EP0971199A1 - Device for the destruction of warheads - Google Patents
Device for the destruction of warheads Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0971199A1 EP0971199A1 EP98810630A EP98810630A EP0971199A1 EP 0971199 A1 EP0971199 A1 EP 0971199A1 EP 98810630 A EP98810630 A EP 98810630A EP 98810630 A EP98810630 A EP 98810630A EP 0971199 A1 EP0971199 A1 EP 0971199A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lining
- support
- charge
- housing
- plastic housing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N epsilon-caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/12—Means for clearing land minefields; Systems specially adapted for detection of landmines
- F41H11/16—Self-propelled mine-clearing vehicles; Mine-clearing devices attachable to vehicles
- F41H11/18—Self-propelled mine-clearing vehicles; Mine-clearing devices attachable to vehicles with ground-impacting means for activating mines by the use of mechanical impulses, e.g. flails or stamping elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
- F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/12—Means for clearing land minefields; Systems specially adapted for detection of landmines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
- F42B3/08—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive with cavities in the charge, e.g. hollow-charge blasting cartridges
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B33/00—Manufacture of ammunition; Dismantling of ammunition; Apparatus therefor
- F42B33/06—Dismantling fuzes, cartridges, projectiles, missiles, rockets or bombs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for Disposal of weapons, such as mines, unexploded ordnance and unidentified explosive devices, through targeted Blasting, consisting of an ammunition body with a plastic housing, which contains a shaped charge caused by an adjustable support for the one to be eliminated Weapons can be aimed and controlled by a fuse or remote control can be initiated.
- weapons such as mines, unexploded ordnance and unidentified explosive devices
- targeted Blasting consisting of an ammunition body with a plastic housing, which contains a shaped charge caused by an adjustable support for the one to be eliminated Weapons can be aimed and controlled by a fuse or remote control can be initiated.
- KMB ordnance disposal
- EOD Electronic Ordonance Disposal Systems
- the object is intended to eliminate Explosive devices, for example for security reasons are not identifiable. Also supposed to so that unexploded ordnance is blown up safely and in an environmentally friendly manner become.
- the device should be as inexpensive as possible and with known, modern manufacturing means can be produced in large series.
- the KMB support is said to be highly adaptable the location and the type of weapon have and also be metal-free.
- the plastic housing receives an explosive charge on the periphery and on the front the liner of the shaped charge supports that liner from a non-galvanically conductive, amorphous Material
- the plastic housing with a Plastic cover is completed, which is a Detonator / chain or detonating cord, and that mechanical on the cover and / or on the plastic housing Means are attached which align the shaped charge hold and get connected with their support.
- the subject of the invention is advantageously by the means attached to the cover and / or the housing the target (weapon) aligned, but the actual Straightening by known mechanical and / or optical devices.
- a non-galvanically conductive amorphous material i.e. no electrical conductor
- glass mixtures to which metals or metal oxides have been added, that the glasses remain non-conductive and therefore of usual Metal detectors from mines are not detected and don't trigger it.
- Liner made of glass according to claim 2, preferred.
- Ceramic linings in particular Al 2 O 3 , have also been tested, but their manufacture appears to be uneconomical due to the required sintering process and the necessary finishing (grinding).
- a dome-shaped design of the lining, according to Claim 5, results in the first 15 cm of your flight Forming process, which is an almost ideal shape of a Projectile corresponds and in the target a high drilling effect achieved.
- the design of a ball joint according to claim 6 enables an alignment of the shaped charge in the simplest way to the goal.
- the altitude of the KMB can be determined within wide limits.
- the predetermined breaking points according to claim 9 allow a simple one Adjustment of the support rods to the required height and additionally provide a desired "dismemberment" of the Detonation rods.
- support ribs claim 10
- the installation of the KMB is particularly easy realize the structural design according to claim 11.
- the embodiment according to claim 12 results in a clamping effect, which makes assembly even easier.
- the insertion of an ignition device is particularly advantageous in a hollow cylinder according to claim 13.
- Fig. 1 denotes a plastic housing, which receives an explosive charge 2, the one conical trained liner 3 contains glass.
- the so shaped charge 4 is formed by a cover 5, likewise made of plastic, complete with this lid 5 has an annular groove 17 which has the cylindrical edge of the housing 1 grips.
- Above the lid 5 is a hollow cylindrical in the axial direction Attachment 27, through a protective cap slotted in the center 20 is covered.
- a ball carrier protrudes on an end face of the cover 5 12 out, which holds a ball 13, which in turn from a ball socket 14 is partially included and thus a Ball joint forms.
- the ball socket 14 goes into a connecting sleeve 15 over, in which a rod 16 is inserted.
- Support ribs 18 can be seen in the lower part of the housing 1, on which the lining 3 faces supports.
- the spherical cap of the housing 1 has one frontal predetermined breaking point 19, in the form of a recess, on.
