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EP1067569A1 - Fast mechanical switching device - Google Patents

Fast mechanical switching device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1067569A1
EP1067569A1 EP99810596A EP99810596A EP1067569A1 EP 1067569 A1 EP1067569 A1 EP 1067569A1 EP 99810596 A EP99810596 A EP 99810596A EP 99810596 A EP99810596 A EP 99810596A EP 1067569 A1 EP1067569 A1 EP 1067569A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
switching point
point according
coils
switching
contact
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99810596A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1067569B1 (en
Inventor
Klaus Prof. Dr. Fröhlich
Walter Holaus
Kurt Dr. Kaltenegger
Michael Steurer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Schweiz AG
Original Assignee
ABB Hochspannungstechnik AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Hochspannungstechnik AG filed Critical ABB Hochspannungstechnik AG
Priority to EP99810596A priority Critical patent/EP1067569B1/en
Priority to DE59913821T priority patent/DE59913821D1/en
Priority to JP2000202526A priority patent/JP2001057142A/en
Priority to US09/610,619 priority patent/US6501635B1/en
Priority to CNB00119996XA priority patent/CN1169172C/en
Publication of EP1067569A1 publication Critical patent/EP1067569A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1067569B1 publication Critical patent/EP1067569B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
    • H01H3/22—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism
    • H01H3/222—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using electrodynamic repulsion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/36—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by sliding
    • H01H1/365—Bridging contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
    • H01H3/22—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism
    • H01H3/222—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using electrodynamic repulsion
    • H01H2003/225—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using electrodynamic repulsion with coil contact, i.e. the movable contact itself forms a secondary coil in which the repulsing current is induced by an operating current in a stationary coil

