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EP1004033B1 - Dispositif de detection des champs magnetiques - Google Patents

Dispositif de detection des champs magnetiques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1004033B1
EP1004033B1 EP98940902A EP98940902A EP1004033B1 EP 1004033 B1 EP1004033 B1 EP 1004033B1 EP 98940902 A EP98940902 A EP 98940902A EP 98940902 A EP98940902 A EP 98940902A EP 1004033 B1 EP1004033 B1 EP 1004033B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
magnetic field
field sensing
magnetization
terminating region
elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98940902A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1004033A1 (fr
Inventor
Hong Wan
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Honeywell Inc
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Honeywell Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
    • G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
    • G01R33/093—Magnetoresistive devices using multilayer structures, e.g. giant magnetoresistance sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
    • G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
    • G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
    • G01R33/096—Magnetoresistive devices anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors

Definitions

  • the invention relates in general to magnetic field sensors and more particularly to integrated magnetic field sensors formed on a single semiconductor die and requiring the use of a magnetic field for functions such as domain setting, calibration, establishing a bias or offset magnetic field, providing a feedback field, determining a sensor transfer characteristic, or other functions requiring a magnetic field.
  • the invention has application to a variety of magnetic sensors or transducers. These include, but are not limited to magnetoresistive transducers, giant and colossal magnetoresistive transducers, magnetodiodes, magnetotransistors and Hall effect transducers.
  • Magnetic field sensing devices may be used in many applications, including, but not limited to, solid state compassing, e.g., in automobiles; in signature detection, e.g., metal detection; and in anomaly detection, e.g., position sensing.
  • Solid state compassing may be used in personal items, for example, in a watch.
  • Position sensing may be used to sense the position of a medical device, such as a catheter within the body of a patient.
  • Extremely small magnetic field sensing devices can be made utilizing long thin strips of a magnetoresistive film of an NiFe material, such as PermalloyTM.
  • the magnetization of the film generally forms an angle with the current, and the resistance of the film depends on this angle.
  • the resistance is at a maximum, and when it is perpendicular to the current, the resistance has its minimum value.
  • the magnetization in these films must be set in a single domain state before it is ready to sense magnetic fields.
  • Magnetic field sensing devices may be constructed of elongated magnetoresistive strips which make up the four separate elements, or legs, of a wheatstone bridge. The legs are then oriented to be sensitive to a field perpendicular to the strips, which results in all strips being parallel in the bridge configuration.
  • Bridge configurations which will conserve space include arranging the four elements in a single plane into a single column or row sometimes referred to as 1x4 configuration, or arranging the four elements into two side-by-side sets of two elements each; sometimes referred to as a 2x2 configuration.
  • An illustration of a 1x4 configuration with set-reset conductor 12 and elements 13 is shown in Fig. 6a.
  • An illustration of a 2x2 configuration with set-reset conductor 14 and elements 15 is shown in Fig. 6b. Both configurations are discussed in U.S. Patent 5,247,278. This specification 5,247,278 discloses a single conductor for carrying current near the magnetic sensing elements.
  • the testing, setup, compensation, or calibration of magnetic field sensing devices represents an important area.
  • a second important area is the use of the sensing devices in a feedback control application.
  • the function needed in both areas is the ability to produce a known magnetic field at the magnetic field sensor. This known field and the ability to vary the field allows one to measure the response of the magnetic field sensor and perform set up, sensitivity and calibration operations, and to use the sensor in feedback applications.
  • the present invention provides an integrated device as defined in Claim 1.
  • the integrated device may include the features of any one or more of dependent Claims 2 to 6.
  • the present invention solves these and other needs by providing an extremely small, low power device, including means for setting and resetting the magnetic domains in magnetoresistive magnetic field sensing elements arranged in an electrical bridge network; and a current strap is provided for setting the directions of magnetization in opposing bridge elements in the same direction or in opposite directions depending on the particular design.
  • a current strap which produces a known magnetic field at the magnetic field sensing elements.
  • the known magnetic field is used for functions such as testing, set up, and calibration, as well as in feedback applications.
  • the present invention provides both a setting and resetting feature and the independent feature of producing a known magnetic field at the magnetic sensing elements through the use of a unique arrangement of coils.
  • the presence of both of these features in a magnetic field sensor increases the sensor functionality far beyond the sum of the individual functions of the two features.
  • FIG. I shows an integrated circuit layout for a magnetic field sensor in accordance with the present invention.
  • Magnetic field sensor 10 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 22 using integrated circuit techniques.