- the beam direction of the shaped charge beam is denoted by S; the schematically represented mine with M.
- the KMB according to FIG. 1 is initiated by insertion an ignition device 28, FIG. 2 with its sleeve-like formed ignition channel 7 in the slotted Protective cap 20 in the hollow cylindrical attachment 27.
- the cavities are in the ignition device 28 and in the ignition channel 7 by a common secondary explosive such as hexogen or Octogen filled and lead the detonation axially symmetrical into the explosive charge 2.
- the initiation of the shaped charge 4, FIG. 1, takes place through inserting a fuse in two opposite one another lateral recess 8a in the igniter housing 8. Zu for this purpose a tab 11 is pulled off a nipple 11a and one attached to a bending tab 10 Lid 9 opened. After inserting the fuse, the lid 9 is closed and the tab 11 over the Nipple 11a pulled and thereby fixed.
- An analog shaped charge 4 is according to FIG. 3 on a bomb B directed, but here an electrical ignition cable 29 with an end glow starter 29a with one removed installed ignition generator 30 is connected.
- a support 23 is shown, which the facilitated Orientation of the KMB serves.
- Support 23 three holes 24 in any length Support rods 25 with predetermined breaking points 26 can be inserted.
- the support 23 allows an adjustment of the beam direction S of the shaped charge 4 on the weapon to be destroyed. - By an optimal Use of the potential beam power can be achieved using small KMB's are also blown up large objects, especially if the beam direction S is at least one Part of the detonating chain of the weapon is aimed.
- conical Liner 3 made of industrial glass, in conjunction with a Explosive charge 2 from a notoriously known secondary explosive 5 is a projectile-forming, dome-shaped lining 3 'is provided.
- octogen 2 is a booster charge which is also known per se 22 made of hexogen (RDX) or octogen (HMX) used what an improved alignment of the detonation wave towards the highest point of the calotte the lining 3 'results.
- RDX hexogen
- HMX octogen
- the structure of the shaped charge 4 ' basically corresponds that of the previously described shaped charges 4, Fig. 1. For reasons of stability, however, the ball carrier 12 'and the ball 13' on a circumferential clamping bracket 21 attached to the cylindrical part of the shaped charge 4 '.
- FIG. 6 shows the shaping process of the Lining 3 'in their chronological sequence. From this recognizes that after 10 ⁇ s the dome shape of the lining 3 ' is only hinted at after 20 ⁇ s begins to deform into a projectile, which after 80 ⁇ s, i.e. after a distance of less than 12 cm is already shaped and has a high drilling capacity, d.i. high penetration in the target.
- the housing is made of plastics 4, 4 'made of glass fiber reinforced PBT (polybutylene terephthalate); the lid 5, 5 'also made of glass fiber reinforced PBT; the housing of the igniter 28 PE (polyethylene) and the ignition channel 7 from a thin-walled Aluminum sheet.
- the ignition channel also be made of POM (polyoxymethylene).
- the support consists of POM; rods 16 and 25 glass fiber reinforced PA6 (caprolactam polyamide).
- KMB KMB proven, for example of the caliber 66 mm. These were placed on standard photo / video tripods and over grain and rear sight - a plastic strip - aimed at the goal.
- the subject of the invention is not on limited use for demining etc., there are civil applications are also conceivable, for example in connection with safety measures on pressure vessels, lines etc., i.e. in all cases where there are no dangerous ones metallic contamination may arise.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Looms (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Sink And Installation For Waste Water (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Window Of Vehicle (AREA)
- Telephone Function (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
- Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Beseitigung von Kampfmitteln, wie von Minen, Blindgängern und nicht identifizierten Sprengobjekten, durch gezieltes Sprengen, bestehend aus einem Munitionskörper mit Kunststoffgehäuse, welcher eine Hohlladung enthält, die durch einen einstellbaren Support auf das zu beseitigende Kampfmittel richtbar und durch eine Zündschnur oder Fernsteuerung initiierbar ist.The present invention relates to a device for Disposal of weapons, such as mines, unexploded ordnance and unidentified explosive devices, through targeted Blasting, consisting of an ammunition body with a plastic housing, which contains a shaped charge caused by an adjustable support for the one to be eliminated Weapons can be aimed and controlled by a fuse or remote control can be initiated.
Es ist das erklärte Ziel von zahlreichen Staaten und humanitären Organisationen die zahllosen über den Erdball verstreuten Minenfelder zu räumen und die noch an allen ehemaligen Kriegsschauplätzen vorhandenen Blindgänger zu sprengen.It is the declared goal of numerous states and humanitarian Organizations the countless across the globe to clear out scattered minefields and still on everyone former unexploded ordnance bust.