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a switching point of a high or Medium-voltage switch according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a switching point of the type mentioned above is described in EP 0 147 036.
  • One on one bridge contact piece fastened electrically conductive disc closes two fixed contact pieces in the closed state of the switching point short.
  • a flat coil is attached to both sides of the disc such that the disc can be moved between the two coils by means of electrodynamic forces, which causes the bridge contactor to short circuit between the fixed Cancels switching pieces, or restores them.
  • a current is fed into the first coil, which is in the disc causes an eddy current opposite to the current in the coil.
  • the both currents have a repulsive effect on one another, which causes the movable disc removed from the fixed coil and the bridge contact cancels the short circuit between the fixed contact pieces.
  • a current is in the second coil fed.
  • the object of the invention is as set out in the claims based on specifying a switching point of the type mentioned, which quickly and can be opened and closed with little energy.
  • the switching point according to the invention is axially symmetrical. This succeeds it to largely avoid undesirable leakage inductances, which is particularly the case with any commutation of the current on a parallel path is advantageous.
  • the for Formation of the forces of an electrodynamic contact drive necessary Induction current is in the nominal current-carrying, movable bridge contact generated, whereby an otherwise usually provided disc-shaped part for Guiding the induction current and thus additional mass to be accelerated can be saved.
  • the required to achieve a certain opening or the closing speed of the switching point minimizes the drive energy required.
  • opening there are also two contact gaps, each of one of two partial arcs connected in series are bridged. Through this series connection of Partial arcs increase the falling at a contact arrangement of the switching point Arc voltage, which in turn is particularly useful in the event of a parallel path can be commutated quickly and effectively.
  • Fig. 1 shows a contact arrangement of the switching point according to the invention in the closed Status.
  • a nominal current IN flows in from a first connection 11 fixed contact 1, a movable, designed as a contact ring 3 Bridge contact and a fixed contact 2 to a second Connection 21.
  • the fixed contact 1 is designed as a disc and from surround the fixed contact piece 2, which is substantially cylindrical is trained.
  • the two fixed contact pieces 1, which are coaxially interlocked and 2 and the contact ring 3 fitted between them together form the Contact arrangement.
  • the contact arrangement is made of an electrically insulating Contact carrier 7 worn. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the circular ring 3 in move in the axial direction.
  • the contact arrangement can be opened and the Rated current IN can be interrupted.
  • To drive the contact ring 3 contains the Switching point an electrodynamic drive, with two ring-shaped, flat coils 5 and 6.
  • the two coils 5 and 6 delimit one in the axial direction Annulus 8, in which the circular ring 3 moves back and forth.
  • the annular space 8 is delimited by an insulating body 4 which also has the coil 6 wearing.
  • the exact geometric design of the contact arrangement can be seen in FIG. 3.
  • the two fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 form a gap 81.
  • This gap is so wide that in the closed state of the switching point the contact ring 3 fits exactly and has good electrical contact on both sides with the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2.
  • the contact pieces 1 and 2 are provided with contact fingers K against the gap 81.
  • the contact fingers K are separated from one another by slots L and have a low spring action in the radial direction. As a result, the mechanical hold of the contact ring 3 in the gap 81 and the electrical contact are improved.
  • the first coil 5, which is required for opening the contact arrangement, is attached below the gap 81.
  • the contact ring 3 is located at the other end of the annular space 8, in a holding device 10, the task of which is to hold the contact ring 3.
  • the second coil 6, which is required for closing the contact arrangement, is attached above the holding device 10.
  • the insulating body 4 is pressure-resistant and is gas-tightly attached to the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2.
  • the annular space 8 has a region 82 which is widened in the radial direction between the gap 81 and the holding device 10.
  • the annular space 8 is filled with a gaseous medium, for example air or SF 6 under atmospheric or higher pressure.
  • the two coils 5 and 6 are fed by a power electronic control unit 9.
  • 3 and 4 show a first embodiment of the control unit 9 of the switching point according to the invention.
  • a first capacitor C S and two thyristors T S1 and T S2 with antiparallel connected freewheeling diodes D S2 and D S1 are connected to coil 6 to form a first circuit.
  • a second capacitor C O and two further thyristors T O1 and T O2 with antiparallel switched freewheeling diodes D O2 and D O1 with the coil 5 are connected to a second resonant circuit.
  • the functioning of the drive of the switching point is explained on the basis of a closing process, as is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the contact ring 3 is located in the holding device 10, the capacitor C S is positively charged and the two thyristors T S1 and T S2 are blocked.
  • the capacitor C S is discharged via T S1 , the coil 6 and the freewheeling diode D S1 .
  • the result is a sinusoidal current pulse I S in the drive coil 6, which causes an eddy current I W in the contact ring 3 directly below it.
  • the drive current Is and the eddy current I W have opposite directions, which results in a repulsive effect Fs between the contact ring 3 and coil 6.
  • the coil 6 is firmly connected to the insulating body 4.
  • the contact ring 3 is accelerated downwards and is only dampened when it enters the gap 81 by an air cushion enclosed in the gap 81 and by friction. When it hits the coil 5 underneath it, it is finally braked.
  • the capacitor C S forms a series resonant circuit with the coil 6. A one-time firing of the thyristor T S1 thus results in the capacitor C S swinging over.
  • the capacitor C S is now negatively charged with a voltage slightly lower than the original voltage, since the ohmic resistors in the circuit result in electrical losses.
  • the thyristor T S2 is ignited, with which the capacitor C S is recharged a second time via T S2 , the coil 6 and the free-wheeling diode D S2 . Due to the greater distance between the contact ring 3 and the coil 6, there is now a smaller force pulse F S on the contact ring. However, this is sufficient to prevent the ring from rebounding from the fully closed position.
  • the successive firing of the thyristors T S1 and T S2 has the essential advantage that the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 do not have to be dimensioned according to the braking force on the contact ring 3 during the closing process.
  • the contact ring 3 only has to have sufficient kinetic energy to reach the completely closed position against the friction of the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2. Bouncing back from there is not possible due to the second power surge that follows.
  • the second triggering also has the advantage that the capacitor C S swings around again and is therefore positively charged again.
  • a charging device that can only generate positive charging voltages can now be switched on again directly in order to recharge the capacitor C S. Because of the residual charge voltage already present, this recharging process will also be significantly faster than a recharging process. For applications in which repeated triggering is required, the charging device can thus be made smaller.
  • An opening process corresponds essentially to the closing process.
  • the contact ring 3 is located in the gap 81, the capacitor C O is positively charged and the two thyristors T O1 and T O2 are blocked.
  • the capacitor C O is discharged via T O1 (T O2 ), the coil 5 and the freewheeling diode D O1 (D O2 ).
  • the current in turn causes an eddy current in the contact ring 3, which is then accelerated in the axial direction and detached from the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 to form two partial arcs connected in series.
  • the contact ring 3 moves in the annular space 8 in the axial direction and is only delayed again by the holding device 10.
  • the holding device 10 is designed in the form of a narrowing of the annular space 8.
  • the contact ring is completely braked and held in place by friction.
  • the slots L in the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 prevent eddy current formation in the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2.
  • the slots L run away from the gap 81 in the radial direction and have a length of about 1 cm.
  • the drive is based on both the closing process and the opening process the principle of electrodynamic repulsion. It is particularly advantageous that only the contact ring 3 is moved mechanically. No further is needed moving parts for power transmission, triggering or energy storage.
  • the Electrodynamic drive also has the advantages of exact triggerability Ignition of a thyristor, the short-term, fast-acting and very high Impulse force and the uniform force effect on the contact ring. Thanks to the axially symmetrical design of the contact arrangement of the switching point according to the Invention is the contact ring 3 without mechanical guide elements by the expanded area 82 of the annular space 8 out.
  • the holding device with the conical extending constriction 10 at the upper end of the annulus 8 and conical bevelled, fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 at the lower end of the Annulus 8 inherently center the contact ring 3.
  • the inner geometry of the annular space 8 can be used to advantage Contact ring 3 to delay during the opening process or in order Annulus 8 a suitable flow of the gaseous medium present there to reach. This is vital when the contact ring 3 becomes one Loses contact time at which the nominal current IN is not zero. Also at The existence of a low-impedance and low-inductance parallel path will increase Commutation arcs between the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 and form the contact ring 3, which by the flow in the annular space 8 and through the insulating body 4 are cooled. This has a higher arc voltage Consequence, which in turn accelerates the commutation process.
  • the geometric mass of the contact arrangement of the switching point according to the invention depend on the nominal electrical data of the switching point. At a nominal current IN the switching point of 5 kA and a nominal voltage of 12 kV is the Diameter of the contact ring 3 approx. 250 mm. Its the width of the gap 81 corresponding thickness is 8 mm. At a height of a few millimeters, it's over silver-plated aluminum built contact ring 3 a mass of some 10 to 100 gram. The switching time for a switching point of this size is approx. 1 ms per Switching operation.

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  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Linear Motors (AREA)
  • Relay Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

The switching point two fixed switching parts (1,2), a movable, electrically conducting bridge switching part (3) that shorts the fixed parts in the closed state of the switching point and a drive for moving the bridge switching part. The fixed and movable switching parts and drive coils (5,6) are arranged symmetrically wrt. an axis so that the fixed switching parts are in the form of mutually engaging cylinders and bound an annular gap (81). The bridge switching part is an axially movable contact ring that fits in the annular gap in the closed state and the coils are arranged on both sides of the contact ring and mutually offset in the axial direction.

Description

TECHNISCHES GEBIETTECHNICAL AREA

Bei der Erfindung wird ausgegangen von einer Schaltstelle eines Hoch- oder Mittelspannungsschalters nach dem Oberbegriff von Patentanspruch 1.The invention is based on a switching point of a high or Medium-voltage switch according to the preamble of claim 1.

