Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/91—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08G63/914—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/88—Post-polymerisation treatment
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G9/00—Developers
  • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
  • G03G9/0819—Developers with toner particles characterised by the dimensions of the particles
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G9/00—Developers
  • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
  • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
  • G03G9/08742—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • G03G9/08755—Polyesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • C08G63/688—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing sulfur
  • C08G63/6884—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing sulfur derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • C08G63/692—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing phosphorus
  • C08G63/6924—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing phosphorus derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/78—Preparation processes
  • C08G63/81—Preparation processes using solvents

Definitions

• the present invention relates to dyable, spherical polyester particles having particle sizes of 2 to 15 ⁇ m, with narrow particle size distribution, to which can be bound with certain organic dyes, then rendering these particles suitable for application for toners and use in electrophotography and direct printing. More specifically these compositions have utility in use for high resolution electrophotography, where conventional toner materials are too large to meet high resolution requirements. Additionally, these compositions have an excellent combination of mechanical and rheological properties, low melt viscosity and melt fluidity, and low fusing temperatures. The small, spherical particles lead to much improved powder handling and flow characteristics than is common with conventionally produced toner particles, which are normally irregularly shaped from standard extrusion and grinding technology.
• the formation and development of images on the surface of photoconductive materials by electrostatic means is well known.
• the basic electrophotographic imaging process (US-A- 2,297,691) involves placing a uniform electrostatic charge on a photoconductive insulation layer known as a photoconductor or photoreceptor, exposing the photoreceptor to a light and shadow image to dissipate the charge on the areas of the photoreceptor exposed to the light, and developing the resulting electrostatic latent image by depositing on the image a finely divided electroscopic toner material.
• the toner will normally be attracted to those areas of the photoreceptor which retain a charge, thereby forming a toner image corresponding to the electrostatic latent image.
• This developed image may then be transferred to a substrate such as paper.
• the transferred image subsequently may be permanently affixed to the substrate by heat, pressure, a combination of heat and pressure, or other suitable fixing means such as solvent or overcoating treatment.
• Toner and developer compositions including colored developer compositions are in wide use. These compositions normally contain toner particles consisting of resin and colorants, and carrier particles.
• the colorants usually are selected from cyan dyes or pigments, magenta dyes or pigments, yellow dyes or pigments, black dyes or pigments (or carbon black) and mixtures thereof.
• One of the main advantages of selecting organic dyes instead of pigments for color toner compositions resides in the provisions of increased color fidelity and transparency as the dyes can be molecularly dispersed in the toner resins. To obtain a homogeneous dispersion, it is generally necessary to build into these molecules certain substituents for enhancing their compatibility with the toner resin. Unless the dye molecules are substantially fully compatible with the toner resins, they have a tendency to aggregate with time, especially when subjected to heat, pressure and humidity, thereby resulting in a loss of color fidelity.
• the low molecular weight of dye molecules can cause a high ability or mobility of the dye molecules in the toner resin resulting in undesirable bleeding of the dyes.
• These colored toner particles are traditionally prepared by subjecting the above-mentioned components to intense mixing in an extruder at a temperature above the softening point of the film-forming polymer and then, by means of a milling process, bringing the resulting extrudate to a mean particle size of from 7 to 20 ⁇ m.
• the milling process to make particles this small leads to powders of irregular structure and broad particle size distribution, which results in significant material loss due to fines and oversized particles, plus less than ideal flow and charge behavior resulting from the irregular particle shape.
• toner particles suitable for high resolution laser printers and copy machines, for example, 1200 dot per inch resolution
• Existing milling technology will make particles of this size only with considerable effort and waste, and the processing and economic problems mentioned above with irregular particle structure and broad particle size distribution are exacerbated as the size of the particle is reduced.
• the breadth of a particle size distribution is characterized using not only the parameter d 50 , for which just 50% of the particles are greater than or smaller than the value d 50 , but also two further parameters: d 10 designates the particle size for which 10% of the particles are smaller than this value.