Die frühere Praxis, Minen und Blindgänger mittels anderer Kampfmittel zu sprengen hat sich als sehr gefährlich und oft auch als unwirksam erwiesen. Die fortwährende Entwicklung und der Einsatz von Näherungs-, Erschütterungs-, und auf Magnetfeldänderungen ansprechenden Zündern erschwert die Minenräumung gewaltig und verteuert sie ins Unermessliche.The previous practice, mines and duds by means of others Explosive ordnance has proven to be very dangerous and often proven ineffective. The ongoing development and the use of proximity, vibration, and detonators responding to magnetic field changes are more difficult the demining huge and expensive it Immeasurable.
Es wurden deshalb Vorrichtungen nach dem Oberbegriff des
Anspruchs 1 entwickelt und erprobt, welche auf Distanzen
von einigen Zentimetern bis mehrere Metern Entfernung ein
Sprengen der Kampfmittel erlauben. Dabei wurden die Vorrichtungen
relativ metallarm ausgestaltet und meist fernbedient
ausgelöst.There were therefore devices according to the preamble of
Bei dieser Art von Kampfmittelbeseitigung (Abkürzung: KMB) oder englisch EOD (Explosive Ordonance Disposal Systems) genannt, besteht aber immer noch die Gefahr einer vorzeitigen Auslösung, beispielsweise durch ein Ansprechen von in Minen enthaltenen elektromagnetischen Sensoren, durch die in der KMB vorhandenen Metallteile und/oder durch resultierende Feldänderungen, insbesondere durch ein Bewegen der Sprengladungen mit ihren eingelegten metallischen Auskleidungen.With this type of ordnance disposal (abbreviation: KMB) or English EOD (Explosive Ordonance Disposal Systems), but there is still a risk of premature triggering, for example by a response of electromagnetic contained in mines Sensors through the metal parts present in the KMB and / or by resulting field changes, in particular by moving the explosive charges with their inlaid metallic linings.
Zusätzlich verursachen diese Auskleidungen, besonders wenn sie aus Schwermetallen bestehen, weitere Emissionen, vor allem in Gebieten mit hoher Minendichte und belasten die Fauna, Flora, Böden und die Grund- und Oberflächenwässer ganz beträchtlich und dauerhaft.In addition, these cause linings, especially if they are made of heavy metals, further emissions, especially in areas with high mine density and pollution the fauna, flora, soils and the ground and surface waters quite substantial and permanent.
Gleichzeitig soll der Gegenstand zur Beseitigung von Sprengkörpern, welche beispielsweise aus Gründen der Sicherheit nicht identifizierbar sind, dienen. Auch sollen damit Blindgänger sicher und umweltfreundlich gesprengt werden.At the same time, the object is intended to eliminate Explosive devices, for example for security reasons are not identifiable. Also supposed to so that unexploded ordnance is blown up safely and in an environmentally friendly manner become.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung eine gefahrlos funktionierende Vorrichtung zur Kampfmittelbeseitigung zu schaffen, welche die vorerwähnten Nachteile nicht aufweist, metallfrei ist und eine präzise vom Kampfmittel distanzierte Zerstörung bzw. eine vereinfachte Beseitigung ermöglicht. Die zu schaffenden KMB's sollen keine Stoffe enthalten, die massgeblich die Umwelt zusätzlich belasten können.It is therefore an object of the present invention to be safe functioning device for the disposal of ordnance to create which the aforementioned disadvantages does not have, is metal-free and precise from Ordnance distanced destruction or a simplified one Elimination enables. The KMB's to be created should not contain substances that significantly affect the environment can be an additional burden.
Im weiteren soll die Vorrichtung, möglichst kostengünstig und mit an sich bekannten, modernen Fabrikationsmitteln in grossen Serien herstellbar sein.Furthermore, the device should be as inexpensive as possible and with known, modern manufacturing means can be produced in large series.
Der eine KMB tragende Support soll eine hohe Anpassungsfähigkeit an den Einsatzort und an die Art des Kampfmittels aufweisen und ebenfalls metallfrei sein. The KMB support is said to be highly adaptable the location and the type of weapon have and also be metal-free.
Alle verwendeten Materialien sollen ausserdem eine niedrige, relative Dielektrizitätskonstante aufweisen, um auch sensible elektronische Sensoren, die auf allgemeine Feld-Änderungen ansprechen, nicht auszulösen.All materials used should also have a low, have relative dielectric constant, um also sensitive electronic sensors based on general Address field changes, do not trigger.
Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass das Kunststoffgehäuse peripher eine Sprengladung aufnimmt und stirnseitig die Auskleidung der Hohlladung abstützt, dass die Auskleidung aus einem nicht galvanisch leitenden, amorphen Werkstoff besteht, dass das Kunststoffgehäuse mit einem Deckel aus Kunststoff abgeschlossen ist, welcher eine Zündkapsel/Zündkettte oder eine Zündschnur aufnimmt, und dass am Deckel und/oder am Kunstoffgehäuse mechanische Mittel angebracht sind, welche die Hohlladung ausrichtbar halten und mit ihrem Support verbinden lassen.This object is achieved in that the plastic housing receives an explosive charge on the periphery and on the front the liner of the shaped charge supports that liner from a non-galvanically conductive, amorphous Material is that the plastic housing with a Plastic cover is completed, which is a Detonator / chain or detonating cord, and that mechanical on the cover and / or on the plastic housing Means are attached which align the shaped charge hold and get connected with their support.