STAND DER TECHNIKSTATE OF THE ART

Eine Schaltstelle der obengenannten Art ist in EP 0 147 036 beschrieben. Ein an einer elektrisch leitenden Scheibe befestigtes Brückenschaltstück schliesst zwei feststehende Schaltstücke im geschlossenen Zustand der Schaltstelle kurz. Auf beiden Seiten der Scheibe ist je eine flache Spule derart angebracht, dass die Scheibe zwischen den beiden Spulen mittels elektrodynamischer Kräfte bewegt werden kann, wodurch das Brückenschaltstück den Kurzschluss zwischen den feststehenden Schaltstücken aufhebt, beziehungsweise wieder herstellt. Im geschlossenen Zustand der Schaltstelle wird in die erste Spule ein Strom eingespiesen, der in der Scheibe einen dem Strom in der Spule entgegengesetzt gerichteten Wirbelstrom bewirkt. Die beiden Ströme haben aufeinander eine abstossende Wirkung, wodurch sich die bewegliche Scheibe von der feststehenden Spule entfernt und das Brückenschaltstück den Kurzschluss zwischen den feststehenden Schaltstücken aufhebt. Um die Scheibe zurückzubewegen und das Brückenschaltstück wieder kurzschliessend an die feststehenden Schaltstücke zu bringen, wird in die zweite Spule ein Strom eingespiesen. A switching point of the type mentioned above is described in EP 0 147 036. One on one bridge contact piece fastened electrically conductive disc closes two fixed contact pieces in the closed state of the switching point short. On A flat coil is attached to both sides of the disc such that the disc can be moved between the two coils by means of electrodynamic forces, which causes the bridge contactor to short circuit between the fixed Cancels switching pieces, or restores them. When closed the switching point, a current is fed into the first coil, which is in the disc causes an eddy current opposite to the current in the coil. The both currents have a repulsive effect on one another, which causes the movable disc removed from the fixed coil and the bridge contact cancels the short circuit between the fixed contact pieces. Around the pane to move back and short-circuit the bridge contact to the Bringing fixed contact pieces, a current is in the second coil fed.

KURZE DARSTELLUNG DER ERFINDUNGSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Der Erfindung, wie sie in den Patentansprüchen angegeben ist, liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Schaltstelle der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, welche schnell und mit geringem Energieaufwand geöffnet und geschlossen werden kann.The object of the invention is as set out in the claims based on specifying a switching point of the type mentioned, which quickly and can be opened and closed with little energy.

Die erfindungsgemässe Schaltstelle ist axialsymmetrisch ausgebildet. Dadurch gelingt es, unerwünschte Streuinduktivitäten weitgehend zu vermeiden, was besonders bei einer allfälligen Kommutierung des Stroms auf ein Parallelpfad vorteilhaft ist. Der zur Bildung der Kräfte eines elektrodynamischen Kontaktantriebs notwendige Induktionsstrom wird im nennstromführenden, beweglichen Brückenschaltstück generiert, wodurch ein sonst üblicherweise vorgesehenes scheibenförmiges Teil zur Führung des Induktionsstroms und damit zusätzliche zu beschleunigende Masse eingespart werden kann. Hierdurch wird die zum Erzielen einer bestimmten Öffnungs- bzw. Schliessgeschwindigkeit der Schaltstelle notwendige Antriebsenergie minimiert. Beim Öffnen entstehen zudem zwei Kontaktspalte, welche jeweils von einem von zwei in Serie geschalteten Teillichtbögen überbrückt sind. Durch diese Serienschaltung von Teillichtbögen erhöht sich die an einer Kontaktanordnung der Schaltstelle abfallende Lichtbogenspannung, womit wiederum bei einem allfälligen Parallelpfad besonders rasch und wirkungsvoll kommutiert werden kann.The switching point according to the invention is axially symmetrical. This succeeds it to largely avoid undesirable leakage inductances, which is particularly the case with any commutation of the current on a parallel path is advantageous. The for Formation of the forces of an electrodynamic contact drive necessary Induction current is in the nominal current-carrying, movable bridge contact generated, whereby an otherwise usually provided disc-shaped part for Guiding the induction current and thus additional mass to be accelerated can be saved. As a result, the required to achieve a certain opening or the closing speed of the switching point minimizes the drive energy required. When opening, there are also two contact gaps, each of one of two partial arcs connected in series are bridged. Through this series connection of Partial arcs increase the falling at a contact arrangement of the switching point Arc voltage, which in turn is particularly useful in the event of a parallel path can be commutated quickly and effectively.

KURZE BESCHREIBUNG DER ZEICHNUNGENBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung und die damit erzielbaren weiteren Vorteile werden nachfolgend anhand von Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Hierbei zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine Aufsicht auf einen längs einer Achse geführten Schnitt durch eine Kontaktanordnung und zwei Spulen der Schaltstelle nach der Erfindung im geschlossenen Zustand,
Fig. 2
die Kontaktanordnung und die Spulen der Schaltstelle nach Fig. 1 im geöffneten Zustand,
Fig. 3
eine erste Ausführungsform der Schaltstelle nach der Erfindung mit einem vergrössert dargestelltem Teil der Kontaktanordnung nach Fig. 2 mit einem Teil einer ersten leistungselektronischen Steuereinheit zu Beginn eines Schliessvorgangs,
Fig. 4
eine schematische Darstellung der Schaltstelle nach Fig. 3 mit der ersten Steuereinheit, und
Fig. 5
eine schematische Darstellung einer zweiten Ausführungsform der Schaltstelle nach der Erfindung mit einer zweiten leistungselektronischen Steuereinheit.
Preferred embodiments of the invention and the further advantages achievable therewith are explained in more detail below with reference to drawings. Here shows:
Fig. 1
2 shows a plan view of a section taken along an axis through a contact arrangement and two coils of the switching point according to the invention in the closed state,
Fig. 2
the contact arrangement and the coils of the switching point of FIG. 1 in the open state,
Fig. 3
1 shows a first embodiment of the switching point according to the invention with an enlarged part of the contact arrangement according to FIG. 2 with a part of a first power electronic control unit at the beginning of a closing process,
Fig. 4
a schematic representation of the switching point of FIG. 3 with the first control unit, and
Fig. 5
is a schematic representation of a second embodiment of the switching point according to the invention with a second power electronic control unit.