  • Four magnetoresistive elements 24, 26, 28, and 30 which utilize "barber pole" biasing are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
  • Each of magnetoresistive elements 24, 26, 28, and 30 is an array of nine parallel positioned magnetoresistive strips 32 electrically connected in series with one another. Individual magnetoresistive strips 32 are connected within magnetoresisitive elements 24, 26, 28 and 30 by interconnections (not shown). A tenth outer strip in each array is not electrically connected.
  • Substrate 22 has an insulating layer 24, typically of silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride.
  • insulating layer 24 typically of silicon dioxide and/or silicon nitride.
  • Background information on magnetoresistive sensors and the details of the formation of parallel positioned magnetic strips 32 on substrate 22 to provide magnetoresistive elements 22, 26, 28 and 30 are described in U. S. Patent 4,847,584 dated July 11, 1989 to Bharat B. Pant and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
  • U.S. Patent 5,247,278 dated September 21, 1993 and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention provides background information on the use of an integrated magnetic field sensing device.
  • Interconnect 34 connects the junction of element 24 and element 26 to pad 36.
  • Interconnect 38 connects an end of element 26 to pad 40.
  • Interconnect 42 connects pad 44 to element 24 and element 28.
  • Interconnect 46 connects pad 48 to element 30.
  • Interconnect 50 connects element 28 and element 30 to pad 52.
  • Elements 24, 26, 28 and 30 are connected into a wheatstone bridge arrangement.
  • a voltage may be applied between pad 44 and the common connection of pad 40 and pad 48.
  • a bridge output is then available between pad 36 and pad 52.
  • a set-reset conductor or current strap 54 is connected between pad 56 and pad 58.
  • Conductor 54 is in the form of a spiral that extends in a clockwise direction between pad 58 and pad 56.
  • Conductor 54 includes segments 60 which pass above magnetoresistive elements 28 and 30, and segments 62 which pass above magnetoresistive elements 24 and 26. With a current entering pad 56 and leaving at pad 58, the current in segments 60 will cause a magnetization in elements 28 and 30 in a direction towards a central part of die 20. The current in segment 62 will cause a magnetization in element 24 and 26 in a direction towards a central part of die 20.
  • the current in segments 62 When the current direction is reversed, the current in segments 62 will cause a magnetization in elements 24 and 26 in a direction away from a central part of die 20 and the current in segment 60 will cause a magnetization in elements 28 and 30 in a direction away from a central part of die 20.
  • Conductor or current strap 70 allows generation of a magnetic field in the sensitive direction of magnetoresistive elements 24, 26, 28 and 30.
  • Conductor 70 extends from pad 66 to pad 68 and includes a portion 72 and a portion 74. Segments of portion 72 are spaced from and aligned with elements 24 and 28. Segments 78 of portion 74 are spaced from and aligned with elements 26 and 30.
  • Conductor 70 is uniquely adapted to produce a predictable field in the sensitive direction of magnetoresistive elements 24, 26, 28 and 30 while limiting the current required to produce such a field, and limiting the size of the device.
  • portion 72 is a clockwise spiral form, originating at pad 66.
  • Segments 76 are of a width to approximately match a width of two magnetoresistive strips 32.
  • Portion 74 is different in that it is in a counterclockwise spiral form terminating at pad 68. When a DC current enters at pad 68 and exits at pad 66, a field is created in a direction as shown by arrow 80 in Fig. 1.
  • the present invention considers space requirements and power requirements of conductor 70. For example, segments 76 of portion 72 are wider than the remaining portion. The resistance of the remaining portion is therefore somewhat higher than that of segments 76.
  • An advantage that results from the present invention is that less space is required for the remaining portion of conductor 70.
  • the present invention provides a conductor 70 that requires about 25% less space and uses about 10% less power when compared to a same character single-spiral coil.
  • Conductor 70 may also be used to produce a magnetic field at magnetoresistive elements for the purpose of offsetting or balancing out an existing external magnetic field.
  • device 10 may be in a location where a 1.0 gauss external field in one direction is being sensed and it may he desirable to null out or neutralize this external field so device 10 will see essentially a "0" field.
  • a current may then be passed through conductor 70 to produce a 1.0 gauss field in the opposite direction and null out the external field.
  • conductor 70 can be used to keep device 10 at a "0" output condition.
  • a variable current sufficient to oppose the varying external field would be passed through conductor 70.
  • Measurement of the current required in conductor 70 would then be representative of the varying external magnetic field.
  • the electronics required for the feedback circuitry may be placed outside of device 10 or integrated into device 10.
  • Fig. 1a shows a greatly enlarged cross sectional view of Fig. 1 along section a-a.
  • Device 10 includes a silicon substrate 100, magnetoresistive strips 32, first dielectric 102, segments 78 of conductor 70, second dielectric 104, one of segments 60 and a passivation layer 106.
  • the relative locations of the layers containing sensing elements, the set-reset strap and the offset strap may be varied provided attention is given to the magnetic fields produced by the straps.
  • a first advantage relates to null voltage. At zero magnetic field in direction 80 any voltage at pads 36 and 52 is a null voltage due to some mismatch in the resistance of elements 24, 26, 28 and 30.