Überraschender Weise können Hohlladungen mit amorphen, nicht galvanisch leitenden Auskleidungen, Minen und Blindgänger bis zu einer Entfernung von mehreren Metern sicher zünden.Surprisingly, shaped charges with amorphous, non-galvanically conductive linings, mines and Unexploded ordnance up to a distance of several meters ignite safely.
Der Erfindungsgegenstand wird vorteilhafter Weise durch die am Deckel und/oder am Gehäuse angebrachten Mittel auf das Ziel (Kampfmittel) ausgerichtet, wobei aber das eigentliche Richten durch an sich bekannte mechanische und/oder optische Geräte erfolgt.The subject of the invention is advantageously by the means attached to the cover and / or the housing the target (weapon) aligned, but the actual Straightening by known mechanical and / or optical devices.
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass zur Kampfmittelbeseitigung bereits geringe Energien ausreichen, nämlich deshalb, weil es in den meisten Fällen genügt das Gehäuse und/oder die Zündkette des gefährdenden Munitionskörpers mittels einer Hohlladung anzubohren und nicht wie bisher angenommen, diesen notwendiger Weise zur Explosion oder mindestens zur Deflagration zu bringen.It has been shown that for ordnance disposal already low energies are sufficient, namely because in most cases the housing and / or the is sufficient Ignition chain of the dangerous ammunition by means of a To drill hollow charge and not as previously assumed, this necessarily to explode or at least to deflagrate.
Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnis lassen sich auch relativ grosse Kampfmittel mit geringem technischen und finanziellen Aufwand beseitigen, d.h. soweit unschädlich machen, dass sie gefahrlos, beispielsweise durch ein anschliessendes gezieltes Verbrennen, vernichtbar sind.Based on this knowledge, can also be relative great weapon with little technical and financial Eliminate effort, i.e. make harmless so far that they are safe, for example with a subsequent targeted burning, can be destroyed.
Als Werkstoffe für die Auskleidungen sind nach heutiger Erkenntnis technisches Glas, aber auch organisches Glas, Keramiken, insbesondere Aluminiumoxid sowie zahlreiche Kunststoffe mit relativ hoher Dichte wie Polytetrafluoräthylen und Polypropylen geeignet. Der Begriff eines nicht galvanisch leitenden amorphen Werkstoffs, d.i. kein elektrischer Leiter, schliesst auch Glasmischungen ein, denen Metalle oder Metalloxide soweit zugesetzt wurden, dass die Gläser nichtleitend bleiben und somit von üblichen Metetalldetektoren von Minen nicht erfasst werden und diese nicht auslösen.As materials for the linings are according to today Knowledge of technical glass, but also organic glass, Ceramics, especially aluminum oxide and numerous Relatively high density plastics such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polypropylene. The concept of a non-galvanically conductive amorphous material, i.e. no electrical conductor, also includes glass mixtures, to which metals or metal oxides have been added, that the glasses remain non-conductive and therefore of usual Metal detectors from mines are not detected and don't trigger it.
In nachfolgenden abhängigen Ansprüchen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des Erfindungsgegenstands beschrieben.The following dependent claims are advantageous Developments of the subject matter of the invention are described.
Aus technischen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen ist eine
Auskleidung aus Glas, gemäss Anspruch 2, bevorzugt.For technical and economic reasons, one is
Liner made of glass, according to
Erprobt sind auch Auskleidungen aus Keramik, insbesondere Al2O3, welche aber in ihrer Herstellung aufgrund des erforderlichen Sinterprozesses und der notwendigen Nachbearbeitung (Schleifen) als unwirtschaftlich erscheinen, Anspruch 3.Ceramic linings, in particular Al 2 O 3 , have also been tested, but their manufacture appears to be uneconomical due to the required sintering process and the necessary finishing (grinding).
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Leistung von amorphen Auskleidungen
durch ihre Ausgestaltung als projektilbildende
Ladung gesteigert werden kann; siehe Anspruch 4.It has been shown that the performance of amorphous linings
through their design as projectile-building
Charge can be increased; see
Eine kalottenförmige Ausbildung der Auskleidung, gemäss
Anspruch 5, ergibt in den ersten 15 cm ihres Fluges einen
Ausformungsvorgang, welche einer nahezu idealen Form eines
Projektils entspricht und im Ziel eine hohe Bohr-Wirkung
erzielt. A dome-shaped design of the lining, according to
Die Ausgestaltung eines Kugelgelenks nach Anspruch 6 ermöglicht in einfachster Weise ein Ausrichten der Hohlladung auf das Ziel.The design of a ball joint according to claim 6 enables an alignment of the shaped charge in the simplest way to the goal.