WEG ZUR AUSFÜHRUNG DER ERFINDUNGWAY OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In allen Figuren beziehen sich gleiche Bezugszeichen auf gleichwirkende Teile. Fig. 1 zeigt eine Kontaktanordnung der erfindungsgemässe Schaltstelle in geschlossenem Zustand. Ein Nennstrom IN fliesst von einem ersten Anschluss 11 durch ein feststehendes Schaltstück 1, ein bewegliches, als Kontaktring 3 ausgebildetes Brückenschaltstück sowie ein feststehendes Schaltstück 2 zu einem zweiten Anschluss 21. Das feststehende Schaltstück 1 ist als Scheibe ausgebildet und von dem feststehende Schaltstück 2 umgeben, welches im wesentlichen zylinderförmig ausgebildet ist. Die beiden koaxial ineinandergeführten, feststehenden Schaltstücke 1 und 2 sowie der dazwischen eingepasste Kontaktring 3 bilden zusammen die Kontaktanordnung. Die Kontaktanordnung wird von einem elektrisch isolierenden Kontaktträger 7 getragen. Wie aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich ist, lässt sich der Kreisring 3 in axialer Richtung bewegen. Dadurch kann die Kontaktanordnung geöffnet und der Nennstrom IN unterbrochen werden. Um den Kontaktring 3 anzutreiben enthält die Schaltstelle einen elektrodynamischen Antrieb, mit zwei ringförmigen, flachen Spulen 5 und 6. Die beiden Spulen 5 und 6 begrenzen in der axialen Richtung einen Ringraum 8, in welchem sich der Kreisring 3 hin- und herbewegt. In radialer Richtung wird der Ringraum 8 durch einen Isolierkörper 4 begrenzt, welcher zudem die Spule 6 trägt.In all figures, the same reference numerals refer to parts having the same effect. Fig. 1 shows a contact arrangement of the switching point according to the invention in the closed Status. A nominal current IN flows in from a first connection 11 fixed contact 1, a movable, designed as a contact ring 3 Bridge contact and a fixed contact 2 to a second Connection 21. The fixed contact 1 is designed as a disc and from surround the fixed contact piece 2, which is substantially cylindrical is trained. The two fixed contact pieces 1, which are coaxially interlocked and 2 and the contact ring 3 fitted between them together form the Contact arrangement. The contact arrangement is made of an electrically insulating Contact carrier 7 worn. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the circular ring 3 in move in the axial direction. As a result, the contact arrangement can be opened and the Rated current IN can be interrupted. To drive the contact ring 3 contains the Switching point an electrodynamic drive, with two ring-shaped, flat coils 5 and 6. The two coils 5 and 6 delimit one in the axial direction Annulus 8, in which the circular ring 3 moves back and forth. In the radial direction the annular space 8 is delimited by an insulating body 4 which also has the coil 6 wearing.

Die genaue geometrische Ausführung der Kontaktanordnung ist aus Fig. 3 ersichtlich. Die beiden feststehenden Schaltstücke 1 und 2 bilden einen Spalt 81. Dieser Spalt ist so breit, dass im geschlossenen Zustand der Schaltstelle der Kontaktring 3 genau hineinpasst und beidseitig guten, elektrischen Kontakt mit den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2 hat. Die Schaltstücke 1 und 2 sind gegen den Spalt 81 hin mit Kontaktfingern K versehen. Die Kontaktfinger K sind durch Schlitze L voneinander getrennt und haben eine geringe Federwirkung in radialer Richtung. Dadurch wird der mechanische Halt des Kontaktrings 3 im Spalt 81 sowie der elektrische Kontakt verbessert. Unterhalb des Spalts 81 ist die erste Spule 5 angebracht, die für das Öffnen der Kontaktanordnung benötigt wird. Im dargestellten, geöffneten Zustand der Schaltstelle befindet sich der Kontaktring 3 am anderen Ende des Ringraums 8, in einer Haltevorrichtung 10, deren Aufgabe es ist, den Kontaktring 3 festzuhalten. Oberhalb der Haltevorrichtung 10 ist die zweite Spule 6 angebracht, die für das Schliessen der Kontaktanordnung benötigt wird. Der Isolierkörper 4 ist druckfest und ist gasdicht auf den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2 befestigt. Der Ringraum 8 weist zwischen dem Spalt 81 und der Haltevorrichtung 10 einen in radialer Richtung aufgeweiteten Bereich 82 auf. Der Ringraum 8 ist mit einem gasförmigen Medium gefüllt, zum Beispiel Luft oder SF6 unter atmosphärischem oder höherem Druck.The exact geometric design of the contact arrangement can be seen in FIG. 3. The two fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 form a gap 81. This gap is so wide that in the closed state of the switching point the contact ring 3 fits exactly and has good electrical contact on both sides with the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2. The contact pieces 1 and 2 are provided with contact fingers K against the gap 81. The contact fingers K are separated from one another by slots L and have a low spring action in the radial direction. As a result, the mechanical hold of the contact ring 3 in the gap 81 and the electrical contact are improved. The first coil 5, which is required for opening the contact arrangement, is attached below the gap 81. In the illustrated, open state of the switching point, the contact ring 3 is located at the other end of the annular space 8, in a holding device 10, the task of which is to hold the contact ring 3. The second coil 6, which is required for closing the contact arrangement, is attached above the holding device 10. The insulating body 4 is pressure-resistant and is gas-tightly attached to the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2. The annular space 8 has a region 82 which is widened in the radial direction between the gap 81 and the holding device 10. The annular space 8 is filled with a gaseous medium, for example air or SF 6 under atmospheric or higher pressure.