  • magnetoresistive sensors use magnetoresistive material such as a NiFe material 82 and 84.
  • the NiFe material has a nonlinear transfer function and a barberpole technique is used to bias the material in the linear region by providing shorting bars, for example, 86 and 88 of a highly conductive material such as AlCu which is placed on NiFe material 82 and 84 at an angle of about 45°.
  • the resistance of the material 82 and 84 then depends on the size of the NiFe strip, the number and size of the barberpoles, the space between barberpoles and the magnetoresistance.
  • the magnetization is initially set in direction 90 and 92. In the presence of a magnetic field in the direction of 94, the magnetization will rotate to directions 96 and 98, and if 82 and 84 represent two elements connected to form the top half of a wheatstone bridge, an output voltage from the bridge will result.
  • any output of voltage from the bridge will he due to the mismatch of the resistance of the bridge elements.
  • This mismatch comes about because of variations in the NiFe material thickness and line width of the NiFe and barberpole materials. This mismatch of resistance is estimated at less than 0.2%. However, where barberpole orientation is different for the legs of the upper half of the bridge, for example, in a 1x4 configuration, the mismatch of resistance may be as much as 0.7%.
  • a second advantage relates to reduced cross field effects.
  • Cross field is a magnetic field in the sensor die plane and transverse to the sensitive direction of this sensor. The magnetic sensor is insensitive in this direction, but an existing cross field could result in a change in sensitivity and null voltage of the sensor.
  • V bridge is the supplied voltage to the sensor
  • S is the sensitivity
  • H is the magnetic field in the sensitive direction.
  • Sensitivity is determined by MR ratio ⁇ R/R of the sensor material and a saturation field H S , which is a combination of crystal and shape anisotropy fields.
  • Device 10 is a 2x2 design, which means that two pairs of legs, 24 and 28 or 26 and 30, in the bridge have opposite saturation fields.
  • a cross field is parallel to the saturation field, it adds to one side and subtracts from the other.
  • H C With a cross field H C , the sensitivity S of the sensor changes. For a one-Oe cross field, the sensitivity was found to change about 0.3%.
  • a cross field is a field adding on the top of the saturation field, it could increase or decrease the sensitivity depending on its polarity, with a cross field H C , the sensitivity of the sensor changes.
  • H C the sensitivity of the sensor changes.
  • the sensitivity was found to change about 12%. Alternating sensor output polarity for each measurement by using set and reset pulses, then subtracting the two readings in each measurement will greatly reduce the cross field error with a 1x4 configuration.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
  • Hall/Mr Elements (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Dispositif intégré (10) pour la détection de champs magnétiques externes, comprenant :
    un moyen de détection des champs magnétiques comportant au moins des premier et deuxième éléments de détection de champs magnétiques (24, 26, 28, 30) et une région de connexion de sortie (58), ledit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques étant agencé de manière à être sensible à des composantes de champs magnétiques dans une première direction et à fournir un signal de sortie au niveau de ladite région de connexion de sortie ;
    un moyen destiné à fixer la direction d'aimantation dans ledit premier élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans une deuxième direction et à fixer la direction d'aimantation dans ledit deuxième élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans une troisième direction, ledit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques fournissant un. signal de sortie à un premier niveau ; et destiné à inverser lesdites directions d'aimantation dans lesdits premier et deuxième éléments de détection de champs magnétiques, ledit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques fournissant alors un signal de sortie à un deuxième niveau, la différence entre ledit premier signal de sortie au premier niveau et ledit deuxième signal de sortie au deuxième niveau représentant lesdites composantes de champs magnétiques externes dans une première direction ; et
    un moyen destiné à produire un champ magnétique dans ladite première direction au niveau dudit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques, comprenant une première bobine (72) à l'écart dudit premier élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant un premier courant dans un sens horaire, et une deuxième bobine (74) à l'écart dudit deuxième élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant ledit premier courant dans un sens antihoraire.
  2. Dispositif intégré selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques est formé d'un alliage fer-nickel.
  3. Dispositif intégré selon la revendication 2, dans lequel ledit moyen destiné à produire un champ magnétique est situé entre une couche comprenant ledit moyen destiné à fixer la direction d'aimantation et une couche comprenant ledit moyen de détection de champs magnétiques.
  4. Dispositif intégré selon la revendication 1, comprenant :
    un moyen de détection de champs magnétiques comportant des premier, deuxième, troisième et quatrième éléments magnétorésistifs (24, 26, 28, 30), chacun desdits éléments magnétorésistifs comportant des première et deuxième régions de connexion, ladite première région dudit premier élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite première région de connexion dudit troisième élément magnétorésistif, ladite deuxième région dudit premier élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit deuxième élément magnétorésistif, ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit troisième élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit quatrième élément magnétorésistif et ladite première région de connexion dudit deuxième élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite première région de connexion dudit quatrième élément magnétorésistif ;