Bewährt hat sich ein Support nach Anspruch 7, welches die
Flexibilität des Einsatzes der KMB nochmals erhöht.A support according to
Durch wahlweise einschiebbare Stützstäbe, Anspruch 8, lässt sich die Höhenlage der KMB in weiten Grenzen festlegen.By optionally insertable support rods, claim 8, the altitude of the KMB can be determined within wide limits.
Die Sollbruchstellen gemäss Anspruch 9 erlauben eine einfache
Anpassung der Stützstäbe an die geforderte Höhe und
erbringen zusätzlich eine erwünschte "Zerstückelung" der
Stäbe bei der Detonation.The predetermined breaking points according to
Der Einbezug von Stützrippen, Anspruch 10, lässt ein direktes Aufsetzen der KMB auf das zu zerstörende Kampfmittel zu und ergibt zusätzlich eine mechanisch einwandfreie Zentrierung der Auskleidung.The inclusion of support ribs, claim 10, leaves a direct Placing the KMB on the weapon to be destroyed to and also results in a mechanically perfect Centering the lining.
Besonders einfach lässt sich die Montage der KMB durch
die konstruktive Ausgestaltung nach Anspruch 11 realisieren.The installation of the KMB is particularly easy
realize the structural design according to
Die Ausführungsform nach Anspruch 12 ergibt eine Klemmwirkung, welche die Montage nochmals erleichtert.The embodiment according to claim 12 results in a clamping effect, which makes assembly even easier.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist das Einsetzen einer Zündvorrichtung
in einen Hohlzylinder nach Anspruch 13.The insertion of an ignition device is particularly advantageous
in a hollow cylinder according to
Herstellungstechnisch günstig ist aufgrund der meist bereits
vorhandenen Fabrikationseinrichtungen eine Auskleidung
nach Anspruch 14.Due to the manufacturing technology is usually already cheap
existing manufacturing facilities a lining
according to
Nachfolgend werden anhand von Zeichnungen Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung näher erläutert. Exemplary embodiments are described below with the aid of drawings the invention explained in more detail.
Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Schnittdarstellung einer Hohlladung bei der Minenräumung,
- Fig. 2
- ein Aufsatz für eine pyrotechnisch initiierte Zündung der Hohlladung Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3
- eine elektrisch initiierte Hohlladung in einer seitlichen Ansicht beim Sprengen eines Blindgängers,
- Fig. 4
- einen Support mit zwei schematisch eingezeichneten Positionen der Hohlladung bei der Kampfmittelbeseitigung,
- Fig. 5
- eine Schnittdarstellung einer Hohlladung mit einer projektilbildenden Auskleidung und
- Fig. 6
- eine sequentielle, schematische Darstellung der Projektilbildung der Auskleidung nach Fig. 5.
- Fig. 1
- a sectional view of a shaped charge in the mine clearance,
- Fig. 2
- an attachment for a pyrotechnically initiated ignition of the shaped charge Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3
- an electrically initiated shaped charge in a side view when blasting a dud,
- Fig. 4
- a support with two schematically drawn positions of the shaped charge in the disposal of ordnance,
- Fig. 5
- a sectional view of a shaped charge with a projectile-forming lining and
- Fig. 6
- 5 shows a sequential, schematic representation of the projectile formation of the lining according to FIG. 5.
In sämtlichen Figuren sind gleiche Bezugsziffern für gleiche Funktionsteile verwendet.In all figures, the same reference numbers are used for same functional parts used.
In Fig. 1 ist mit 1 ein Kunststoffgehäuse bezeichnet,
welches eine Sprengladung 2 aufnimmt, die eine konisch
ausgebildete Auskleidung 3 aus Glas enthält. Die derart
gebildete Hohlladung 4 ist durch einen Deckel 5, ebenfalls
aus Kunststoff, abgeschlossen, wobei dieser Deckel
5 eine Ringnut 17 aufweist, die den zylindrischen Rand
des Gehäuses 1 kraftschlüssig fasst. Oberhalb des Deckels
5 befindet sich in Achsrichtung ein hohlzylindrischer
Aufsatz 27, der durch eine im Zentrum geschlitzte Schutzkappe
20 abgedeckt ist. In Fig. 1, 1 denotes a plastic housing,
which receives an
Auf einer Stirnseite des Deckels 5 ragt ein Kugelträger
12 heraus, der eine Kugel 13 hält, welche ihrerseits von
einer Kugelpfanne 14 partiell umfasst ist und somit ein
Kugelgelenk bildet. Die Kugelpfanne 14 geht in eine Verbindungshülse
15 über, in die ein Stab 16 eingesetzt ist.A ball carrier protrudes on an end face of the
Im unteren Teil des Gehäuses 1 sind Stützrippen 18 ersichtlich,
auf denen sich die Auskleidung 3 stirnseitig
abstützt. Die Kugelkalotte des Gehäuses 1 weist eine
frontale Sollbruchstelle 19, in Form einer Eindrehung,
auf.