Die beiden Spulen 5 und 6 werden von einer leistungselektronischen Steuereinheit 9 gespiesen. Fig. 3 und Fig. 4 zeigen eine erste Ausführungsform der Steuereinheit 9 der erfindungsgemässen Schaltstelle. Ein erster Kondensator CS und zwei Thyristoren TS1 und TS2 mit antiparallel geschalteten Freilaufdioden DS2 und DS1 sind mit der Spule 6 zu einem ersten Kreis geschaltet. Analog dazu sind ein zweiter Kondensator CO und zwei weitere Thyristoren TO1 und TO2 mit antiparalell geschalteten Freilaufdioden DO2 und DO1 mit der Spule 5 zu einem zweiten Schwingkreis geschaltet.The two coils 5 and 6 are fed by a power electronic control unit 9. 3 and 4 show a first embodiment of the control unit 9 of the switching point according to the invention. A first capacitor C S and two thyristors T S1 and T S2 with antiparallel connected freewheeling diodes D S2 and D S1 are connected to coil 6 to form a first circuit. Analogously, a second capacitor C O and two further thyristors T O1 and T O2 with antiparallel switched freewheeling diodes D O2 and D O1 with the coil 5 are connected to a second resonant circuit.

Die Funktionsweise des Antriebs der Schaltstelle wird anhand eines Schliessvorgangs erläutert, wie er in Fig. 3 dargestellt ist. Der Kontaktring 3 befindet sich in der Haltevorrichtung 10, der Kondensator CS ist positiv geladen und die beiden Thyristoren TS1 und TS2 sind gesperrt. Durch Zünden des bezüglich der Ladespannung des Kondensators CS positiv gepolten Thyristors TS1 wird der Kondensator CS über TS1, die Spule 6 und die Freilaufdiode DS1 entladen. Es ergibt sich ein sinusförmiger Stromimpuls IS in der Antriebsspule 6, welcher in dem direkt darunterliegenden Kontaktring 3 einen Wirbelstrom IW bewirkt. Der Antriebsstrom Is und der Wirbelstrom IW haben entgegengesetzte Richtung, wodurch sich eine abstossende Wirkung Fs zwischen Kontaktring 3 und Spule 6 ergibt. Die Spule 6 ist mit dem Isolierkörper 4 fest verbunden. Der Kontaktring 3 wird nach unten beschleunigt und erst beim Eintreten in den Spalt 81 durch ein im Spalt 81 eingeschlossenes Luftpolster sowie durch Reibwirkung gedämpft. Beim Auftreffen auf der darunter angebrachten Spule 5 wird er schliesslich endgültig gebremst. Der Kondensator CS bildet mit der Spule 6 einen Serienschwingkreis. Ein einmaliges Zünden des Thyristors TS1 hat also einen Umschwingvorgang des Kondensators CS zur Folge. Der Kondensator CS ist nun negativ mit einer etwas kleineren als der ursprünglichen Spannung geladen, da die ohmschen Widerstände im Kreis elektrische Verluste ergeben. Um nun ein Zurückprallen des Kontaktringes 3 aus der vollständig geschlossenen Position im Spalt 81 zu verhindern, wird der Thyristor TS2 gezündet, womit sich der Kondensator CS über TS2, der Spule 6 und der Freilaufdiode DS2 ein zweites Mal umlädt. Aufgrund des grösseren Abstandes des Kontaktringes 3 zur Spule 6 ergibt sich nun ein geringerer Kraftimpuls FS auf den Kontaktring. Dieser reicht aber aus, um das Zurückprallen des Ringes aus der vollständig geschlossenen Position zu verhindern.The functioning of the drive of the switching point is explained on the basis of a closing process, as is shown in FIG. 3. The contact ring 3 is located in the holding device 10, the capacitor C S is positively charged and the two thyristors T S1 and T S2 are blocked. By igniting the thyristor T S1 which is positively polarized with respect to the charging voltage of the capacitor C S , the capacitor C S is discharged via T S1 , the coil 6 and the freewheeling diode D S1 . The result is a sinusoidal current pulse I S in the drive coil 6, which causes an eddy current I W in the contact ring 3 directly below it. The drive current Is and the eddy current I W have opposite directions, which results in a repulsive effect Fs between the contact ring 3 and coil 6. The coil 6 is firmly connected to the insulating body 4. The contact ring 3 is accelerated downwards and is only dampened when it enters the gap 81 by an air cushion enclosed in the gap 81 and by friction. When it hits the coil 5 underneath it, it is finally braked. The capacitor C S forms a series resonant circuit with the coil 6. A one-time firing of the thyristor T S1 thus results in the capacitor C S swinging over. The capacitor C S is now negatively charged with a voltage slightly lower than the original voltage, since the ohmic resistors in the circuit result in electrical losses. In order to prevent the contact ring 3 from rebounding from the completely closed position in the gap 81, the thyristor T S2 is ignited, with which the capacitor C S is recharged a second time via T S2 , the coil 6 and the free-wheeling diode D S2 . Due to the greater distance between the contact ring 3 and the coil 6, there is now a smaller force pulse F S on the contact ring. However, this is sufficient to prevent the ring from rebounding from the fully closed position.