• d 90 designates the particle size for which 90% of the particles are finer than the value d 90 .
• span (d 90 -d 10 )/d 50 . The relationship is thus: the smaller the span the narrower the particle size distribution.
• a powder comprising spheres identical in size would have a span of 0.
• a span of 3-4 is typically obtained.
• toner compositions to which are reacted a dye.
• toner compositions which include a chromophoric resin ingredient.
• US-A- 3 699 135 describes a polymer dye prepared by the copolymerization of a silane with an anthraquinone containing two aliphatic hydroxyl groups.
• US-A- 4 375 357 describes water-soluble noncrystalline polymer block colorants composed of an organic polymer backbone with pendant azo chromophoric units.
• WO 92/07913 describes powder colorant compositions consisting of semicrystalline polyesters having either copolymerized therein or added in situ during polymerization one or more colorant compounds.
• the colorants do not react with the polyester, the resulting resins are crystalline, which can lead to toner flow problems, and conventional milling and grinding techniques are not avoided.
• the international patent application PCT/EP/98/ 00746 describes colored particles produced by the Non-AquaeousDispersion (NAD)-process for use in powder coatings, with fine ( ⁇ 50 ⁇ m) particle size suitable for color mixing.
• the colorant (dye or pigment) is added to the resin during the NAD step.
• no reactive colorant one that chemically bonds with the resin
• this procedure has a disadvantage that the colorant is added during the NAD process itself. In order to change color during production, the entire unit must be taken down for extensive cleaning.
• the current process has the advantage in that a colorless powder is produced in large vessels, and then the dye can be added later in smaller, easy-to-clean vessels.
• thermosets ionomers and a process that makes spherical particles ⁇ 50 ⁇ m with a span of ⁇ 2.5 are described.
• the aim is, in general, to prepare particles with a near-ideal spherical form, since such powders exhibit substantially more favorable flow behavior than the irregular milled powders.
• a method of producing spherical particles which differs in its principle is to produce a dispersion.
• US 5 312 704 describes a toner composition comprised of pigment particles, and a resin comprised of a monomodal polymer resin or blends. This still suffers from issues described above in the extrusion blending followed by milling process, plus the dispersity of pigment particles as opposed to dyes.
• US patents 5 660 963, and 5 556 732 all describe polyester resins blended with colorants in a melt extruder, followed by milling.
• US-A- 5 346 798 describes a suspension polymerization method to make toner particles. This is an aqueous dispersion method used to make addition polymers, and is not applicable to the non-aqueous dispersion method described here to make condensation polymer particles. It also does not discuss chemically or ionically bonding a chromophore to the polymer.
• US-A- 5370963 and US-A- 5525452 describe a toner emulsion aggregation process which disperses a pigment, charge control agent and surfactant in water, followed by shearing in at high speeds a polymeric latex. This is limited to latexes, and uses pigments instead of the dyes described here.
• toner compositions consisting of transparent or homogeneously colored, spherical polyester particles, having a very low particle size and a narrow particle size distribution, in which dyes are chemically (ionically or covalently) bound to a functionalized polyester.
• Toner compositions comprising the instant polymer particles have a superior combination of properties for electrophtographic and direct printing imaging systems, especially high resolution imaging systems. It is also an object of this invention to provide for a process for the production of the instant particles.
• the present invention achieves this object and provides homogeneously colored, spherical, non-porous amorphous polyester particles which have a mean particle size of between 2 and 15 ⁇ m, preferably 3 and 12 ⁇ m, especially preferred 5 and 10 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution with a span (d 90 -d 10 /d 50 ) ⁇ 1.5, preferably ⁇ 1.2 and more preferably ⁇ 1,0 which can be used for application in toners and suitable for 300 dpi (dots per inch) electrophotography resolution. More specifically these compositions which have been developed have utility in use for high resolution electophotography (direct and indirect types), where conventional toner materials are too large to meet high resolution requirements.