    une première bobine (72) dotée d'une forme en spirale et située de manière à créer un champ magnétique au niveau dudit premier et dudit troisième élément de détection dans la deuxième direction et à créer un champ magnétique au niveau dudit deuxième et dudit quatrième élément de détection dans une troisième direction, ladite troisième direction étant opposée à ladite deuxième direction ; et
    une deuxième bobine (74) à l'écart dudit premier et dudit troisième élément de détection de champs magnétiques, et conduisant le premier courant dans un sens horaire et une troisième bobine à l'écart dudit deuxième et dudit troisième élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant ledit premier courant dans un sens antihoraire.
  5. Dispositif intégré selon la revendication 1 comprenant :
    un substrat ;
    une couche de détection de champs magnétiques comprenant au moins des premier et deuxième éléments de détection de champs magnétiques (24, 26, 28, 30) et une région de connexion de sortie, ladite couche de détection de champs magnétiques étant agencée de manière à être sensible à des composantes de champs magnétiques dans la première direction et à fournir un signal de sortie au niveau de ladite région de connexion de sortie ;
    une couche de fixation de l'aimantation destinée à fixer la direction d'aimantation dans ledit premier élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans la deuxième direction et à fixer la direction d'aimantation dans ledit deuxième élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans une direction opposée à ladite deuxième direction, et destinée à inverser lesdites directions d'aimantation dans lesdits premier et deuxième éléments de détection de champs magnétiques; et
    une couche de production d'un champ magnétique destinée à produire un champ magnétique dans ladite première direction au niveau desdits éléments de détection de champs magnétiques, ladite couche de production d'un champ magnétique comprenant une première bobine (72) à l'écart dudit premier élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant le premier courant dans un sens horaire, et une deuxième bobine (74) à l'écart dudit deuxième élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant ledit premier courant dans un sens antihoraire, où une couche parmi ladite couche de détection de champs magnétiques, ladite couche de fixation de l'aimantation ou ladite couche de production d'un champ magnétique est formée sur ledit substrat.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, comprenant :
    une couche de détection de champs magnétiques comportant des premier, deuxième, troisième et quatrième éléments magnétorésistifs (24, 26, 28, 30), chacun desdits éléments magnétorésistifs comportant des première et deuxième régions de connexion, ladite première région de connexion dudit premier élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite première région de connexion dudit troisième élément magnétorésistif, ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit premier élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit deuxième élément magnétorésistif, ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit troisième élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite deuxième région de connexion dudit quatrième élément magnétorésistif et ladite première région de connexion dudit deuxième élément magnétorésistif étant raccordée à ladite première région de connexion dudit quatrième élément magnétorésistif ;
    une couche de fixation de l'aimantation destinée à fixer une direction d'aimantation dans ledit premier et ledit troisième élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans la deuxième direction et à fixer la direction d'aimantation dans ledit deuxième et ledit quatrième élément de détection de champs magnétiques dans une direction opposée à ladite deuxième direction, et destinée à inverser lesdites directions d'aimantation; et
    une couche de production d'un champ magnétique destinée à produire un champ magnétique dans ladite première direction au niveau desdits éléments de détection de champs magnétiques, ladite couche de production d'un champ magnétique comprenant une première bobine (72) à l'écart dudit premier élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant le premier courant dans un sens horaire, et une deuxième bobine (74) à l'écart dudit deuxième élément de détection de champs magnétiques et conduisant ledit premier courant dans un sens antihoraire, où une couche parmi ladite couche de détection de champs magnétiques, ladite couche de fixation de l'aimantation ou ladite couche de production d'un champ magnétique est formée sur ledit substrat.
EP98940902A 1997-08-14 1998-08-14 Dispositif de detection des champs magnetiques Expired - Lifetime EP1004033B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/911,550 US5952825A (en) 1997-08-14 1997-08-14 Magnetic field sensing device having integral coils for producing magnetic fields
US911550 1997-08-14
PCT/US1998/016922 WO1999009427A1 (fr) 1997-08-14 1998-08-14 Dispositif de detection des champs magnetiques

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1004033A1 EP1004033A1 (fr) 2000-05-31
EP1004033B1 true EP1004033B1 (fr) 2002-10-16

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US (1) US5952825A (fr)
EP (1) EP1004033B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP5044070B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE69808776T2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999009427A1 (fr)

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JP2001516031A (ja) 2001-09-25
DE69808776D1 (de) 2002-11-21

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