Das aufeinanderfolgende Zünden der Thyristoren TS1 und TS2 hat den wesentlichen Vorteil, dass die feststehenden Schaltstücke 1 und 2 nicht nach der Bremskraft auf den Kontaktring 3 beim Schliessvorgang dimensioniert werden müssen. Der Kontaktring 3 muss nur genügend kinetische Energie besitzen, um entgegen der Reibung der feststehenden Schaltstücke 1 und 2 die vollständig geschlossene Position zu erreichen. Ein Zurückprallen von dort ist wegen des nun folgenden zweiten Kraftstosses nicht möglich. Weiter hat das zweite Auslösen den Vorteil, dass der Kondensator CS dabei wieder umschwingt und also wieder positiv geladen ist. Eine Ladeeinrichtung, welche nur positive Ladespannungen erzeugen kann, kann nun direkt wieder zugeschalten werden, um den Kondensator CS nachzuladen. Wegen der schon vorhandenen Restladespannung wird dieser Wiederaufladevorgang auch deutlich schneller sein als ein Neuladevorgang. Für Anwendungen, bei denen ein wiederholtes Auslösen vonnöten ist, kann damit die Ladevorrichtung niedriger dimensioniert werden.The successive firing of the thyristors T S1 and T S2 has the essential advantage that the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 do not have to be dimensioned according to the braking force on the contact ring 3 during the closing process. The contact ring 3 only has to have sufficient kinetic energy to reach the completely closed position against the friction of the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2. Bouncing back from there is not possible due to the second power surge that follows. The second triggering also has the advantage that the capacitor C S swings around again and is therefore positively charged again. A charging device that can only generate positive charging voltages can now be switched on again directly in order to recharge the capacitor C S. Because of the residual charge voltage already present, this recharging process will also be significantly faster than a recharging process. For applications in which repeated triggering is required, the charging device can thus be made smaller.

Ein Öffnungsvorgang entspricht im wesentlichen dem Schliessvorgang. Der Kontaktring 3 befindet sich in dem Spalt 81, der Kondensator CO ist positiv geladen und die beiden Thyristoren TO1 und TO2 sind gesperrt. Durch Zünden des bezüglich der Ladespannung des Kondensators CO positiv gepolten Thyristors TO1 (oder TO2) wird der Kondensator CO über TO1 (TO2), die Spule 5 und die Freilaufdiode DO1 (DO2) entladen. Der Strom bewirkt wiederum einen Wirbelstrom im Kontaktring 3, der daraufhin in axialer Richtung beschleunigt und von den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2 unter Bildung von zwei in Serie geschalteten Teillichtbögen losgelöst wird. Der Kontaktring 3 bewegt sich im Ringraum 8 in axialer Richtung und wird erst wieder von der Haltevorrichtung 10 verzögert. In der dargestellten Ausführungsform ist die Haltevorrichtung 10 in Form einer Verengung des Ringraums 8 ausgebildet. Der Kontaktring wird bei Erreichen der Ringraumverengung 10 durch Reibung vollständig abgebremst und festgehalten. Die Schlitze L in den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2 verhindern eine Wirbelstrombildung in den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2. Die Schlitze L verlaufen vom Spalt 81 weg in radialer Richtung und haben eine Länge von etwa 1 cm.An opening process corresponds essentially to the closing process. The contact ring 3 is located in the gap 81, the capacitor C O is positively charged and the two thyristors T O1 and T O2 are blocked. By igniting the thyristor T O1 (or T O2 ) which is positively polarized with respect to the charging voltage of the capacitor C O , the capacitor C O is discharged via T O1 (T O2 ), the coil 5 and the freewheeling diode D O1 (D O2 ). The current in turn causes an eddy current in the contact ring 3, which is then accelerated in the axial direction and detached from the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 to form two partial arcs connected in series. The contact ring 3 moves in the annular space 8 in the axial direction and is only delayed again by the holding device 10. In the illustrated embodiment, the holding device 10 is designed in the form of a narrowing of the annular space 8. When the annular space constriction 10 is reached, the contact ring is completely braked and held in place by friction. The slots L in the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 prevent eddy current formation in the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2. The slots L run away from the gap 81 in the radial direction and have a length of about 1 cm.

Sowohl für den Schliessvorgang wie für den Öffnungsvorgang basiert der Antrieb auf dem Prinzip der elektrodynamischen Abstossung. Besonders vorteilhaft ist, dass ausschliesslich der Kontaktring 3 mechanisch bewegt wird. Es bedarf keiner weiteren bewegten Teile für Kraftübertragung, Auslösung oder Energiespeicherung. Der elektrodynamische Antrieb hat weiter die Vorteile der exakten Triggerbarkeit durch Zünden eines Thyristors, der kurzzeitigen, schnell wirkenden und sehr hohen Impulskraft und der gleichmässigen Kraftwirkung auf den Kontaktring. Dank der axialsymmetrischen Ausbildung der Kontaktanordnung der Schaltstelle nach der Erfindung wird der Kontaktring 3 ohne mechanische Führungselemente durch den erweiterten Bereich 82 des Ringraums 8 geführt. Die Haltevorrichtung mit der konisch verlaufenden Ringraumverengung 10 am oberen Ende des Ringraums 8 und die konisch geschrägten, feststehenden Schaltstücke 1 und 2 am unteren Ende des Ringraums 8 bewirken inhärent eine Zentrierung des Kontaktrings 3.The drive is based on both the closing process and the opening process the principle of electrodynamic repulsion. It is particularly advantageous that only the contact ring 3 is moved mechanically. No further is needed moving parts for power transmission, triggering or energy storage. The Electrodynamic drive also has the advantages of exact triggerability Ignition of a thyristor, the short-term, fast-acting and very high Impulse force and the uniform force effect on the contact ring. thanks to the axially symmetrical design of the contact arrangement of the switching point according to the Invention is the contact ring 3 without mechanical guide elements by the expanded area 82 of the annular space 8 out. The holding device with the conical extending constriction 10 at the upper end of the annulus 8 and conical bevelled, fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 at the lower end of the Annulus 8 inherently center the contact ring 3.

