile materials to a molten glass ceramic phase

7 The process as in claim 1 wherein a portion of the melter chamber can be operated with a cooled exterior wall to freeze a layer of molten product on the inside w all for safe long term operation of the melter

8 The process as in claim 1 wherein arc melter electrode (21) tips can be raised in conjunction with a rise of the surface of the molten pool (14, 15) in a portion of the melter chamber ha\ ing a nominal depth to diameter ratio of less than one-half, and the chamber (4) itself being readily removable as in a batch operation without any tapping capability

9 The process as in claim 1 wherein oxygen is injected into or near a surface of the molten pool (14, 15) for control of oxidation reduction reactions in and above the molten pool (14, 15) for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration

10 The process as in claim 1 wherein an auxiliary heat source ( 16) is injected into the base of the thermal oxidizer (5) to maintain temperature

1 1 The process as in claim 1 wherein oxygen enriched air is injected into the base of the thermal oxidizer (5) to maintain temperature and provide oxygen for oxidation reactions, and for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas cogeneration

12 The process as in claim 1 wherein the cleansed particulate, \ olatile metals, salts and air pollution control system maintenance material such as filters can be introduced back into the feed material ( 1) and processed through the system again

13 The process as in claim 1 wherein an oxidation reduction reaction of the gaseous phase can be regulated and controlled for generation of a syngas for process feedstocks and fuel gas for cogeneration

14. The process as in claim 1 wherein a molten product tapping and casting system is operated in a manner to control the cooling rate of a cast molten glass-ceramic by means of mold insulation or addition of heat for the purpose of controlling an amorphous/crystalline phase structure of the final products.

15. The process as in claim 1 wherein liquid can be absorbed into the feedstock (1 1) or injected onto the top of a cold cap ( 13) or molten pool (14, 15) surface.

16. A thermal partitioning arc melter comprising:

a. a refractory- lined melter chamber (4) with a molten pool ( 14, 15) having a nominal depth to diameter ratio of one-quarter to one-half and having multiple side outlets ( 19,20) for tapping molten metal and slag;

b. the refractory-lined melter chamber further comprising electrode ports ( 10) 30° + 10° from vertical, a feed port (9) 90° from vertical, and a central offgas port vertically above the melter chamber;

c. an electricity-based heat source comprising of parallel axial translating graphite electrode (21) current and voltage-conveying systems operating in a submerged or short arc joule heating resistance mode or a long arc radiant heating mode;

d. a contiguous thermal oxidizing reactor (5) sufficiently large to provide a gaseous residence time greater than two seconds, located vertically above the melter chamber, with an auxiliary heat source ( 16), located at a bottom of the thermal oxidizer, to maintain an operating temperature of 1 ,800°F to 2,200°F;

e. an offgas quench chamber ( 17) directly coupled to the top of the contiguous thermal oxidizer extending downward at 45°-60° from horizontal; and,

f. an air pollution control system (6).

17. The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the two graphite electrodes (21 ) have a nominal electrode tip spacing of one half the molten pool ( 14, 15) nominal working diameter. 18 The apparatus as in claim 17 t herein the graphite electrodes (21 ) have translating mechanisms capable of positioning the electrode tips in the x, y and z directions ( 12)

19 The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the heat source is a direct current source further comprising of two parallel axis translating graphite electrode (21) current and voltage conveying systems

20 The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the heat source is an alternating single phase graphite electrode (21) current and voltage system w ith electrodes in multiples of two

21 The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the heat source is an alternating three-phase graphite electrode (21 ) current and ing system w ith electrodes in multiples of three

22 The apparatus as in claim 16 further comprising a et-dry offgas control system (6) for the purpose of collecting particulates, volatile metals and salts in an aqueous stream of dissolved and suspended sludge material and a gas filtration system for the purpose of final filtration of the gas stream

23 The apparatus as in claim 16 further comprising a dry-wet offgas cleansing system (6) for the purpose of partitioning of particulates and volatile metals to a dry recy clable or processable secondary stream, salts from an acid gas scrubber to an aqueous stream of dissolved and undissolved suspended sludge material, and a gas filtration system for the purpose of final filtration of the gas stream