• the invention also provides homogeneously colored, spherical, non-porous amorphous polyester particles which have a mean particle size of between 2 and 10 ⁇ m, preferably 7 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution (d 90 -d 10 /d 50 ) ⁇ 1.5 with utility for 600 dpi resolution, and more preferably, provides homogeneously colored, spherical, non-porous amorphous polyester particles which have a mean particle size of between 2 and 6 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution (d 90 -d 10 /d 50 ) ⁇ 1.5, which are suitable for 1200 dpi resolution.
• the instant process is unique in its ability to make spherical particles of this shape, size and distribution suitable for these high resolution applications.
• the instant polyester particles usually have a average number molecular weight Mn in the range of 1000 to 20,000, preferably 2000 to 10,000.
• novel, spherical polyester particles are prepared by:
• the starting materials employed are preferably oligoesters having viscosity of less than 1000 mPas (measured at 200°C), in particular ⁇ 500mPas, which comprise units of the following formulae:
• the dicarboxylic acid-diol precondensate employed as the starting material for the specific embodiment of the process according to the invention is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids of the formula HOOC-A1-COOH and one or more dicarboxylic acids of the formula HOOC-A4-COOH and, if appropriate, one or more dicarboxylic acids of the formula HOOC-A2-COOH or hydroxycarboxylic acids of the formula HO-A3-COOH, or functional derivatives of such di- or hydroxycarboxylic acids, with one or more diols of the formula HO-D1-OH, and if appropriate one or more diols of the formula HO-D2-OH, in which, in addition to the esters formed from the starting materials, lower polycondensations products (oligomers) and as a rule small amounts of the starting materials are present.
• the dicarboxylic acid-diol precondensate employed as the starting material for the specific embodiment of the process according to the invention is a reaction product of one or more dicarboxylic acids of the formula HOOC-A1-COOH and, if appropriate, one or more dicarboxylic acids of the formula HOOC-A2-COOH or hydroxycarboxylic acids of the formula HO-A3-COOH, or functional derivatives of such di- or hydroxycarboxylic acids, with one or more diols of the formula HO-D1-OH and HO-D3-OH, and if appropriate one or more diols of the formula HO-D2-OH, in which, in addition to the esters formed from the starting materials, lower polycondensations products (oligomers) and as a rule small amounts of the starting materials are present.
• oligoesters of the above described composition in the melt by heating the carboxylic acid components, such as terephthalic, isophthalic, or 5-sulfonyl isophthalic acid, to name just a few, in the form of the acid or as low molecular mass alkyl esters, together with the diol components, for example ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentylglycol or bis-hydroxymethylcyclohexane, in the melt in the presence of a transesterification catalyst, such as compounds of manganese, zinc, tin, antimony or titanium, (such as manganese acetate), until the majority of the condensation products water or the lower alkanols, respectively, have been distilled off. In the course of this operation, however, no significant increase is observed in the viscosity of the melt. At 200°C, the viscosity is still ⁇ 1000 mP
• An oligomer mixture of this kind can be converted, for example, into a novel dispersion directly at elevated temperature by combination with heat transfer oil and dispersant.
• This combination may be made preferably the gradual addition of the molten precondensate to a mixture of heated heat transfer oil and dispersant.
• the dispersant can be dosed partly to the molten oligoesters and/or at the heat transfer medium.
• the starting materials are added in step (A) in the molten state to a heated, stirred mixture of an inert, high boiling heat transfer medium and at least one organic dispersion stabilizer or dispersion stabilizer mixture.
• the temperature of the molten oligomeric mixture is preferably in the range of 150 - 200°C, but must be as least as high as the softening temperature of the starting materials, judiciously in the range of from 120 to 280°C.
• the heat transfer media will also be preheated, typically at or slightly above the temperature of the added molten oligomers, and will be stirred rapidly during the entire process.
• Heat transfer media which have proven particularly appropriate are aliphatic heat transfer oils having a boiling point in the range above 140 to 380°C.
• Such heat transfer oils are preferably, in the technical sense, free from aromatic structural groups; in other words, they contain not more than 2% by weight, more preferably not more than 1% by weight, of aromatic constituents.