Die innere Geometrie des Ringraums 8 kann mit Vorteil dazu benutzt werden, den Kontaktring 3 während dem Öffnungsvorgang zu verzögern oder auch um im Ringraum 8 eine geeignete Strömung des dort vorhandenen gasförmigen Mediums zu erreichen. Das ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, wenn der Kontaktring 3 zu einem Zeitpunkt Kontakt verliert, an dem der Nennstrom IN nicht Null ist. Auch bei Vorhandensein eines niederohmigen und niederinduktiven Parallelpfades werden sich Kommutierungslichtbögen zwischen den feststehenden Schaltstücken 1 und 2 und dem Kontaktring 3 ausbilden, welche durch die Strömung im Ringraum 8 und durch den Isolierkörper 4 gekühlt werden. Dies hat eine höhere Lichtbogenspannung zur Folge, was wiederum den Kommutierungsvorgang beschleunigt. The inner geometry of the annular space 8 can be used to advantage Contact ring 3 to delay during the opening process or in order Annulus 8 a suitable flow of the gaseous medium present there to reach. This is vital when the contact ring 3 becomes one Loses contact time at which the nominal current IN is not zero. Also at The existence of a low-impedance and low-inductance parallel path will increase Commutation arcs between the fixed contact pieces 1 and 2 and form the contact ring 3, which by the flow in the annular space 8 and through the insulating body 4 are cooled. This has a higher arc voltage Consequence, which in turn accelerates the commutation process.

In einer zweiten Ausführungsform der Steuereinheit der erfindungsgemässen Schaltstelle gemäss Fig. 5 ist nur eine Kapazität C vorgesehen, die über Thyristoren T1 und T2 mit antiparallel geschalteten Dioden D2 und D1 mittels einem Schalter S wahlweise mit einer der Spulen 5 oder 6 zu einem Kreis geschaltet werden kann.In a second embodiment of the control unit according to the invention Switching point according to FIG. 5, only a capacitance C is provided, which is via thyristors T1 and T2 with anti-parallel diodes D2 and D1 by means of a switch S. can either be switched to a circle with one of the coils 5 or 6.

Die geometrischen Masse der Kontaktanordung der erfindungsgemässen Schaltstelle hängen von den elektrischen Nenndaten der Schaltstelle ab. Bei einem Nennstrom IN der Schaltstelle von 5 kA und einer Nennspannung von 12 kV beträgt der Durchmesser des Kontaktrings 3 ca. 250 mm. Seine der Breite des Spalts 81 entsprechende Dicke beträgt 8 mm. Bei einer Höhe von einigen Milimetern hat der aus versilbertem Aluminium aufgebaute Kontaktring 3 eine Masse von einigen 10 bis zu 100 Gramm. Die Schaltzeit für eine Schaltstelle dieser Grösse beträgt ca. 1 ms pro Schaltvorgang.The geometric mass of the contact arrangement of the switching point according to the invention depend on the nominal electrical data of the switching point. At a nominal current IN the switching point of 5 kA and a nominal voltage of 12 kV is the Diameter of the contact ring 3 approx. 250 mm. Its the width of the gap 81 corresponding thickness is 8 mm. At a height of a few millimeters, it's over silver-plated aluminum built contact ring 3 a mass of some 10 to 100 gram. The switching time for a switching point of this size is approx. 1 ms per Switching operation.

BEZUGSZEICHENLISTEREFERENCE SIGN LIST

1, 21, 2
Feststehende SchaltstückeFixed contact pieces
11, 2111, 21
Zuleitungen zu den feststehenden SchaltstückenSupply lines to the fixed contact pieces
33rd
KontaktringContact ring
44th
IsolierkörperInsulating body
55
Antriebsspule ÖffnungsantriebDrive coil opening drive
66
Antriebsspulen SchliessantriebDrive coils closing drive
77
Isolierender Träger des KontaktsystemsInsulating support of the contact system
88th
RingraumAnnulus
8181
Spaltgap
8282
Verbreiterte Stelle des RingraumsBroadened area of the annulus
99
Steuereinheit für AntriebsspulenControl unit for drive coils
1010th
HaltevorrichtungHolding device
C, CS, CO C, C S , C O
Kondensatoren zur Speicherung der AntriebsenergieCapacitors for storing the drive energy
D1, D2, DS1, DS2, DO1, DO2 D 1 , D 2 , D S1 , D S2 , D O1 , D O2
FreilaufdiodenFree wheeling diodes
LL
Schlitze in den feststehenden SchaltstückenSlots in the fixed contact pieces
KK
KontaktfingerContact finger
SS
Schalterswitch
T1, T2, TS1, TS2, TO1, TO2 T 1 , T 2 , T S1 , T S2, T O1 , T O2
ThyristorenThyristors

Claims (11)