Die Strahlrichtung des Hohlladungsstrahls ist mit S bezeichnet; die schematisch dargestellte Mine mit M.The beam direction of the shaped charge beam is denoted by S; the schematically represented mine with M.
Eine Initiierung I der KMB nach Fig. 1 erfolgt durch Einsetzen
einer Zündvorrichtung 28, Fig. 2 mit deren hülsenartig
ausgebildetem Zündkanal 7 in die geschlitzte
Schutzkappe 20 im hohlzylindrischen Aufsatz 27. Die Hohlräume
in der Zündvorrichtung 28 und im Zündkanal 7 sind
durch einen üblichen Sekundärsprengstoff wie Hexogen oder
Octogen ausgefüllt und leiten die Detonation axialsymmetrisch
in die Sprengladung 2.The KMB according to FIG. 1 is initiated by insertion
an
Oberhalb des Zündkanals 7 befindet sich eine an sich bekannte
Zündkapsel 6, welche im Zünder-Gehäuse 8 seitlich
gefasst und fixiert ist.Above the
Die Initiierung der Hohlladung 4, Fig. 1, erfolgt durch
ein Einlegen einer Zündschnur in zwei einander gegenüberliegende
seitliche Ausnehmung 8a im Zünder-Gehäuse 8. Zu
diesem Zweck wird eine Lasche 11 von einem Nippel 11a abgezogen
und ein an einer Biegelasche 10 befestigter
Deckel 9 geöffnet. Nach dem Einführen der Zündschnur,
wird der Deckel 9 geschlossen und die Lasche 11 über den
Nippel 11a gezogen und dadurch fixiert. The initiation of the shaped
Eine analoge Hohlladung 4 ist nach Fig. 3 auf eine Bombe
B gerichtet, wobei jedoch hier ein elektrisches Zündkabel
29 mit einem endseitigen Glühzünder 29a mit einem entfernt
aufgestellten Zündgenerator 30 verbunden ist.An analog shaped
In Fig. 4 ist ein Support 23 dargestellt, welcher der erleichterten
Ausrichtung der KMB dient. Im Support 23 befinden
sich drei Bohrungen 24 in welche beliebig lange
Stützstäbe 25 mit Sollbruchstellen 26 einschiebbar sind.In Fig. 4, a
Wie der Fig. 4 zu entnehmen ist, erlaubt der Support 23
eine Einstellung der Strahlrichtung S der Hohlladung 4
auf das zu vernichtende Kampfmittel. - Durch einen optimalen
Einsatz der potentiellen Strahlleistung können mittels
kleiner KMB's auch grosse Objekte gesprengt werden,
vor allem, wenn die Strahlrichtung S auf wenigstens einen
Teil der Zündkette des Kampfmittels gerichtet wird.As can be seen in FIG. 4, the
Während in Fig. 1 eine einfach herzustellende, konische
Auskleidung 3 aus Industrieglas, in Verbindung mit einer
Sprengladung 2 aus einem notorisch bekannten Sekundär-Sprengstoff
Verwendung findet, ist in Fig. 5 eine projektilbildende,
kalottenförmige Auskleidung 3' vorgesehen.While in Fig. 1 an easy to manufacture,
Zur Zündung der ebenfalls aus Octogen bestehenden Sprengladung 2' ist eine an sich ebenfalls bekannte Booster-Ladung 22 aus Hexogen (engl. RDX) oder Octogen (engl. HMX) eingesetzt, was eine verbesserte Ausrichtung der Detonationswelle in Richtung des höchsten Punkts der Kalotte der Auskleidung 3' ergibt.To ignite the explosive charge, which also consists of octogen 2 'is a booster charge which is also known per se 22 made of hexogen (RDX) or octogen (HMX) used what an improved alignment of the detonation wave towards the highest point of the calotte the lining 3 'results.
Der Aufbau der Hohlladung 4' entspricht grundsätzlich
demjenigen der vorgängig beschriebenen Hohlladungen 4,
Fig. 1. Aus Stabilitätsgründen sind jedoch der Kugel-Träger
12' und die Kugel 13' auf einer umlaufenden Spannbride
21 am zylindrischen Teil der Hohlladung 4' angebracht. The structure of the shaped charge 4 'basically corresponds
that of the previously described shaped
Die Darstellung Fig. 6 zeigt den Ausformungsvorgang der Auskleidung 3' in ihrem zeitlichen Ablauf. Daraus erkennt man, dass nach 10 µs die Kalottenform der Auskleidung 3' nur noch andeutungsweise vorhanden ist und nach 20 µs sich in ein Projektil zu verformen beginnt, welches nach 80 µs, d.h. nach einer Wegstrecke von weniger als 12 cm bereits endgültig geformt ist und eine hohe Bohrleistung, d.i. eine hohe Durchdringung im Ziel bewirkt.The illustration in FIG. 6 shows the shaping process of the Lining 3 'in their chronological sequence. From this recognizes that after 10 µs the dome shape of the lining 3 ' is only hinted at after 20 µs begins to deform into a projectile, which after 80 µs, i.e. after a distance of less than 12 cm is already shaped and has a high drilling capacity, d.i. high penetration in the target.