• amphiphilic copolymers preferably organic amphiphilic compounds,or surface-modified inorganic compounds.
• examples of the later are phyllosilicates surfaced-modified with trialkylammonium salts, especially bentonite surface-modified with trialkylammonium salts, or amphiphilic copolymers comprising a polar polymer unit, for example poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and an apolar polymer unit, for example long-chain ⁇ -olefins such as 1-eicosene.
• amphiphilic copolymers are marketed by the company ISP Global under the tradename ®Antaron and have been found particularly appropriate.
• Antaron has already been employed successfully at relatively low temperatures for stabilizing polyurethane dispersions. It has been found that Antaron can be also employed with advantage, however, at temperatures up to 300°C and results in excellent stability of the dispersions.
• the content of the dispersion stabilizer is, in accordance with the invention, in the range from 0.1 to 6% by weight based on the polyester, preferably in the range of from 0.3 to 4% by weight and, in particular, in the range of from 0.5 to 3% by weight in order to obtain particles having the desired size.
• a subsequent step (b) the reaction mixture is heated further to a temperature in the range of from 120 to 280°C, in particular from 200 to 250°C, with the resulting condensation byproducts being removed in parallel.
• the duration of the reaction which can be monitored by taking samples and the amount of separated distillate.
• step (b) it is also possible, in order to optimize the charge behavior of the toner particle or the coating properties of the polyester - as is desirable for optimum surface quality or transparency- to add additives such as charge control agents, flow7 assistants or devolatilization assistants, for example. This is done by cooling the mixture to 25 to 200°C, and adding the desired additives at the same time as stirring the reaction mixture.
• additives can be added as described above without impacting negatively on the dispersion stability or particle formulation.
• the temperature of the reaction mixture is reduced to a temperature which is below the softening temperature of the polyester, preferably ⁇ 60°C.
• the polyester is obtained in powder form.
• the resulting colorless, spherical polyester particles are separated off from the supernatant reaction solution, washed with a volatile solvent, for instance an aliphatic hydrocarbon, such as hexane, isohexane, cyclohexane, pentane or butane, to remove excess heat transfer oil, then dried, preferably in a vacuum tumble dryer, at a temperature below the softening point of the polyester.
• a volatile solvent for instance an aliphatic hydrocarbon, such as hexane, isohexane, cyclohexane, pentane or butane
• the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the obtained polyesters is preferably from 0.1 to 0.3 dl/g.
• the yield is >95%, in general even greater than >98%, especially if the reaction is conducted on a relatively large scale. There are virtually no instances of adhesion in the reactor which could lead to a reduction in yield.
• spherical polyester particles having a mean particle size (d 50 ) of from 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
• particles with a size of 9 to 10 ⁇ m for 300 dpi resolution applications,or 7 ⁇ m for 600 dpi applications and 5 ⁇ m for 1200 dpi applications, and a particle size distribution that shows a span (d 90 -d 10 )/d 50 of ⁇ 1.5, preferably ⁇ 1.3 and more preferably ⁇ 1,0.
• the particles are then (step E) dispersed in water and a cationic dye of the desired color is added to the water.
• a surfactant may or may not be used during this step.
• the dye addition process may occur at room temperature, or may be conducted at elevated temperatures, including 100°C or greater. If the dye addition process is conducted at a temperature above the softening point of the polymer, it is preferable that a surfactant be used to prevent agglomeration of the particles.
• the used dyes are basically of a cationic type, for instance such as Astrazon basic yellow or astrazon basic cyan and astrazon basic violett. However, all other kinds of cationic dyes may be employed as well for the instant process.
• an appropriate charge control agent may be added to the powder.
• This process is advantageous over adding the color agent during part C, in that a separate colorant reactor may be used, thus facilitating cleaning and color change over, and leading to improved productivity and process economics.