Schaltstelle eines Hoch- oder Mittelspannungsschalters, enthaltend zwei feststehende Schaltstücke (1, 2), ein bewegliches, elektrisch leitendes Brückenschaltstück, welches im geschlossenen Zustand der Schaltstelle die feststehenden Schaltstücke (1, 2) kurzschliesst, und einen zwei Spulen (5, 6) und eine leistungselektronische Steuereinheit (9) zur Speisung der Spulen (5, 6) umfassenden Antrieb zum Bewegen des Brückenschaltstücks, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feststehenden Schaltstücke (1, 2), das Brückenschaltstück (3) und die Spulen (5, 6) symmetrisch bezüglich einer Achse angeordnet sind, dass die feststehenden Schaltstücke (1, 2) als ineinandergeführte Zylinder ausgebildet sind und einen ringförmigen Spalt (81) begrenzen, dass das Brückenschaltstück in Form eines in axialer Richtung bewegbaren Kontaktrings (3) ausgebildet ist, der im geschlossenen Zustand der Schaltstelle in dem ringförmigen Spalt (81) eingepasst ist, und dass die beiden Spulen (5, 6) beidseits des Kontaktrings (3), in axialer Richtung gegeneinander versetzt angeordnet sind.Switching point of a high or medium voltage switch, containing two fixed contact pieces (1, 2), a movable, electrically conductive Bridge switching piece, which in the closed state of the switching point fixed switching pieces (1, 2) shorts, and one two coils (5, 6) and a power electronic control unit (9) for feeding the coils (5, 6) comprehensive drive for moving the bridge contact, thereby characterized in that the fixed contact pieces (1, 2), the Bridge switching piece (3) and the coils (5, 6) symmetrical with respect to an axis are arranged that the fixed contact pieces (1, 2) as nested cylinders are formed and an annular gap (81) limit that the bridge contact in the form of an axial direction Movable contact ring (3) is formed, which in the closed state Switching point is fitted in the annular gap (81), and that the two Coils (5, 6) on both sides of the contact ring (3), in the axial direction against each other are staggered. Schaltstelle nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine erste der beiden Spulen (6) von einem Isolierkörper (4) gehalten wird, dass der Isolierkörper (4) einen Ringraum (8) zumindest abschnittsweise begrenzt, dass sich der Ringraum (8) in axialer Richtung zwischen den Spulen (5, 6) erstreckt, und dass der Kontaktring (3) im Ringraum (8) angeordnet ist.Switching point according to claim 1, characterized in that a first of the two coils (6) is held by an insulating body (4) that the insulating body (4) an annular space (8) at least in sections limits that the Annulus (8) extends in the axial direction between the coils (5, 6), and that the contact ring (3) is arranged in the annular space (8). Schaltstelle nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Isolierkörper (4) eine Vorrichtung (10) zum Halten des Kontakrings (3) im geöffneten Zustand der Schaltstelle enthält.Switching point according to claim 2, characterized in that the insulating body (4) a device (10) for holding the contact ring (3) in the open state of the Contains switching point. Schaltstelle nach Anpruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Haltevorrichtung (10) als Verengung des Ringraums (8) im Bereich der ersten Spule (6) ausgebildet ist.Switching point according to claim 3, characterized in that the holding device (10) as a narrowing of the annular space (8) in the region of the first coil (6) is. Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der in axialer Richtung ausgedehnte Ringraum (8) einen in radialer Richtung aufgeweiteten Bereich (82) aufweist.Switching point according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the Annular space (8) extended in the axial direction and one in the radial direction has widened area (82). Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Isolierkörper (4) druckfest ausgebildet ist, und dass in dem Ringraum (8) ein gasförmiges Medium eingeschlossen ist.Switching point according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the Insulating body (4) is pressure-resistant, and that in the annular space (8) gaseous medium is included. Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuereinheit (9) eine Kapazität (C) enthält, welche über einen Schalter (S) wahlweise mit einer der beiden Spulen (5, 6) über richtungsbezogene Ventile zu einem elektrischen Kreis schaltbar ist.Switching point according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the Control unit (9) contains a capacitance (C), which via a switch (S) either with one of the two coils (5, 6) via directional valves an electrical circuit is switchable. Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steuereinheit (9) zwei Kapazitäten (CS, CO) enthält, von denen die erste Kapazität (CS) mit der ersten Spule (6) über richtungsbezogene Ventile zu einem ersten elektrischen Kreis geschaltet ist, und die zweite Kapazität (CO) mit der zweiten Spule (5) über richtungsbezogene Ventile zu einem zweiten elektrischen Kreis geschaltet ist.Switching point according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the control unit (9) contains two capacitances (C S , C O ), of which the first capacitance (C S ) with the first coil (6) via one directional valves first electrical circuit is connected, and the second capacitance ( CO ) with the second coil (5) is connected via directional valves to a second electrical circuit. Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass pro Kreis zwei entgegengesetzt gerichtete Ventile in Serie geschaltet sind.Switching point according to one of claims 7 or 8, characterized in that two oppositely directed valves are connected in series per circuit. Schaltstelle nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ventile als Thyristoren (T1, T2, TS1, TS2, TO1, TO2) mit antiparallel geschalteter Freilaufdiode (D2, D1, DS2, DS1, DO2, DO1) ausgebildet sind.Switching point according to claim 9, characterized in that the valves as thyristors (T 1 , T 2 , T S1 , T S2 , T O1 , T O2 ) with an antiparallel connected freewheeling diode (D 2 , D 1 , D S2 , D S1 , D O2 , D O1 ) are formed. Schaltstelle nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feststehenden Schaltstücke (1, 2) je mindestens einen, vom Spalt (81) weg in radialer Richtung verlaufenden Schlitz (L) aufweisen.Switching point according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the fixed contact pieces (1, 2) at least one, away from the gap (81) in have radial slot (L).
EP99810596A 1999-07-06 1999-07-06 Fast mechanical switching device Expired - Lifetime EP1067569B1 (en)

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EP99810596A EP1067569B1 (en) 1999-07-06 1999-07-06 Fast mechanical switching device
DE59913821T DE59913821D1 (en) 1999-07-06 1999-07-06 Fast mechanical switching point
JP2000202526A JP2001057142A (en) 1999-07-06 2000-07-04 Fast switching mechanical switching contacts
US09/610,619 US6501635B1 (en) 1999-07-06 2000-07-05 Quick-action mechanical switching point
CNB00119996XA CN1169172C (en) 1999-07-06 2000-07-06 Fast-acting mechanical switch points

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EP0147036A1 (en) * 1983-11-25 1985-07-03 The Electricity Council Circuit breaker assembly
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US6808854B2 (en) 2001-04-27 2004-10-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Polyhydroxyalkanoates having in its side chain phenylsulfinyl structure and/or phenyl sulfonyl structure and production process therefor; charge control agent, toner binder and toner containing same; and image forming method and image forming apparatus using the toner
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1169172C (en) 2004-09-29
CN1292562A (en) 2001-04-25
JP2001057142A (en) 2001-02-27
EP1067569B1 (en) 2006-08-30
DE59913821D1 (en) 2006-10-12
US6501635B1 (en) 2002-12-31

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