In den beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispielen wurden handelsübliche
Kunststoffe verwendet, so bestehen die Gehäuse
4, 4' aus glasfaserverstärktem PBT (Polybutyleneterephthalat);
die Deckel 5, 5' ebenfalls aus glasfaserverstärktem
PBT; das Gehäuse der Zündvorrichtung 28 aus
PE (Polyethylen) und der Zündkanal 7 aus einem dünnwandigen
Aluminiumblech. - Selbsverständlich kann der Zündkanal
auch aus POM (Polyoxymethylen) gefertigt sein.In the described embodiments, commercial ones were used
The housing is made of
Der Support besteht aus POM; die Stäbe 16 und 25 aus
glasfaserverstärktem PA6 (Caprolactam-Polyamid).The support consists of POM;
Zum Sprengen von Panzerminen und anderen grösseren Kampfmitteln auf Distanzen von mehreren Metern haben sich grössere KMB bewährt, beispielsweise vom Kaliber 66 mm. Diese wurden auf handelsübliche Foto-/Videostative gesetzt und über Korn und Kimme - einer Kunststoffleiste - auf das Ziel ausgerichtet.For blasting tank mines and other larger weapons at distances of several meters Larger KMB proven, for example of the caliber 66 mm. These were placed on standard photo / video tripods and over grain and rear sight - a plastic strip - aimed at the goal.
Grundsätzlich sind sämtliche denkbaren nichtmetallischen, amorphen Materialien für Auskleidungen geeignet, wobei aber die Wirtschaftlichkeit und/oder deren Dichte Grenzen setzen.Basically, all conceivable non-metallic, amorphous materials suitable for linings, where but the economy and / or its density limits put.
Als optimal haben sich Auskleidungen aus technischem Glas (Industrieglas) erwiesen, da diese in einem einfachen Pressverfahren kostengünstig herstellbar sind und eine Dichte aufweisen, die eine ausreichende Durchschlagsleistung im Ziel ergeben.Technical glass linings have proven to be optimal (Industrial glass) as this is easy Pressing processes are inexpensive to manufacture and one Have density that has a sufficient penetration surrendered in the target.
Da in jedem Minenfeld, aus logistischen Gründen, zahlreiche gleichartige Minen verlegt sind, empiehlt es sich aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen eine KMB einzusetzen, deren Kaliber und Auskleidung auf die erforderliche minimale Leistung im Ziel abgestimmt ist. Zur Erhöhung der Dichte und damit der Durchschlagsleistung lassen sich dem Glas weitere, an sich bekannte Stoffe zusetzen; neben Strontium erscheinen auch Tellur und geringste Mengen an Thalium die Aufgabenstellung zu erfüllen.Because in every mine field, for logistical reasons, numerous similar mines are installed, it is recommended economic reasons to use a KMB whose caliber and lining to the required minimum performance is coordinated in the goal. To increase density and so that the penetration performance can be further, add substances known per se; next to strontium Tellurium and minimal amounts of thalium also appear to complete the task.
Selbstverständlich ist der Erfindungsgegenstand nicht auf den Einsatz bei Minenräumungen etc. beschränkt, es sind auch zivile Anwendungen denkbar, beispielsweise in Zusammenhang mit Sicherheitsmassnahmen an Druckbehältern, Leitungen etc., d.h. in allen Fällen wo keine gefährlichen metallischen Kontaminationen entstehen dürfen.Of course, the subject of the invention is not on limited use for demining etc., there are civil applications are also conceivable, for example in connection with safety measures on pressure vessels, lines etc., i.e. in all cases where there are no dangerous ones metallic contamination may arise.
Ebenfalls ist der Gegenstand zur ferngesteuerten Sprengung von nicht identifizierten Sabotageobjekten, wie "Sprengstoffpacketen" etc. geeignet und kann leicht an entsprechenden Fahrzeugen angeordnet, von diesen aus gerichtet und gezündet werden. Also the object for remote controlled blasting of unidentified sabotage objects, such as "Explosives packages" etc. suitable and can easily appropriate vehicles arranged, directed from these and be ignited.