• these particles are particularly suited for use in application for toners and use in electophotography and direct printing. More specifically these compositions have utility in use for high resolution electophotography, where conventional toner materials are too large to meet high resolution requirements. The particular application where these materials are especially suited is for high resolution electrophotography where resolution requirements of 1200 dots per inch are required.
• Either dried powder or as-polymerized dispersion was well mixed with Heptane by ultrasonic then evaluated with laser light scattering method using a Malvern Mastersizer® at room temperature.
• Dried powder was dissolved into organic solvent, e.g. methylene chloride, then measured with gas chromatography. A peak caused by residual oil was calibrated with internal standard.
• organic solvent e.g. methylene chloride
• TGA thermal gravity analysis
• dimethyl terephthalate (416,2 gram), dimethyl-5-sulfonyl isophthalate sodium salt (19,6 gram), ethylene glycol (164,6 gram), 2-methyl-1,3-propandiol (59,7 gram), and dibuthyltinoxude (0,135 gram).
• the mixture was heated up to 150°C and held for 20 minutes under nitrogen blanket then heated again to 200°C in 210 minutes with removing methanol which was the byproduct from the ester inter-exchange reaction between dimethylester and diols. Kept at the temperature for 60 minutes to obtain "precondensate" and a 101,2 gram of distillate.
• isoparaffinic oils Isopar® P (150 gram) and Isopar® L (300 gram) provided by Exxon Chemical Europe Inc.
• vinylpyrrolidone copolymer Antaron® V220 (13,5 gram) provided by ISP. They were held at 190°C to be added the prepared precondensate in the upper reactor.
• the precondensate was slowly transferred within 7 minutes under high-speed stirring (1000 - 1800 rpm) from the upper reactor to the lower reactor through a preheated stainless steel tube equipped with a ball valve.
• the end of the stainless steel tube was located just above the surface of the isoparaffinic oil in the lower reactor.
• the molten precondensate reached directly to the oil-surface.
• the resulting dispersion was kept for another 15 minutes at 190°C.
• the dispersion was heated up to 202°C in 30 minutes under nitrogen flow of 10 - 20 liter per hour and the constant stirring.
• the isoparaffinic oil which was a dispersion medium in this stage began to boil at 194°C.
• the vapor was introduced into a phase-separator through a water-cooler where the distilled ethylene glycol was separated from the oil.
• the phase-separator held ca. 10 ml of the distilled oil and the rest returned to the dispersion from the top of the lower reactor through the glass tube where the running oil touched the vapor mixture.
• the dispersion was heated further up to 207°C in 120 minutes removing ethylene glycol. A 67,8 gram of distillate was finally collected through the phase-separator. Then the dispersion was cooled down to 40°C and discharged.
• the dispersion was filtered with polyester taffeta whose pore size was about 40 micron.
• the filtered powder cake was washed three times with a 900 ml of iso-hexane then dried at 40°C under vacuum overnight.
• a 407 gram of fine white powder was obtained.
• the powder contained 1,9 % of residual oil and 1,5 % of isohexane.
• the mixture was heated up to 150°C and held for 30 minutes under nitrogen blanket then heated again to 200°C in 270 minutes with removing methanol which was the byproduct from the ester inter-exchange reaction between dimethylester and diols. Kept at the temperature for 90 minutes to get 31,4 Kg of distillate.
• Precondensate A A 518,6 gram of solid Precondensate A was weighted in a glass flask and heated up to 190°C. It melted above 140°C and became water-like thin liquid at 190°C. The molted Precondensate A was slowly added into the 1,5 liter reactor containing oils and Antaron for 7 minutes under high-speed stirring (1800 rpm) through a preheated glass tube with a control valve. The molten precondensate reached directly to the oil-surface. The resulting dispersion was kept for another 10 minutes at 190°C.
• the dispersion was heated up to 204°C in 30 minutes under nitrogen flow of 10 liter per hour and the constant stirring.
• the isoparaffinic oil which was a dispersion medium in this stage began to boil at 194°C.
• the vapor was introduced into a phase-separator through a water-cooler where the distilled ethylene glycol was separated from the oil.
• the phase-separator held ca. 10 ml of the distilled oil and the rest returned to the dispersion from the top of the reactor through the glass tube where the running oil touched the vapor mixture.
• the dispersion was heated further up to 207°C in 120 minutes removing ethylene glycol. A 63,2 gram of distillate was finally collected through the phase-separator. Then the dispersion was cooled down to 50°C and discharged.
• the dispersion was filtered with polyester taffeta with pore size of about 40 micron.
• the filtered powder cake was washed three times with a 900 ml of iso-hexane then dried at 40°C under vacuum overnight. A 357 gram of fine white powder was obtained.
• Particle size (volume-average size) 7,5 micron, standard deviation, 3,3 micron, I.V., 0,16 dl/g.
• the dried powder contained 1,6 % of residual oil and 1,5 % of isohexane.
• isoparaffinic oils Isopar® P (450 gram) provided by Exxon Chemical Europe Inc.
• vinylpyrrolidone copolymer Antaron® V220 (10,35 gram) provided by ISP. They were held at 190°C.
• the dispersion was filtered with polyester taffeta with pore size of about 40 micron.
• the filtered powder cake was washed three times with a 900 ml of iso-hexane then dried at 40°C under vacuum overnight. A 397 gram of fine white powder was obtained.
• Particle size (volume-average size) 5,6 micron, standard deviation, 4,6 micron, I.V., 0,18 dl/g.
• the dried powder contained 1,3 % of residual oil and 1,0 % of isohexane.
• the mixture was heated up to 150°C and held for 30 minutes under nitrogen blanket then heated again to 200°C in 270 minutes with removing methanol which was the byproduct from the ester inter-exchange reaction between dimethylester and diols. Kept at the temperature for 90 minutes to get 31,4 Kg of distillate.
• the mixture was cooled down to 150°C and discharged from the reactor and cooled further. About 200 Kg of waxy white solid obtained (Precondensate A).
• isoparaffinic oils Isopar® P (150 gram) and Isopar® L (300 gram) provided by Exxon Chemical Europe Inc. They were held at 190°C.
• Precondensate A was weighted in a upper 1,5 liter stainless steel reactor together with Antaron® (13,5 gram) and heated up to 190°C. It melted above 140°C and became water-like thin liquid at 190°C.
• the molted Precondensate A containing Antaron was slowly added into the 1,5 liter reactor within 7 minutes under high-speed stirring (1000 rpm) through a preheated metal tube with a control valve. The molten precondensate reached directly to the oil-surface. The resulting dispersion was kept for another 10 minutes at 190°C. Then the dispersion was heated up to 210°C in 30 minutes under nitrogen flow of 25 liter per hour and the constant stirring.
• the isoparaffinic oil which was a dispersion medium in this stage began to boil at 194°C.
• the vapor was introduced into a phase-separator through a water-cooler where the distilled ethylene glycol was separated from the oil.
• the phase-separator held ca. 10 ml of the distilled oil and the rest returned to the dispersion from the top of the reactor through the glass tube where the running oil touched the vapor mixture.
• the dispersion was kept at 210°C for 120 minutes removing ethylene glycol. A 48,2 gram of distillate was finally collected through the phase-separator. Then the dispersion was cooled down to ambient temperature and discharged.
• the dispersion was filtered with polyester taffeta with pore size of about 40 micron.
• the filtered powder cake was washed three times with a 900 ml of iso-hexane then dried at 40°C under vacuum overnight.
• a 459 gram of fine white powder was obtained with volume-average size, 8 micron, span 1,42 and I.V., 0,08 dl/g.
• the dried powder contained 2,7 % of residual oil and 1,6 % of isohexane.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
• Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
• Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)

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Citations (5)

• 1998
  • 1998-03-19 EP EP98105001A patent/EP0943658A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
• 1999
  • 1999-03-17 WO PCT/EP1999/001754 patent/WO1999047585A2/fr not_active Ceased
  • 1999-03-17 AU AU35177/99A patent/AU3517799A/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (5)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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