- 1, 1'1, 1 '
- Kunststoffgehäuse / GehäusePlastic case / case
- 2, 2'2, 2 '
- SprengladungExplosive charge
- 33rd
- Auskleidung (Glas); konischLining (glass); conical
- 3'3 '
- Auskleidung (Glas); kalottenförmigLining (glass); dome-shaped
- 4, 4'4, 4 '
- HohlladungShaped charge
- 5, 5'5, 5 '
- Deckelcover
- 66
- ZündkapselPrimer
- 77
- Zündkanal (Hülse)Ignition channel (sleeve)
- 88th
- Zünder-GehäuseDetonator housing
- 8a8a
- seitliche Ausnehmungen in 8lateral recesses in 8
- 99
- Deckel von 8Lid of 8
- 1010th
- Biege-LascheBending tab
- 1111
- Verbindungs-LascheConnection tab
- 11a11a
- Nippelnipple
- 12, 12'12, 12 '
- Kugel-TrägerBullet carrier
- 13, 13'13, 13 '
- KugelBullet
- 1414
- KugelpfanneBall socket
- 1515
- VerbindungshülseConnecting sleeve
- 1616
- Stab (Träger)Rod (beam)
- 1717th
- RingnutRing groove
- 1818th
- StützrippenSupport ribs
- 1919th
- frontale Sollbruchstellefrontal breaking point
- 20, 20'20, 20 '
- Schutzkappe geschlitztProtective cap slotted
- 2121
- SpannbrideClamp
- 2222
- Booster-Ladung (Zündkette)Booster charge (ignition chain)
- 2323
- SupportSupport
- 2424th
- BohrungenHoles
- 2525th
- StützstäbeSupport rods
- 2626
- SollbruchstellenPredetermined breaking points
- 27, 27'27, 27 '
- hohlzylindrischer Aufsatzhollow cylindrical attachment
- 2828
- ZündvorrichtungIgniter
- 2929
- ZündkabelIgnition cable
- 29a29a
- GlühzünderGlow starter
- 3030th
- Zündgenerator Ignition generator
- BB
- Bombebomb
- II.
- Initiierunginitiation
- MM
- Minemine
- SS
- StrahlrichtungBeam direction
Claims (14)
Priority Applications (28)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98810630A EP0971199A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1998-07-06 | Device for the destruction of warheads |
| BR9911864-5A BR9911864A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for the elimination of means of combat |
| EP99926221A EP1095238B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| KR1020017000389A KR20010079504A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| TR2001/00001T TR200100001T2 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for the destruction of weapons. |
| EA200100116A EA002556B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| DK99926221T DK1095238T3 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for clearing combat equipment |
| DE59903103T DE59903103D1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | DEVICE FOR THE REMOVAL OF COMBATS |
| AT99926221T ATE226313T1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | DEVICE FOR DISPOSAL OF COMBAT ORDS |
| CN99808274A CN1097203C (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | device for removing weapons |
| NZ509189A NZ509189A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Ordance destroying device has a liner that is made from an electrically non conductive material such as glass |
| PT99926221T PT1095238E (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | DEVICE FOR ELIMINATING EXPLOSIVE ENGINEERS |
| EEP200100012A EE200100012A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for destroying weapons |
| PL99345449A PL345449A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| PCT/CH1999/000293 WO2000002002A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| CA002335741A CA2335741A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| JP2000558351A JP2002519623A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Equipment for processing weapons |
| AU43568/99A AU754665B2 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| YU501A YU501A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| ES99926221T ES2184458T3 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | DEVICE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF COMBAT MEANS. |
| CZ20004930A CZ291632B6 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for the disposal of means of combat |
| HU0102875A HUP0102875A3 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| US09/743,334 US6453788B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| SI9930141T SI1095238T1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| IL14061799A IL140617A (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| BG105050A BG63954B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 2000-12-14 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
| NO20010063A NO20010063L (en) | 1998-07-06 | 2001-01-05 | Device for the elimination of combat equipment |
| ZA200100986A ZA200100986B (en) | 1998-07-06 | 2001-02-05 | Device for eliminating means of combat. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98810630A EP0971199A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1998-07-06 | Device for the destruction of warheads |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0971199A1 true EP0971199A1 (en) | 2000-01-12 |
Family
ID=8236177
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98810630A Withdrawn EP0971199A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1998-07-06 | Device for the destruction of warheads |
| EP99926221A Expired - Lifetime EP1095238B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99926221A Expired - Lifetime EP1095238B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Device for eliminating means of combat |
Country Status (27)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6453788B1 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP0971199A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002519623A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20010079504A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1097203C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE226313T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU754665B2 (en) |
| BG (1) | BG63954B1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9911864A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2335741A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ291632B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59903103D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1095238T3 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA002556B1 (en) |
| EE (1) | EE200100012A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2184458T3 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP0102875A3 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL140617A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20010063L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ509189A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL345449A1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT1095238E (en) |
| SI (1) | SI1095238T1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR200100001T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000002002A1 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU501A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200100986B (en) |
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